378:(SR 163) interchange (exit 36) in McMinn County less than one mile (1.6 km) north of the Hiwassee River Bridges. This vehicle was quickly struck from behind by another tractor-trailer that had failed to slow. Both drivers were uninjured and quickly exited their vehicles. At around the same time a passenger car struck the second truck which was then struck by another semi-truck. This collision started a fire which killed the occupants of the car and quickly consumed three vehicles. The collision spread to the northbound lanes around this time when a passenger car slowed near the site of the collision in the southbound lanes and was subsequently struck by another car from behind. These vehicles were then struck by a pickup truck, which started a chain reaction that quickly spread to other vehicles. Over the next several minutes, a series of chain-reaction crashes occurred which ultimately consumed 99 vehicles and resulted in 12 deaths and 42 injuries. Some of the crashes set off multiple explosions and fires. The crash site extended
354:(NTSB), which concluded that the differing reactions of drivers to the fog were major contributors to the causes of both collisions. Some also questioned if Bowater's nearby settling ponds were a factor in the formation of the fog that preceded these collisions. Bowater denied responsibility for any of the fog that led to these collisions, but reached an out-of-court settlement with family members of two of the victims of the 1979 crash. As a result of the 1979 pileup, the
350:
fog-related multi-vehicle collisions occurred along this stretch in the 1970s. The largest of these collisions took place on
November 5, 1978, on the Hiwassee River bridges. This collision involved 62 vehicles, and resulted in 46 injuries. The final multi-vehicle collision along this stretch before the 1990 collision occurred on April 15, 1979. This collision involved 18 vehicles, and resulted in 3 deaths and 14 injuries. Both of these collisions were investigated by the
417:
454:$ 310,488 in 2023) to directly study the emissions from Bowater and whether or not they contributed to the fog, but the study was later cancelled. Critics alleged that the state cancelled the study due to political pressure from Bowater. Bowater also commissioned a study in 1979 in an effort to counter the UT study, which instead concluded that Bowater's emissions did contribute to the fog, but not to what extent. A study conducted by the
471:
measures along this stretch of highway. The stretch of I-75 between mileposts 31 and 39 was designated as a "fog advisory zone" or "fog advisory area", which contains large warning signs on both sides of the road in both directions that warn motorists when they are entering and leaving the area. Most of the roadway was re-striped in this zone with extra painted markings and
362:(THP) also began sending troopers to each end of the fog zone to ensure that motorists would slow down on foggy days. The northbound sign's lights were reportedly not working on this day, and the southbound sign's lights had been flashing continuously for the past three days, which was believed to have caused some motorists to ignore them.
425:
SR 163 overpass and could not see the bridge above him. Multiple witnesses reported either light fog or no fog at all prior to the collision. Initial reports stated that at least 15 people were killed and more than 50 injured, but investigators later determined that 12 people had been killed and 42 people treated for injuries.
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a plea for the
Interstate to be closed. Within minutes, additional law enforcement and EMS personnel from multiple agencies arrived on the scene. More than 200 rescue personnel, some from as far away as Chattanooga and Knoxville, eventually arrived on the scene. Injured victims from the crash were taken to hospitals in nearby
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equipment along that stretch of I-75. They did, however, agree to an out-of-court settlement of $ 10 million (equivalent to $ 18.7 million in 2023) with 44 victims and family members of victims in
January 1994. They also agreed to limit the usage of the 235-acre (95 ha) pond closest to the Interstate.
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mile (0.40 km), and to 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) when the visibility drops below 480 feet (150 m). The swing gates at the entrance ramps activate when visibility drops below 240 feet (73 m). The system began operation in
December 1993, and in 2006, a $ 6.6 million (equivalent to
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at the request of TDOT in
January 1979 had listed the settling ponds as possible contributors to fog in the area but concluded that further research was needed to confirm this. The report recommended more extensive studies be conducted, and in 1980 the state proposed spending $ 100,000 (equivalent to
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caused by poor visibility. It consisted of a series of multi-vehicle collisions that ultimately involved 99 vehicles, and resulted in 12 deaths and 42 injuries. It was reportedly the largest motor vehicle collision in United States history when it occurred, in terms of the number of vehicles, and was
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within the fog advisory zone, and electronic controlled swing gates which block access to the interstate from six entrance ramps in and near this stretch in the event of dense fog. The system automatically drops the speed limit from 70 to 50 miles per hour (113 to 80 km/h) when visibility drops
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The first 9-1-1 call was received by the
Bradley County Sheriff's Office dispatcher at 9:14 a.m., and the first law enforcement officer arrived on the scene three minutes later as the collisions were still occurring. He immediately radioed for back up and emergency medical services. He also sent out
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Many of the vehicles involved in the collision were damaged or burned beyond recognition, while others received only minor damage. Some of the injured received severe burns, and some of the victims' bodies were burned beyond recognition. Most survivors and first responders reported having breathing
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Bowater denied any responsibility for the fog that formed on the day of the collision, and instead claimed that dense fog had been a natural occurrence even before the plant had been constructed. Bowater also accused the State of
Tennessee of failing to implement necessary fog detection and warning
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Others echoed
Bowater's criticism of TDOT for failing to implement a proper fog detection system after the accidents in the 1970s. TDOT eventually paid $ 800,000 to settle lawsuits that alleged negligence of the conditions of the area. As a result of the collision, TDOT instituted several safety
31:
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Due to the rapid appearance and thickness of the fog, many immediately suspected once again that the nearby
Bowater paper mill and its settling ponds may have played a role in the fog's formation. The NTSB report on the collision stated that the settling ponds and steam emitted from the Bowater
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Multiple survivors described the fog as rapidly appearing, with one survivor stating "it was like somebody throwing a blanket across your windshield". The fog was also described by witnesses as unusually thick, obscuring visibility to near zero. One survivor stated that he stood underneath the
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The section of I-75 where the crash occurred was first opened to traffic on
December 24, 1973. The first multi-vehicle collision during heavy fog on this section occurred on March 9, 1974. This collision involved 18 vehicles, and resulted in 3 deaths and 10 injuries. A total of five additional
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The NTSB report on the collision was released on September 28, 1992. It concluded that the probable cause of the collision was "drivers responding to the sudden loss of visibility by operating their vehicles at significantly varying speeds". The report also identified four major safety issues
504:$ 9.6 million in 2023) upgrade was completed which installed the video cameras. Since the system's implementation, no major multi-vehicle wrecks have occurred along this stretch in foggy conditions. The stretch was first closed due to fog on the mornings of December 15 and 16, 2015.
441:(NHTSA), TDOT, THP, multiple local law enforcement agencies, and multiple private companies and organizations. The recommendations to TDOT and the THP included the installation of a fog detection system and a system to warn and slow drivers through the area when fog is present.
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to make it more visible to drivers. A $ 4.5 million (equivalent to $ 8.57 million in 2023) computerized fog detection system was installed in this area in 1993. This system monitors three miles (4.8 km) of the highway north and south of the Hiwassee River with nine
330:, creates a reservoir which backs up into this section of the Hiwassee River, and as a result creates large lakes near the Interstate where creeks run into the Hiwassee. The Hiwassee River bridges are at one of the lowest elevations on I-75 in Tennessee. A
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plant, as well as other nearby plants, may have played a role in the formation of the fog, but did not conclude this with absolute certainty. Many meteorological experts believed that the fog's rapid appearance may have been caused by a
358:(TDOT) installed dual warning signs the following year which read "Extreme Dense Fog Area Next 5 Miles" along this stretch in each direction, which contained flashing lights that would activate if fog was detected. The
322:, which forms the boundaries between the two counties. Multiple creeks that span both the valleys that the Interstate is in and adjacent valleys flow into the Hiwassee River near where the Interstate crosses. The
449:, due to the fact that the temperature in the area had varied by 32 °F (18 °C) the previous day, while others also suspected that Bowater may have played a role. A study conducted by the
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adjacent to the Interstate and owns land on both sides of the Interstate at the accident site. All of these factors have been provided as explanations for why fog is unusually common in this area.
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mile (0.80 km) north and south of where the crash began. Of the 99 vehicles involved in the crash, 72 had been traveling in the southbound lanes, and 27 in the northbound lanes.
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counties between mileposts 29 and 39 that is prone to dense fog, which often appears rapidly. It is located about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of
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408:, as well as in Chattanooga and Knoxville. A team of investigators from the NTSB later arrived to investigate the cause of the disaster.
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which obscured the visibility of motorists. The collisions occurred in an area where fog is common and had been the site of previous
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in 1981 concluded that the presence of Bowater made dense fog in the area three times more likely than under normal conditions.
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Multiple-vehicle collisions and fire during limited visibility (fog) on Interstate 75 near Calhoun, Tennessee December 11, 1990
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206:, which killed 14. The disaster resulted in multiple safety improvements to the section of I-75 where the collision occurred.
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associated with the crash, and made recommendations to address these issues to a number of agencies including the
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526:, is about the collision and the events leading up to it. A chapter about the event is included in the 2012 book
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The stretch of I-75 where the collision occurred consists of an approximately 10-mile (16 km) section in
530:, written by former TEMA official Allen R. Coggins. The first chapter in author Dewaine A. Speaks' 2019 book
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488:(CCTV) cameras. It is connected to a warning system that contains flashing lights, electronic signs, and
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Tennessee Tragedies: Natural, Technological, and Societal Disasters in the Volunteer State
8:
558:""Stumbling Out Of The Fog:" Memories Of The Worst Traffic Accident in Tennessee History"
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396:. Some of the fires ignited by the crashes burned hot enough to damage the asphalt.
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314:. The stretch is located within two separate valleys bounded by ridges within the
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the largest and second deadliest vehicle accident in Tennessee history behind the
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Investigators examine the remains of a tractor-trailer involved in the accident
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when a tractor-semitrailer slowed in the southbound lanes of I-75 near the
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800:. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 17–23.
1003:"15 Killed and Over 50 Hurt in Fog As 75 Vehicles Crash in Tennessee"
481:
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that occurred on the morning of December 11, 1990, on a section of
849:"Investigators, Victims Still Seeking Answers to Tennessee Pileup"
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949:
561:
339:
18:
1990 multi-vehicle traffic collision in Tennessee, United States
1351:"Tragedies revisited in 'Historic Disasters of East Tennessee'"
1035:"That Time A Paper Mill Was Blamed For A Massive Highway Crash"
326:, located downstream from this section of the Hiwassee on the
680:. Nashville. Associated Press. November 6, 1978. pp. 1,
1248:. Nashville. Associated Press. November 19, 1993. p. 3B
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The collisions began on December 11, 1990, around 9:10 a.m.
918:
National Transportation Safety Board (September 28, 1992).
880:. Nashville. Associated Press. August 26, 1992. p. 3-B
821:
Hatcher, Bill (December 27, 1973). "Incomplete I-75 Open".
518:
episode titled "Killer Fog". Dr. Lawrence Weiss' 2004 book
1060:"15 Die, 50 Hurt as Thick Fog Triggers 75-Vehicle Pileup"
194:
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Loss of visibility due to sudden appearance of dense
1409:
Industrial fires and explosions in the United States
1188:"Fog in 1990 sparks Tennessee's deadliest car wreck"
946:"From The Archives: The I-75 Chain Collision Wreck"
1156:"Firm to Give $ 10 Million in Fog Pileup Lawsuits"
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1268:"Fog closes I-75 for 1st time since 99-car crash"
1136:. Associated Press. December 28, 1990. p. 3C
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1092:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
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586:"3 Burn to Death In I-75 Pileup Of 16 Vehicles"
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874:"Report blames factory, state for I-75 pileup"
674:"62 Cars Pile Up In Chain Crash On Foggy I-75"
668:
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580:
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439:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1220:"Tennessee DOT Low Visibility Warning System"
974:"15 Die In Pileup On Foggy Tennessee Highway"
1323:"Kennedy: Tragic moments in state's history"
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1424:Transportation in McMinn County, Tennessee
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592:. Nashville. March 10, 1974. p. 2-A
512:The collision was the subject of a 1997
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310:and 70 miles (110 km) southwest of
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356:Tennessee Department of Transportation
1414:Transportation disasters in Tennessee
1293:Benjamin, Phil E. (August 13, 2004).
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1009:. Associated Press. December 12, 1990
944:Parker, Collins (December 11, 2015).
794:Speaks, Dewaine A. (August 5, 2019).
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753:"Fog-induced wreck prompted lawsuits"
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204:1972 Bean Station bus-truck collision
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1162:. Associated Press. January 23, 1994
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797:Historic Disasters of East Tennessee
532:Historic Disasters of East Tennessee
352:National Transportation Safety Board
1399:1990 disasters in the United States
1384:Road incidents in the United States
1242:"Fog warning system due next month"
992:
829:
718:: Killer Fog (Season 2, Episode 3)"
556:Sneed, Calvin (December 11, 2015).
544:
13:
1321:Kennedy, Mark (January 22, 2012).
1033:Ashdown, Kyle (January 13, 2018).
751:Bergel, Emily (December 5, 2010).
642:Bregel, Emily (December 5, 2010).
524:American Public Health Association
14:
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847:George, Dan (December 10, 1991).
431:U.S. Department of Transportation
1222:. Federal Highway Administration
1186:Lakin, Matt (October 28, 2012).
484:radar vehicle detectors, and 21
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215:Previous fog-related collisions
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1130:"1981 study cited Calhoun mill"
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1113:Gross Domestic Product deflator
179:1990 Interstate 75 fog disaster
130:Multi-vehicle traffic collision
24:1990 Interstate 75 fog disaster
1434:Natural disasters in Tennessee
1349:Swiger, Gwen (July 31, 2019).
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435:Federal Highway Administration
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1094:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
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316:Ridge and Valley Appalachians
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1328:Chattanooga Times Free Press
757:Chattanooga Times Free Press
649:Chattanooga Times Free Press
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7:
1256:– via Newspapers.com.
1144:– via Newspapers.com.
888:– via Newspapers.com.
691:– via Newspapers.com.
600:– via Newspapers.com.
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948:. Chattanooga, Tennessee:
560:. Chattanooga, Tennessee:
810:– via Google Books.
486:closed-circuit television
456:U.S. Department of Energy
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1270:. Knoxville, Tennessee:
360:Tennessee Highway Patrol
336:Resolute Forest Products
199:multi-vehicle collisions
75:McMinn County, Tennessee
1193:Knoxville News Sentinel
480:visibility sensors, 14
451:University of Tennessee
318:and is bisected by the
102:35.324639°N 84.782444°W
1356:Cleveland Daily Banner
823:Cleveland Daily Banner
534:chronicles the event.
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366:Collision and response
644:"Echoes from the Fog"
490:variable speed limits
447:temperature inversion
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292:3 killed, 14 injured
237:3 killed, 10 injured
107:35.324639; -84.782444
1134:Kingsport Times-News
1429:1990 road incidents
1295:"Collision on I-75"
1274:. December 16, 2015
1115:figures follow the
1066:. December 12, 1990
980:. December 12, 1990
978:The Washington Post
522:, published by the
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98: /
1419:Explosions in 1990
1007:The New York Times
851:. Associated Press
508:In popular culture
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223:Number of vehicles
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191:Calhoun, Tennessee
46:December 11, 1990
1394:1990 in Tennessee
1160:Los Angeles Times
1064:Los Angeles Times
520:Collision on I-75
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126:Incident type
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372:Eastern Time
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334:operated by
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189:(I-75) near
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93:84°46′56.8″W
90:35°19′28.7″N
15:
1278:January 15,
1252:January 15,
1226:January 15,
1199:January 15,
1166:January 15,
1140:January 15,
1070:January 15,
1044:January 14,
1039:CarThrottle
1013:January 15,
984:January 15,
955:January 15,
884:January 15,
855:January 15,
762:January 26,
727:January 12,
687:January 15,
655:January 26,
596:January 15,
567:January 15,
338:, formerly
308:Chattanooga
281:46 injured
226:Casualties
105: /
81:Coordinates
1378:Categories
538:References
473:reflectors
332:paper mill
270:7 injured
248:9 injured
210:Background
147:Statistics
54: – c.
1306:April 11,
482:microwave
462:Aftermath
433:(USDOT),
402:Cleveland
312:Knoxville
1119:series.
925:(Report)
437:(FHWA),
152:Vehicles
67:Location
1362:June 3,
1334:June 3,
1272:WBIR-TV
950:WDEF-TV
562:WTVC-TV
498:⁄
383:⁄
340:Bowater
300:Bradley
168:Injured
118:Country
38:Details
804:
493:below
406:Athens
304:McMinn
181:was a
160:Deaths
923:(PDF)
259:None
136:Cause
1364:2020
1336:2020
1308:2021
1280:2021
1254:2021
1228:2021
1201:2020
1168:2020
1142:2021
1107:2023
1072:2021
1046:2020
1015:2020
986:2020
957:2020
931:2021
886:2021
857:2021
802:ISBN
764:2019
729:2019
722:IMDB
689:2021
657:2019
598:2021
569:2021
404:and
302:and
220:Date
177:The
43:Date
195:fog
141:fog
73:in
60:EST
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
