421:, the crowd intervened. The police were attacked and the struggle only ended when more police officers arrived; the youth was taken to a hospital. The crowd is reported to have believed that the police stopped and questioned the stabbed youth, rather than help him. Rumours spread that the youth had been left to die by the police or that the police looked on as the stabbed youth was lying on the street. More than 200 youths reportedly turned on the police. In response the police decided to increase the number of police foot patrols in Railton Road, despite the tensions, and continue "Operation Swamp 81" throughout the night of Friday the 10th and into the following day, Saturday, 11 April. During the disturbances, 299 police were injured, and at least 65 civilians. 61 private vehicles and 56 police vehicles were damaged or destroyed. 28 premises were burned and another 117 damaged and looted. 82 arrests were made. Reports suggested that up to 5,000 people were involved in the riot.
466:
which three policemen were injured. By 1981, Liverpool had one of the highest unemployment rates in
Britain, with Toxteth having one of the city's highest unemployment rates. During the riots, ‘police were attacked by youths with petrol bombs and paving stones’ and ‘CS gas was used for the first time on the UK mainland, a man died, knocked down by a police vehicle, 500 people were arrested 468 police were hurt’
176:) were originally built as affluent areas of these cities. However the relocation of industry, rising popularity of homes on new private housing estates since the 1930s, poor connections and the influx of migrant workers had led to a downfall in their fortunes and the large Victorian terraces and villas were often divided up into low-rent
450:
The exact trigger for the riots is unclear, although much speculation took place in the local and national press. By 1981, Chapeltown was experiencing a high level of violent crime, tensions were high, particularly among the area's
Caribbean majority. The high crime brought about a police purge, and
435:
The first riot in
Handsworth took place on 10 July 1981. A second riot, which would prove more serious, took place in the area four years later. The riots were reportedly sparked by the arrest of a man near the Acapulco Cafe, Lozells and a police raid on the Villa Cross public house in the same area.
369:
Scarman was concerned with the "plight" of the ethnic communities in UK inner cities and their relationship with the rest of the national "community". He concluded that it was essential that "people are encouraged to secure a stake in, feel a pride in, and have a sense of responsibility for their own
465:
The
Merseyside police force had, at the time, a poor reputation within the Black community for stopping and searching young Black men in the area, under the "sus" laws, and the perceived heavy-handed arrest of Leroy Alphonse Cooper on Friday 3 July, watched by an angry crowd, led to a disturbance in
226:
Although inflation was falling by 1981, unemployment was still rising and the recession was now in its second year. By April 1981, unemployment exceeded 2.5 million, having stood at 1.5 million two years earlier. Less than a decade earlier, unemployment had still been in six figures and it had stood
246:
The Asian community also felt isolated and vulnerable to racist attack. The police were given new powers to question people about their immigration status. Resentment arose that these laws were applied, but the police were failing to protect the Asian community from violence. On 11 July 1981, the
266:
in London when a house was reportedly petrol bombed. The police quickly dismissed a racial motive for the apparent arson attack; and the local Black community were dismayed by the indifference shown in the press towards the deaths. 15,000 people marched demanding action to
Central London, in the
306:
began "Operation Swamp 81", a London-wide campaign against burglary and robbery. In
Brixton, over only six days, 120 plain-clothes officers stopped 943 people, arresting 118 — predominantly Black youths. The police justified their style of policing by statistics showing that while street
335:, the Race Relations Field Officer of the Church of England's Board for Social Responsibility, noted "Here these were not race riots – riots between races. Rather the conflict was with police as symbols of white authority, with state racism and criminalisation of Black communities".
203:". These were applied disproportionately to the Black community, and caused widespread resentment amongst young Black men. The majority of these were not immigrants; they were the British-born children of immigrants, mostly born in the late 1950s or the first half of the 1960s (
867:
In the aftermath, an inquest held soon after the fire recorded an "open verdict"; and a second inquest in 2004 confirmed the conclusion. It was only with advances in forensic science in the intervening 23 years that it was finally determined that the fire started inside the
416:
On the evening of 10 April, at around 17:15, a Black youth was stabbed by three other Black youths in an attack seen by a police patrol in
Atlantic Road. As he was being helped, a large hostile crowd gathered. As the police tried to take him to a waiting car on
136:
to do low-paid manual jobs. All the areas suffered from poor housing (mostly dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries), high unemployment and particular problems with racial tensions. According to the subsequently commissioned
488:
There was also rioting in a number of other
English cities and towns in 1981, although most of these riots were less serious and attracted less media attention than the highly publicised rioting in areas like Brixton and Toxteth.
149:
highlighted problems of racial disadvantage and inner-city decline, warning that "urgent action" was needed to prevent racial disadvantage becoming an "endemic, ineradicable disease threatening the very survival of our society".
278:
MP, but still an influence on the
Conservative Party — gave a speech in which he warned of the dangers of a "racial civil war" in Britain. Powell had been dismissed from the shadow cabinet in 1968 by the then Tory leader
310:
The first disturbances began in
Brixton over the weekend of 10–12 April 1981, and were followed in July by a series of similar disturbances in more than 35 cities and towns, especially Liverpool. In London, these included
227:
at less than 400,000 as recently as the early 1960s. The inner city areas affected by the 1981 riots were among those hit particularly hard by the recession and the unemployment and other social issues that came with it.
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two days after the Brixton Riots. The terms of reference for the enquiry were "to inquire urgently into the serious disorder in Brixton on 10–12 April 1981 and to report, with the power to make recommendations".
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As with several other of the 1981 riots, the exact trigger for the riots remains unclear, but there were frequent allegations of police officers using excessive force against black youths in the area.
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economic policies that were designed to tackle inflation, which had peaked at 27% just before the election, dropped to 22% in 1980 and was still above 10% by 1981. In 1979, the second
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youth clashing with police. They were caused by tension between black people and the police, especially perceived racist discrimination against black people through increased use of
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in which he predicted mass civil unrest if Commonwealth immigration continued. Three years later, when still a Tory MP, he warned of an "explosion" unless there was a massive
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had risen from 1.5 million to 2.5 million in 12 months; and that joblessness among ethnic minorities had risen faster, up 82% in the same period. During March and April, the
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These riots in areas of high unemployment brought to Government attention that strategies for helping young people into work were not working. The
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in Manchester. There were also a series of less serious riots in other towns and cities. As a result of the riots, the government commissioned the
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255:, allegedly to protect their community from a threatened attack. At the subsequent trial, they were acquitted by a jury, on the grounds of
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to stop and search people based on only a "reasonable suspicion" that an offence had been committed – hence their common name of "
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811:"Policing the riots: from Bristol and Brixton to Tottenham, via Toxteth, Handsworth, etc | Centre for Crime and Justice Studies"
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stated that "complex political, social and economic factors" created a "disposition towards violent protest". The
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In April and July 1981, there were riots in several cities and towns in England. The riots mainly involved
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The election of the Conservatives in 1979 had also seen the implementation by the Thatcher government of
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Kettle, Martin & Hodges, Lucy (1982) Uprising!: Police, the People and the Riots in Britain's Cities
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in response to the riots. This was subsequently used in training by police forces throughout Britain.
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Brixton was not the only part of London to be affected by rioting. Disturbances in the districts of
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robberies had increased 38% across London between 1976 and 1980; in Brixton it had risen 138%.
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In all the four main cases, these areas had large ethnic minority communities, who had largely
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As a consequence of the Scarman report a new code for police behaviour was put forward in the
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the riots were a spontaneous outburst of built-up resentment sparked by particular incidents.
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district of Liverpool, although neither of these riots were as serious as the Toxeth riots.
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area". He called for a policy of "direct coordinated attack on racial disadvantage".
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Racial tensions continued to rise in the early part of the year. On 28 March 1981,
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While there were common root causes, the triggers of the riots were different.
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Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests
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Moss Side riots: The night years of anger exploded in an orgy of violence
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scheme for the immigrants. Racial tension had been particularly high in
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Lived Diversities: Space, Place and Identities in the Multi-Ethnic City
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786:"Economics Essays: UK Economy under Mrs Thatcher 1979–1984"
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354:, who develop police policy in England, produced their
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and similar schemes were brought in for school leavers.
671:"How smouldering tension erupted to set Brixton aflame"
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immigrated from the Commonwealth in the 1950s and 1960s
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On 18 January 1981, thirteen Black youths died in the
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This level of unemployment, not seen since the 1930s (
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1165:"New riots sweep England's cities; 'anarchy' feared"
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195:had instituted new powers for the police under the
95:deprivation. The most serious riots were the April
889:(Channel Four Television). Retrieved 5 March 2009.
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267:largest Black issue demonstration seen in the UK.
16:Series of riots in England in April and July 1981
1913:
907:. Vol. 12, no. 5. London. p. 26
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1187:Timetable of riots in Britain in 1980 to 1985
760:"UK Inflation History by month: 1976 – 1995"
1823:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom
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693:. Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 60–64
379:; and the act also created an independent
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390:was repealed on 27 August 1981, when the
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973:Independent Police Complaints Commission
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898:
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1118:"Liverpool Assignment – Toxteth Riots"
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834:Husband, Charles; Alam, Yunis (2016).
232:Great Depression in the United Kingdom
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1043:"Leeds footsoldiers and London bombs"
376:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
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352:Association of Chief Police Officers
1310:1768 Massacre of St George's Fields
1107:(2011-07-04). Retrieved 2020-07-04.
1049:from the original on 24 August 2010
944:race and empire in British politics
451:the riots took place in July 1981.
361:The UK government commissioned the
99:in London, followed in July by the
13:
1695:1999 Carnival Against Capital riot
127:
14:
1948:
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1122:liverpoolassignment.wordpress.com
947:. CUP Archive. pp. 212–213.
800:
735:"The legacy of the Brixton riots"
1775:2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol)
1163:Apple Jr., R.w. (11 July 1981).
1144:. September 1981. pp. 16–20
689:J. A. Cloake & M. R. Tudor.
241:
1780:2011 UK anti-austerity protests
1742:2009 G20 London summit protests
1675:1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot
1235:1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews
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1045:. openDemocracy. 21 July 2005.
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1665:1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol)
1534:1974 Red Lion Square disorders
1478:1932 Old Market riot (Bristol)
1032:(MPS). Retrieved 6 March 2009.
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1785:2011 London anti-cuts protest
1410:1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood
1366:1816 Ely and Littleport riots
1340:1795 Revolt of the housewives
1152:– via Encyclopedia.com.
762:. swanlowpark. Archived from
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492:Rioting also occurred in the
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1650:1990 Strangeways Prison riot
1508:1958 Notting Hill race riots
1493:1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge
1425:1866 Hyde Park demonstration
1245:1355 St Scholastica Day riot
1136:"Britain's 1981 Urban Riots"
1068:Kennedy, Maev (2011-08-07).
901:"Britain in Black and White"
733:John, Cindi (5 April 2006).
716:"Q&A THe Scarman Report"
469:
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283:following his controversial
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1690:1996 Trafalgar Square riots
1488:1936 Battle of Cable Street
1320:1776 Nottingham cheese riot
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381:Police Complaints Authority
91:, and were also fuelled by
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1483:1932 National Hunger March
1473:1919 Luton Peace Day riots
1002:Criminal Attempts Act 1981
815:www.crimeandjustice.org.uk
514:There was also rioting in
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1617:Murder of Keith Blakelock
1612:1985 Broadwater Farm riot
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1468:1919 Battle of Bow Street
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899:Wilkins, Richard (1989).
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1770:2010 UK student protests
1420:1865 Leeds dripping riot
1335:1793 Bristol Bridge riot
788:. Econ.economicshelp.org
679:. London. 13 April 1981.
1544:1977 Battle of Lewisham
1376:1821 Cinderloo Uprising
1105:Manchester Evening News
1028:5 December 2004 at the
394:received Royal Assent.
185:First Thatcher ministry
1795:Killing of Mark Duggan
1747:Death of Ian Tomlinson
1655:1991 Meadow Well riots
1529:1970 Garden House riot
1371:1819 Peterloo Massacre
1315:1769 Spitalfield riots
1283:1710 Sacheverell riots
1267:1668 Bawdy House riots
975:. 2010. Archived from
941:Rich, Paul B. (1990).
931:(Sheldon Press, 1988).
285:Rivers of Blood speech
211:Economic circumstances
1932:Race riots in England
1927:Black British history
1896:Public Order Act 1986
1835:2022 Leicester unrest
1737:2005 Birmingham riots
1660:1991 Handsworth riots
1602:1985 Handsworth riots
1595:1981 Handsworth riots
1580:1981 Chapeltown riots
1498:1944 Park Street riot
1361:1816 Spa Fields riots
1288:1714 Coronation riots
1250:1381 Peasants' Revolt
883:"1981 riots timeline"
691:Multicultural Britain
446:1981 Chapeltown riots
431:1981 Handsworth riots
345:Youth Training Scheme
1800:House of Reeves fire
1754:2009 Upton Park riot
1680:1995 Manningham riot
1624:1987 Chapeltown riot
1539:1975 Chapeltown riot
1458:1907 Brown Dog riots
1356:1809 Old Price riots
1330:1791 Priestley riots
300:overall unemployment
1865:1981 Scarman report
1840:2024 Harehills riot
1732:2001 Harehills riot
1722:2001 Bradford riots
1645:1990 Poll Tax riots
1590:1981 Moss Side riot
1503:1945 Aldershot riot
1228:12th–17th centuries
1022:Brixton Riots, 1981
929:Struggle in Babylon
643:The Guns of Brixton
568:Newcastle-upon-Tyne
476:1981 Moss Side riot
356:Public Order Manual
304:Metropolitan Police
274:— by then an
193:elected in May 1979
107:in Birmingham, the
1790:2011 England riots
1670:1993 Welling riots
1629:1989 Dewsbury riot
1585:1981 Toxteth riots
1570:1981 England riots
1565:1980 St Pauls riot
1513:1968 student riots
1430:1887 Bloody Sunday
1415:1842 Pottery Riots
1398:1831 Bristol riots
1293:1715 England riots
1240:The revolt of 1196
1170:The New York Times
1008:, one month after
766:on 11 October 2011
637:2011 England riots
632:2001 England riots
461:1981 Toxteth riots
189:Conservative Party
111:in Leeds, and the
103:in Liverpool, the
22:1981 England riots
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564:Southampton
484:Other riots
249:Bradford 12
1922:1981 riots
1916:Categories
1148:5 November
1087:2024-04-18
983:January 6,
820:2024-04-03
792:11 October
655:References
620:Portsmouth
596:Nottingham
556:Birmingham
548:Shrewsbury
532:Birkenhead
496:, and the
440:Chapeltown
425:Handsworth
217:monetarist
170:Chapeltown
93:inner-city
75:Nottingham
71:Manchester
55:Birmingham
1082:0261-3077
1053:11 August
998:section 8
905:Third Way
770:11 August
616:Aldershot
612:Maidstone
604:Leicester
592:Stockport
588:Sheffield
524:Blackburn
509:Battersea
470:Moss Side
339:Aftermath
223:started.
166:Liverpool
63:Liverpool
1891:Riot Act
1805:Timeline
1298:Riot Act
1047:Archived
1026:Archived
853:26 April
744:20 April
739:BBC News
720:BBC News
626:See also
516:Bradford
505:Southall
398:Triggers
325:Hounslow
201:sus laws
50:Location
1874:Related
1858:Reports
911:14 June
540:Chester
528:Preston
520:Halifax
455:Toxteth
406:Brixton
388:sus law
321:Clapham
313:Dalston
178:bedsits
162:Toxteth
154:Brixton
123:Context
42:1981-07
40: (
34:1981-04
32: (
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868:house.
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168:) and
158:London
67:London
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1004:, by
608:Luton
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576:Leeds
544:Stoke
329:Acton
174:Leeds
59:Leeds
1150:2020
1078:ISSN
1055:2010
985:2010
949:ISBN
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855:2020
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772:2011
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618:and
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