240:
82:. The world price of oil had peaked in 1980 at over US$ 35 per barrel (equivalent to $ 129 per barrel in 2023 dollars, when adjusted for inflation); it fell in 1986 from $ 27 to below $ 10 ($ 75 to $ 28 in 2023 dollars). The glut began in the early 1980s as a result of slowed economic activity in industrial countries due to the crises of the 1970s, especially in 1973 and 1979, and the energy conservation spurred by high fuel prices. The inflation-adjusted real 2004 dollar value of oil fell from an average of $ 78.2 in 1981 to an average of $ 26.8 per barrel in 1986.
38:
50:
266:
1576:
3553:
22:
331:
424:
In the United States, domestic exploration and the number of active drilling rigs were cut dramatically. In late 1985, there were nearly 2,300 rigs drilling wells; a year later, there were barely 1,000. The number of U.S. petroleum producers decreased from 11,370 in 1985 to 5,231 in 1989, according
210:
decreased oil production several times and nearly in half, in an attempt to maintain oil's high prices. However, it failed to hold on to its preeminent position, and by 1981, its production was surpassed by non-OPEC countries. OPEC had seen its share of the world market drop to less than a third in
225:
order to maintain price stability; however, many countries inflated their reserves to achieve higher quotas, cheated, or outright refused to accord with the quotas. In 1985, the Saudis tired of this behavior and decided to punish the undisciplined OPEC countries. The Saudis abandoned their role as
224:
became unhappy with de facto propping up prices by lowering its own production in the face of high output from elsewhere in OPEC. In 1985, daily output was around 3.5 million bpd, down from around 10 million in 1981. During this period, OPEC members were supposed to meet production quotas in
106:
also characterized the glut as a temporary surplus, and that the word "glut" was an example of "our
American penchant for exaggerated language". He wrote that the main cause of the glut was declining consumption. In the United States, Europe, and Japan, oil consumption had fallen 13% from 1979 to
123:
143:, and the Gulf of Mexico, and the Soviet Union became the world's largest producer of oil. Smaller non-OPEC producers including Brazil, Egypt, India, Malaysia, and Oman doubled their output between 1979 and 1985, to a total of 3 million barrels per day.
1311:
Oil production in Saudi Arabia increased fourfold, while oil prices collapsed by approximately the same amount in real terms. As a result, the Soviet Union lost approximately $ 20 billion per year, money without which the country simply could not
101:
warned the next week that the word "glut" was misleading, and that temporary surpluses had brought down prices somewhat, but prices were still well above pre-energy crisis levels. This sentiment was echoed in
November 1981, when the CEO of
338:
The 1986 oil price collapse benefited oil-consuming countries such as the United States and Japan, countries in Europe, and developing nations but represented a serious loss in revenue for oil-producing countries in
308:
in the United States rose from 14 miles per US gallon (17 L/100 km) in 1975 to more than 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km) in 1982, an increase of more than 50 percent.
114:
After 1980, reduced demand and increased production produced a glut on the world market. The result was a six-year decline in the price of oil, which reduced the price by half in 1986 alone.
1793:
217:
reported that OPEC's production, which had previously peaked in 1977, was at its lowest level since 1969. Non-OPEC nations were at that time supplying most of the West's imports.
2778:
280:
of oil to maintain high consumption, but underestimated the extent to which other sources of supply would become profitable as prices increased. Electricity generation from
1334:
High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well, that had it not been for Soviet oil sales, it's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier.
198:, in Norwegian waters in the central North Sea. Discoveries increased exponentially in the 1970s and 1980s, and new fields were developed throughout the continental shelf.
924:
729:
171:
to adjust oil prices in the United States. That ended the withdrawal of old oil from the market and artificial scarcity, which encouraged an increase in oil production.
1800:
825:
2674:
812:
By
September 30, 1981, petroleum prices were to be determined by the free market. This process was accelerated by President Reagan through an Executive Order
847:
1060:
3519:
971:
1942:
1888:
1376:
765:
368:
levels (consumer price inflation) rose, remaining between 6 and 12% from 1982 to 1986. Even Saudi
Arabian economic power was significantly weakened.
1435:
2899:
2197:
1625:
239:
1215:
1500:
2187:
2061:
1085:
Portney, Paul R.; Parry, Ian W.H.; Gruenspecht, Howard K.; Harrington, Winston (November 2003). "The
Economics of Fuel Economy Standards".
946:
Warsh, David (28 February 1982). "The economy: the Oil Glut deepens; OPEC's grip loosens; but a boom or a bomb could spur prices back up".
426:
2669:
2664:
2649:
2644:
2192:
1895:
246:
588:
3582:
2614:
1401:
1281:
459:
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2207:
2202:
2981:
1600:
508:
449:
1505:
361:
2855:
2679:
998:
920:
617:
429:. Oil producers held back on the search for new oilfields for fear of losing on their investments. In May 2007, companies like
740:
2263:
1922:
1786:
1186:
1161:
872:
798:
699:
311:
The United States imported 28 percent of its oil in 1982 and 1983, down from 46.5 percent in 1977, due to lower consumption.
2986:
2654:
2228:
1086:
889:
163:
from petroleum products by
October 1981 so that prices would be wholly determined by the free market. Carter's successor,
2233:
823:
National Energy
Technology Laboratory. "Fossil Energy – Alaska Oil History," Arctic Energy Office. Accessed 29 July 2009.
305:
3587:
3367:
3046:
2762:
1645:
1532:
233:
oil production facilities became less or even not profitable. Oil prices as a result fell to as low as $ 7 per barrel.
402:
had to compromise with
Islamic opposition in 1984 and start economic reforms dismantling socialism in 1987. After the
360:
wrote that in general, "A glut of crude causes tighter development budgets" in some oil-exporting nations. Mexico had
3514:
2818:
2571:
1565:
1488:
1475:
1350:
1245:
981:
320:
3403:
3056:
2551:
2248:
2243:
2054:
1825:
3061:
2619:
2504:
2430:
3529:
3300:
2966:
2519:
2437:
2364:
229:
and began producing at full capacity, creating a "huge surplus that angered many of their colleagues in OPEC".
1125:
534:
182:
entered peak production, supplying 2 million bpd of crude oil in 1988, 25 percent of all U.S. oil production.
2737:
2634:
2624:
2546:
1927:
1306:
411:
1201:
3592:
3509:
3504:
3041:
3026:
2475:
1029:
418:
175:
3556:
3524:
2047:
1917:
561:
139:
production dwindled as commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in
Siberia, Alaska, the
417:
The Soviet Union had become a major oil producer before the glut. The drop of oil prices contributed to
3111:
2712:
2697:
2659:
2420:
2297:
1681:
1252:
277:
3483:
3016:
2757:
2561:
1299:
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he reformed the constitution twice, liberalized the political space amid growing discontent, and was
1219:
167:, signed an executive order on 28 January 1981, which enacted that reform immediately, allowing the
1443:
269:
3534:
3408:
2465:
2457:
2408:
2359:
2279:
2164:
2159:
478:
437:
61:
25:
3577:
3011:
2752:
2442:
2292:
2129:
2104:
1807:
1525:
220:
OPEC's membership began to have divided opinions over what actions to take. In
September 1985,
1325:
862:
788:
575:
3388:
2830:
2813:
2747:
2509:
2376:
2329:
2302:
2144:
2096:
1947:
1881:
1711:
1676:
1555:
1409:
689:
647:
Yergin, Daniel (28 June 1981). "The Energy Outlook; Lulled to Sleep by the Oil Glut Mirage".
398:
into an economic recession and directly influenced the politics: the authoritarian regime of
179:
1147:
3285:
2955:
2717:
2599:
2425:
2398:
2381:
2307:
2139:
1853:
1758:
1111:
1044:
1006:
676:
625:
8:
3433:
3378:
3305:
3194:
3006:
2924:
2604:
2470:
1846:
1726:
1686:
1595:
1590:
1560:
387:, planning to increase reserves and revenues and cancel the debt, resulting in the first
79:
1048:
3280:
2702:
2312:
2212:
2070:
1912:
1779:
1696:
407:
403:
384:
191:
87:
2727:
37:
3428:
2556:
2531:
2334:
2319:
1838:
1731:
1610:
1518:
1484:
1471:
1182:
1157:
977:
868:
841:
794:
695:
372:
1716:
111:
and other oil exporters", continuing a trend begun during the 1973 price increases.
3255:
2976:
2579:
2497:
2415:
2253:
2134:
1701:
1052:
399:
3597:
3488:
3478:
3220:
2971:
2860:
2786:
2589:
2584:
2514:
2482:
2393:
2109:
2008:
1957:
1831:
1741:
1736:
1706:
1691:
1650:
1468:
World Hydrocarbon Markets: Current Status, Projected Prospects, and Future Trends
1329:
1151:
340:
156:
93:
1056:
897:
433:
were not making nearly the investment in finding new oil that they did in 1981.
3325:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3166:
3141:
2850:
2791:
2722:
2609:
2403:
2341:
2086:
1874:
1772:
1721:
1660:
1093:
766:"Executive Order 12287 – Decontrol of Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Products"
454:
226:
160:
1156:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. p. 165.
49:
3571:
3393:
3350:
3315:
2944:
2825:
2798:
2732:
2124:
2003:
1988:
1655:
1620:
1615:
1605:
380:
356:
285:
164:
140:
107:
1981, "in part, in reaction to the very large increases in oil prices by the
3453:
3383:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3126:
3106:
3051:
2835:
2803:
2742:
2639:
2541:
2447:
2324:
2258:
1932:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1501:
Energy Information Administration: Petroleum Chronology of Events 1970–2000
1346:
1295:
344:
265:
221:
213:
152:
1256:
3423:
3345:
3295:
3116:
3086:
3031:
3021:
2707:
2386:
2369:
2287:
2149:
2119:
2114:
1983:
1859:
790:
Urban Transportation Planning in the United States An Historical Overview
289:
168:
136:
1575:
272:, 1965–2013, showing oil demand falling significantly in the early 1980s
3473:
3340:
3330:
3096:
2934:
2840:
2023:
2018:
1765:
1431:
1110:. US Energy Information Administration. 10 January 2006. Archived from
430:
97:
stated that "the world temporarily floats in a glut of oil". However,
3468:
3199:
3146:
3091:
3081:
2991:
2939:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2845:
2526:
2154:
2081:
2039:
2028:
2013:
1998:
1978:
365:
75:
662:
Garvin, C. C. Jr. (9 November 1981). "The Oil Glut in Perspective".
3463:
3443:
3438:
3418:
3413:
3189:
3179:
3101:
3036:
2808:
2536:
2492:
2487:
2351:
1993:
1973:
1541:
388:
252:
1506:
174 Years of Historic Houston: Oil Glut and the Economic Downturn
1377:"Crude Collapse Has Investors Braced for '80s-Like Oil Casualties"
21:
3131:
3121:
3001:
2996:
2911:
1867:
1483:, (1992), by Siamack Shojai, Bernard S. Katz, Praeger/Greenwood,
1084:
826:"NETL: Arctic Energy Office – Fossil Energy – Alaska Oil History"
395:
293:
195:
3448:
3335:
3320:
3310:
3270:
3184:
376:
211:
1985, from about half during the 1970s. In February 1982, the
3230:
3204:
3174:
3136:
3076:
3071:
3066:
1952:
436:
Canada responded to high energy prices in the 1970s with the
230:
103:
379:
contributing to the glut and allegedly pumping oil from the
3458:
3398:
3151:
2629:
1937:
1510:
348:
281:
207:
122:
108:
330:
3290:
3156:
2929:
691:
American Power and the Prospects for International Order
2919:
565:. Vol. 89, no. 7. 18 August 1980. p. 44.
334:
Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972
1128:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14 June 2016
1028:
Toth, Ferenc L.; Rogner, Hans-Holger (January 2006).
535:"Oil Prices Pass Record Set in '80s, but Then Recede"
440:(NEP) in 1980. The program was in place until 1985.
3520:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
375:
and had particularly weak revenues. It was upset by
973:
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
611:
609:
1943:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
1889:The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil
1326:"The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall"
1282:"A political economy of low oil prices in Algeria"
1030:"Oil and nuclear power: Past, present, and future"
559:"Oil Glut, Price Cuts: How Long Will They Last?".
126:OPEC, non-OPEC and world oil production, 1973–2004
296:blended gasoline all reduced the demand for oil.
3569:
1626:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
1481:The Oil Market in the 1980s: A Decade of Decline
1218:. Northfield Mount Hermon School. Archived from
867:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–203.
846:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
606:
1375:Penty, Rebecca; Shauk, Zain (21 January 2015).
364:in 1982. The Venezuelan economy contracted and
1153:Mexico: Why a Few are Rich and the People Poor
860:
91:proclaimed that an "oil glut" had arrived and
2055:
1526:
1204:. Indexmundi. 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
828:. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009
479:"Crude Oil Prices – 70 Year Historical Chart"
109:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
1351:"Back to the Future? Oil Replays 1980s Bust"
1202:"Venezuela Inflation rate (consumer prices)"
864:The History of the British Petroleum Company
677:EIA – International Energy Data and Analysis
427:Independent Petroleum Association of America
1896:What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire
1239:
1237:
912:
881:
793:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 112.
730:"Lessons from the 1986 Oil Price Collapsey"
586:
507:Hershey Jr., Robert D. (30 December 1989).
506:
2062:
2048:
1533:
1519:
1374:
1027:
954:
921:"How OPEC Won the Battle and Lost the War"
854:
1195:
1021:
190:Phillips Petroleum discovered oil in the
1243:
1234:
1213:
1181:. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 618–621.
1176:
329:
264:
121:
20:
2982:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1323:
939:
918:
687:
589:"How the Oil Glut Is Changing Business"
587:Hershey Jr., Robert D. (21 June 1981).
532:
354:In 1981, before the brunt of the glut,
178:began pumping oil in 1977. The Alaskan
78:caused by falling demand following the
3570:
2856:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2615:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
2069:
1294:
969:
887:
786:
727:
661:
646:
460:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
2043:
1923:International Renewable Energy Agency
1514:
1216:"The Gulf Wars: Iraq Occupies Kuwait"
996:
945:
927:from the original on 22 February 2017
737:Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
694:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 95.
615:
502:
500:
498:
496:
292:; home heating from natural gas; and
2987:China National Petroleum Corporation
1345:
1300:"The Soviet Collapse: Grain and Oil"
1179:Financial Times World Desk Reference
1170:
1146:
1066:from the original on 3 December 2007
990:
888:Swartz, Kenneth I. (16 April 2015).
1601:Global energy crisis (2021–present)
1430:
616:Byron, Christopher (22 June 1981).
450:1980–89 world oil market chronology
43:Price of oil adjusted for inflation
13:
3047:National Iranian South Oil Company
2763:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1646:Renewable energy commercialization
1461:
714:"World: Saudis Edge U.S. on Oil".
493:
408:ousted from office by the military
371:Iraq had fought a long and costly
299:
249:Kuwait oil production and exports
14:
3609:
3583:History of the petroleum industry
3515:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
3404:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
3057:Oil & Gas Development Company
1566:Predicting the timing of peak oil
1494:
1470:, (1983), By Miguel S. Wionczek,
1324:McMaken, Ryan (7 November 2014).
1214:Thornton, Ted (12 January 2007).
861:Ferrier, RW; Bamberg, JH (1982).
321:History of ethanol fuel in Brazil
260:
3552:
3551:
1826:A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash
1574:
1436:"No More Gushers for ExxonMobil"
997:Koepp, Stephen (14 April 1986).
509:"Worrying Anew Over Oil Imports"
383:below their common border. Iraq
238:
146:
48:
36:
3062:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1424:
1394:
1368:
1339:
1317:
1288:
1274:
1207:
1140:
1118:
1100:
1078:
817:
780:
758:
721:
708:
681:
670:
412:the first multi-party elections
3530:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3301:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2967:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1408:. 24 July 2006. Archived from
655:
640:
580:
569:
552:
526:
471:
151:In April 1979, U.S. President
135:During the 1980s, reliance on
16:Oversupply of oil in the 1980s
1:
2476:Production sharing agreements
1928:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
1307:American Enterprise Institute
919:Denning, Liam (1 June 2016).
533:Mouawad, Jad (8 March 2008).
465:
117:
74:was a significant surplus of
3510:Canadian petroleum companies
3505:American Petroleum Institute
3042:National Iranian Oil Company
3027:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1540:
618:"Problems for Oil Producers"
562:U.S. News & World Report
278:price inelasticity of demand
185:
176:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
7:
3525:International Energy Agency
2510:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
1918:International Energy Agency
1244:Rousseau, David L. (1998).
1057:10.1016/j.eneco.2005.03.004
576:Oak Ridge National Lab data
443:
419:the nation's final collapse
362:an economic and debt crisis
130:
64:oil price history 1946–2022
10:
3614:
3112:PTT Public Company Limited
2713:East Midlands Oil Province
2698:List of natural gas fields
2298:Integrated asset modelling
1253:University of Pennsylvania
1126:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
1108:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
318:
250:
3588:1980s in economic history
3547:
3497:
3484:Weatherford International
3363:
3213:
3165:
3017:Iraq National Oil Company
2953:
2910:
2895:
2886:
2771:
2688:
2570:
2456:
2350:
2278:
2221:
2180:
2173:
2095:
2077:
1966:
1905:
1817:
1750:
1669:
1583:
1572:
1548:
1177:Heritage, Andrew (2002).
325:
314:
1092:(Report). Archived from
1087:Resources for the Future
976:. Simon & Schuster.
739:(2): 239. Archived from
718:, 3 January 1980, p. D2.
666:. Annual API Issue: 151.
270:World energy consumption
3535:World Petroleum Council
3409:China Oilfield Services
2466:Petroleum fiscal regime
2165:Western Canadian Select
2160:West Texas Intermediate
1355:The Wall Street Journal
970:Yergin, Daniel (1991).
787:Weiner, Edward (1999).
728:Gately, Dermot (1986).
688:Bromley, Simon (2013).
438:National Energy Program
276:OPEC had relied on the
201:
62:West Texas Intermediate
3012:Indian Oil Corporation
2498:Submersible pump (ESP)
2443:Underbalanced drilling
2264:of gasoline and diesel
1808:Twilight in the Desert
890:"Setting the Standard"
385:invaded Kuwait in 1990
335:
273:
127:
55:Price of oil (nominal)
29:
3389:Cameron International
2831:Petrodollar recycling
2814:fossil fuel phase-out
2377:Differential sticking
2330:Reflection seismology
2303:Petroleum engineering
2145:OPEC Reference Basket
1948:Post Carbon Institute
1712:James Howard Kunstler
1677:Albert Allen Bartlett
1556:Fossil fuel phase-out
1402:"Oil, Oil Everywhere"
664:Oil & Gas Journal
410:after his party lost
333:
319:Further information:
268:
180:Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
125:
24:
3286:Occidental Petroleum
2600:1990 oil price shock
2426:Shale oil extraction
2399:Drilling engineering
2382:Directional drilling
2308:Reservoir simulation
1882:PetroApocalypse Now?
1854:Escape from Suburbia
1759:The Limits to Growth
28:oil prices 1983–2023
3593:Petroleum economics
3434:Naftiran Intertrade
3379:Amec Foster Wheeler
3306:Reliance Industries
3195:Naftiran Intertrade
3007:Hindustan Petroleum
2605:2000s energy crisis
1847:The End of Suburbia
1727:Dale Allen Pfeiffer
1687:Kenneth S. Deffeyes
1596:2000s energy crisis
1591:1970s energy crisis
1561:Hubbert peak theory
1349:(13 January 2015).
1262:on 27 February 2008
1222:on 17 December 2007
1148:Ruiz, RamĂłn Eduardo
1096:on 1 December 2007.
1049:2006EneEc..28....1T
206:From 1980 to 1986,
80:1970s energy crisis
3281:Marathon Petroleum
2703:List of oil fields
2313:Reservoir modeling
2071:Petroleum industry
1913:Energy Watch Group
1780:The Long Emergency
1697:John Michael Greer
1446:on 13 January 2008
1114:on 7 January 2008.
1009:on 11 January 2013
923:. Bloomberg News.
649:The New York Times
593:The New York Times
539:The New York Times
513:The New York Times
404:1988 October Riots
394:The glut directed
336:
274:
174:Additionally, the
128:
99:The New York Times
88:The New York Times
30:
3565:
3564:
3543:
3542:
3429:Nabors Industries
3359:
3358:
2557:Well intervention
2532:Petroleum product
2431:Ljungström method
2335:Seismic inversion
2320:Petroleum geology
2274:
2273:
2037:
2036:
1818:Documentary films
1732:Richard Rainwater
1682:Colin J. Campbell
1611:Export Land Model
1584:Results/responses
1412:on 8 January 2008
1246:"History of OPEC"
1188:978-0-7894-8805-3
1163:978-0-520-26235-5
894:Vertical Magazine
874:978-0-521-78515-0
800:978-0-275-96329-3
768:. 28 January 1981
701:978-0-7456-5841-4
628:on 5 January 2013
425:to data from the
3605:
3555:
3554:
3256:Hess Corporation
2977:Bharat Petroleum
2908:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2580:1967 Oil Embargo
2416:Lost circulation
2254:Posted oil price
2178:
2177:
2135:Isthmus-34 Light
2064:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2040:
1794:The Party's Over
1702:Richard Heinberg
1578:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1442:. Archived from
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1255:. Archived from
1250:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1037:Energy Economics
1034:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1005:. Archived from
994:
988:
987:
967:
952:
951:
948:The Boston Globe
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
900:on 18 April 2015
896:. Archived from
885:
879:
878:
858:
852:
851:
845:
837:
835:
833:
821:
815:
814:
809:
807:
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
745:
734:
725:
719:
712:
706:
705:
685:
679:
674:
668:
667:
659:
653:
652:
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
624:. Archived from
613:
604:
603:
601:
599:
584:
578:
573:
567:
566:
556:
550:
549:
547:
545:
530:
524:
523:
521:
519:
504:
491:
490:
488:
486:
475:
400:Chadli Bendjedid
373:war against Iran
306:car fuel economy
242:
52:
40:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3539:
3493:
3489:John Wood Group
3479:Valaris Limited
3372:
3369:
3366:
3355:
3221:APA Corporation
3209:
3161:
2960:
2957:
2949:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2783:Classification
2767:
2690:
2684:
2620:Nationalization
2590:1979 oil crisis
2585:1973 oil crisis
2566:
2552:Water injection
2520:Steam injection
2515:Gas reinjection
2483:Artificial lift
2452:
2394:Drill stem test
2346:
2270:
2217:
2169:
2091:
2073:
2068:
2038:
2033:
1962:
1958:Transition town
1901:
1813:
1746:
1742:Matthew Simmons
1737:Michael Ruppert
1707:M. King Hubbert
1692:David Goodstein
1665:
1651:Rimini protocol
1579:
1570:
1544:
1539:
1497:
1464:
1462:Further reading
1459:
1449:
1447:
1434:(31 May 2007).
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1330:Mises Institute
1322:
1318:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
995:
991:
984:
968:
955:
944:
940:
930:
928:
917:
913:
903:
901:
886:
882:
875:
859:
855:
839:
838:
831:
829:
824:
822:
818:
805:
803:
801:
785:
781:
771:
769:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
743:
732:
726:
722:
716:Washington Post
713:
709:
702:
686:
682:
675:
671:
660:
656:
645:
641:
631:
629:
614:
607:
597:
595:
585:
581:
574:
570:
558:
557:
553:
543:
541:
531:
527:
517:
515:
505:
494:
484:
482:
477:
476:
472:
468:
446:
341:Northern Europe
328:
323:
317:
302:
263:
258:
257:
256:
255:
248:
243:
204:
188:
157:executive order
149:
133:
120:
68:
67:
66:
65:
58:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Surgutneftegas
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Eneos Holdings
3243:
3238:
3236:ConocoPhillips
3233:
3228:
3226:Cenovus Energy
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3167:Energy trading
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2851:Swing producer
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Gulf of Mexico
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:2010s oil glut
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:1980s oil glut
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2404:Drilling fluid
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2342:Seismic source
2339:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Japan Cocktail
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2087:Primary energy
2084:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1875:The Oil Factor
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1773:The End of Oil
1769:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Jeremy Leggett
1719:
1717:Jean Laherrère
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1661:Swing producer
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1495:External links
1493:
1492:
1491:
1478:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1423:
1393:
1367:
1338:
1316:
1298:(April 2007).
1287:
1273:
1233:
1206:
1194:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1139:
1117:
1099:
1077:
1020:
989:
982:
953:
938:
911:
880:
873:
853:
816:
799:
779:
757:
720:
707:
700:
680:
669:
654:
639:
605:
579:
568:
551:
525:
492:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
457:
455:2010s oil glut
452:
445:
442:
414:to Islamists.
327:
324:
316:
313:
304:New passenger
301:
298:
262:
261:Reduced demand
259:
245:
244:
237:
236:
235:
227:swing producer
203:
200:
187:
184:
161:price controls
148:
145:
132:
129:
119:
116:
85:In June 1981,
72:1980s oil glut
60:
59:
54:
47:
46:
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3610:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Energy crises
3576:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3362:
3352:
3351:Valero Energy
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Suncor Energy
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2945:TotalEnergies
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2894:
2891:
2889:organisations
2887:Companies and
2885:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Petrocurrency
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Oil shale gas
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2779:Abbreviations
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Permian Basin
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:United States
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Seven Sisters
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Core sampling
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Indian Basket
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
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1906:Organizations
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1657:
1656:Simple living
1654:
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1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Hirsch report
1619:
1617:
1616:Food vs. fuel
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Energy crisis
1604:
1602:
1599:
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1592:
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1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:0-275-93380-6
1486:
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1479:
1477:
1476:0-08-029962-8
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1445:
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1433:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1356:
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1348:
1347:Gold, Russell
1342:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1296:Gaidar, Yegor
1291:
1283:
1277:
1258:
1254:
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1103:
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1038:
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1024:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
985:
983:0-671-50248-4
979:
975:
974:
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960:
958:
949:
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746:on 9 May 2016
742:
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481:. MacroTrends
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381:Rumaila field
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357:Time Magazine
352:
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300:United States
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286:nuclear power
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165:Ronald Reagan
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147:United States
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77:
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63:
51:
39:
27:
23:
19:
3454:Schlumberger
3384:Baker Hughes
3276:Marathon Oil
3266:Imperial Oil
3261:Husky Energy
3251:Galp Energia
3241:Devon Energy
3127:Saudi Aramco
3107:Petrovietnam
3052:NNPC Limited
2956:National oil
2836:Petrofiction
2804:Orphan wells
2772:Other topics
2743:Persian Gulf
2670:Saudi Arabia
2640:Standard Oil
2594:
2448:Well logging
2325:Petrophysics
1933:The Oil Drum
1894:
1887:
1880:
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1866:
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1852:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1641:Price of oil
1636:Pickens Plan
1631:Permaculture
1480:
1467:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:the original
1439:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1341:
1333:
1319:
1310:
1290:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1209:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1152:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1120:
1112:the original
1102:
1094:the original
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1040:
1036:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
1002:
999:"Cheap Oil!"
992:
972:
947:
941:
929:. Retrieved
914:
902:. Retrieved
898:the original
893:
883:
863:
856:
830:. Retrieved
819:
811:
804:. Retrieved
789:
782:
770:. Retrieved
760:
748:. Retrieved
741:the original
736:
723:
715:
710:
690:
683:
672:
663:
657:
648:
642:
630:. Retrieved
626:the original
621:
596:. Retrieved
592:
582:
571:
560:
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542:. Retrieved
538:
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516:. Retrieved
512:
483:. Retrieved
473:
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370:
355:
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345:Soviet Union
337:
310:
303:
275:
222:Saudi Arabia
219:
214:Boston Globe
212:
205:
189:
173:
153:Jimmy Carter
150:
134:
113:
98:
92:
86:
84:
71:
69:
18:
3424:Halliburton
3296:Phillips 66
3117:QatarEnergy
3087:Petrobangla
3022:KazMunayGas
2912:Supermajors
2861:heavy crude
2748:Prudhoe Bay
2728:Niger Delta
2708:Caspian Sea
2471:Concessions
2421:Measurement
2387:Geosteering
2370:Squeeze job
2280:Exploration
2229:Consumption
2188:Consumption
2181:Natural gas
2110:Bonny Light
1967:Other peaks
1549:Core issues
1432:Fox, Justin
598:30 December
518:30 December
290:natural gas
192:Chalk Group
169:free market
137:Middle East
3572:Categories
3474:Transocean
3341:Tullow Oil
3331:TechnipFMC
3097:PetroChina
2935:ExxonMobil
2841:Shale band
2718:East Texas
2691:and fields
2505:Downstream
2458:Production
2365:Completion
2293:Geophysics
2234:Production
2193:Production
2130:Indonesian
2105:Argus Sour
2097:Benchmarks
2009:Phosphorus
1801:Power Down
1787:Out of Gas
1766:Beyond Oil
1386:16 January
1360:16 January
1266:12 January
1226:14 January
1013:19 January
931:1 November
772:27 January
750:19 January
632:19 January
466:References
431:ExxonMobil
251:See also:
159:to remove
155:signed an
118:Production
3469:TC Energy
3370:companies
3200:Trafigura
3147:Sonatrach
3092:Petrobras
3082:Pertamina
2992:Ecopetrol
2958:companies
2902:companies
2900:petroleum
2876:tight oil
2871:oil shale
2866:oil sands
2846:Shale gas
2787:sweet oil
2758:Venezuela
2733:North Sea
2689:Provinces
2680:Venezuela
2527:Midstream
2222:Petroleum
2082:Petroleum
1450:8 January
1416:6 January
1381:Bloomberg
1132:25 August
1070:4 January
366:inflation
231:High-cost
186:North Sea
141:North Sea
76:crude oil
3557:Category
3464:Subsea 7
3444:Petrofac
3439:NOV Inc.
3419:GE Power
3414:Enbridge
3368:services
3190:Mercuria
3180:Glencore
3142:Sonangol
3102:Petronas
3037:Naftogaz
2809:Peak oil
2792:sour oil
2547:Upstream
2542:Refining
2537:Pipeline
2493:Pumpjack
2488:Gas lift
2409:invasion
2352:Drilling
2239:Reserves
2198:Reserves
2004:Minerals
1833:Collapse
1542:Peak oil
1312:survive.
1150:(2010).
1061:Archived
1043:(1): 3.
925:Archived
904:18 April
842:cite web
544:20 April
444:See also
389:Gulf War
253:Gulf War
131:Non-OPEC
3132:Sinopec
3122:Rosneft
3002:Gazprom
2997:Equinor
2925:Chevron
2572:History
2438:Tracers
2360:Blowout
2249:Exports
2244:Imports
2208:Exports
2203:Imports
1868:GasHole
1045:Bibcode
832:29 July
396:Algeria
294:ethanol
196:Ekofisk
3598:Demand
3498:Others
3449:Saipem
3346:TĂĽpraĹź
3336:TNK-BP
3321:Sunoco
3311:Repsol
3271:Lukoil
3214:Others
3185:Gunvor
2819:timing
2753:Russia
2665:Norway
2650:France
2645:Canada
1984:Copper
1670:People
1487:
1474:
1406:Forbes
1185:
1160:
980:
871:
806:7 June
797:
698:
485:25 May
377:Kuwait
347:, and
343:, the
326:Impact
315:Brazil
3365:Major
3231:Cepsa
3205:Vitol
3175:Enron
3137:SOCAR
3077:Pemex
3072:PDVSA
3067:Orlen
3032:Lotos
2972:ANCAP
2940:Shell
2897:Major
2655:India
2259:Price
2213:Price
2155:Urals
2150:Tapis
2120:Dubai
2115:Brent
2024:Wheat
2019:Water
1953:REN21
1840:Crude
1751:Books
1303:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
1090:(PDF)
1064:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
744:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
104:Exxon
3459:Snam
3399:CH2M
3152:TPAO
2660:Iraq
2630:OPEC
2625:GECF
2174:Data
2029:Wood
2014:Soil
1999:Gold
1989:Food
1979:Coal
1938:OPEC
1861:Fuel
1485:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1452:2008
1440:Time
1418:2008
1388:2016
1362:2016
1268:2008
1228:2008
1183:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1134:2016
1072:2008
1015:2008
1003:Time
978:ISBN
933:2022
906:2015
869:ISBN
848:link
834:2009
808:2010
795:ISBN
774:2019
752:2016
696:ISBN
634:2008
622:Time
600:2015
546:2010
520:2015
487:2022
349:OPEC
288:and
282:coal
208:OPEC
202:OPEC
94:Time
70:The
3394:CGG
3291:OMV
3157:YPF
2930:Eni
1994:Gas
1974:Car
1053:doi
194:at
26:WTI
3574::
2920:BP
2562:XT
1438:.
1404:.
1379:.
1353:.
1332:.
1328:.
1309:.
1305:.
1251:.
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