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513:, the crowd tried to intervene thinking the police did not appear to be providing or seeking the medical help Bailey needed quickly enough. As the minicab pulled away at speed a police car arrived and stopped the cab. When an officer from the police car realised Bailey was wounded he moved him into the back of the police car to take him to hospital more quickly, and bound his wound more tightly to stop the bleeding. A group of 50 youths began to shout for Bailey's release, thinking the police were arresting him. "Look, they’re killing him," claimed one. The crowd descended on the police car and pulled him out.
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Rumours spread that a youth had been left to die by the police, or that the police looked on as the stabbed youth was lying on the street. More than 200 youths, black and white with predominantly Afro-Caribbean heritage, reportedly turned on the police. In response, the police decided to increase the
770:
dismissed the notion that unemployment and racism lay beneath the
Brixton disturbances claiming "Nothing, but nothing, justifies what happened." Overall unemployment in Brixton stood at 13 percent, with 25.4 percent for ethnic minorities. Unemployment among black youths was estimated at 55 percent.
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spotted a black youth named
Michael Bailey running towards him, apparently away from three other black youths. Bailey was stopped and found to be badly bleeding, but broke away from the constable. Stopped again on Atlantic Road, Bailey was found to have a four-inch stab wound. He ran into a flat and
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magazine, resulted in 279 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public; over a hundred vehicles were burned, including 56 police vehicles; almost 150 buildings were damaged, thirty of which were burnt out, and many shops were looted. There were 82 arrests. Reports suggested that up to
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The police put out emergency calls to police officers across London, asking for assistance. They had no strategy, and only had inadequate helmets and non-fireproof plastic shields to protect themselves with while clearing the streets of rioters. The police reportedly also had difficulties in radio
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pm the fire brigade received their first call, as a police van was set on fire by rioters in
Railton Road, with the fire brigade being warned "riot in progress". As the fire brigade approached the police cordon, they were waved through without warning, driving down Railton Road towards 300 youths
467:
In 1980, the number of crimes recorded in the
Lambeth borough was 30,805, with 10,626 of those taking place in the Brixton Division. Between 1976 and 1980, Brixton accounted for 35% of all crimes in the Borough, but 49% of all robbery and violent theft offences. The police recognised the rising
492:, which allowed police to search and arrest members of the public when it was believed that they were acting suspiciously, and not necessarily committing a crime. The African-Caribbean community accused the police of disproportionately using these powers against black people.
779:, complained that the police presence "amounted to an army of occupation" that provoked the riots; Thatcher responded, "What absolute nonsense and what an appalling remark ... No one should condone violence. No one should condone the events ... They were criminal, criminal."
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s front-page headline had displayed a photo of a policeman with a bloody face juxtaposed with Darcus Howe's quote about the march being "A good day". A few weeks later, the police arrested some of the march organizers and charged them with the offence of
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pm the violence further escalated. Non-rioting members of the public attempted to mediate between the police and the rioters, calling for a de-escalation by withdrawing police out of the area. The destructive efforts of the rioters peaked at around
422:, in the nearby Borough of Lewisham. Although authorities stated that the fire started inside and was accidental, the public believed it was an arson attack and criticised the police investigation as inadequate. Black activists, including
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During the disturbances, 299 police were injured, along with at least 65 members of the public. 61 private vehicles and 56 police vehicles were destroyed. 28 premises were burned and another 117 damaged and looted. 82 arrests were made.
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Scarman found unquestionable evidence of the disproportionate and indiscriminate use of 'stop and search' powers by the police against black people. As a consequence, a new code for police behaviour was put forward in the
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pm, as two police officers stopped and searched a mini cab in
Railton Road. By this time Brixton Road (Brixton High Street) was reportedly filled with angry people and police cars were pelted with bricks. At around
1040:
The BBC show "Orphan Black" alludes to the
Brixton Riots as the reason Mrs. S. fled England. Mrs. S. tells the main character Sarah that Brixton was burning and shows her a newspaper clipping headlined "Brixton
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In the preceding months there had been growing unease between the police and the inhabitants of
Lambeth, the Borough of London in which Brixton is located. On 18 January 1981, thirteen black youths died in a
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was deployed for the first time on the
British mainland to quell the rioting. On 10 July, there was fresh rioting in Brixton. It was not until the end of July that the disturbances began to subside.
480:'s 1978 assertion that the UK "might be rather swamped by people of a different culture"), and uniformed patrols were increased in the area. Officers from other Metropolitan police districts and the
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It was believed by the local community that the stabbed youth died as a result of police brutality, fuelling tensions throughout the day as crowds slowly gathered. Tensions first erupted around 4
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communication. The police proceeded in clearing the
Atlantic-Railton-Mayall area by pushing the rioters down the road, forming deep shield walls. The rioters responded with bricks, bottles, and
726:, established in 1985, to attempt to restore public confidence in the police. Scarman concluded that "complex political, social and economic factors disposition towards violent protest".
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was helped by a family and the police constable there by putting kitchen roll on his wound. A crowd gathered and, as the police then tried to take the wounded boy to a waiting minicab on
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The recommendations of the
Scarman Report to tackle the problems of racial disadvantage and inner-city decline were not implemented. Rioting would break out again in the
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were dispatched into Brixton, and within five days, 943 people were stopped and searched, with 82 arrested, through the heavy use of what was colloquially known as the "
356:, between 10 and 12 April 1981. It resulted from racist discrimination against the black community by the mainly white police, especially the police's increased use of
686:. Racial tension played a major part in most of these disturbances, although all of the riots took place in areas hit particularly hard by unemployment and recession.
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armed with bottles and bricks. The fire brigade met the crowd at the junction between Railton Road and Shakespeare Road and were attacked with stones and bottles.
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426:, organised a march for the "Black People's Day of Action" on 2 March. Accounts of turnout vary from 5,000 to 20,000 to 25,000. The marchers walked 17 miles from
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refused to return until the following morning. Police numbers grew to over 2,500, and by the early hours of Sunday morning the rioting had fizzled out.
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and the failure of the police to establish sufficient evidence for the prosecution of the charged suspects, found that recommendations of the 1981
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is set in 1981 Brixton and portrays the dissatisfaction felt by the black community that would eventually lead to the Brixton riot.
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923:" predates the riots but the lyrics depict the feelings of discontent in the area because of the heavy-handedness of the police.
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450:, "while the local press reported the march respectfully, the national papers unloaded the full weight of racial stereotyping."
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Rejecting increased investment in Britain's inner cities, Thatcher added, "Money cannot buy either trust or racial harmony."
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48:
950:'s song "Youth of Eglington" (1981) was inspired in part by the Brixton riot, and features lyrics referencing Brixton.
442:. While the majority of the march finished in Hyde Park without incident, there was some confrontation with police at
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1985:
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902:
745:". This report, which did not cover the events of the Brixton Riots, disagreed with the conclusions made by Scarman.
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in the area, and ongoing tensions resulting from the deaths of 13 black teenagers and young adults in the suspicious
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am on 12 April 1981, the area was largely subdued, with no large groups – except the police – on the streets. The
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2176:
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976:'s poems "New Crass Massahkah" and "Di Great Insoreckshan" (1984) were written in response to the Brixton riot.
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772:
97:
21:
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956:- "Flames of Brixton" (1982) was written in response to the Brixton riot, as directly referenced in its title.
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bulletin that evening reported 46 police officers injured, five seriously. Shops were looted on Railton Road,
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758:, a programme featuring reminiscences by participants, including police and black Brixton residents.
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Small-scale disturbances continued to simmer throughout the summer. After four nights of rioting in
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Between 3 and 11 July of that year, there was more unrest fuelled by racial and social discord, at
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was suffering particularly high unemployment, poor housing, and a higher-than-average crime rate.
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was an area with serious social and economic problems. The whole United Kingdom was affected by a
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1815:"The Guns of Brixton — The Clash's track was inspired by Jimmy Cliff's film The Harder They Come"
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Songs written later that allude to the Brixton riots include: Lorna Gee, "Brixton Rock" (1985);
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In Search of the Black Fantastic: Politics and Popular Culture in the Post-Civil Rights Era
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2144:"Policing the riots: from Bristol and Brixton to Tottenham, via Toxteth, Handsworth, etc"
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1913:"Electric Avenue — Eddy Grant's response to riots in London made waves around the world"
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17:
1449:"A violent eruption of protest': Reflections on the 1981 Moss Side 'riots' (part one)"
1332:
Weinreb, Ben; Weinreb, Matthew; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2008).
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1937:
1933:
Marlene NourbeSe Philip, Linton Kwesi Johnson and the Dismantling of the English Norm
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790:, beginning 4 July, there were 150 buildings burnt and 781 police officers injured.
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pm, over 1,000 police were dispatched into Brixton, squeezing out the rioters. By 1
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Police with riot shields form a cordon across Atlantic Road at its junction with
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number of foot patrols in Railton Road, despite the tensions, and carry on with
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Contemporary issues in public disorder: a comparative and historical approach
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2001:
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966:" refers to the Brixton riot, although there was actually little rioting in
595:, 26 businesses, schools and other structures were set alight in the riots.
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Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests
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843: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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that January. The main riot on 11 April, dubbed "Bloody Saturday" by
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1485:. London: Goldsmiths University of London. p. 7. Archived from
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818:
75:
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2322:
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2165:
A serving police officer on his experience of the 1981 Brixton riot
1836:"Del Boy and Rodders face the end: inside Only Fools' darkest hour"
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had been ignored. The report concluded that the police force was "
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Public disfavour came to a head on Friday 10 April. At around 5:15
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crime: at the beginning of April, the Metropolitan Police began
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Uprising! Police, the People and the Riots in Britain's Cities
1479:
Written in Stone: Black British Writing and Goldsmiths College
1310:
1574:
1512:"TV Interview for Granada World in Action ("rather swamped")"
647:
371:
5,000 people were involved. The Brixton riot was followed by
1538:"The 100 greatest UK No 1s: No 2, The Specials – Ghost Town"
1020:
The storyline "Rake at the Gates of Hell" in the comic book
646:
in Manchester. There were also smaller pockets of unrest in
592:
1331:
1037:, deals with the events leading up to the Brixton Riots.
704:, commissioned a public inquiry into the riot headed by
2136:
We Want to Riot, Not To Work The 1981 Brixton Uprisings
1440:
1278:"How smouldering tension erupted to set Brixton aflame"
1198:
1196:
562:. The looting in Brixton reportedly started at around 6
26:
Clashes between police and protesters in London in 1981
1394:. London: Deptford Forum Publishing Ltd. p. 137.
476:
operation to reduce crime (named after prime minister
1062:(2021) includes an episode centred on the April riot.
987:" (1986); The Birdhouse, "Brixton's Burnin'" (1988);
198:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2055:
A History of Policing in England and Wales from 1974
1415:
1413:
1411:
1363:"Honouring talent: The Black People's Day of Action"
1193:
1070:
1514:. The Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 27 January 1978
100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1709:(Channel Four Television). Retrieved 6 March 2009.
1354:
1298:
2025:"Uprising: Essential viewing that begins tonight"
1408:
521:throughout the night and into the following day.
2938:
1887:"Soundtrack to the Brixton Uprising 40 years on"
1726:, 27 April 2004 (BBC News) accessed 4 April 2009
1246:
1244:
1053:(2020) features an episode involving the riots.
591:pm, as those attempts at mediation failed. Two
379:commissioned an inquiry, which resulted in the
1929:
1880:
1878:
1380:
538:pm the tension escalated and spread, and the 9
2962:20th century in the London Borough of Lambeth
2232:
1936:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 89.
1241:
2075:
1976:Ennis, Garth; Dillon, Steve (October 2003).
1854:
1580:
1471:
1469:
1392:Longest Journey: A History of Black Lewisham
1316:
375:in many other English cities and towns. The
2848:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom
1975:
1875:
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2239:
2225:
1923:
1861:. Oxford University Press. pp. 248–.
1717:
1715:
1592:
1586:
722:; and the act also created an independent
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1698:
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1466:
1419:
1386:
1327:
1325:
1206:. Oxford University Press, 2001. pp.60-64
903:Learn how and when to remove this message
340:, was a series of clashes between mainly
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
2022:
2002:"Lover's Rock, Drama on 3 – BBC Radio 3"
1848:
1532:
1422:"Darcus Howe, the British Black Panther"
194:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2967:April 1981 events in the United Kingdom
2098:
1956:
1884:
1712:
1453:Manchester Mule, Monday, 15 August 2011
2939:
2105:The Brixton Disorders 10–12 April 1981
1693:
1555:
1553:
1367:Operation Black Vote: News,18 Feb 2011
1322:
1172:
808:
733:, an investigation into the murder of
2220:
2076:Kettle, Martin; Hodges, Lucy (1982).
2052:
1910:
1833:
1812:
1681:from the original on 12 December 2021
1655:from the original on 12 December 2021
1304:
1258:from the original on 12 December 2021
719:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
488:." This referred to powers under the
2246:
2148:Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
1747:from the original on 9 February 2008
1475:
995:, "These Colours Don't Run" (1993);
841:adding citations to reliable sources
812:
171:
98:adding citations to reliable sources
69:
28:
2335:1768 Massacre of St George's Fields
2139:(Riot Not To Work Collective, 1982)
1623:"The Brixton Riots: 30 Years Later"
1550:
1420:Szymanski, Jesse (19 August 2011).
1360:
1173:Grover, Chris (13 September 2013).
1056:Steve McQueen's documentary series
712:was published on 25 November 1981.
13:
2720:1999 Carnival Against Capital riot
2128:
1911:Cheal, David (20 September 2021).
1737:"Q&A: Stephen Lawrence murder"
1446:
14:
3003:
2158:
689:
464:, but they were later acquitted.
44:This article has multiple issues.
2800:2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol)
1959:"Sounds of the Brixton Uprising"
1202:J. A. Cloake & M. R. Tudor.
1101:
1087:
1073:
1033:, broadcast in November 2012 on
817:
761:
326:45 members of the public injured
176:
74:
33:
2805:2011 UK anti-austerity protests
2767:2009 G20 London summit protests
2700:1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot
2260:1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews
2023:Slingsby, Alan (20 July 2021).
2016:
1994:
1969:
1950:
1904:
1885:Randall, Dave (10 April 2021).
1827:
1806:
1785:
1759:
1729:
1667:
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1615:
1526:
1504:
1225:. 20 April 1981. Archived from
991:, "State of Emergency" (1988);
828:needs additional citations for
85:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
2987:Metropolitan Police operations
2690:1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol)
2559:1974 Red Lion Square disorders
2503:1932 Old Market riot (Bristol)
1957:Randall, Dave (4 April 2021).
1930:Roberto Masone (11 May 2017).
1813:Brown, Helen (28 March 2022).
1270:
1209:
1166:
773:Lambeth London Borough Council
524:
495:
22:Brixton riots (disambiguation)
1:
2810:2011 London anti-cuts protest
2435:1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood
2391:1816 Ely and Littleport riots
2365:1795 Revolt of the housewives
2171:Report of the Scarman Inquiry
2152:cjm 87: The August 2011 Riots
1767:"Q&A: The Scarman Report"
1426:Vice Beta, Stuff, August 2011
1155:
944:sold paving slabs to rioters.
386:
2992:20th-century riots in London
2675:1990 Strangeways Prison riot
2533:1958 Notting Hill race riots
2518:1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge
2450:1866 Hyde Park demonstration
2270:1355 St Scholastica Day riot
1834:Fordy, Tom (22 March 2022).
1793:"The Reunion: Brixton Riots"
1026:takes place during the riot.
613:
7:
2715:1996 Trafalgar Square riots
2513:1936 Battle of Cable Street
2345:1776 Nottingham cheese riot
1723:Q&A: The Scarman Report
1675:"Battle 4 Brixton pt5 of 6"
1649:"Battle 4 Brixton pt3 of 6"
1571:(MPS) accessed 6 March 2009
1252:"Battle 4 Brixton pt6 of 6"
1066:
724:Police Complaints Authority
404:African-Caribbean community
324:279 police officers injured
10:
3008:
2508:1932 National Hunger March
2498:1919 Luton Peace Day riots
1217:"Britain: Bloody Saturday"
693:
15:
2926:Territorial Support Group
2898:
2882:
2870:2024 United Kingdom riots
2840:
2787:
2739:
2732:
2662:
2642:Murder of Keith Blakelock
2637:1985 Broadwater Farm riot
2582:
2574:1979 Death of Blair Peach
2546:
2493:1919 Battle of Bow Street
2475:
2468:
2373:
2300:
2252:
1978:Rake at the Gates of Hell
1593:Waddington, D.P. (1992).
446:. According to Professor
323:
318:
306:
289:
281:
265:
257:
252:
2795:2010 UK student protests
2445:1865 Leeds dripping riot
2360:1793 Bristol Bridge riot
1581:Kettle & Hodges 1982
1361:Cornish, Winsome-Grace.
1334:The London Encyclopaedia
1317:Kettle & Hodges 1982
2569:1977 Battle of Lewisham
2401:1821 Cinderloo Uprising
2059:Oxford University Press
2053:Brain, Timothy (2010).
2004:. BBC. 11 November 2012
1567:5 December 2004 at the
1286:. London. 13 April 1981
1029:Rex Obano's radio play
934:The Russians Are Coming
402:by 1981, but the local
2957:1980s crimes in London
2820:Killing of Mark Duggan
2772:Death of Ian Tomlinson
2680:1991 Meadow Well riots
2554:1970 Garden House riot
2396:1819 Peterloo Massacre
2340:1769 Spitalfield riots
2308:1710 Sacheverell riots
2292:1668 Bawdy House riots
2100:Scarman, Leslie George
936:", it is mentioned by
743:institutionally racist
2972:Black British history
2921:Public Order Act 1986
2860:2022 Leicester unrest
2762:2005 Birmingham riots
2685:1991 Handsworth riots
2627:1985 Handsworth riots
2620:1981 Handsworth riots
2605:1981 Chapeltown riots
2523:1944 Park Street riot
2386:1816 Spa Fields riots
2313:1714 Coronation riots
2275:1381 Peasants' Revolt
1855:Richard Iton (2010).
1703:"1981 riots timeline"
1204:Multicultural Britain
1133:1981 Chapeltown riots
1127:1981 Handsworth riots
929:Only Fools and Horses
373:similar riots in July
319:Casualties and losses
2825:House of Reeves fire
2779:2009 Upton Park riot
2705:1995 Manningham riot
2649:1987 Chapeltown riot
2564:1975 Chapeltown riot
2483:1907 Brown Dog riots
2381:1809 Old Price riots
2355:1791 Priestley riots
2203:51.45985°N 0.11038°W
1689:– via YouTube.
1663:– via YouTube.
1266:– via YouTube.
1176:Crime and Inequality
999:, "Brixton" (1994);
974:Linton Kwesi Johnson
837:improve this article
700:The Home Secretary,
482:Special Patrol Group
453:The Evening Standard
436:Houses of Parliament
362:New Cross house fire
187:factual accuracy is
94:improve this article
2890:1981 Scarman report
2865:2024 Harehills riot
2757:2001 Harehills riot
2747:2001 Bradford riots
2670:1990 Poll Tax riots
2615:1981 Moss Side riot
2528:1945 Aldershot riot
2253:12th–17th centuries
2199: /
1561:Brixton Riots, 1981
1492:on 14 February 2012
1319:, pp. 100–101.
921:The Guns of Brixton
852:"1981 Brixton riot"
809:Cultural references
377:Thatcher government
346:Metropolitan Police
109:"1981 Brixton riot"
2815:2011 England riots
2695:1993 Welling riots
2654:1989 Dewsbury riot
2610:1981 Toxteth riots
2595:1981 England riots
2590:1980 St Pauls riot
2538:1968 student riots
2455:1887 Bloody Sunday
2440:1842 Pottery Riots
2423:1831 Bristol riots
2318:1715 England riots
2265:The revolt of 1196
2208:51.45985; -0.11038
1476:Back, Les (2007).
1139:1981 Toxteth riots
1122:1980 St Pauls riot
748:On 25 March 2011,
519:Operation Swamp 81
470:Operation Swamp 81
260:1981 England riots
18:1981 England riots
2934:
2933:
2878:
2877:
2752:2001 Oldham riots
2728:
2727:
2710:1995 Brixton riot
2632:1985 Brixton riot
2600:1981 Brixton riot
2460:1896 Newlyn riots
2418:1831 reform riots
2350:1780 Gordon riots
2287:1517 Evil May Day
2181:(BBC News Online)
2068:978-0-199-21866-0
1943:978-1-4438-9270-4
1868:978-0-19-973360-6
1677:. 19 April 2008.
1651:. 13 April 2008.
1608:978-0-415-07913-6
1583:, pp. 91–93.
1428:. Vice Media, Inc
1401:978-1-898536-21-5
1347:978-1-405-04924-5
1254:. 22 April 2008.
1150:1995 Brixton riot
1145:1985 Brixton riot
1015:East of Acre Lane
913:
912:
905:
887:
768:Margaret Thatcher
731:Macpherson Report
490:Vagrancy Act 1824
478:Margaret Thatcher
334:1981 Brixton riot
330:
329:
253:1981 Brixton riot
246:
245:
238:
228:
227:
220:
170:
169:
162:
144:
67:
2999:
2737:
2736:
2473:
2472:
2430:1832 Days of May
2406:1830 Swing riots
2280:Treason Act 1381
2247:Riots in England
2241:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2154:, 14 March 2012.
2142:Tony Jefferson,
2123:
2095:
2072:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1992:
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1973:
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1966:
1954:
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1947:
1927:
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1920:
1908:
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1548:
1547:
1534:Petridis, Alexis
1530:
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1078:
1077:
954:Angelic Upstarts
908:
901:
897:
894:
888:
886:
845:
821:
813:
735:Stephen Lawrence
702:William Whitelaw
605:
601:
590:
585:
569:
565:
541:
537:
532:
506:police constable
503:
458:
338:Brixton uprising
285:10–12 April 1981
274:Coldharbour Lane
270:
250:
249:
241:
234:
223:
216:
212:
209:
203:
200:reliably sourced
180:
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165:
158:
154:
151:
145:
143:
102:
78:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2911:Riots in London
2894:
2874:
2836:
2783:
2724:
2658:
2578:
2542:
2488:1919 Epsom riot
2464:
2369:
2330:1766 food riots
2296:
2248:
2245:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2161:
2131:
2129:Further reading
2126:
2120:
2092:
2069:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1974:
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1955:
1951:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1917:Financial Times
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1849:
1832:
1828:
1820:Financial Times
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1773:. 27 April 2004
1765:
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1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1629:. 11 April 2011
1627:Dangerous Minds
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1569:Wayback Machine
1558:
1551:
1536:(4 June 2020).
1531:
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1388:Anim-Addo, Joan
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1229:on 7 March 2008
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968:Electric Avenue
964:Electric Avenue
909:
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889:
846:
844:
834:
822:
811:
805:Brixton riots.
764:
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626:in Birmingham,
616:
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358:stop-and-search
344:youths and the
325:
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277:
276:, 11 April 1981
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185:This article's
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2954:
2949:
2947:1981 in London
2932:
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2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Riots in Leeds
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2183:
2182:
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2160:
2159:External links
2157:
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1743:. 5 May 2004.
1728:
1711:
1707:Untold History
1692:
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1585:
1573:
1549:
1525:
1503:
1465:
1447:Bowman, Andy.
1439:
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1340:. p. 99.
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962:'s 1982 song "
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739:Scarman Report
710:Scarman report
696:Scarman Report
694:Main article:
691:
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634:in Liverpool,
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1987:1-84023-673-6
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1841:The Telegraph
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1338:Pan Macmillan
1335:
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1313:
1307:, p. 65.
1306:
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1199:
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1186:9781134732999
1182:
1179:. Routledge.
1178:
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1110:
1109:London portal
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1045:Steve McQueen
1043:
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1025:
1024:
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1016:
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986:
982:
981:Pet Shop Boys
978:
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857:
854: –
853:
849:
848:Find sources:
842:
838:
832:
831:
826:This section
824:
820:
815:
814:
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
788:Toxteth riots
785:
780:
778:
774:
769:
766:On 13 April,
762:Other rioting
759:
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672:Wolverhampton
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83:This article
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2982:Ethnic riots
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1081:1980s portal
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2206: /
2178:In Pictures
2008:23 November
1891:Counterfire
1777:28 December
1141:, Liverpool
1117:Urban riots
1035:BBC Radio 3
989:Steel Pulse
948:Black Uhuru
786:during the
755:The Reunion
750:BBC Radio 4
656:Southampton
636:Hyson Green
630:in London,
566:pm. At 6.15
552:Leeson Road
548:Mayall Road
525:11–12 April
496:10–11 April
444:Blackfriars
424:Darcus Howe
416:house party
2952:1981 riots
2941:Categories
2191:51°27′35″N
2119:0101842708
2108:. London:
2091:0330268457
2057:. Oxford:
1798:14 October
1496:3 November
1458:3 November
1432:3 November
1372:3 November
1305:Brain 2010
1290:10 January
1156:References
1095:Law portal
1047:'s series
1023:Hellblazer
1005:Ill Manors
960:Eddy Grant
932:episode, "
863:newspapers
777:Ted Knight
752:broadcast
668:Gloucester
640:Nottingham
624:Handsworth
387:Background
120:newspapers
49:improve it
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2194:0°06′37″W
2082:Pan Books
1751:4 January
1599:Routledge
1050:Small Axe
1041:Burning".
1013:'s novel
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919:'s song "
917:The Clash
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684:Edinburgh
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644:Moss Side
614:Aftermath
556:Acre Lane
432:Hyde Park
420:New Cross
414:during a
400:recession
310:Rioting,
301:, England
196:talk page
150:June 2010
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2916:Riot Act
2830:Timeline
2323:Riot Act
2102:(1981).
1771:BBC News
1745:Archived
1741:BBC News
1679:Archived
1653:Archived
1565:Archived
1390:(1995).
1256:Archived
1067:See also
1059:Uprising
993:Conflict
985:Suburbia
775:leader,
676:Coventry
628:Southall
544:BBC News
448:Les Back
428:Deptford
290:Location
189:disputed
2977:Brixton
2899:Related
2883:Reports
2034:20 June
1896:20 June
1633:10 June
1135:, Leeds
970:itself.
942:Del Boy
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877:scholar
680:Bristol
664:Bedford
660:Halifax
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486:Sus law
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312:looting
307:Methods
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940:that
884:JSTOR
870:books
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342:black
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141:JSTOR
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2010:2017
1982:ISBN
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1292:2016
1264:2009
1235:2009
1222:Time
1181:ISBN
856:news
803:1995
801:and
799:1985
642:and
593:pubs
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