466:
1843:
1918:
1888:
974:
1498:
1183:
1288:
1318:
374:
end of the
Olympic Games). Thus, the government of South Korea and the prefecture of Seoul understood after the new and specific demands the needs for the building a specific Paralympic Village was necessary. This complex was 4 km from an intersection between the Seoul Olympic Park and Jamsil Complex clusters. It was the first housing complex in the Asian continent to be fully accessible to people with disabilities, as the athletes lived in ten specially designed and accessible apartment blocks with 1,316 new apartments in total. Each building had a height of fourteen stories.
2023:
1243:
1348:
1273:
1648:
1828:
389:
fourteenth floor; this process would be faster and safer. All services that were available in the
Olympic Village were replicated on a smaller scale. The SEPOC offered catering, recreation areas, banking, post office facilities, medical and religious centers, an Olympic/Paralympic store and a mall. The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games was also the first time the Olympics and Paralympics shared some competition venues as the common areas from each event. Since then, every Winter and Summer Paralympic Games has been held in the same cities as the Olympic Games.
2068:
1303:
890:
2008:
1258:
457:. This practice was common on the Korean peninsula and was marked by the white V-shaped chest mark. The two chosen mascots are brothers tied by a rope to the leg; this demonstrates the brotherhood, guidance, coherent and coexistent cooperation and relationship that the Olympic and Paralympic Games would have now: dreamt of by the Organizing Committee of this edition of the Paralympics. They also represented achievements and camaraderie recorded during the event. The name chosen for the mascots was Gomdoori.
1363:
1408:
535:
goalball team was disqualified for refusing to play against the
Israelis in the first round. The summary elimination of the Iranian team was argued by the ICC "on the grounds that the sport was being misused for political causes, breaking its neutrality" sending the team home immediately. Asghar Dadkhan, the Iranian team manager, made a formal apology pledging that all other Iranian athletes would compete with full regard to the regulations and would compete against Israel and any other nation.
1933:
1453:
862:
1783:
1723:
1003:
2038:
806:
1708:
729:
522:
it was not certain that the next edition would be in
Barcelona, as the host city contract and some official documents had not yet been signed by the Spanish authorities. However, as a sign of goodwill and openness, the Organizing Committee of the 1992 Summer Olympics sent a delegation of observers and confirmed its intentions by sending its director of institutional relations to receive the Paralympic flag during the closing ceremony. The host-city contract for the
1798:
1228:
1978:
1903:
1558:
1483:
1738:
1993:
1873:
1333:
1423:
1633:
1588:
1528:
1513:
1768:
1378:
1213:
1198:
1031:
1693:
1663:
1603:
1813:
1753:
1468:
1678:
1393:
2053:
834:
1573:
1963:
946:
1858:
1059:
1438:
918:
40:
1618:
1948:
1543:
2092:
318:. The proposal that the 1988 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games could be held in the same city and using the same facilities, allowed a new generation and rising generation of Paralympic athletes to compete in many of the Olympic venues, something that was never held before. Starting in this edition, the host countries results have shown the importance of assistance of this athletes.
489:
the
Olympic Stadium following a procession of children in wheelchairs. The Paralympic Torch was carried in by a one-legged South Korean Paralympic volleyball player and handed to a 19-year-old athlete with cerebral palsy, who in turn passed it to Cho Hyun-hui, a wheelchair athlete. He was wheeled around the stadium by her 7-year-old daughter before handing the Torch to blind runner
428:
388:
A question was asked about wheelchair users being evacuated from the buildings in case of internal commotions (such as fires or water leaks). The answer from the architects and planners was simple - in addition to the elevators, each building planned to have a complex of ramps that would go up to the
384:
Due to specific characteristics, this would be the first and only time in history that a
Village for the Paralympic Games was to be built. Since this was not foreseen (during the bidding process, the SEPOC had made plans to use the same Village and Venues), the ICC saw Seoul Paralympics Village plans
373:
Consequently, there was not enough time to convert the apartments and facilities to better conditions of accessibility. Another difficult situation was that the transition time between the two events was insufficient (the opening ceremony was scheduled for the
October 15 afternoon, 13 days after the
369:
area. Despite the construction of gigantic building complexes to accommodate 720,000 people between 1983 and 1988, these new housing offers were unconceived for those who had been evicted – namely low-income or poor renters. When this situation turned public, as a result, scholars, policy-makers and
539:
SEPOC urged the ICC to accept the Libyan team; soon after, they reached a compromise, permitting the athletes and delegates to participate as observers and compete in the marathon events. However, they would not have any medal or official result nor be officially recognized at the
Closing Ceremony.
538:
Due to logistic problems, the Libyan delegation arrived in Seoul during the Games; the ICC rules did not allow this situation. Their athletes could not register for the events or stay in the
Paralympic Village. They had entered South Korea without having gone through the usual entry procedures. The
521:
There were concerns that the number of medals awarded on the final day of competition would mean that competitors would not be able to attend the closing ceremonies. These doubts also existed regarding whether the
Spanish flag and anthem would be present during the protocol part of the ceremony, as
488:
Several elements and segments used in the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games were reenacted or adapted for this ceremony, while interspersed with specific acts. The first entry was made by parachutists in the Paralympic colors of blue, black, red, yellow, and green. They swept into
340:
regarding the organization of the Paralympic Games. After the first approach, and with the help of the IOC, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) understood that the Paralympic Games were an extension of the Olympic Games and formulated a support plan that allowed the sharing of the Seoul
542:
Another embarrassing moment happened at the athletics slalom event: some athletes were given medals at the end of the first round. Later, officials realized that the medals should not have been awarded until after the second round of competition. The slalom events are dropped from the Paralympics
335:
For the first time in history since Tokyo 1964, the same city held the Olympics and Paralympics. This tradition was revived in Seoul and has been kept ever since. This was also the first Summer Paralympics in history under the aegis of the International Co-ordinating Committee (ICC). In 1982, the
534:
Despite the advances, the Seoul Paralympic Games also took place with several controversies, embarrassments and polemics. The first one was about the men's goalball tournament draw which placed the teams from Iran and Israel in the same group. In the middle of protests and refusals the Iranian
512:
addressed the athletes. He said that "The goal you as athletes should try to reach for in the Games is not to accomplish the Olympic slogan of 'faster, higher and stronger' but to show the world your real selves as courageous challengers, glorious conquerors and impartial participants."
326:
The Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee (SEPOC) had only a tangential relationship with the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC). But this relationship was substantial enough to recruit and train many athletes, technical officials and other common areas for the Paralympic Games.
309:
in which the possibility that the city could also host the 1992 Summer Paralympic Games was raised, practically nullified the move for Melbourne to bid for the event. A final choice would have to be made during the sixth meeting of ICC, scheduled for 14 June 1984 in
405:
pattern, also found in the South Korean flag) in the 'W' configuration and colors of the Olympic rings represented the five oceans and the five continents. Due to many controversies starting in 1989, this symbol was eventually changed after the
297:
sent a questionnaire to gauge the cities' interest and preparedness for hosting such an event. Both candidates were given one year to respond. In the end, only Seoul returned with a completed document; Melbourne did not respond to the ICC.
356:
Between 1983 and 1989, Seoul authorities were in the middle of many controversies about the evictions of poor and low-income neighborhoods. Human rights monitors raised these concerns and associated the hosting of the
341:
Olympic human resources (managers, volunteers, logistics, security, protocol, public and international relations, entry and exit visas for Korea), facilities and equipment. The SLOOC gave a subsidy of US$ 12,857,143.
410:, as it was considered too close to the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) 5-ring emblem. Due to these actions, the 1988 Seoul Summer Paralympic Games is considered the start of the Modern Paralympic Games.
385:
as controversial in some points. One point caused some concern: three of the ten buildings would be exclusive for wheelchair users; the entity had never managed a complex of such large proportions as this.
3054:
477:
During the Opening Ceremony, over 75,000 people in the Olympic Stadium were watching the enter of then-record of 3,057 competitors from 61 nations. The President of South Korea,
526:
was signed next year. Similarly to the opening ceremony, several cultural elements from its Olympic counterpart were re-presented or adapted again with some specific additions.
2761:
2756:
17:
381:
Hospital to research the accessibility of the hospital. They were also to collect information about the complex to design a project to build a specific village.
353:, local citizens had bought all 3,962 apartments at 86 buildings from the Olympic Village. Due to high local demands, the complex was hastily evicted after.
314:, and Seoul was acclaimed as the host of a unified Paralympics. The 1988 Olympic and Paralympic games were the first to be hosted in the same city since the
690:
370:
lawyers advocated for a better social housing policy, including minimum housing standards and a higher degree of transparency from the city government.
2618:
2603:
2012:
445:
According to Korean ancestral culture, bears are known for their courage and wisdom, which is reflected by the existence of two sister constellations:
698:
711:
599:
494:
1367:
509:
490:
2042:
1712:
1457:
1412:
866:
810:
642:
2578:
3044:
2057:
1937:
1129:
838:
674:
634:
1136:. It was not only the USSR's first participation in the Summer Games but was also to be its last, as the Union was dissolved before the
3059:
2701:
2392:
1982:
1922:
1892:
1847:
1802:
1787:
1165:
1007:
978:
2465:
2072:
682:
623:
3069:
1907:
1562:
1502:
1487:
1202:
1187:
1169:
1035:
575:
129:
119:
1997:
1877:
1742:
1337:
1292:
1141:
666:
652:
607:
465:
2327:
Purdue, David (2013). "An (In)convenient Truce? Paralympic Stakeholders' Reflections on the Olympic– Paralympic Relationship".
2027:
1772:
1637:
1592:
1532:
1517:
1427:
1382:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1217:
1173:
1157:
658:
591:
567:
3064:
2743:
2501:
2376:
2311:
2231:
2144:
1967:
1862:
1817:
1757:
1697:
1667:
1607:
1472:
1442:
1352:
1307:
1277:
1145:
1063:
950:
922:
894:
583:
377:
Between 1982 and 1986, a delegation composed of some architects sent by Seoul and the Government of South Korea visited the
2726:
1952:
1727:
1682:
1652:
1622:
1547:
1397:
1322:
1153:
2440:
3034:
3029:
1832:
1577:
1161:
1149:
1114:
764:
615:
2731:
2607:
2582:
2556:
294:
263:
2283:
2180:
3019:
2196:
2694:
397:
When the games ended, the logo used by the Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee (SEPOC) turned into the first
233:
76:
2552:
739:
3024:
2748:
2736:
337:
2363:
2218:
2131:
3039:
1109:, which had taken part in the previous Games, was absent. The Seoul Paralympics occurred weeks after the
770:
1118:
90:
1140:. It won a total of 56 medals, of which 21 were gold. Other countries who made first appearances were
2687:
365:
with the actions to clean, redevelop and "beautify" the city, especially the decadent and historical
362:
350:
287:
143:
3049:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2897:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2671:
2653:
2645:
2110:
1137:
1133:
1122:
523:
502:
407:
315:
203:
196:
180:
173:
157:
2267:
2491:
3074:
773:
by the number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, South Korea, is highlighted.
560:
401:. This symbol was used from 1989 to 1994. The Five 'teardrops' (resembling the halves of the
2259:
2105:
306:
247:
210:
8:
552:
2773:
2721:
2529:
2344:
398:
3000:
2768:
2497:
2372:
2348:
2307:
2279:
2260:
2227:
2176:
2140:
112:
336:
Olympic Family accepted the ICC as member, which allowed greater cooperation by the
321:
270:
Civic Center in England (28 July 1983), two candidate cities made themselves known;
2710:
2336:
2271:
454:
378:
358:
2365:
From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford : a history of the summer paralympic games
2220:
From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford : a history of the summer paralympic games
254:, South Korea. This was the first time the term "Paralympic" was used officially.
223:
66:
485:, competing in his second Paralympic Games, was the flag bearer for Australia.
481:, presented the new Paralympic flag to the President of the ICC, Jens Bromann.
278:
2524:
2275:
3013:
2340:
2097:
1110:
498:
311:
2133:
From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford: a history of the summer paralympic games
556:
39:
478:
366:
243:
146:
728:
2414:
482:
470:
450:
446:
301:
At the same time, an internal political movement in Australia to have
2175:. Brill, Aylesbury, England: The Peterhouse Press. pp. 399–347.
283:
267:
2679:
302:
2371:. Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing LLC. p. 204.
2226:. Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing LLC. p. 204.
2139:. Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing LLC. p. 204.
505:
opening ceremony (also held in South Korea) recreated this scene.
551:
The games consisted of events in seventeen sports, including one
497:. They were both carried up by an elevator platform to light the
322:
Relation between the Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committees
453:. The two bears chosen as mascots are of a species known as the
493:, who linked hands with women's handball Olympic gold medalist
1128:
The Soviet Union made its Summer Paralympic debut, previously
344:
2658:
2634:
1106:
436:
274:
251:
50:
2533:. National Library of Australia. 21 October 1988. p. 18
2448:. Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled. 1989.
427:
3055:
International sports competitions hosted by South Korea
1105:
Sixty delegations took part in the Seoul Paralympics.
2525:"Disabled athletes told to return wheelchair medals"
2087:
555:, but the medals count for the official medal list.
237:
80:
2493:
Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement
2262:
Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement
246:in 24 years to take place in the same city as the
239:Cheon gubaek palsip-pal nyeon hagye paereollimpik
3011:
2579:"Medal Standings – Seoul 1988 Paralympic Games"
2695:
2489:
2306:. Common Ground Publishing. pp. 47–51.
1100:
227:
70:
2419:Official website of the Paralympic Movement
2301:
345:A specific village for the Paralympic Games
27:Multi-parasport event in Seoul, South Korea
2702:
2688:
2545:
2483:
2421:. International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
38:
2466:"Paralympics open with a joyful ceremony"
2361:
2216:
2173:Stoke Mandeville Road to the Paralympics
2129:
1113:and the military coup which brought the
464:
435:Mascots of the 1988 Summer Paralympics (
18:1988 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony
2355:
2304:Paralympic Legacies (Sport and Society)
2197:"Urban improvement for the Jamsil area"
2170:
277:, South Korea, under the initiative of
14:
3012:
2463:
2433:
2326:
2257:
2210:
563:were considered to be a single sport.
2683:
2496:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88.
2459:
2457:
2455:
2393:"[카드뉴스] 올림픽의 얼굴, 마스코트에 숨은 비밀"
1081:
516:
286:, Australia, under the initiative of
2709:
2621:, International Paralympic Committee
2302:Legg, David; Gilbert, Keith (2011).
2297:
2295:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2123:
723:
1115:State Peace and Development Council
765:1988 Summer Paralympics medal table
460:
24:
3045:October 1988 sports events in Asia
2635:International Paralympic Committee
2608:International Paralympic Committee
2583:International Paralympic Committee
2557:International Paralympic Committee
2452:
2329:Journal of Sport and Social Issues
2266:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
392:
264:International Paralympic Committee
257:
25:
3086:
3060:Multi-sport events in South Korea
2628:
2490:Steve Bailey (28 February 2008).
2292:
2240:
2153:
262:During the fourth meeting of the
2823:1984 New York / Stoke Mandeville
2090:
2066:
2051:
2036:
2021:
2006:
1991:
1976:
1961:
1946:
1931:
1916:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1811:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1751:
1736:
1721:
1706:
1691:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1586:
1571:
1556:
1541:
1526:
1511:
1496:
1481:
1466:
1451:
1436:
1421:
1406:
1391:
1376:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1316:
1301:
1286:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1226:
1211:
1196:
1181:
1057:
1029:
1001:
972:
944:
916:
888:
860:
832:
804:
727:
529:
426:
3070:Summer Paralympic Games by year
2619:Soviet Union at the Paralympics
2612:
2597:
2571:
2517:
2407:
2385:
2320:
2189:
758:
338:National Paralympic Committees
228:
174:New York/Stoke Mandeville 1984
71:
13:
1:
2999:Postponed to 2021 due to the
2442:'88 Paralympics Appeal report
2116:
1117:to power. Burma would return
330:
3065:Sports competitions in Seoul
2664:VIII Paralympic Summer Games
7:
2083:
508:Chief Paralympic Organiser
238:
81:
10:
3091:
3035:1988 in South Korean sport
3030:1988 in multi-sport events
2464:Reuter (16 October 1988).
762:
413:
2997:
2927:1992 Tignes / Albertville
2896:
2782:
2717:
2668:
2650:
2646:New York–Stoke Mandeville
2642:
2276:10.1002/9780470724323.ch5
1101:Participating delegations
1056:
1028:
1000:
971:
943:
915:
887:
859:
831:
803:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
719:
546:
434:
425:
420:
363:1988 Summer Olympic Games
351:1988 Summer Olympic Games
163:
153:
138:
128:
118:
107:
99:
89:
57:
46:
37:
2987:2034 Salt Lake City–Utah
2604:Burma at the Paralympics
2341:10.1177/0193723513491751
473:at the Opening Ceremony.
62:United for the Challenge
3020:1988 Summer Paralympics
2833:1992 Barcelona / Madrid
2415:"'88 Seoul Paralympics"
2111:1988 Winter Paralympics
1138:1992 Summer Paralympics
1134:1988 Winter Paralympics
524:1992 Summer Paralympics
503:2018 Winter Paralympics
469:Australian flag bearer
408:1994 Winter Paralympics
316:1964 Summer Paralympics
220:1988 Summer Paralympics
204:Tignes/Albertville 1992
82:Dojeon-eul Wihan Hwahab
2753:Participating nations
2362:Brittain, Ian (2012).
2258:Bailey, Steve (2008).
2217:Brittain, Ian (2012).
2171:Scruton, Joan (1988).
2130:Brittain, Ian (2012).
736:This section is empty.
474:
158:Jamsil Olympic Stadium
715:(demonstration sport)
691:Wheelchair basketball
468:
250:. They took place in
181:Barcelona/Madrid 1992
33:VIII Paralympic Games
3025:1988 Summer Olympics
2106:1988 Summer Olympics
307:1992 Summer Olympics
211:1988 Summer Olympics
2973:2026 Milano Cortina
2942:2002 Salt Lake City
2863:2016 Rio de Janeiro
2013:Trinidad and Tobago
1082:Totals (10 entries)
777:
769:The top ten listed
553:demonstration sport
34:
3040:1988 controversies
2654:Summer Paralympics
2530:The Canberra Times
2479:– via Trove.
2470:The Canberra Times
776:
699:Wheelchair fencing
517:Closing ceremonies
475:
279:Dr. Whang Youn Dai
32:
3007:
3006:
3001:COVID-19 pandemic
2907:1976 Örnsköldsvik
2678:
2677:
2669:Succeeded by
2503:978-0-470-72431-6
2378:978-1-86335-988-7
2313:978-1-86335-896-5
2233:978-1-86335-988-7
2146:978-1-86335-988-7
1098:
1097:
756:
755:
712:Wheelchair tennis
706:
695:
687:
679:
671:
663:
647:
639:
628:
620:
612:
604:
600:Football 7-a-side
596:
588:
580:
572:
443:
442:
399:Paralympic symbol
242:) were the first
216:
215:
16:(Redirected from
3082:
2980:2030 French Alps
2962:2018 PyeongChang
2932:1994 Lillehammer
2879:2028 Los Angeles
2711:Paralympic Games
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2672:Barcelona–Madrid
2643:Preceded by
2640:
2639:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2265:
2255:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2168:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2127:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1061:
1060:
1033:
1032:
1005:
1004:
976:
975:
948:
947:
920:
919:
892:
891:
864:
863:
836:
835:
808:
807:
778:
775:
751:
748:
738:You can help by
731:
724:
704:
693:
685:
677:
669:
661:
645:
637:
626:
618:
610:
602:
594:
586:
578:
570:
499:Olympic Cauldron
461:Opening ceremony
455:Asian black bear
430:
418:
417:
379:Stoke Mandeville
359:1986 Asian Games
241:
231:
230:
206:
199:
183:
176:
84:
74:
73:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2892:
2891:
2808:1972 Heidelberg
2778:
2713:
2708:
2674:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2256:
2241:
2234:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2169:
2154:
2147:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1103:
1058:
1030:
1002:
973:
945:
917:
889:
861:
833:
805:
767:
761:
752:
746:
743:
722:
549:
532:
519:
463:
416:
395:
393:Visual identity
347:
333:
324:
260:
258:Bidding process
209:
208:
202:
200:
195:
191:
186:
185:
179:
177:
172:
168:
149:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:1980s in Seoul
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:2010 Vancouver
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:1988 Innsbruck
2919:
2917:1984 Innsbruck
2914:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2629:External links
2627:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2596:
2570:
2544:
2516:
2502:
2482:
2451:
2432:
2406:
2384:
2377:
2354:
2335:(4): 384–402.
2319:
2312:
2291:
2284:
2239:
2232:
2209:
2188:
2181:
2152:
2145:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2064:
2049:
2034:
2019:
2004:
1989:
1974:
1959:
1944:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1854:
1839:
1824:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1749:
1734:
1719:
1704:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1629:
1614:
1599:
1584:
1569:
1554:
1539:
1524:
1509:
1494:
1479:
1464:
1449:
1434:
1419:
1404:
1389:
1374:
1368:Czechoslovakia
1359:
1344:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1284:
1269:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1178:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
970:
966:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
942:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
886:
882:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
858:
854:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
830:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
763:Main article:
760:
757:
754:
753:
734:
732:
721:
718:
717:
716:
702:
701:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
650:
649:
648:
640:
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
548:
545:
531:
528:
518:
515:
462:
459:
441:
440:
432:
431:
423:
422:
415:
412:
394:
391:
346:
343:
332:
329:
323:
320:
305:to bid to the
291:
290:
288:Dr. John Grant
281:
259:
256:
214:
213:
201:
197:Innsbruck 1988
193:
192:
187:
178:
170:
169:
164:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
142:
140:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2886:2032 Brisbane
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:1968 Tel Aviv
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2285:9780470724323
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2182:0-946312-10-9
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:Sports portal
2088:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2043:United States
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1713:Liechtenstein
1705:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1458:Great Britain
1450:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1413:Faroe Islands
1405:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:participating
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:8888 Uprising
1108:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
968:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
952:
940:
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
924:
912:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
896:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
867:Great Britain
856:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
828:
827:
823:
820:
817:
814:
812:
811:United States
800:
799:
779:
774:
772:
766:
750:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
725:
714:
713:
709:
708:
707:
700:
697:
692:
689:
684:
681:
676:
673:
668:
665:
660:
657:
654:
651:
644:
643:Weightlifting
641:
636:
633:
632:
630:
625:
622:
617:
614:
609:
606:
601:
598:
593:
590:
585:
582:
577:
574:
569:
566:
565:
564:
562:
561:weightlifting
558:
554:
544:
540:
536:
530:Controversies
527:
525:
514:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
495:Kiifi Hyun-mi
492:
486:
484:
480:
472:
467:
458:
456:
452:
448:
438:
433:
429:
424:
419:
411:
409:
404:
400:
390:
386:
382:
380:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
354:
352:
342:
339:
328:
319:
317:
313:
312:New York City
308:
304:
299:
296:
289:
285:
282:
280:
276:
273:
272:
271:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
248:Olympic Games
245:
240:
235:
229:1988년 하계 패럴림픽
225:
221:
212:
207: →
205:
198:
194:←
190:
184: →
182:
175:
171:←
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
83:
78:
68:
63:
60:
56:
53:, South Korea
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3075:Bear mascots
2985:
2978:
2971:
2967:2022 Beijing
2898:Winter Games
2884:
2877:
2853:2008 Beijing
2838:1996 Atlanta
2827:
2813:1976 Toronto
2784:Summer Games
2744:Medal tables
2663:
2652:
2651:
2614:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2553:"1988 Seoul"
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2492:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:
2441:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2418:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2387:
2364:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2303:
2261:
2219:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2191:
2172:
2132:
2125:
2058:West Germany
1938:Soviet Union
1127:
1104:
839:West Germany
768:
744:
740:adding to it
735:
710:
703:
675:Table tennis
635:Powerlifting
557:Powerlifting
550:
543:since then.
541:
537:
533:
520:
507:
487:
476:
444:
402:
396:
387:
383:
376:
372:
355:
348:
334:
325:
300:
292:
266:held at the
261:
219:
217:
188:
165:
61:
29:
2937:1998 Nagano
2858:2012 London
2848:2004 Athens
2843:2000 Sydney
2818:1980 Arnhem
2727:Host cities
2395:(in Korean)
1983:Switzerland
1923:South Korea
1893:Puerto Rico
1848:Philippines
1803:New Zealand
1788:Netherlands
1166:Philippines
1008:Netherlands
979:South Korea
759:Medal table
510:Koh Kwi-nam
491:Lee Jae-oon
479:Roh Tae-Woo
349:Before the
244:Paralympics
236::
226::
147:Roh Tae-Woo
79::
69::
3014:Categories
2957:2014 Sochi
2947:2006 Turin
2912:1980 Geilo
2873:2024 Paris
2868:2020 Tokyo
2828:1988 Seoul
2798:1964 Tokyo
2537:28 October
2475:27 October
2425:20 October
2117:References
2073:Yugoslavia
1119:as Myanmar
747:April 2023
683:Volleyball
624:Lawn bowls
483:Paul Croft
471:Paul Croft
451:Ursa Minor
447:Ursa Major
331:Background
134:24 October
124:15 October
111:725 in 16
2793:1960 Rome
2749:Medalists
2349:145510111
2202:5 October
1908:Singapore
1563:Indonesia
1503:Hong Kong
1488:Guatemala
1203:Australia
1188:Argentina
1170:Singapore
1036:Australia
576:Athletics
284:Melbourne
268:Aylesbury
144:President
139:Opened by
72:도전을 위한 화합
2589:8 August
2563:6 August
2399:24 March
2084:See also
1998:Thailand
1878:Portugal
1743:Malaysia
1338:Colombia
1293:Bulgaria
1142:Bulgaria
667:Swimming
653:Shooting
631:Lifting
608:Goalball
421:Gomdoori
361:and the
303:Brisbane
100:Athletes
47:Location
2774:Symbols
2722:Charter
2666:(1988)
2509:22 July
2028:Tunisia
1773:Morocco
1638:Jamaica
1593:Ireland
1533:Iceland
1518:Hungary
1428:Finland
1383:Denmark
1263:Belgium
1248:Bahrain
1233:Bahamas
1218:Austria
1174:Tunisia
1158:Morocco
1132:in the
659:Snooker
592:Cycling
568:Archery
414:Mascots
154:Stadium
130:Closing
120:Opening
91:Nations
2769:Sports
2762:Winter
2757:Summer
2585:. 2008
2559:. 2008
2500:
2375:
2347:
2310:
2282:
2270:–137.
2230:
2179:
2143:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1968:Sweden
1966:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1910:
1906:
1895:
1891:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1863:Poland
1861:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1818:Norway
1816:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1758:Mexico
1756:
1745:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1698:Kuwait
1696:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1668:Jordan
1666:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1636:
1625:
1621:
1610:
1608:Israel
1606:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1473:Greece
1471:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1443:France
1441:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1353:Cyprus
1351:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1308:Canada
1306:
1295:
1291:
1280:
1278:Brazil
1276:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1146:Cyprus
1064:Poland
1062:
1034:
1006:
977:
951:Sweden
949:
923:France
921:
895:Canada
893:
865:
837:
809:
793:Bronze
790:Silver
784:Nation
720:Venues
584:Boccia
547:Sports
501:. The
403:taeguk
367:Jamsil
232:;
224:Korean
189:Winter
166:Summer
113:sports
108:Events
75:;
67:Korean
2659:Seoul
2446:(PDF)
2369:(PDF)
2345:S2CID
2224:(PDF)
2137:(PDF)
2062:(188)
2047:(371)
1972:(103)
1953:Spain
1927:(226)
1792:(110)
1728:Macau
1683:Kenya
1657:(143)
1653:Japan
1623:Italy
1548:India
1462:(224)
1447:(116)
1398:Egypt
1323:China
1312:(157)
1207:(175)
1154:Macau
1107:Burma
1094:1,394
796:Total
670:(252)
579:(337)
437:Seoul
275:Seoul
252:Seoul
103:3,057
58:Motto
51:Seoul
2737:NPCs
2591:2008
2565:2008
2539:2015
2511:2013
2498:ISBN
2477:2015
2427:2015
2401:2018
2373:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2204:2022
2177:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2077:(34)
2002:(10)
1987:(41)
1957:(50)
1942:(22)
1897:(13)
1882:(13)
1867:(46)
1833:Oman
1822:(34)
1807:(16)
1777:(14)
1762:(33)
1747:(14)
1702:(30)
1687:(12)
1627:(95)
1612:(62)
1597:(53)
1582:(36)
1578:Iran
1567:(19)
1537:(14)
1522:(34)
1507:(42)
1432:(61)
1402:(46)
1387:(48)
1342:(16)
1327:(41)
1282:(59)
1267:(54)
1252:(11)
1222:(43)
1192:(35)
1172:and
1162:Oman
1150:Iran
1123:1992
787:Gold
781:Rank
771:NOCs
705:(14)
678:(37)
655:(23)
616:Judo
559:and
449:and
293:The
218:The
2732:IPC
2337:doi
2272:doi
2032:(1)
2017:(4)
1912:(8)
1852:(4)
1837:(9)
1732:(7)
1717:(2)
1672:(7)
1642:(5)
1552:(2)
1492:(1)
1477:(4)
1417:(4)
1372:(1)
1357:(6)
1297:(8)
1237:(4)
1121:in
1091:441
1088:462
1085:491
964:103
936:140
908:152
880:184
852:193
824:269
742:.
694:(2)
686:(2)
662:(1)
646:(7)
638:(9)
627:(6)
619:(6)
611:(2)
603:(1)
595:(7)
587:(3)
571:(9)
295:ICC
3016::
2606:,
2581:.
2555:.
2527:.
2468:.
2454:^
2417:.
2343:.
2333:37
2331:.
2294:^
2278:.
2268:91
2242:^
2155:^
1176:.
1168:,
1164:,
1160:,
1156:,
1152:,
1148:,
1144:,
1125:.
1077:81
1074:33
1071:25
1068:23
1054:10
1049:95
1046:38
1043:34
1040:23
1021:83
1018:29
1015:24
1012:30
993:94
990:19
987:35
984:40
961:23
958:38
955:42
933:50
930:44
927:46
905:55
902:42
899:55
877:54
874:65
871:65
849:52
846:65
843:76
821:88
818:90
815:91
234:RR
95:60
77:RR
2703:e
2696:t
2689:v
2593:.
2567:.
2541:.
2513:.
2429:.
2403:.
2381:.
2351:.
2339::
2316:.
2288:.
2274::
2236:.
2206:.
2185:.
2149:.
1026:9
998:8
981:*
969:7
941:6
913:5
885:4
857:3
829:2
801:1
749:)
745:(
439:)
222:(
85:)
65:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
