1964 Gabonese coup d'état

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following her arrest, beaten by the police, paraded naked throughout Libreville, and forced to shout "Long Live Léon M'ba". At the height of these demonstrations, 3,000 to 4,000 Gabonese protested throughout central Libreville. Protesters also took their anger out against the French in Gabon, stoning more than 30 cars belonging to Frenchmen and chanting "Go home, go home!" This rioting was so intense that M'ba announced that whoever went to work would not be paid. The French reacted to these incidents by swinging rifle butts and throwing grenades. The crowds responded by throwing bottles and stones, though they were put down soon after. There were no reports of injured protesters, despite orders to the Gabonese police that they fire at protesters on sight.

719:, his arrest "ballooned him to heroic proportions in the eyes of the aroused public". While serving his 10 years of labor, he was beaten regularly by prison guards. Besides Aubame, M'ba imprisoned more than 150 of his opponents, most of whom were sentenced to 20 years of hard labor. These included the two officers and Aubame's nephew, Pierre Eyeguet, a former ambassador to the United Kingdom. The actor and the doctor were given 10 years of imprisonment each. While appealing for peace on 18 February, he pledged "no pardon or pity" to his enemies, but rather "total punishment". 388:

required "technical assistance". They issued radio statements every half-hour promising that "public liberties will be restored and all political prisoners will be freed" and ordered the French not to interfere in the matter, claiming that it would be a violation of their sovereignty. In addition, they decreed the closing of schools and businesses. M'ba acknowledged his defeat in a radio broadcast, in accordance with orders from his captors. "D-Day is here, the injustices are beyond measure, these people are patient, but their patience has limits", he said. "It came to a boil."

267:(BDG), including advocating less economic dependence on France and faster "Africanization" of French political jobs. However, the new constitution and the National Union (a political union they founded) suspended the quarrels between M'ba and Aubame from 1961 to 1963. Despite this, political unrest grew within the population, and many students held demonstrations on the frequent dissolutions of the National Assembly and the general political attitude in the country. The president did not hesitate to enforce the law himself: with a 404:. Mbene stated that the provisional government would not include any members of the M'ba government. He declared that Gabon's pro-French foreign policy would remain unchanged and that Mombo would supervise the government until the presidency was given to Aubame. The plotters were content to ensure security for civilians, urging them to remain calm and not hurt anyone. Most of them were junior officers, living in the army barracks. The senior officers did not intervene; instead, they stayed in their "pleasant" houses. 448:, despite being opposed to all of them. However, the Gabon coup differed in that, they claimed, it lacked notable public support. Following the restoration of M'ba's government in Gabon, the French intervened militarily in Africa roughly every other year. In 1995, the French Minister for Foreign Assistance Jacques Godfrain explained that Paris "will intervene each time an elected democratic power is overthrown by a coup d'état if a military cooperation agreement exists". 3304: 705:". He reasoned that the French intervention was effectively an illegal act of interference, an assertion which Gondjout and the former education minister, Jean Marc Ekoh, shared. Ekoh had served as Foreign Minister during the coup. The Gabonese actor said that it should be the French troops being tried, not he and his comrades: "If we'd been able to put up a few more Gabonese soldiers against the French, we'd have won — and we shouldn't be here today." 238:

goal—by this time he was known as "the old man", or "the boss"—to have a high degree of authority. On 21 February 1961, a new constitution was unanimously adopted, providing for a "hyperpresidential" regime. M'ba now had full executive powers: he could appoint ministers whose functions and responsibilities were decided by him; he could dissolve the National Assembly by choice or prolong its term beyond the normal five years; he could declare a

754: 3636: 70: 2358: 176: 464:, and completing his electoral campaign. Therefore, they decided to compose a predated letter that Yembit would later sign, confirming their intervention. They sent this to him via a small airplane, since there were no road bridges in Gabon at the time and the only way to cross a river was on a ferry. Yembit did not come back to Libreville on the plane as would be expected, but rather at 8:00 2058: 436:, which operated in Gabon and was led by a close friend of his. M'ba was also a close friend of his; David Yates reports that M'ba could call Foccart personally, and Foccart would meet with him "at a moment's notice". French commentators, however, claimed that if they did not intervene, they would be tempting other dissidents. France had refrained from intervening in recent coups in the 2368: 697:. Space at the hearing was limited, so members of the public were disallowed from attending. Permits were required to attend the trial, and family members were restricted to one permit each. Press coverage was limited, and journalists were allowed only if they represented a high-profile news agency. In addition, there were restrictions on the defence of the accused. 542: 528:

course, one French soldier was killed and 18 died on the Gabonese side. Unofficial sources said two French soldiers and 25 insurgents were killed, with more than 40 Gabonese and four French troops were wounded. The number of civilian casualties was unknown but numerous, as the straw roofs on their homes were not a good protector against aerial bullets.

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and Robert "were never far" from M'ba, according to Pean, and provided the aging president with counseling and advice. M'ba was, however, still convinced of his popularity. Three years later, M'ba was diagnosed with cancer, and he died on 28 November 1967. After M'ba's death, French-supported Bongo succeeded him as president, and released Aubame in 1972.

808:"Se voulant et se croyant sincèrement démocrate, au point qu'aucune accusation ne l'irrite davantage que celle d'être un dictateur, il n'en a pas moins eu de cesse qu'il n'ait fait voter une constitution lui accordant pratiquement tous les pouvoirs et réduisant le parlement au rôle d'un décor coûteux que l'on escamote même en cas de besoin." 1572: 371:, and police, headed by Lieutenant Jacques Mombo and Valére Essone, seized the presidential palace. The gendarmes on duty claimed that this was but a military exercise. However, during the "exercise" the lieutenants dragged President M'ba from his bed at gunpoint. Bongo heard this noise and telephoned President of the National Assembly 497:

dodged answering the question and requested that Aubame release M'ba uninjured. After receiving the false assurance from the ambassador that the French government had no intention of restoring M'ba to power, Aubame sent out a military officer to the countryside to find the deposed president. M'ba was moved to a small village near the

163:, the provisional government was toppled during the night of 19 February and M'ba was reinstated as president. Afterward, M'ba imprisoned more than 150 of his opponents, pledging "no pardon or pity" but rather "total punishment". Aubame was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile, a sentence that was later 2661: 432:, decided that he would restore the legitimate government. This was in accordance with a 1960 treaty between Gabon and the French, which was signed by Aubame in his stint as Foreign Minister. Foccart, on the other hand, had only decided to launch the countercoup to protect the interests of the French petroleum group 664:

it claimed was the main reason for starting the coup in the first place. However, their leaders were barred from participating because of their involvement in the coup, and known anti-Mba organizers were deported to remote parts of the country. In addition, M'ba was known to have bribed voters with banknotes.

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The prosecution called 64 separate witnesses. Essone, Mbene, and Aubame claimed that their involvement in the coup was due to a lack of development in the Gabonese army. Judge Leon Auge, the judge in the case, said that if "that is the only reason for your coup d'état, you deserve a severe penalty."

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Sweeping through Libreville unopposed, the troops easily captured the provisional council, though they met resistance at the Baraka military base in Lambaréné when they attacked at daylight. Upon learning of the impending attack, Aubame called Cousseran and asked him what had been going on. Cousseran

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Shortly after de Gaulle and Foccart's meeting, French commanders Haulin and Royer were released at the request of the French Embassy. Intervention could not commence without a formal petition to the Head of State of Gabon. Since M'ba was held hostage, the French contacted the Vice President of Gabon,

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Aubame served as foreign minister under the coalition government, though in early 1963 he was dropped from the Cabinet for refusing to create a single-party Gabon. To oust Aubame from his legislative seat, M'ba appointed him President of the Supreme Court on 25 February, practically a powerless post.

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M'ba aspired to establish Gabon as a democracy, which he believed was necessary to attract foreign investors. At the same time, he attempted to reconcile the imperatives of democracy with the necessity for a strong and coherent government. In practice, however, M'ba showed a weakness in attaining his

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Despite these incidents, legislative elections planned before the coup were held in April 1964. They were originally to be held on 23 February, though he dissolved the National Assembly and rescheduled them for 12 April. Upon insistence of the French, M'ba allowed opposition candidates to run, which

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Nothing permits to determine that the United States played a role in the recent events. However, relations of friendship existing between members of the United States Embassy and some politicians who participated in the rebellion could have given this impression to some, an impression which I do not

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M'ba was returned to Libreville on 21 February. Shortly after his arrival, the 10:00 pm curfew that had been imposed by the French was lifted, and some stores were reopened. Squads of officials, known as "les gorilles", travelled through Libreville and arrested any suspected M'ba opposers. After his

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The insurgents, calling themselves a "revolutionary committee", spread themselves strategically across the Gabonese capital during the night. They shut down the airport and seized the post office and radio station. On Radio Libreville, the military announced that a coup had taken place and that they

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could only hold a single role in government. The president claimed that Aubame had resigned from the National Assembly, citing incompatibility with the functions of the assembly. Aubame, however, unexpectedly resigned from the Supreme Court on 10 January 1964, complicating matters for M'ba. In a fit

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asserted that French officials helped spread the rumor of American involvement. This reached a point which some automobile stations refused to help Darlington and other Americans. After William F. Courtney, deputy chief of the United States Embassy, received a call from a man identifying himself as

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Two years after the coup there was still open repression of dissent in Gabon. Following these events M'ba became increasingly reclusive, staying in his presidential palace protected by French troops known as the "Clan des Gabonais". Not even Yembit was close to him, but Foccart's friends Ponsaille

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teacher. The UDSG disappeared from the political scene, and M'ba's opposition was composed of parties that lacked national focus and maintained only regional or pro-democracy platforms. Nevertheless, the opposition garnered 46% of the vote and 16 of 47 seats in the assembly, while the BDG received

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Lieutenant Valerie Essone only decided to participate on 17 February. This was a crucial decision for he led the First Company of the Gabonese Army, the company of the other officers. Apparently at that moment he told his troops to perform average night maneuvers. That day, Gabonese chief of staff

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It is unlikely that Aubame participated in the planning of the coup. It appears that he joined the effort after being recruited by the new government. His nephew, Pierre Eyeguet, a former ambassador to the United Kingdom, may have known of the plot beforehand and notified his uncle, although it is

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160 or none at all. Thus, over US$ 7,500 would be deposited without considering campaign expenses. M'ba's idea was that no party other than his would have the money to enter candidates. In response to this, the opposition announced its refusal to participate in elections that they did not consider

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on 18 February to read a statement over Radio Libreville that was likely prepared by French officials. Yembit, however, claimed that he called for French intervention while the insurgent troops held M'ba hostage; this version of the story was quickly disputed by several diplomats on the scene, as

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Aubame was unaware of the coup until the French ambassador to Gabon, Paul Cousseran, called him on the telephone roughly a half-hour after sunrise. Cousseran, meanwhile, was awoken by the noisy streets and checked to see what was happening. Aubame replied that he was to find out why there was "no

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in October 1963, ruled for about a month, then resigned in favor of Dahomey's citizens. The plotters apparently did not consider French involvement, so therefore didn't take any additional steps to prevent it. They could have created protests to show public support, although the spokesman for the

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speculates that the continued presence of young French military officers in Gabon may have been an inspiration to the plotters of the coup. Much of the 600-man Gabonese army had previously served in the French army prior to independence, where they were paid modestly. Like much of the rest of the

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and a General Kergaravat were notified that they were going to end the coup. This had come even before the provisional government was formed. Maurice Robert and Guy Ponsaille, who were among a group Foccart convened to discuss the French intervention, were part of the paratrooper unit. Receiving

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jet fighters, at the Camp de Gaulle military base until at least 1987, a warning to any Gabonese coup plotters. M'ba famously commented during a 1961 visit to France that "ll Gabonese have two fatherlands: France and Gabon", and Europeans enjoyed particularly friendly treatment under his regime.

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Before the end of the day, the French troops surrounded all of Libreville's public buildings. Shortly thereafter, Radio Libreville announced the surrender of the rebel forces. Kergaravat concluded his military operation on 20 February, saluting Cousseran and saying "Mission accomplie". Over its

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were fired from a 12-gauge automatic shotgun, riddled the second-story windows with over 30 holes. It is likely that its perpetrators were French, as Gabonese have no access to grenades. Following the second bombing a car containing white men was noticed, driving through otherwise empty Shore

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and lasted into the summer. When 1,000 pro-government demonstrators responded by shouting "Long Live Léon M'ba" outside the presidential palace, they were attacked by dissidents. Among the pro-government demonstrators were an opposition member, Martine Oyane, who had been forcefully undressed

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During these events, no gunshots were fired. The public did not react strongly, which, according to the military, was a sign of approval. A provisional government was formed, composed of civilian politicians from the UDSG and BDG such as Philippe N'dong, editor of Gabon's literary review

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Essone said that almost all Gabonese military officers knew of an imminent coup beforehand, while Aubame affirmed his position that he did not participate in its planning. According to him, he formed the provisional government in a constitutional manner, and at the request of some "

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to find out what had happened. Bigmann arrived at the presidential palace and asked the rebels what Bongo had asked him. At this point they opened the gates and arrested him too. The plotters subsequently arrested every member of the Gabonese cabinet except the respected technician

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He regarded himself as a truly democratic leader; nothing irritated him more than being called a dictator. Still, wasn't happy until he had the constitution rewritten to give him virtually all power and transforming the parliament into high-priced scenery that could be bypassed as

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Aubame and Gondjout fled Libreville, but were captured sometime before 20 February. Most of the other rebels took refuge at the U.S. Embassy, though they were soon discovered and brought to jail. That August, a trial of the military rebels and provisional government was opened in

42: 524:. The rebels at the military base promptly surrendered once their ammunition supply ran out, and their commander, Lieutenant Ndo Edou, was executed. Later, the French army managed to break through the gate to the village where M'ba was held and rescued the deposed president. 685:. A "state of precations" was imposed, which decreed that local government kept surveillance on suspected troublemakers and, if necessary, order curfew, while special permits were required to travel through the town. The trial was held in a school building overlooking the 708:

On 9 September, without consulting M'ba, Leon Auge handed down a verdict which acquitted both Ekoh and Gondjout; although the charges carried the death sentence as a maximum. Aubame was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile on a remote island off

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On 1 March, however, anti-government demonstrations began, with protesters shouting "Léon M'ba, président des Français!" ("Léon M'ba, President of the French!") and calling for the end of the "dictatorship". Originating in Libreville, these demonstrations spread to

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Many of these attacks against Americans were against Darlington personally. His son Christopher was hit by a grenade in July, though it did not detonate. The ambassador resigned his post on 26 July. It was not until 14 August 1965 that David M. Bane replaced him.

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government", as Cousseran never directly mentioned a coup. However, about midway through the morning an automobile carrying the revolutionary committee arrived at Aubame's residence and drove him to the governmental offices, where he had been named president.

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reinstatement, M'ba refused to believe that the coup was directed against his regime, instead considering it to be a conspiracy against the state. Nonetheless, following the coup M'ba dismissed every soldier in the army and started recruiting new men.

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The electoral conditions were announced as such: The election 67 districts were reduced to 47. M'ba disqualified Aubame by announcing that anyone who had held a post recently was banned. Any party would have to submit 47 candidates who had to pay

167:. During this time, the ageing president became increasingly reclusive, opting to stay in his presidential palace under the protection of French troops. Within three years, M'ba was diagnosed with cancer; he died on 28 November 1967. 1722: 630:

Following the bombing, French Gabonese made more threatening phone calls to the embassy. A second bomb exploded at the embassy two nights later, causing no damage. A drive-by shooting, during which at least five rounds of

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asserted that M'ba secretly tried to prevent Gabonese independence; instead, he lobbied for it to become an overseas territory of France. He went so far as to say that "Gabon is an extreme case, verging on caricature, of

493:. The rebels closed the airport but failed to establish obstacles, allowing the French troops to land unharmed, albeit during a large storm. Throughout that day, more than 600 paratroopers arrived at the airport. 744: 427:

French authorities first received information on the coup not from Cousseran but rather from Bongo, giving him some standing among them. President de Gaulle, upon advice from his chief adviser on African policy,

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200 average annual income and was one of the few countries in Africa with a positive trade balance, with exports exceeding imports by 30 percent. As of 1964, the country was among the largest producers of

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Little is known of the planning of the coup. No demonstrations followed Mba's dissolution of the National Assembly, so the coup could be classified as simply a "palace coup". The 1964–1965 edition of the

415:, Aubame's electoral stronghold. However, due to heavy rain, the deposed president and his captors took shelter in an unknown village. The next morning they decided to take him over the easier road to 255:

M'ba's chief political opponent had been Jean-Hilaire Aubame, a former protégé and his half-brother's foster son. M'ba was backed by the French forestry interests, while Aubame was supported by the

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exploded outside the embassy. The explosion, which occurred at a time when the building was closed and locked on 3 March, resulted in damage to the embassy sign and the cracking of two windows.

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when he believed the need arose, though for this amendment he would have to consult the people via a referendum. This was, in fact, very similar to the constitution adopted in favor of

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Daniel Mbene, justified the coup by claiming in a broadcast that the army had to act to avoid the rash of "uncontrollable demonstrations that would have been difficult to halt".

2599: 743: 456:, who had not been arrested. At the time, Yembit was in a car with U.S. ambassador Charles Darlington travelling to N'Dende. This was to officially open a school built by the 216:

was one of the most loyal allies to France in Africa, even after the country's independence. In fact, France maintained 600 paratroopers and an air force unit, which included

2285: 713:, 160 kilometres (100 mi) down the coast of Gabon, as were most criminals of the case. He was not particularly popular during his political career, though according to 2201: 1816: 639:

Two Gabonese policemen were assigned to protect the building, and M'ba ordered an investigation into the bombings. He denounced the allegations against Americans, saying:

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resolved to restore the M'ba government, honoring a 1960 treaty signed between the deposed government and France when Gabon became independent. With the help of French

2953:"L'évolution du leader indigène aux yeux des administrateurs français: Léon M'Ba et le changement des modalités de participation au pouvoir local au Gabon, 1922–1967" 2440: 2553: 2726: 148:. There was no major uprising or reaction by the Gabonese people when they received word of the coup, which the military interpreted as a sign of approval. 4885: 3889: 5437: 672:

54% of the vote and 31 seats. The opposition disputed this, and held strikes across the country, though these did not have a sizable impact on business.

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on 21 January 1964, and during a takeover with few casualties 150 coup plotters arrested M'ba and a number of his government officials. Through

5331: 4966: 4945: 4822: 4636: 4461: 1521: 2919: 2392: 1375: 942: 5324: 4857: 4759: 815:"Le jour J est arrivé, les injustices ont dépassé la mesure, ce peuple est patient, mais sa patience a des limites... il est arrivé à bout." 461: 210:

suggested was one of the reasons for France's response to the coup. It also had petroleum, iron, and logging interests stationed in Gabon.

17: 4110: 3653: 2952: 1152: 5310: 132:, they asked the people of Gabon to remain calm and assured them that the country's pro-France foreign policy would remain unchanged. A 4931: 4482: 1704: 1653: 1478: 3602: 4026: 2609: 3624: 2295: 4394: 3882: 5477: 4608: 4212: 4061: 1826: 3221: 5345: 3914: 3076: 380:. Apparently, the plotters let him roam free in the hopes of him joining them, although before noon he asked to be arrested. 4871: 4829: 4745: 4019: 5296: 2450: 2211: 658: 140:, who was M'ba's primary political opponent and had been uninvolved in the coup, as president. Meanwhile, M'ba was sent to 5110: 4959: 4433: 2105: 4994: 3275: 2520: 5194: 4594: 4510: 4496: 4226: 4040: 3875: 2563: 3417: 2736: 5043: 5015: 4524: 4440: 4419: 4380: 4373: 4096: 3181: 3146: 3056: 3026: 2901: 2845: 2818: 759: 5215: 4324: 4012: 839:"Gabon's President Ousted by Bloodless Army Coup: Officer Group Seizes Mba – Old Rival Reported Chosen as Successor" 5472: 5117: 4366: 490: 4843: 4601: 4296: 4247: 4191: 4117: 4068: 3991: 3963: 5380: 5317: 5096: 4878: 3582: 3339: 3234: 367:

During the night of 17 February and the early morning of 18 February 1964, 150 members of the Gabonese military,

5359: 5352: 5303: 5229: 5145: 5082: 5008: 4892: 4850: 4780: 4752: 4664: 4622: 4615: 4559: 4552: 4517: 4468: 4426: 4359: 4289: 4275: 4254: 4240: 4184: 4124: 4082: 4047: 4033: 3984: 3970: 3293: 384:, the Gabonese minister of foreign affairs, was able to tell the French Embassy of this before he was arrested. 5462: 5373: 5366: 5208: 5201: 5057: 4973: 4643: 4503: 573:. In fact, France was barely criticised at all in Africa, other than a mild response by Dahomey and one by the 5289: 5036: 4899: 4801: 4794: 4731: 4703: 4580: 4545: 4538: 4282: 4219: 4170: 4163: 5467: 5173: 4952: 4531: 4447: 5275: 5254: 5103: 4724: 4710: 4138: 4131: 4103: 5457: 5075: 4475: 4387: 4331: 3949: 3617: 3138: 1708: 1482: 574: 4717: 2096:"Gunmen in Gabon Rake U.S. Mission: Whites Again Bomb Building in Former French State – Nobody Is Injured" 485:

Foccart's orders to "normalize" the situation by 19 February or the next day at the latest, at 10:50

120:, Gabon was seen as one of the most politically stable countries in Africa. The coup resulted from M'ba's 5187: 4924: 4766: 4650: 4198: 4005: 3998: 3921: 3465: 3334: 1862:"Gabon President Resumes Office: Mba, Restored by French, Vows 'Total Punishment' for All Who Aided Coup" 2986: 271:, he whipped citizens who did not show respect for him, including passersby who "forgot" to salute him. 5452: 5442: 5268: 5236: 5222: 5124: 5089: 5029: 4987: 4808: 4787: 4738: 4689: 4682: 4587: 4573: 4310: 4303: 4261: 4205: 4177: 4089: 4054: 3632: 3405: 3385: 3288: 3214: 3085: 694: 498: 377: 5338: 5180: 5166: 5138: 5131: 5022: 4980: 4938: 4917: 4864: 4836: 4696: 4657: 4566: 4454: 4345: 3489: 3018: 778: 121: 5152: 4773: 4489: 4352: 4268: 4145: 3390: 3265: 550: 2402: 1385: 952: 319:

country, they were displeased by M'ba's actions against Aubame, a probable cause for involvement.

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Gabon gained its independence from France on 17 August 1960. The country had a relatively high

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The rentier state in Africa: oil rent dependency and neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon

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Less than 24 hours after de Gaulle had been notified, French paratroopers stationed in

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at roughly the same time. A report from the French secret service summarized the situation:

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Reed, Michael C. (June 1987), "Gabon: A Neo-Colonial Enclave of Enduring French Interest",

2893: 774: 585:. The revolutionary movement in French Africa immediately retrogressed following the coup. 276: 191:, both politically and economically. At the time of the coup, the country had an estimated 8: 3400: 3250: 3173: 2666: 2363: 2063: 1794: 1577: 331: 137: 125: 558: 3541: 3511: 3475: 3422: 3380: 3349: 3312: 3166: 3127: 3113: 3097: 2886: 2868: 2731: 2604: 2558: 2515: 2445: 2326: 2290: 2253: 2206: 2100: 1973: 1965: 1866: 1821: 1648: 1516: 1185: 1060: 887: 843: 616:

Some Gabonese mistakenly identified the United States as a co-conspirator in the coup.

323: 282: 239: 184: 110: 577:. The matter was not discussed at the next meeting of the Council of Ministers of the 3556: 3368: 3354: 3270: 3187: 3177: 3152: 3142: 3134: 3117: 3105: 3062: 3052: 3032: 3022: 2997: 2972: 2939: 2907: 2897: 2872: 2851: 2841: 2824: 2814: 1977: 690: 453: 217: 156: 3898: 117: 4815: 3928: 3575: 3501: 3470: 3448: 3242: 3089: 2964: 1957: 1812: 502: 486: 465: 381: 327: 129: 4401: 3536: 3460: 3410: 3255: 2993: 2397: 1380: 1181:"Many Gabonese Angered By Paris; Intervention to Crush Coup Sets Off Controversy" 947: 715: 618: 521: 429: 259:

missions and the French administration. Aubame, a deputy of the opposition party

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suggested that the coup plotters may have tried to imitate the style of Colonel

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Démocraties ambiguës en Afrique centrale: Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, 1940–1965

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Root, Waverley (20 February 1964), "French Action Taken to Halt More Coups",

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Pesnot, Patrick (producer) & Billoud, Michel (director) (10 March 2007),

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was created from a revision of this article dated 13 December 2017

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speculates that this was due to it not supporting M'ba in Aubame's removal.

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Grundy, Kenneth W. (October 1968), "On Machiavelli and the Mercenaries",

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was unusually high. M'ba, however, did not think much of this anomaly.

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unknown whether or not Aubame established contact with the plotters.

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Boulevard. At the time, almost all white men in Gabon were French.

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of rage, M'ba dissolved the National Assembly on 21 January 1964.

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Second Lieutenant Ndo Edou gave instructions to transfer M'ba to

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several French troops had arrived before this alleged incident.

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African Powder Keg: Revolt and Dissent in Six Emergent Nations

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France's intervention in the coup was openly applauded by the

41: 3641: 3230: 1056:"Leon Mba, President of Gabon Since Independence, Dies at 65" 582: 566: 473: 175: 106: 75: 801:"Tout Gabonais a deux patries : la France et le Gabon." 151:

After being informed of the coup by Gabonese Chief of Staff

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Darlington, Charles Francis; Darlington, Alice B. (1968),

675: 355:

informed President M'ba that the number of troops outside

275:

M'ba supporters tried to pass a bill that declared that a

1644:"Jacques Foccart Dies at 83; Secret Mastermind in Africa" 578: 2359:"Election Sunday to Test French "Counter-Coup" in Gabon" 1239:

1964, le putsch raté contre Léon M'Ba président du Gabon

489:

on 18 February, the first 50 troops landed at the

187:

and was considered one of the more stable countries in

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was formed, and the coup's leaders installed Deputy

1512:"Gabon Insurgents Yield as France Rushes in Troops" 3165: 3126: 3010: 2985: 2885: 2600:"Troops Patrolling Capital of Gabon to Keep Order" 2286:"French-African Bitterness Is Increasing in Gabon" 1342:International Institute for Strategic Studies 1964 1174: 1172: 1043: 667:France closely followed the election, deporting a 605: 2196: 2194: 2192: 1817:"France's Army Keeps Grip in African Ex-Colonies" 1464: 612:1964 United States Embassy in Libreville bombings 5429: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1325: 1323: 1321: 833: 831: 829: 536: 2052: 2050: 1581:, p. C20, 19 February 1964, archived from 1503: 1169: 3129:Africa: The Politics of Independence and Unity 2202:"Street Rioting in Gabon is Reported Put Down" 2189: 1787: 1785: 1567: 1565: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1064:, p. 47, 19 November 1967, archived from 396:; Dr. Eloi Chambrier, Gabon's only physician; 105:was staged between 17 and 18 February 1964 by 3883: 3618: 3215: 2920:International Institute for Strategic Studies 2519:, p. 3, 25 February 1964, archived from 2309: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2242: 2240: 2089: 2087: 2085: 1998: 1840: 1700:French Intervention in the 1964 Coup In Gabon 1637: 1635: 1596: 1318: 883:"Forecast for Africa: More Plots, More Coups" 847:, p. 1, 19 February 1964, archived from 826: 623:DuPont and threatening an imminent attack, a 400:, a famous Gabonese actor; and civil servant 2674:, p. A1, 31 August 1964, archived from 2582: 2580: 2387: 2385: 2148: 2146: 2047: 1573:"Gabon Regime Ousted; Military Seizes Power" 1552: 1550: 1296: 1294: 3124: 2709: 2707: 2608:, p. 45, 16 April 1964, archived from 2449:, p. 16, 16 March 1964, archived from 2352: 2350: 2348: 2059:""No Pity, No Pardon", Gabon Rebels Warned" 1902: 1900: 1782: 1562: 1411: 1329: 1142: 179:Gabonese and French military officers, 1959 3890: 3876: 3625: 3611: 3222: 3208: 2924:Adelphi Papers: NATO and the Cyprus Crisis 2562:, p. 7, 12 April 1964, archived from 2272: 2237: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2131: 2082: 1705:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1632: 1479:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1257: 1255: 1253: 2883: 2577: 2441:"Gabon Chief Clears U.S. of Role in Plot" 2382: 2330:, p. 3, 7 March 1964, archived from 2210:, p. 6, 3 March 1964, archived from 2143: 1885: 1626: 1547: 1541: 1291: 1279: 1267: 1103: 1091: 1079: 1031: 973: 971: 969: 261:l'Union démocratique et sociale gabonaise 170: 27:Military coup against President Léon M'ba 2983: 2808: 2786: 2750: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2345: 2283: 2246: 2231: 2093: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2018: 1992: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1897: 1859: 1764: 1696: 1470: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1437: 1435: 1426: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1178: 1148: 1130: 1124: 1120: 1118: 995: 912: 770:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 753: 540: 302: 174: 5388:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 5002:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 4006:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) 3008: 2835: 2586: 2540: 2170: 2152: 2137: 1891: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1641: 1614: 1556: 1509: 1300: 1285: 1273: 1250: 1222: 1210: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1037: 1001: 868: 676:Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term 545:The United States Embassy in Libreville 334:'s 800-man army, had deposed President 14: 5430: 3125:Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice (2005), 2727:"Gabon Convicts 17 in February's Coup" 2554:"French Stand Guard While Gabon Votes" 1947: 1811: 1807: 1805: 966: 937: 935: 933: 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 422: 3871: 3606: 3203: 3163: 3077:The Journal of Modern African Studies 2950: 2838:Echec aux militaires au Gabon en 1964 2792: 2756: 2713: 2689: 2635: 2623: 2416: 2357:Howe, Russell Warren (7 April 1964), 2125: 2032: 2015: 1986: 1950:The Journal of Modern African Studies 1924: 1906: 1776: 1758: 1667: 1447: 1432: 1399: 1347: 1136: 1115: 581:, held on 24 February–29 February in 5438:1960s coups d'état and coup attempts 3073: 3043: 2780: 2768: 2356: 2249:"Gabonese Capital Tense After Riots" 2183: 2056: 1860:Garrison, Lloyd (21 February 1964), 1791: 1679: 1261: 1179:Garrison, Lloyd (23 February 1964), 1163: 1025: 1013: 989: 977: 659:1964 Gabonese parliamentary election 144:, 250 kilometres (155 mi) from 2735:, 10 September 1964, archived from 2057:Root, Waverley (21 February 1964), 1802: 1642:Whitney, Craig R. (20 March 1997), 1510:Giniger, Henry (20 February 1964), 1228: 918: 109:military officers who rose against 24: 4013:Central African Republic (1965–66) 3229: 951:, 28 February 1964, archived from 881:Matthews, Ronald (10 April 1966), 740: 460:nearby, in Yembit's birthplace of 25: 5489: 2322:"Americans Score French in Gabon" 2284:Garrison, Lloyd (11 March 1964), 2094:Garrison, Lloyd (10 March 1964), 1384:, 8 November 1963, archived from 811: 804: 797: 652: 353:Albert Bernard (later Omar) Bongo 3634: 3302: 3009:Murison, Katharine, ed. (2003), 2471:Darlington & Darlington 1968 2428:Darlington & Darlington 1968 2247:Garrison, Lloyd (6 March 1964), 2165:Darlington & Darlington 1968 2042:Darlington & Darlington 1968 2010:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1919:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1674:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1603:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1459:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1442:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1406:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1363:Darlington & Darlington 1968 1313:Darlington & Darlington 1968 752: 512:the rebels at Baraka, while the 491:Libreville International Airport 68: 40: 5262:Central African Republic (2021) 5160:Central African Republic (2013) 4946:Central African Republic (2003) 4932:Central African Republic (2001) 4483:Central African Republic (1982) 4462:Central African Republic (1981) 4402:Central African Republic (1979) 3013:Africa South of the Sahara 2004 2801: 2774: 2762: 2719: 2654: 2592: 2546: 2534: 2503: 2476: 2464: 2433: 2401:, 28 March 1964, archived from 2225: 2158: 2119: 1941: 1912: 1770: 1729: 1697:Pederson, Nicholas (May 2000), 1620: 1608: 1535: 1471:Pederson, Nicholas (May 2000), 1368: 1335: 1306: 1216: 1204: 1157: 1019: 606:Allegations of U.S. involvement 86:Provisional government toppled; 5478:February 1964 events in Africa 2888:Historical Dictionary of Gabon 2836:Biteghe, Moïse N'Solé (1990), 2813:(in French), Paris: Karthala, 2662:"Coup Planners Blame Army Lag" 2492:, Soylent Communications, 2008 2104:, pp. 1–5, archived from 1007: 983: 906: 874: 862: 13: 1: 5325:Burkina Faso (September 2022) 2367:, pp. D7, archived from 2067:, p. A34, archived from 891:, p. 182, archived from 820: 537:Immediate aftermath and riots 516:attacked the insurgents with 5332:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 4967:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 4886:Republic of the Congo (1998) 4823:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 4760:Sierra Leone (December 1992) 4637:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988) 4609:Republic of the Congo (1987) 4213:Republic of the Congo (1972) 4111:Republic of the Congo (1968) 4062:Republic of the Congo (1966) 3915:Republic of the Congo (1960) 3139:University of Nebraska Press 3051:(in French), Paris: Fayard, 2884:Gardinier, David E. (1994), 2294:, p. 15, archived from 785: 575:Democratic Republic of Congo 531: 7: 5311:Burkina Faso (January 2022) 4504:Upper Volta (February 1983) 2840:(in French), Paris: Chaka, 2809:Bernault, Florence (1996), 2257:, p. 9, archived from 1870:, p. 1, archived from 1741:Encyclopedia of the Nations 1474:French Involvement in Gabon 1247:. Retrieved 22 August 2008. 1189:, p. 7, archived from 298: 18:1964 Gabon coup d'état 10: 5494: 4858:Sierra Leone (August 1996) 3164:Yates, Douglas A. (1996), 3086:Cambridge University Press 2930:(9,14,17,21–23 ed.), 656: 609: 501:. At dawn on 19 February, 499:Albert Schweitzer Hospital 265:Bloc Démocratique Gabonais 5397: 5246: 5067: 4909: 4674: 4511:Upper Volta (August 1983) 4411: 4155: 3906: 3852: 3649: 3569: 3497: 3488: 3456: 3447: 3376: 3367: 3320: 3311: 3300: 3241: 3094:10.1017/S0022278X00000392 3017:(33rd ed.), London: 2984:Matthews, Ronald (1966), 2951:Keese, Alexander (2004), 2393:"Sure Cure for Sterility" 1962:10.1017/S0022278X00017420 943:"De Gaulle to the Rescue" 322:U.S. Ambassador to Gabon 103:1964 Gabonese coup d'état 50: 39: 35:1964 Gabonese coup d'état 34: 4995:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 4395:Equatorial Guinea (1979) 3266:French Equatorial Africa 2484:"US Ambassador to Gabon" 790: 551:Central African Republic 330:. Soglo, a commander in 204:in French Africa, which 5473:Military coups in Gabon 4027:Burundi (November 1966) 2936:Oxford University Press 1982:(subscription required) 506:Dassault MD 315 Flamant 362: 91:reinstated as president 5297:Sudan (September 2021) 4132:Libya (September 1969) 4048:Nigeria (January 1966) 3176:: Africa World Press, 2957:Afrique & Histoire 2489:Notable Names Database 748: 728:Listen to this article 646: 546: 308: 253: 180: 171:Background and origins 134:provisional government 5463:Wars involving France 4788:Bophuthatswana (1994) 4146:Libya (December 1969) 3936:French Algeria (1961) 3276:West Africa Campaign 2969:10.3917/afhi.002.0141 1376:"Sounds in the Night" 747: 641: 544: 378:André Gustave Anguilé 306: 248: 178: 5468:Wars involving Gabon 5381:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 5318:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 5304:Sudan (October 2021) 5153:Libya (October 2013) 5111:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 5097:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 4960:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 4939:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 4918:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 4900:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 4879:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 4434:Guinea-Bissau (1980) 3901:in Africa since 1960 2894:Metuchen, New Jersey 1656:on 17 September 2023 779:More spoken articles 277:member of parliament 153:Albert-Bernard Bongo 126:Gabonese legislature 5458:Government of Gabon 5374:Sierra Leone (2023) 5367:Burkina Faso (2023) 5202:Burkina Faso (2016) 5195:Burkina Faso (2015) 4974:Burkina Faso (2003) 4872:Sierra Leone (1997) 4830:Sierra Leone (1996) 4746:Sierra Leone (1992) 4644:Burkina Faso (1989) 4595:Burkina Faso (1987) 4097:Sierra Leone (1968) 4055:Nigeria (July 1966) 4020:Burundi (July 1966) 3174:Trenton, New Jersey 3049:Affaires africaines 3019:Europa Publications 2896:: Scarecrow Press, 2667:The Washington Post 2523:on 17 February 2024 2473:, pp. 170–171. 2453:on 17 February 2024 2364:The Washington Post 2214:on 17 February 2024 2108:on 17 February 2024 2064:The Washington Post 1795:The Washington Post 1711:on 4 September 2007 1578:The Washington Post 1485:on 2 September 2007 1388:on 22 December 2008 1315:, pp. 123–124. 423:French intervention 394:Réalités Gabonaises 155:, French President 138:Jean-Hilaire Aubame 58:17–19 February 1964 4497:Upper Volta (1982) 4441:Upper Volta (1980) 4339:Uganda (June 1977) 4227:Upper Volta (1974) 4041:Upper Volta (1966) 3466:Telecommunications 2869:New York, New York 2732:The New York Times 2605:The New York Times 2559:The New York Times 2516:The New York Times 2446:The New York Times 2327:The New York Times 2291:The New York Times 2254:The New York Times 2207:The New York Times 2128:, pp. 112–113 2101:The New York Times 1867:The New York Times 1822:The New York Times 1649:The New York Times 1517:The New York Times 1186:The New York Times 1061:The New York Times 955:on 1 December 2007 888:The New York Times 844:The New York Times 749: 547: 324:Charles Darlington 309: 283:The New York Times 240:state of emergency 225:French journalist 185:standard of living 181: 111:Gabonese President 5453:Politics of Gabon 5443:Conflicts in 1964 5425: 5424: 5402:: successful coup 5181:The Gambia (2014) 5118:Mali (April 2012) 5104:Mali (March 2012) 5076:Madagascar (2010) 5058:Madagascar (2009) 5044:Mauritania (2008) 5030:Madagascar (2006) 5016:Mauritania (2005) 4953:Mauritania (2003) 4525:Mauritania (1984) 4476:Seychelles (1981) 4448:Mauritania (1981) 4420:Mauritania (1980) 4381:Mauritania (1979) 4374:Mauritania (1978) 4325:Seychelles (1977) 3865: 3864: 3600: 3599: 3565: 3564: 3484: 3483: 3443: 3442: 3418:Political parties 3406:National Assembly 3386:Foreign relations 3363: 3362: 3289:2019 coup attempt 3271:Kingdom of Orungu 3135:Lincoln, Nebraska 2405:on 9 October 2008 2371:on 4 January 2013 2071:on 4 January 2013 1813:French, Howard W. 1524:on 7 October 2022 851:on 23 August 2020 745: 691:Albert Schweitzer 689:, which was near 454:Paul-Marie Yembit 157:Charles de Gaulle 99: 98: 95: 94: 16:(Redirected from 5485: 5418: 5410: 5403: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 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McKay Co., 2865:African Betrayal 2858: 2831: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2354: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2334:on 19 April 2023 2318: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2281: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2198: 2187: 2181: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2091: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2054: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2013: 2007: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1857: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1825:, archived from 1809: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1752: 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5404: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5283:Tunisia (2021) 5279: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5188:Burundi (2015) 5184: 5177: 5174:Lesotho (2014) 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5132:Eritrea (2013) 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4925:Burundi (2001) 4921: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4844:Burundi (1996) 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4816:Comoros (1995) 4812: 4809:Liberia (1994) 4805: 4802:Lesotho (1994) 4798: 4791: 4784: 4781:Nigeria (1993) 4777: 4770: 4767:Burundi (1993) 4763: 4756: 4753:Algeria (1992) 4749: 4742: 4735: 4732:Lesotho (1991) 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4690:Nigeria (1990) 4686: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4616:Tunisia (1987) 4612: 4605: 4602:Burundi (1987) 4598: 4591: 4584: 4581:Lesotho (1986) 4577: 4574:Liberia (1985) 4570: 4563: 4556: 4553:Nigeria (1985) 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4518:Nigeria (1983) 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4427:Liberia (1980) 4423: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4360:Comoros (1978) 4356: 4353:Somalia (1978) 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4304:Nigeria (1976) 4300: 4297:Burundi (1976) 4293: 4290:Comoros (1976) 4286: 4279: 4276:Nigeria (1975) 4272: 4265: 4258: 4255:Comoros (1975) 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4206:Morocco (1972) 4202: 4195: 4192:Dahomey (1972) 4188: 4181: 4178:Morocco (1971) 4174: 4167: 4164:Lesotho (1970) 4159: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4139:Somalia (1969) 4135: 4128: 4121: 4118:Dahomey (1969) 4114: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4090:Algeria (1967) 4086: 4079: 4072: 4069:Dahomey (1967) 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3999:Burundi (1965) 3995: 3992:Dahomey (1965) 3988: 3985:Algeria (1965) 3981: 3974: 3967: 3964:Dahomey (1963) 3960: 3957:Algeria (1962) 3953: 3950:Senegal (1962) 3946: 3943:Somalia (1961) 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644:(1960–present) 3630: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3435:Prime Minister 3432: 3431: 3430: 3428:Vice President 3420: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3340:National parks 3337: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3278:(World War II) 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3196: 3182: 3161: 3147: 3122: 3071: 3057: 3041: 3027: 3006: 2981: 2963:(1): 141–170, 2948: 2928:Adelphi Papers 2916: 2902: 2881: 2860: 2846: 2833: 2819: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2718: 2703: 2701:, p. 129. 2688: 2678:on 25 May 2011 2653: 2651:, p. 128. 2634: 2622: 2591: 2576: 2545: 2533: 2502: 2475: 2463: 2432: 2415: 2381: 2344: 2308: 2271: 2236: 2234:, p. 130. 2224: 2188: 2169: 2157: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2081: 2046: 2031: 2014: 1997: 1985: 1956:(3): 295–310, 1940: 1923: 1911: 1896: 1884: 1839: 1801: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1723:Scholar search 1678: 1666: 1631: 1627:Gardinier 1994 1619: 1607: 1595: 1585:on 25 May 2011 1561: 1546: 1542:Gardinier 1994 1534: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1497:Scholar search 1463: 1446: 1431: 1410: 1398: 1367: 1346: 1334: 1317: 1305: 1290: 1278: 1266: 1249: 1227: 1215: 1203: 1168: 1156: 1141: 1129: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1078: 1042: 1030: 1018: 1006: 994: 982: 965: 917: 905: 873: 861: 824: 822: 819: 817: 816: 809: 802: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 772: 758: 751: 739: 726: 725: 677: 674: 657:Main article: 654: 653:1964 elections 651: 607: 604: 538: 535: 533: 530: 480:under General 424: 421: 364: 361: 341:Sub-Lieutenant 315:Adelphi Papers 300: 297: 257:Roman Catholic 244:Fulbert Youlou 232:neocolonialism 172: 169: 97: 96: 93: 92: 84: 80: 79: 66: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5490: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:1964 in Gabon 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5417: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339:Gambia (2022) 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5290:Guinea (2021) 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037:Guinea (2008) 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4865:Zambia (1997) 4862: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837:Guinea (1996) 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4795:Gambia (1994) 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4711:Ciskei (1990) 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4697:Zambia (1990) 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4567:Guinea (1985) 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4546:Uganda (1985) 4543: 4540: 4539:Guinea (1984) 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4455:Gambia (1981) 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4346:Angola (1977) 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4234:Uganda (1974) 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220:Rwanda (1973) 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4171:Uganda (1971) 4168: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3929:Rwanda (1961) 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3517:Ethnic groups 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3183:0-86543-521-9 3179: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3148:0-8032-9856-0 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3058:2-213-01324-1 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3028:1-85743-183-9 3024: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959:(in French), 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2903:0-8108-1435-8 2899: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2847:2-907768-06-9 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820:2-86537-636-2 2816: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2795:, p. 117 2794: 2789: 2783:, p. 288 2782: 2777: 2771:, p. 283 2770: 2765: 2759:, p. 114 2758: 2753: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2716:, p. 113 2715: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2699:Matthews 1966 2695: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2650: 2649:Matthews 1966 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2632:, p. 127 2631: 2630:Matthews 1966 2626: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2430:, p. 158 2429: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2232:Matthews 1966 2228: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2186:, p. 298 2185: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2167:, p. 139 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2140:, p. 100 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2044:, p. 135 2043: 2038: 2036: 2029:, p. 117 2028: 2027:Matthews 1966 2023: 2021: 2019: 2012:, p. 133 2011: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1995:, p. 116 1994: 1993:Matthews 1966 1989: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1938:, p. 125 1937: 1936:Matthews 1966 1932: 1930: 1928: 1921:, p. 126 1920: 1915: 1909:, p. 112 1908: 1903: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1798:, p. A34 1797: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1779:, p. 110 1778: 1773: 1767:, p. 124 1766: 1765:Matthews 1966 1761: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1676:, p. 134 1675: 1670: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1629:, p. 59. 1628: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1605:, p. 335 1604: 1599: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1543: 1538: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1461:, p. 130 1460: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1444:, p. 140 1443: 1438: 1436: 1429:, p. 115 1428: 1427:Matthews 1966 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1408:, p. 132 1407: 1402: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1365:, p. 131 1364: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1264:, p. 296 1263: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1166:, p. 293 1165: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1149:Bernault 1996 1145: 1139:, p. 162 1138: 1133: 1127:, p. 123 1126: 1125:Matthews 1966 1121: 1119: 1111: 1106: 1100:, p. 44. 1099: 1094: 1087: 1082: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1003: 998: 992:, p. 284 991: 986: 980:, p. 297 979: 974: 972: 970: 954: 950: 949: 944: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 922: 915:, p. 118 914: 913:Matthews 1966 909: 894: 890: 889: 884: 877: 871:, p. 434 870: 865: 850: 846: 845: 840: 834: 832: 830: 825: 813: 810: 806: 803: 799: 796: 795: 780: 776: 761: 724: 720: 718: 717: 712: 706: 704: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 673: 670: 665: 660: 650: 645: 640: 637: 634: 628: 626: 621: 620: 613: 603: 600: 596: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:Côte d'Ivoire 556: 552: 543: 529: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 500: 494: 492: 488: 483: 479: 475: 470: 467: 463: 459: 455: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 420: 418: 414: 409: 405: 403: 402:Paul Gondjout 399: 398:Philippe Mory 395: 389: 385: 383: 382:Joseph N'Goua 379: 374: 373:Louis Bigmann 370: 360: 358: 354: 348: 344: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 317: 316: 307:Bongo in 2004 305: 296: 293: 287: 285: 284: 278: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 252: 247: 245: 241: 235: 233: 228: 223: 219: 215: 211: 209: 208: 203: 199: 194: 190: 186: 177: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116:. Before the 115: 112: 108: 104: 90: 85: 82: 81: 77: 65: 62: 61: 57: 54: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5415: 5414:no sign for 5360:Gabon (2023) 5353:Niger (2023) 5346:Sudan (2023) 5269:Niger (2021) 5230:Sudan (2019) 5223:Gabon (2019) 5209:Libya (2016) 5167:Libya (2014) 5146:Egypt (2013) 5125:Sudan (2012) 5090:Niger (2011) 5083:Niger (2010) 5051:Sudan (2008) 4988:Sudan (2004) 4893:Niger (1999) 4851:Niger (1996) 4774:Libya (1993) 4739:Sudan (1992) 4718:Venda (1990) 4683:Sudan (1990) 4665:Sudan (1989) 4630:Benin (1988) 4560:Sudan (1985) 4490:Kenya (1982) 4469:Ghana (1981) 4388:Ghana (1979) 4367:Ghana (1978) 4332:Sudan (1977) 4318:Benin (1977) 4311:Sudan (1976) 4269:Libya (1975) 4262:Sudan (1975) 4241:Niger (1974) 4199:Ghana (1972) 4185:Sudan (1971) 4125:Sudan (1969) 4076:Ghana (1967) 4034:Ghana (1966) 3978:Gabon (1964) 3977: 3899:Coups d'état 3507:Demographics 3283: 3261:French Congo 3167: 3128: 3081: 3075: 3048: 3045:Péan, Pierre 3012: 2987: 2960: 2956: 2923: 2887: 2864: 2837: 2810: 2802:Bibliography 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2743:28 September 2741:, retrieved 2737:the original 2730: 2721: 2682:18 September 2680:, retrieved 2676:the original 2665: 2656: 2625: 2614:, retrieved 2610:the original 2603: 2594: 2589:, p. 96 2587:Biteghe 1990 2570:23 September 2568:, retrieved 2564:the original 2557: 2548: 2543:, p. 94 2541:Biteghe 1990 2536: 2527:18 September 2525:, retrieved 2521:the original 2514: 2505: 2494:, retrieved 2487: 2478: 2466: 2455:, retrieved 2451:the original 2444: 2435: 2407:, retrieved 2403:the original 2396: 2373:, retrieved 2369:the original 2362: 2336:, retrieved 2332:the original 2325: 2300:, retrieved 2296:the original 2289: 2263:, retrieved 2259:the original 2252: 2227: 2216:, retrieved 2212:the original 2205: 2160: 2155:, p. 92 2153:Biteghe 1990 2138:Biteghe 1990 2133: 2121: 2110:, retrieved 2106:the original 2099: 2073:, retrieved 2069:the original 2062: 1988: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1914: 1894:, p. 19 1892:Biteghe 1990 1887: 1876:, retrieved 1872:the original 1865: 1831:, retrieved 1827:the original 1820: 1793: 1772: 1760: 1749:, retrieved 1745:Thomson Gale 1740: 1731: 1713:, retrieved 1709:the original 1699: 1669: 1658:, retrieved 1654:the original 1647: 1622: 1617:, p. 63 1615:Biteghe 1990 1610: 1598: 1587:, retrieved 1583:the original 1576: 1559:, p. 62 1557:Biteghe 1990 1544:, p. 58 1537: 1528:17 September 1526:, retrieved 1522:the original 1515: 1505: 1487:, retrieved 1483:the original 1473: 1466: 1401: 1390:, retrieved 1386:the original 1379: 1370: 1337: 1332:, p. 78 1308: 1303:, p. 59 1301:Biteghe 1990 1288:, p. 55 1286:Biteghe 1990 1281: 1276:, p. 54 1274:Biteghe 1990 1269: 1244:France Inter 1242: 1230: 1225:, p. 49 1223:Biteghe 1990 1218: 1213:, p. 52 1211:Biteghe 1990 1206: 1195:, retrieved 1191:the original 1184: 1159: 1144: 1132: 1112:, p. 46 1110:Biteghe 1990 1105: 1098:Biteghe 1990 1093: 1088:, p. 29 1086:Biteghe 1990 1081: 1070:, retrieved 1066:the original 1059: 1040:, p. 35 1038:Biteghe 1990 1033: 1028:, p. 20 1021: 1009: 1002:Biteghe 1990 997: 985: 957:, retrieved 953:the original 946: 908: 899:18 September 897:, retrieved 893:the original 886: 876: 869:Murison 2003 864: 853:, retrieved 849:the original 842: 812: 805: 798: 721: 714: 707: 699: 687:Ogooue River 679: 666: 662: 647: 642: 638: 629: 625:hand grenade 617: 615: 591: 587: 548: 526: 495: 471: 450: 438:French Congo 426: 410: 406: 393: 390: 386: 366: 349: 345: 321: 313: 310: 288: 281: 273: 264: 260: 254: 249: 236: 212: 205: 182: 161:paratroopers 150: 102: 100: 46:Map of Gabon 29: 5276:Mali (2021) 5255:Mali (2020) 5139:Chad (2013) 5023:Chad (2006) 5009:Togo (2005) 4981:Chad (2004) 4725:Mali (1991) 4704:Chad (1990) 4658:Chad (1989) 4588:Togo (1986) 4283:Chad (1975) 4104:Mali (1968) 4083:Togo (1967) 3971:Togo (1963) 3532:LGBT rights 3330:Departments 3088:: 283–320, 2616:8 September 2457:8 September 2375:8 September 2338:7 September 2302:7 September 2265:8 September 2218:8 September 2112:8 September 2075:8 September 1878:8 September 1589:8 September 1344:, p. 8 1235:(in French) 1197:8 September 1072:7 September 959:7 September 855:7 September 669:Peace Corps 595:Port-Gentil 571:Upper Volta 518:machine gun 514:French Army 478:Brazzaville 458:Peace Corps 369:gendarmerie 336:Hubert Maga 227:Pierre Péan 189:West Africa 122:dissolution 5432:Categories 3401:Parliament 3335:Ecoregions 2992:, London: 2793:Yates 1996 2757:Yates 1996 2714:Yates 1996 2496:19 October 2126:Yates 1996 1907:Yates 1996 1777:Yates 1996 1392:11 October 1151:, p. 1137:Keese 2004 821:References 775:Audio help 766:2017-12-13 711:Setté Cama 703:putschists 610:See also: 563:Madagascar 482:René Cogny 462:Moussambou 357:Libreville 146:Libreville 5408:self-coup 3654:Pre-1960s 3640:Years in 3542:Languages 3512:Education 3476:Transport 3423:President 3381:Elections 3350:Provinces 3313:Geography 3118:153880808 3002:246401461 2977:1764-1977 2944:173447370 2781:Reed 1987 2769:Reed 1987 2409:10 August 2184:Reed 1987 1978:154814661 1262:Reed 1987 1164:Reed 1987 1026:Péan 1983 1014:Péan 1983 990:Reed 1987 978:Reed 1987 786:Footnotes 683:Lambaréné 532:Aftermath 520:fire and 417:Lambaréné 214:Léon M'ba 202:manganese 142:Lambaréné 114:Léon M'ba 89:Léon M'ba 3592:Category 3557:Religion 3396:Military 3369:Politics 3355:Wildlife 3251:Timeline 3235:articles 3192:34543635 3157:60590049 3110:77874468 3067:10363948 3047:(1983), 3037:52621809 2922:(1964), 2856:29518659 2829:36142247 1833:6 August 1751:6 August 1715:6 August 1660:6 August 1489:9 August 777: · 695:hospital 633:buckshot 299:Planning 269:chicotte 218:Mirage V 165:commuted 107:Gabonese 63:Location 3576:Outline 3502:Cuisine 3490:Society 3471:Tourism 3449:Economy 3243:History 2912:7462387 2672:Reuters 764: ( 735:minutes 522:mortars 510:strafed 508:planes 442:Dahomey 332:Dahomey 251:needed. 198:uranium 124:of the 3537:Health 3461:Energy 3411:Senate 3345:Places 3325:Cities 3233: 3190: 3180: 3155: 3145: 3116: 3108: 3102:161015 3100: 3065: 3055: 3035: 3025: 3000: 2975: 2942: 2932:Oxford 2910: 2900: 2877:172139 2875: 2854: 2844: 2827: 2817: 1976: 1970:159300 1968: 1747:, 2007 644:share. 599:Ndendé 569:, and 444:, and 413:Ndjolé 295:fair. 222:Jaguar 83:Result 73: 5247:2020s 5068:2010s 4910:2000s 4675:1990s 4412:1980s 4156:1970s 3907:1960s 3857:Years 3669:1980s 3664:1970s 3659:1960s 3642:Gabon 3583:Index 3552:Music 3547:Media 3522:Films 3231:Gabon 3114:S2CID 3098:JSTOR 3084:(2), 1974:S2CID 1966:JSTOR 791:Notes 583:Lagos 567:Niger 474:Dakar 76:Gabon 3844:2024 3839:2023 3834:2022 3829:2021 3824:2020 3819:2019 3814:2018 3809:2017 3804:2016 3799:2015 3794:2014 3789:2013 3784:2012 3779:2011 3774:2010 3769:2009 3764:2008 3759:2007 3754:2006 3749:2005 3744:2004 3739:2003 3734:2002 3729:2001 3724:2000 3719:1999 3714:1998 3709:1997 3704:1996 3699:1995 3694:1994 3689:1993 3684:1992 3679:1991 3674:1990 3527:Flag 3188:OCLC 3178:ISBN 3153:OCLC 3143:ISBN 3106:OCLC 3063:OCLC 3053:ISBN 3033:OCLC 3023:ISBN 2998:OCLC 2973:ISSN 2940:OCLC 2908:OCLC 2898:ISBN 2873:OCLC 2852:OCLC 2842:ISBN 2825:OCLC 2815:ISBN 2745:2008 2684:2008 2618:2008 2572:2008 2529:2008 2498:2008 2459:2008 2411:2008 2398:Time 2377:2008 2340:2008 2304:2008 2267:2008 2220:2008 2114:2008 2077:2008 1880:2008 1835:2008 1753:2008 1717:2008 1662:2008 1591:2008 1530:2008 1491:2008 1394:2008 1381:Time 1199:2008 1074:2008 961:2008 948:Time 901:2008 857:2008 716:Time 619:Time 597:and 555:Chad 476:and 446:Togo 363:Coup 292:US$ 220:and 207:Time 200:and 193:US$ 118:coup 101:The 55:Date 3090:doi 2965:doi 1958:doi 1153:222 693:'s 579:OAU 487:WAT 466:WAT 434:Elf 234:." 5434:: 3186:, 3172:, 3151:, 3141:, 3137:: 3133:, 3112:, 3104:, 3096:, 3082:25 3080:, 3061:, 3031:, 3021:, 2996:, 2971:, 2955:, 2938:, 2934:: 2926:, 2906:, 2867:, 2850:, 2823:, 2729:, 2706:^ 2691:^ 2670:, 2664:, 2637:^ 2602:, 2579:^ 2556:, 2513:, 2486:, 2443:, 2418:^ 2395:, 2384:^ 2361:, 2347:^ 2324:, 2311:^ 2288:, 2274:^ 2251:, 2239:^ 2204:, 2191:^ 2172:^ 2145:^ 2098:, 2084:^ 2061:, 2049:^ 2034:^ 2017:^ 2000:^ 1972:, 1964:, 1952:, 1926:^ 1899:^ 1864:, 1842:^ 1819:, 1804:^ 1784:^ 1743:, 1739:, 1703:, 1681:^ 1646:, 1634:^ 1575:, 1564:^ 1549:^ 1514:, 1477:, 1449:^ 1434:^ 1413:^ 1378:, 1349:^ 1320:^ 1293:^ 1252:^ 1241:, 1183:, 1171:^ 1117:^ 1058:, 1045:^ 968:^ 945:, 920:^ 885:, 841:, 828:^ 733:29 565:, 561:, 557:, 553:, 440:, 3891:e 3884:t 3877:v 3626:e 3619:t 3612:v 3223:e 3216:t 3209:v 3195:. 3160:. 3121:. 3092:: 3070:. 3040:. 3005:. 2980:. 2967:: 2961:2 2947:. 2915:. 2880:. 2859:. 2832:. 1960:: 1954:6 781:) 773:( 768:) 737:) 730:( 20:)

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