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paratroopers in Pô to march on
Ouagadougou. They left in the afternoon with a group of armed civilians and seized trucks from a Canadian construction company, allowing them to make quick progress. Meanwhile, Ouédraogo consulted his chief of staff, who advised him to negotiate an end to his political conflict with Sankara. Ouédraogo received Sankara at 19:00 at his residence and offered to resign "to facilitate the establishment of a transitional government that would be unanimous". Sankara agreed to the proposal but asked for a few hours' delay so he could discuss it with Compaoré. He departed at 20:30 but was unable to inform Compaoré or the other putschists of the truce. At around the same time the paratroopers infiltrated the capital and began to seize strategic locations throughout, mounting attacks on the radio station, Camp Guillame—home to the army's armoured detachment, and the gendarmerie headquarters. Civilians aided the putschists by providing them with directions and severing electric lines in the capital.
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politicisation of the army was dangerous and compounded the threat of a civil war, so he warned that any soldiers found to be involving themselves in politics would be reprimanded. Stating that the older generation of politicians had been discredited and should retire, he announced that "patriots" and "new men with a sense of responsibility and national realities" should assume leadership of the country. Ouédraogo finished by expressing his hope that the Upper Voltan youth could avoid the trappings of partisan politics. Several days later he released
Sankara, who was confined under guard to house arrest. While the situation deteriorated, Ouédraogo accelerated the execution of his goals, liberating many political prisoners held under Zerbo's regime. However, his extension of
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437:. That night, conservative soldiers attempted a counter coup, launching a tripartite attack in Ouagadougou against Sankara's residence, a radio station, and the place where Somé Yorian and a paratrooper commander, Fidele Guebre, were being held. Two of Sankara's guards were wounded, while Somé Yorian and Guebre were shot while trying to escape. A nighttime curfew remained in effect for several months after the coup, and foreigners who visited the country were searched and questioned on their intentions.
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318:. On 16 May he purged his government of pro-Libyan and anti-French elements, disbanded the CSP, and had Sankara and several other important officials arrested. Explaining the reasons for the radicals' removal, he said, "It is a problem of ideology...We were following step by step the program of the , and that program was to lead us to a communist society." He met again with Penne, who promised his government significant financial aid from France. One officer,
219:
the CSP, whose disagreements were leading to a political stalemate. On 16 May he purged his government of pro-Libyan and anti-French elements, disbanded the CSP, and had
Sankara and several other important officials arrested. This move sparked discontent among Sankara's supporters. Sankara was eventually released while one officer, Compaoré, began to organise military resistance to the government.
277:
Veterans
Affairs. On the whole the CSP exercised true control of the government while Ouédraogo served as little more than a figurehead. The freedoms of labour unions and the press, having been restricted under Zerbo's reign, were restored by the new administration. The CSP elected Sankara as Prime Minister in January 1983, in effect instituting a power counterbalance to Ouédraogo.
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radio declaring the overthrow of the CSP, saying that the purpose of the coup was to "transfer power from the hands of the
Voltaic bourgeoise allied with imperialism into the hands of the alliance of popular classes that make up the people." He also declared that the CNR would "liquidate imperialist domination" and asked the public to form "
416:
state who has been able to solve the problems of his country. But Libya is not Upper Volta and
Captain Sankara is not Colonel Gaddafi. There is surely a lot to learn in Libya, but we can't copy their experiences and that's why we can't speak of pawns." In a measure to assuage concerns, Sankara sent a message to Ivory Coast President
391:
Hôpital
Yalgado-Ouédraogo. Nevertheless, the Sankara regime monitored his activities and restricted him from reentry into the army. Ouédraogo declared that he would not take an active role in politics and from then on he generally showed little interest in involving himself in public affairs. In 2020 he released a memoir titled
420:, expressing a wish to "consolidate the traditional friendship and cooperation" between their countries. He also asked the Libyan government to withhold further flights. The new regime cultivated friendly relations with Libya, Ghana, the Soviet Union, and Albania, while France and the United States progressively ignored it.
226:. Sankara attempted to broker a political compromise with Ouédraogo, but Compaoré's troops seized the city before this was done and captured Ouédraogo. Sankara became the new President of Upper Volta and created the Conseil National de la Revolution (CNR), a new governing body consisting mostly of populist junior officers.
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The motives for Ouédraogo's decision are not agreed upon. Some observers attribute the coup to growing pressure from France, while others state that Ouédraogo and the conservatives in the military acted over dissatisfaction with
Sankara's relationship with Libya. According to one account, Somé Yorian
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Sankara declared that the goals of his "revolution" would be to counter imperialism, stem corruption, heighten the status of women, conserve the environment, and improve access to education and health care. On the first anniversary of the coup, he changed Upper Volta's name to "Burkina Faso", roughly
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where he began to organise resistance. In the following days large demonstrations occurred in
Ouagadougou in support of Sankara. Ouédraogo's political position was weak; his left-wing opponents were well organised while he did not have reliable connections with the conservative factions he supposedly
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with the
Conseil de Salut du Peuple (CSP), a body composed of military officials of different ideological backgrounds. The CSP chose Sankara as Prime Minister of Upper Volta in January 1983. As his tenure progressed, Ouédraogo found himself unable to reconcile the conservative and radical factions of
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At Ouédraogo's residence, men of the Presidential Guard exchanged heavy fire with the putschists before surrendering. Compaoré arrived on the scene at around 22:00, followed by Sankara an hour later. The latter informed Ouédraogo of the "revolution" and offered to exile him and his family. Ouédraogo
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shortly after his return, generating rumours of a plot to install a pro-Libya regime in Upper Volta. Ouédraogo assured the populace that it was "a routine visit, a kind of courtesy call and I think that we must not try to see anything beyond that," and stated that "there should be no talk of setting
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Sankara became the new President of Upper Volta. He created a Conseil National de la Revolution (CNR), a governing body consisting mostly of populist junior officers, as well as members of the Ligue patriotique pour le développement and the Union des Luttes Communistes. He gave a speech on national
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On 21 November Ouédraogo declared that the CSP would restore a constitutional, civilian regime in two years time. Five days later the CSP installed a formal government. Ouédraogo was the only soldier in the cabinet and, in addition to his role as president, was made Minister of National Defence and
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in conflict in Chad was increasing, generating worries among the governments of Niger and the Ivory Coast that the overthrow was a move planned by Gaddafi. In an interview with a French radio station, Sankara stated, "I regret that we are considered pawns of Gaddafi. Colonel Gaddafi is a chief of
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Meanwhile, as Sankara toured various communist and socialist countries, rumors circulated among the Voltaic population that the CSP would assume a radical left-wing approach to governing and expropriate small businesses. In an attempt to alleviate concerns, Ouédraogo told members of the National
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The day following the coup, the CNR issued a decree, reorganising the country into 30 provinces. On 9 August Sankara dismissed Ouédraogo's cabinet, asking top civil servants to take charge of their ministries until new ministers could be appointed. Compaoré later became Minister of State at the
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was supposed to take power but withdrew at the last minute, leading other officers to choose him to assume the presidency due to his senior rank though, in his words, "against my will". Unlike Sankara, he lacked political experience and popular support, and was quickly regarded by the left-wing
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Sankara pledged to afford Ouédraogo "much humanitarianism". On the evening of 5 August the former president was imprisoned at the military camp in Pô. He was discharged from the army on 25 August. Ouédraogo was granted clemency on 4 August 1985 and returned to medical work, taking a job at the
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Tensions continued to increase until 4 August when Compaoré launched a coup. According to some accounts, Compaoré's forces were moved to act when they received reports that Somé Yorian was planning on deposing Ouédraogo, seizing power, and killing Sankara and his allies. Compaoré mobilised 250
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On 27 May Ouédraogo delivered a speech, promising a quick return to civilian rule and the liberation of political prisoners. He also announced the drafting of a new constitution within six months, to be followed by an election in which he would not participate. He also felt that the increased
295:". On 26 March Ouédraogo and Sankara held a meeting in the capital, where differences in their beliefs began to emerge. That day the CSP organised a large rally in the city where a moderate speech by Ouédraogo was much less enthusiastically received than Sankara's radical remarks.
251:. He installed a mixed military-civilian regime which over time marginalised both the older, conservative senior officers and younger, radical left-wing junior officers in the army. On 7 November 1982 the conservative and left-wing factions united under conservative Colonel
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to Yaméogo antagonised many politicians whom Yaméogo had repressed. Sankara was soon rearrested but then released following mounting pressure from Compaoré's troops. On 4 June Ouédraogo removed a number of pro-Sankara ministers from his government.
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represented and could only really count on the support of a handful of his former classmates from the Pabré minor seminary. Realising that the use of force was of little recourse, he sought to resolve the situation by appeasing his adversaries.
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replied that he would rather remain in the country under the new regime. He was then taken to the Presidential Palace to spend the night. The putsch reportedly left 13 people killed and 15 wounded, including six French civilians.
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As his tenure progressed, Ouédraogo found himself unable to reconcile the conservative and radical factions of the CSP, whose disagreements were leading to a political stalemate. On 14 May 1983 the CSP convened in the town of
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Council of Voltaic Employers that "private initiative will be maintained...you are the primary motor of the country's economic activity". Sankara concluded his tour with a visit to Libya. A Libyan transport aircraft landed at
450:. Over the course of his tenure, economic difficulties engendered popular opposition and disagreement within his government, as did conservatives' objections to his progressive platform. On 15 October 1987, Compaoré launched
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had schemed with Penne to remove Sankara. On the morning of 16 May soldiers surrounded Sankara's and Ouédraogo's residences. Somé told Ouédraogo he could dismiss Sankara or be removed from office, and the president assented.
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which ousted Zerbo. The soldiers then formed the Conseil de Salut du Peuple (CSP), a 120-strong governing body consisting of officers, noncommissioned officers, and privates. Two days later the council elected Major
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as the "land of upright people". During his tenure he pushed programs which improved literacy and school attendance rates, increased women's positions in government, ameliorated infant mortality, and promoted
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According to Sankara, the two met earlier that day to discuss their differences, but were unable to reach an understanding and thus "separated themselves from being Siamese twins".
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395:, in which he offered criticism of Sankara. In response to backlash from the book, he said of Sankara, "there were only political grievances between us, no animosity".
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members of the CSP as conservative and sympathetic to policies of France. Nevertheless, the media viewed Ouédraogo and Sankara as united in goals and dubbed them "
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fasts. Ouédraogo was in turn left without an audience for his speech, as Sankara seemingly intended in an effort to humiliate him. The following day he met with
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second-most powerful political leader in the country. The military general staff was dissolved and replaced with a new high command under Major
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as president. He was a compromise choice between the left-wing radicals and conservatives on the CSP. According to Ouédraogo, radical Captain
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Tensions continued to increase until 4 August when Compaoré launched a coup, leading 250 paratroopers in a march on the capital,
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Skinner, Elliot P. (September 1988). "Sankara and the Burkinabe Revolution: Charisma and Power, Local and External Dimensions".
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extended his formal congratulations to Sankara and dispatched a plane with aid to Upper Volta. The coup came at a time when
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This article is about the coup d'état in August 1983. For the attempted coup in February 1983, see
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Regime change as an indicator of political instability in Africa and the Middle East, 1979-1985
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1106:""Ma part de vérité", le livre de l'ancien président Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo, fait polémique"
949:[On August 4, 1983, Thomas Sankara took power with the help of his friend Compaoré].
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679:[Biography of Thomas Sankara: Journey of the father of the Burkinabe revolution].
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May, Clifford D. (18 November 1983). "African Revolutionary Serenades East and West".
685:(in French). Societe Nouvelle de Presse et d'Edition de Cote d'Ivoire. 15 October 2017
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947:"Le 4 août 1983, Thomas Sankara prenait le pouvoir avec l'aide de son ami Compaoré"
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Wood, Michael (October 1983). "Upper Volta: Another Piece in Qaddafi's Puzzle?".
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677:"Biographie de Thomas Sankara : Parcours du père de la révolution burkinabè"
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365:" to aid in this endeavor. The speech was broadcast several times in French,
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1491:. Economic, Financial and Technical Series. Exeter: Blackwell: 6840. 1983.
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Quarterly Economic Review of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Niger, Upper Volta
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in which Sankara was killed. Compaoré led Burkina Faso until 2014, when
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1638:
1573:]. Hommes et sociétés (in French). Vol. 27. Paris: Karthala.
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1081:[National situation: What will Jean Baptiste Ouedraogo say?].
553:
551:
549:
3239:
951:
882:
113:
1471:. London: West Africa Publishing Company Limited: 1091. 2 May 1983.
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1423:
Coups from Below: Armed Subalterns and State Power in West Africa
1079:"Situation nationale : Que va dire Jean Baptiste Ouédraogo?"
304:
1542:
Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013).
1405:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press.
1328:
1064:
1729:
661:, The Conseil de Salut du Peuple: A Prelude to the Revolution.
1034:
747:[May 17, 1983: Beginnings of the August Revolution].
322:, evaded capture and escaped to Sankara's former garrison at
1566:État et sociétés au Burkina: essai sur le politique africain
1463:
1340:(13–37). London: Africa Analysis Limited. 11 December 1987.
633:
323:
1591:
The Mossi of Burkina Faso: Chiefs, Politicians and Soldiers
1529:. London: Afrimedia International: 770–771. 28 March 1983.
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State and Societies in Burkina: Essay on African Politics
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Upper Volta Junta Pledges Civilian Rule In Two Years 1982
280:
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816:
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519:
536:
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1655:"Upper Volta Junta Pledges Civilian Rule In Two Years"
1594:(revised ed.). Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.
1548:(revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
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897:
891:
864:
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1509:. London: Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. 1983.
1295:"Burkina Faso general takes over as Compaore resigns"
989:
916:
792:
745:"17 Mai 1983 : Prémices de la Révolution d'août"
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Ouédraogo (pictured in 2020) was ousted by the coup.
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1451:] (in French). Ouagadougou: Éditions Paalga.
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198:. It was carried out by radical elements of the
1381:Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood In West Africa
1312:"Burkina Faso president arrives in Ivory Coast"
707:Recent Unsuccessful Coup Attempt Explained 1983
1562:
1040:
639:
407:, praised the coup. On 6 August Libyan leader
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3275:
1715:
1141:. Associated Press. 7 August 1983. p. 1.
1026:"Upper Volta leader fires pre-coup cabinet".
985:. Associated Press. 6 August 1983. p. 2.
1523:"Recent Unsuccessful Coup Attempt Explained"
1172:"African leader says 'I'm no pawn of Libya'"
1165:
1163:
363:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
1243:
1241:
182:) in an event sometimes referred to as the
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1722:
1708:
1617:(3). Cambridge University Press: 437–455.
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1665:. Durham: Africa News Service: 20. 1982.
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377:was closed, and the borders were sealed.
214:. Ouédraogo had been brought to power in
16:Coup that brought Thomas Sankara to power
1449:Journey from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso
1444:Voyage de la Haute-Volta au Burkina Faso
1402:Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary
1238:
582:
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578:
458:led him to resign and flee the country.
343:
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3220:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
2834:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
1838:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
1608:
1587:
1352:
1212:
1137:"Volta Coup Leader: 'I'm Not a Pawn'".
1016:
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1252:. Reuters. 12 August 1983. p. 10.
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1103:
1077:Bazie, Grégoire B. (30 January 2014).
1030:. Reuters. 10 August 1983. p. N5.
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486:Council of the Salvation of the People
281:Tensions between Ouédraogo and Sankara
3739:
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1703:
1611:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1545:Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso
1357:(PhD thesis). University of Florida.
1076:
1070:
1065:Babies Not Barracks Ex-President 1987
976:
974:
972:
970:
587:Lubabu, Tshitenge (23 January 2007).
575:
21:1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état attempt
3888:1980s coups d'état and coup attempts
1677:
1188:
1155:Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013
1053:Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013
981:"13 Killed in Coup in Upper Volta".
892:Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013
865:Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013
558:Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013
398:
385:
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1218:
1203:
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1170:Blackburn, Peter (11 August 1983).
1127:
1104:Traoré, Lamine (11 February 2020).
311:, a top African affairs adviser of
13:
1845:Central African Republic (1965–66)
1588:Skinner, Elliott Percival (1989).
1563:Savonnet-Guyot, Claudette (1986).
1330:"Babies Not Barracks Ex-President"
1314:, Anadolu Agency, 1 November 2014.
967:
743:Yaméogo, Saglba (14 August 2012).
14:
3934:
423:
403:The Libyan official news agency,
3359:
94:
3094:Central African Republic (2021)
2992:Central African Republic (2013)
2778:Central African Republic (2003)
2764:Central African Republic (2001)
2315:Central African Republic (1982)
2294:Central African Republic (1981)
2234:Central African Republic (1979)
1305:
1267:
1097:
945:Jaffré, Bruno (3 August 2013).
736:
498:
489:
441:translating from the Mooré and
3898:Military coups in Burkina Faso
1321:
877:Quarterly Economic Review 1983
835:President Will Stand Down 1983
480:
373:. A brief curfew was imposed,
210:, against the regime of Major
1:
3157:Burkina Faso (September 2022)
1248:"Regime in Volta shaken up".
1176:The Christian Science Monitor
512:
435:Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani
229:
29:1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état
3908:August 1983 events in Africa
3164:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
2799:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
2718:Republic of the Congo (1998)
2655:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
2592:Sierra Leone (December 1992)
2469:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)
2441:Republic of the Congo (1987)
2045:Republic of the Congo (1972)
1943:Republic of the Congo (1968)
1894:Republic of the Congo (1966)
1747:Republic of the Congo (1960)
1353:Emerson, Stephen A. (1991).
380:
7:
3143:Burkina Faso (January 2022)
2336:Upper Volta (February 1983)
1485:"President Will Stand Down"
1441:Ouédraogo, Édouard (1996).
461:
10:
3939:
2690:Sierra Leone (August 1996)
1465:"Ouedraogo's African tour"
1378:Englebert, Pierre (2018).
100:Government of Upper Volta
18:
3918:Communism in Burkina Faso
3782:
3702:
3635:
3582:
3573:
3521:
3512:
3443:
3434:
3377:
3368:
3357:
3351:Insurgency (2015–present)
3301:
3229:
3078:
2899:
2741:
2506:
2343:Upper Volta (August 1983)
2243:
1987:
1738:
1623:10.1017/S0022278X0001171X
589:"Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo"
163:
158:
144:
123:
86:
33:
28:
2827:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
2227:Equatorial Guinea (1979)
1489:Africa Research Bulletin
473:
333:political rehabilitation
75:President of Upper Volta
3321:Republic of Upper Volta
1859:Burundi (November 1966)
1399:Harsch, Ernest (2014).
1384:. New York: Routledge.
1274:Encyclopedia Britannica
1225:Encyclopedia Britannica
468:History of Burkina Faso
339:
262:Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo
245:Republic of Upper Volta
212:Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo
176:Republic of Upper Volta
130:Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo
3129:Sudan (September 2021)
1964:Libya (September 1969)
1880:Nigeria (January 1966)
751:(in French). Mutations
418:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
405:Jamahiriya News Agency
349:
124:Commanders and leaders
66:Revolutionary victory
3923:Communist revolutions
2620:Bophuthatswana (1994)
1978:Libya (December 1969)
1768:French Algeria (1961)
347:
235:1982 coup and the CSP
164:13 killed, 15 wounded
159:Casualties and losses
3903:1980s in Upper Volta
3213:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
3150:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
3136:Sudan (October 2021)
2985:Libya (October 2013)
2943:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
2929:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
2792:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
2771:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
2750:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
2732:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
2711:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
2266:Guinea-Bissau (1980)
1733:in Africa since 1960
243:took control of the
196:Burkinabé revolution
174:was launched in the
170:On 4 August 1983, a
3773:(formerly known as
3206:Sierra Leone (2023)
3199:Burkina Faso (2023)
3034:Burkina Faso (2016)
3027:Burkina Faso (2015)
2806:Burkina Faso (2003)
2704:Sierra Leone (1997)
2662:Sierra Leone (1996)
2578:Sierra Leone (1992)
2476:Burkina Faso (1989)
2427:Burkina Faso (1987)
1929:Sierra Leone (1968)
1887:Nigeria (July 1966)
1852:Burundi (July 1966)
1420:Kandeh, J. (2004).
1041:Savonnet-Guyot 1986
1013:, pp. 124–125.
640:Savonnet-Guyot 1986
528:, pp. 122–123.
429:Presidency and the
375:Ouagadougou Airport
316:François Mitterrand
313:President of France
288:Ouagadougou Airport
253:Gabriel Somé Yorian
3546:Telecommunications
3316:French Upper Volta
2329:Upper Volta (1982)
2273:Upper Volta (1980)
2171:Uganda (June 1977)
2059:Upper Volta (1974)
1873:Upper Volta (1966)
1301:. 31 October 2014.
1250:The Globe and Mail
1206:The New York Times
1055:, pp. v, 160.
1028:The Globe and Mail
983:The New York Times
867:, pp. ii–iii.
413:Libyan involvement
350:
3893:Conflicts in 1983
3875:
3874:
3733:
3732:
3698:
3697:
3670:Human trafficking
3569:
3568:
3508:
3507:
3490:Political parties
3458:Foreign relations
3430:
3429:
3331:Agacher Strip War
3257:
3256:
3234:: successful coup
3013:The Gambia (2014)
2950:Mali (April 2012)
2936:Mali (March 2012)
2908:Madagascar (2010)
2890:Madagascar (2009)
2876:Mauritania (2008)
2862:Madagascar (2006)
2848:Mauritania (2005)
2785:Mauritania (2003)
2357:Mauritania (1984)
2308:Seychelles (1981)
2280:Mauritania (1981)
2252:Mauritania (1980)
2213:Mauritania (1979)
2206:Mauritania (1978)
2157:Seychelles (1977)
1221:"Blaise Compaoré"
733:, pp. 88–89.
456:widespread unrest
452:a successful coup
399:Foreign reactions
393:Ma part de vérité
386:Fate of Ouédraogo
192:Révolution d'août
184:August revolution
168:
167:
82:
81:
73:installed as the
3930:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3718:
3711:
3580:
3579:
3519:
3518:
3441:
3440:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3362:
3336:1987 coup d'état
3326:1983 coup d'état
3284:
3277:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3242:
3235:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1674:
1650:
1605:
1584:
1559:
1538:
1518:
1500:
1480:
1460:
1437:
1416:
1395:
1374:
1349:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1270:"Thomas Sankara"
1265:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1139:The Boston Globe
1134:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1114:Voice of America
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
987:
986:
978:
965:
964:
962:
960:
942:
929:
923:
914:
908:
895:
889:
880:
874:
868:
862:
853:
847:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
761:
760:
758:
756:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
695:
694:
692:
690:
682:Fraternité Matin
673:
662:
656:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
584:
573:
567:
561:
555:
544:
538:
529:
523:
506:
502:
496:
493:
487:
484:
239:In 1980 Colonel
152:250 paratroopers
99:
98:
97:
35:
34:
26:
25:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3778:
3764:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3694:
3631:
3617:Public holidays
3565:
3504:
3480:Law enforcement
3426:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3297:
3288:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3074:
3069:Ethiopia (2019)
3067:
3060:
3053:
3048:Zimbabwe (2017)
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2483:Ethiopia (1989)
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2455:Transkei (1987)
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2364:Cameroon (1984)
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2080:Ethiopia (1974)
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1754:Ethiopia (1960)
1752:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1698:
1686:(10): 364–368.
1680:The World Today
1602:
1581:
1556:
1434:
1413:
1392:
1334:Africa Analysis
1324:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1168:
1161:
1157:, p. liii.
1153:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
990:
980:
979:
968:
958:
956:
943:
932:
924:
917:
913:, p. 1964.
909:
898:
890:
883:
875:
871:
863:
856:
848:
841:
837:, p. 6840.
833:
829:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
777:, p. 1963.
773:
764:
754:
752:
741:
737:
729:
725:
721:, p. 1962.
717:
713:
705:
698:
688:
686:
675:
674:
665:
657:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
600:
598:
585:
576:
572:, p. 1961.
568:
564:
556:
547:
539:
532:
524:
520:
515:
510:
509:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
464:
443:Dyula languages
426:
409:Muammar Gaddafi
401:
388:
383:
342:
320:Blaise Compaoré
283:
237:
232:
208:Blaise Compaoré
154:Armed civilians
153:
139:Blaise Compaoré
137:
95:
93:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Child marriage
3647:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3500:Prime Minister
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Mossi Kingdoms
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3248:attempted coup
3243:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3115:Tunisia (2021)
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3020:Burundi (2015)
3016:
3009:
3006:Lesotho (2014)
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2964:Eritrea (2013)
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2757:Burundi (2001)
2753:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2676:Burundi (1996)
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2648:Comoros (1995)
2644:
2641:Liberia (1994)
2637:
2634:Lesotho (1994)
2630:
2623:
2616:
2613:Nigeria (1993)
2609:
2602:
2599:Burundi (1993)
2595:
2588:
2585:Algeria (1992)
2581:
2574:
2567:
2564:Lesotho (1991)
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2522:Nigeria (1990)
2518:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2448:Tunisia (1987)
2444:
2437:
2434:Burundi (1987)
2430:
2423:
2416:
2413:Lesotho (1986)
2409:
2406:Liberia (1985)
2402:
2395:
2388:
2385:Nigeria (1985)
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2350:Nigeria (1983)
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2259:Liberia (1980)
2255:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2192:Comoros (1978)
2188:
2185:Somalia (1978)
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2136:Nigeria (1976)
2132:
2129:Burundi (1976)
2125:
2122:Comoros (1976)
2118:
2111:
2108:Nigeria (1975)
2104:
2097:
2090:
2087:Comoros (1975)
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2038:Morocco (1972)
2034:
2027:
2024:Dahomey (1972)
2020:
2013:
2010:Morocco (1971)
2006:
1999:
1996:Lesotho (1970)
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1971:Somalia (1969)
1967:
1960:
1953:
1950:Dahomey (1969)
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1922:Algeria (1967)
1918:
1911:
1904:
1901:Dahomey (1967)
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1831:Burundi (1965)
1827:
1824:Dahomey (1965)
1820:
1817:Algeria (1965)
1813:
1806:
1799:
1796:Dahomey (1963)
1792:
1789:Algeria (1962)
1785:
1782:Senegal (1962)
1778:
1775:Somalia (1961)
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1675:
1651:
1606:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1539:
1519:
1501:
1481:
1461:
1438:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1375:
1350:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1286:
1255:
1237:
1219:McKenna, Amy.
1211:
1193:
1191:, p. 368.
1181:
1159:
1144:
1126:
1096:
1069:
1067:, p. 129.
1057:
1045:
1043:, p. 181.
1033:
1015:
1003:
1001:, p. 124.
988:
966:
930:
928:, p. 125.
915:
896:
894:, p. iii.
881:
879:, p. 140.
869:
854:
852:, p. 443.
839:
827:
825:, p. 264.
823:Ouédraogo 1996
815:
813:, p. 220.
803:
791:
789:, p. 219.
779:
762:
735:
723:
711:
709:, p. 771.
696:
663:
659:Englebert 2018
644:
642:, p. 178.
632:
620:
618:, p. 215.
608:
574:
562:
545:
543:, p. 123.
530:
517:
516:
514:
511:
508:
507:
497:
488:
478:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
463:
460:
425:
424:CNR governance
422:
400:
397:
387:
384:
382:
379:
341:
338:
301:Bobo-Dioulasso
282:
279:
266:Thomas Sankara
236:
233:
231:
228:
204:Thomas Sankara
166:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
135:Thomas Sankara
132:
126:
125:
121:
120:
111:
110:
109:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
71:Thomas Sankara
63:
59:
58:
49:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3935:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:2014 uprising
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Ethnic groups
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:2014 uprising
3344:
3342:
3341:2011 protests
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:Gambia (2022)
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:Guinea (2021)
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:Guinea (2008)
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:Zambia (1997)
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:Guinea (1996)
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:Gambia (1994)
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:Ciskei (1990)
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:Zambia (1990)
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:Guinea (1985)
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:Uganda (1985)
2375:
2372:
2371:Guinea (1984)
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:Gambia (1981)
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:Angola (1977)
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:Uganda (1974)
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:Rwanda (1973)
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:Uganda (1971)
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:Rwanda (1961)
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1601:9780881333985
1597:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1580:9782865371488
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1555:9780810867703
1551:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1433:9781403978776
1429:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1412:9780821445075
1408:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1391:9780429981562
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1271:
1268:Ray, Carina.
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1208:. p. A2.
1207:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1115:
1112:(in French).
1111:
1107:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
993:
984:
977:
975:
973:
971:
954:
953:
948:
941:
939:
937:
935:
927:
922:
920:
912:
907:
905:
903:
901:
893:
888:
886:
878:
873:
866:
861:
859:
851:
846:
844:
836:
831:
824:
819:
812:
807:
801:, p. 95.
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
769:
767:
750:
746:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
701:
684:
683:
678:
672:
670:
668:
660:
655:
653:
651:
649:
641:
636:
630:, p. 20.
629:
624:
617:
612:
596:
595:
594:Jeune Afrique
590:
583:
581:
579:
571:
566:
560:, p. ii.
559:
554:
552:
550:
542:
537:
535:
527:
522:
518:
501:
492:
483:
479:
469:
466:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
448:reforestation
444:
438:
436:
432:
421:
419:
414:
410:
406:
396:
394:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
354:
346:
337:
334:
328:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
296:
294:
291:up a Voltaic
289:
278:
274:
272:
271:Siamese twins
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
227:
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
162:
157:
151:
149:
148:
143:
140:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
112:
107:
104:Conservative
103:
102:
101:
91:
90:
85:
76:
72:
69:
68:
67:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
44:
41:4 August 1983
40:
37:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3867:2023 attempt
3847:2016 attempt
3832:2003 attempt
3827:1989 attempt
3814:
3771:Burkina Faso
3685:Prostitution
3637:Demographics
3556:Trade unions
3468:Human rights
3448:Constitution
3325:
3291:Burkina Faso
3247:
3246:no sign for
3192:Gabon (2023)
3185:Niger (2023)
3178:Sudan (2023)
3101:Niger (2021)
3062:Sudan (2019)
3055:Gabon (2019)
3041:Libya (2016)
2999:Libya (2014)
2978:Egypt (2013)
2957:Sudan (2012)
2922:Niger (2011)
2915:Niger (2010)
2883:Sudan (2008)
2820:Sudan (2004)
2725:Niger (1999)
2683:Niger (1996)
2606:Libya (1993)
2571:Sudan (1992)
2550:Venda (1990)
2515:Sudan (1990)
2497:Sudan (1989)
2462:Benin (1988)
2392:Sudan (1985)
2342:
2322:Kenya (1982)
2301:Ghana (1981)
2220:Ghana (1979)
2199:Ghana (1978)
2164:Sudan (1977)
2150:Benin (1977)
2143:Sudan (1976)
2101:Libya (1975)
2094:Sudan (1975)
2073:Niger (1974)
2031:Ghana (1972)
2017:Sudan (1971)
1957:Sudan (1969)
1908:Ghana (1967)
1866:Ghana (1966)
1810:Gabon (1964)
1731:Coups d'état
1683:
1679:
1662:
1658:
1614:
1610:
1590:
1570:
1565:
1544:
1526:
1505:
1488:
1468:
1448:
1443:
1426:. Springer.
1422:
1401:
1380:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1249:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1214:
1205:
1184:
1175:
1138:
1117:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1027:
1006:
982:
957:. Retrieved
950:
872:
850:Skinner 1988
830:
818:
811:Skinner 1989
806:
799:Emerson 1991
794:
787:Skinner 1989
782:
753:. Retrieved
748:
738:
731:Emerson 1991
726:
714:
687:. Retrieved
680:
635:
623:
616:Skinner 1989
611:
599:. Retrieved
592:
565:
521:
500:
491:
482:
439:
430:
427:
402:
392:
389:
359:
355:
351:
329:
297:
284:
275:
238:
221:
195:
191:
183:
180:Burkina Faso
169:
117:armed forces
106:armed forces
92:
87:Belligerents
65:
3775:Upper Volta
3526:Agriculture
3473:LGBT rights
3397:Departments
3108:Mali (2021)
3087:Mali (2020)
2971:Chad (2013)
2855:Chad (2006)
2841:Togo (2005)
2813:Chad (2004)
2557:Mali (1991)
2536:Chad (1990)
2490:Chad (1989)
2420:Togo (1986)
2115:Chad (1975)
1936:Mali (1968)
1915:Togo (1967)
1803:Togo (1963)
1659:Africa News
1527:West Africa
1469:West Africa
1322:Works cited
1110:VOA Afrique
1085:(in French)
1011:Kandeh 2004
999:Kandeh 2004
955:(in French)
926:Kandeh 2004
911:Harsch 2014
775:Harsch 2014
719:Harsch 2014
689:12 November
597:(in French)
570:Harsch 2014
541:Kandeh 2004
526:Kandeh 2004
224:Ouagadougou
216:a 1982 coup
172:coup d'état
55:Upper Volta
51:Ouagadougou
3882:Categories
3602:Literature
3463:Government
1083:lefaso.net
749:lefaso.net
601:7 November
513:References
293:Jamahiriya
241:Saye Zerbo
230:Background
3913:Sankarism
3860:September
3675:Languages
3655:Education
3561:Transport
3495:President
3453:Elections
3407:Provinces
3370:Geography
3240:self-coup
1671:0191-6521
1647:154453966
1631:0022-278X
1535:0043-2962
1515:0142-4513
1497:933316914
1477:0043-2962
1371:304006682
1346:0950-902X
1189:Wood 1983
1089:6 January
959:8 January
952:Mediapart
755:6 January
381:Aftermath
309:Guy Penne
255:launched
114:Left-wing
3725:Category
3690:Religion
3645:Abortion
3531:Currency
3485:Military
3436:Politics
3422:Wildlife
3295:articles
1692:40395436
1457:37811810
1367:ProQuest
1363:25350800
1299:BBC News
462:See also
431:de facto
145:Strength
46:Location
3855:January
3810:attempt
3709:Outline
3627:Theatre
3592:Cuisine
3575:Culture
3551:Tourism
3514:Economy
3412:Regions
3392:Climate
3382:Borders
3303:History
1230:May 11,
371:Gurunsi
305:Ramadan
202:led by
178:(today
119:faction
108:faction
3680:People
3665:Health
3587:Cinema
3541:Mining
3536:Energy
3417:Rivers
3387:Cities
3293:
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1279:11 May
1119:10 May
369:, and
257:a coup
249:a coup
188:French
62:Result
3851:2022
3806:1983
3767:Coups
3716:Index
3622:Sport
3612:Music
3607:Media
3402:Lakes
3079:2020s
2900:2010s
2742:2000s
2507:1990s
2244:1980s
1988:1970s
1739:1960s
1688:JSTOR
1643:S2CID
1635:JSTOR
1569:[
1447:[
474:Notes
367:Mooré
194:) or
3842:2015
3822:1987
3815:coup
3802:1982
3797:1980
3792:1974
3787:1966
3597:Flag
1667:ISSN
1627:ISSN
1596:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1531:ISSN
1511:ISSN
1493:OCLC
1473:ISSN
1453:OCLC
1428:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1359:OCLC
1342:ISSN
1281:2023
1232:2023
1121:2023
1091:2018
961:2018
757:2018
691:2017
603:2017
340:Coup
206:and
200:army
38:Date
3769:in
1619:doi
273:".
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