1940–1946 in French Indochina

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the Chinese army in June, Giap had crushed the pro-Chinese nationalist groups in northern Vietnam, killing hundreds or thousands of their followers and, despite a cease fire, engaged the French when they attempted to expand their control out of the cities to the countryside. The Việt Minh, said historian Frederik Logevall, "previously had genuine legitimacy in calling themselves a broad-based nationalist front" but were now "synonymous with the Communist movement."

3269:, ostensibly in Indochina to care for French POWs. Ho Chi Minh warned Patti that Sainteny's real objective was to reassert French control over Vietnam. Patti reported to his superiors in China that "Việt Minh strong and belligerent and definitely anti-French. Suggest no more French be permitted to enter French Indo-China and especially not armed." Patti refused to allow the release of 4,500 French soldiers imprisoned in Hanoi by the Japanese. 2706:

number of soldiers in Vietnam and reduced French influence. The Việt Minh also contested the growing Japanese influence. Late in WW II the United States gave limited assistance to the Việt Minh to assist it in its struggle against the Japanese. After World War II, France attempted to regain its colonial domination of Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) which led in 1946 to the outbreak of an

3808:. Moffat reported to Washington that the Việt Minh communists were in control of the Vietnamese government and that a French presence in Vietnam was required to prevent an expansion of Soviet and possible Chinese communist influence. However, Moffat also expressed sympathy with the nationalist aspirations of the Việt Minh and said that France had no viable option other than compromise. 3817:

the intensifying Cold War tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. In the opinion of some authorities, this was a moment in which the U.S. might have averted the First Indochina War (and the later Vietnam War) had the U.S. told France bluntly to observe the 6 March agreement which recognized the Việt Minh as a legitimate government authority.

2808:

Committee emphasized patriotism and nationalism more than communist objectives. The resolution of the Central Committee toned down its previous support for seizing the land of landlords to redistribute it to peasants, instead promoting reductions of rent for land and land seizures only from French colonialists and Vietnamese "traitors."

3727:

The French estimated that Việt Minh fighters in northern Vietnam (mostly Tonkin) numbered 40,000 to 45,000, an increase from an estimated 28,000 at the end of 1945. In southern Vietnam, there were probably only about 5,000 Việt Minh fighters of unquestioned loyalty, although many other nationalistic

3696:

A report by the French authorities in southern Vietnam (Cochinchina) was much more pessimistic than earlier reports. Insurgent groups, earlier reported as destroyed, had reconstituted themselves and the Việt Minh was gaining strength by accepting "semi-complicity" by the population, e.g. cooperating

3452:

French General Leclerc with 35,000 French, British, and Japanese soldiers launched an offensive against the nationalist forces, including the Việt Minh, who controlled much of the countryside of southern Vietnam. By the middle of December, Leclerc had gained control of most towns and cities south of

3434:

arrived in Saigon as head of a regiment of French soldiers. He and General Gracey and a large number of Japanese troops pushed the Việt Minh out of Saigon and captured nearby areas. More than 1,000 Japanese soldiers deserted rather than fight with the British and French and fought on the side of the

3211:

Three U.S. soldiers from the OSS led by Major Allison Thomas parachuted into the Việt Minh's base camp in northern Viet Nam. They were cordially greeted. Thomas said "Việt Minh league is not Communist. Stands for freedom and reforms against French harshness." The objective of the Americans was to

2999:

A famine began in northern Vietnam which would result in about one million people dying—approximately 10 percent of the population of Tonkin and Annam—within a few months. Vietnamese blamed France and Japan for the disaster. The Việt Minh were credited with seizing stocks of rice and distributing it

3816:

The U.S. Department of State in Washington informed its personnel worldwide that the Việt Minh were communists and that the French presence in Vietnam was imperative "as an antidote to Soviet influence future Chinese imperialism. Thus, Vietnam was identified by the United States as a participant in

3709:

in negotiations with France by which a ceasefire in southern Vietnam was to come into effect on 30 October. France, however, did not promise independence for Vietnam. The fact that the ceasefire proved to be effective was a measure of the control the Việt Minh had over nationalist groups in southern

3443:

The British and French governments concluded an agreement in London in which the British recognized France as the "sole legitimate authority" south of the 16th parallel. The United Kingdom agreed to help transport French troops to southern Vietnam to reinforce General Leclerc. In the meantime, the

3190:

U.S. General Wedemeyer in China complained of a "British and French plan to reestablish their pre-war political and economic positions in Southeast Asia" and said they were using American supplies to "invade Indochina...and re-establish French imperialism. In the response from Washington, Wedemeyer

3840:

The Việt Minh launched their first ever large-scale attack against the French. The Việt Minh military leader, Võ Nguyên Giáp, had three divisions of soldiers stationed near Hanoi and used his few pieces of artillery to blast away at the French. French negotiator Jean Sainteny was seriously wounded

3824:

became premier of France. A few days earlier, Blum had stated that "We must reach agreement on the basis of independence ". Blum's assumption of power came too late to decelerate the movement toward outright war between the French and the Việt Minh. France feared that any concessions to the Việt

3718:

Ho Chi Minh arrived in Haiphong after an absence of more than 4 months. He had been negotiating, with little success, for Vietnamese independence with the French government in Paris. In his absence, Việt Minh military leader Võ Nguyên Giáp had prepared for war with the French. With the departure of

3569:

Twenty-one thousand French soldiers boarded ships in Saigon for Tonkin with the goal of reoccupying northern Vietnam, putting pressure on Ho Chi Minh to come to terms in his negotiations with France about the future of Vietnam, and gaining the release of 3,000 French soldiers still held prisoner in

2807:

The Central Committee created the Việt Minh as a broad-based, nationalist organization to struggle for independence from France and Japan. "By founding the Việt Minh, Ho Chi Minh brought together...the dynamism of nationalism and that of international communism. As a temporary measure, the Central

3794:

instructed him to "keep in mind Ho's clear record as agent of international communism." Acheson said that the worst outcome of the French/Việt Minh struggle in Vietnam would be a "Communist-dominated, Moscow-oriented state." The policy struggle in the Department of State about Vietnam between the

3478:

At a meeting in Hanoi the Indochina Communist Party dissolved itself, citing a need to foster national unity in search of independence from France as the reason. Communist domination of the Việt Minh had been criticized by other nationalist groups and Ho Chi Minh had apparently decided that unity

3412:

In a meeting with U.S. Army officers General Gallagher and Major Patti, Ho Chi Minh "expressed the fear that the Allies considered Indochina a conquered country and that the Chinese came as conquerors." Gallager and Patti attempted to reassure him and urged continued negotiations with the French.

3038:

Japan demanded that the French colonial government of Vietnam be placed under its control, including the banks and French and Vietnamese armed forces. When the French did not immediately accede to their demands the Japanese seized the government by force, defeating the French in several battles.

3803:

American diplomat Moffat reported to the Department of State about his visit to Hanoi. Moffat had met with Ho Chi Minh. His brief was to assure Ho of U.S. support of "autonomy" for Vietnam but to warn Ho not to use force to achieve his objective. Ho asked for U.S. assistance and offered a naval

3606:

In the afternoon, Ho Chi Minh and Sainteny concluded a provisional agreement. France recognized the "Republic of Vietnam" as a "free state" within the French Union. The Vietnamese agreed to the stationing of 25,000 French troops for five years in Tonkin to replace the departing Chinese. France

3560:

Despite his apparent success pacifying Cochinchina General Leclerc appealed to France to grant concessions to the Việt Minh. At this time Ho Chi Minh was engaged in negotiations with French representative Sainteny in Hanoi. De Gaulle and d'Argenlieu opposed any concessions toward independence for

3403:

French general Marcel Alessandri, visiting Hanoi, asked help of U.S. General Gallagher in persuading the Chinese military forces to release all French prisoners, rearm the French police and military, and return control of the radio station and public utilities to the French. The Chinese commander

3109:

France issued a declaration, which assumed that France would regain control of Vietnam, announcing the formation of an Indochinese Federation in which France would extend additional rights to Indochinese, but retain control of defense and foreign affairs. Vietnamese nationalists of all political

2959:

was displeased with aid given to intelligence operatives in Vietnam. Hurley "had increasing evidence that the British, French, and Dutch are working...for the attainment of imperialistic policies and he felt we should do nothing to assist them in their endeavors which run counter to U.S. policy."

2918:

A major peasant revolt erupted north of Hanoi in Thai Nguyen and Tuyen Quang provinces. It stemmed out of frustration at agricultural policies that exacerbated an ongoing famine, with the French imposing unfavourable exchange ratios, charging laborers fees to work, and expropriating the crops for

3653:

General Leclerc (who had departed Vietnam) wrote a letter to the French ruling party stating that the war in Vietnam was practically won and that France should not concede much to the Vietnamese negotiators in Paris. Leclerc said "it would be very dangerous for the French representatives at the

2705:

insurgents whose objective was independence from France. The Việt Minh was most prominent in northern Vietnam (Tonkin) with a plethora of other, semi-allied insurgent groups developing in central (Annam) and southern (Cochinchina) Vietnam. During World War II (1939–1945), Japan stationed a large

3313:

The main force of a 150,000 men Chinese army arrived in Hanoi to accept the surrender of Japanese forces and preserve law and order north of the 16th parallel of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh initially cooperated with the Chinese who unceremoniously evicted the French from the Governor-General's Palace.

3304:

In Saigon and southern Vietnam, there was political disorder with competition, often violent, among religious sects and political factions. The Việt Minh organized a large demonstration which resulted in attacks on French residents of the city. A recently arrived team of American OSS personnel

3181:

approved a policy paper stating that the U.S. would not oppose restoration of French sovereignty in Indochina, but would seek to ensure that the French permitted the Indochinese peoples more autonomy. This new policy was a large step away from Roosevelt's previous opposition to the French, but,

3100:

Yielding to pressure from the French and his advisers, President Roosevelt authorized American aid to the French in Indochina. The French would charge that U.S. aid was limited and late. Historians disagree about whether or not Roosevelt's action was a change in his policy of opposing a French

3372:

In Saigon, the Việt Minh declared a general strike and they and other nationalist groups attacked French, British, and Japanese, and European civilians. About 20,000 French citizens lived in Saigon. Over the next several days, 150–300 French and Eurasian civilians and about 200 Vietnamese were

3168:

A policy paper given new U.S. President Truman by the European office of the Department of State advocated a pro-French policy in Indochina. Southeast Asian specialists at the State Department complained later that the policy paper deliberately excluded information about President Roosevelt's

2782:

The rising power of Japan in Vietnam encouraged nationalist groups to revolt from French rule in Bac Son near the Chinese border and in Cochinchina. The American Consul in Saigon reported that "thousands of natives have been killed and more are in prison awaiting execution." He described

2804:(then known as Nguyen Ai Quoc), held its 8th Plenum in the Vietnamese village of Pac Bo in Cao Bằng province, near the border of Vietnam with China. This was the first time that Ho had set foot in Vietnam since 1911 after living in England, France, the United States, the USSR, and China. 2836:

in Vietnam caused the U.S. to freeze Japanese assets, impose an embargo, and terminate the export of petroleum to Japan. For Japan the potential economic consequences of the U.S. actions were dire. The U.S. "now preferred to risk war rather than allow Japan to become more powerful."

3777:

began a naval and aerial bombardment of the city that endured 2 days and destroyed much of the Vietnamese and Chinese quarters of the city. An estimated 6,000 civilians were killed. French Commissioner General d'Argenlieu in Paris informed Valluy that he approved of the bombardment.

3687:

The U.S. vice-consul in Hanoi, James L. O'Sullivan, reported "an imminent danger of an open break between the French and Viet Nam", and said "that, although the French could quickly overrun the country, they could not...pacify it except through a long and bitter military operation."

3055:

in China authorized air support to the French resisting Japanese control of Indochina. However, President Roosevelt in Washington said that he wanted "to discontinue colonialization" in Southeast Asia and did not wish that any military assistance be given to the French in Indochina.

3581:

Việt Minh leader Ho Chi Minh sent a telegram to U.S. President Truman appealing to the U.S. "to interfere urgently in support of our independence." This was one of several letters and telegrams that Ho sent to the United States appealing for support. The U.S. never answered him.

3610:

Ho Chi Minh was severely criticized by other nationalists for the agreement, which offered Vietnam less than independence and that only on a provisional basis. He reportedly said that "I prefer to sniff French shit for five years than eat Chinese shit for the rest of my life."

3248:

broke out. The National Congress of the Việt Minh declared a general uprising to take political power in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was elected to preside over the National Liberation Committee. The call for the general uprising was prompted by the news that Japan would surrender.

2773:

agreed to allow Japan to station soldiers in Tonkin after clashes between French and Japanese soldiers. During World War II Japan would station a large number of soldiers and sailors in Vietnam although the French administrative structure was allowed to continue to function.

3199:

The U.S. Secretary of State sent a report to President Truman stating that "the United States recognizes French sovereignty over Indochina." Thus, the U.S. had reversed Roosevelt's opposition to supporting the French in their efforts to regain control of Indochina.

3277:

Ho Chi Minh entered the city of Hanoi. The Việt Minh military force that had taken control of Hanoi consisted of about 200 men. The Việt Minh army numbered about 1,200 trained men and hundreds of thousands of militia, men and women, most of them without firearms.

2811:

The Central Committee also concluded that the independence of Vietnam would be won only by armed rebellion which linked urban nationalism with rural rebellion. Armed forces were to be created in all areas of the country in which the Communist Party was active.

2878:

of Vietnam to organize guerrilla bands among the highland peoples to oppose the Japanese forces. The plan was approved, but never implemented. The United States, however, established a network of Vietnamese and French colonials for intelligence and espionage.

2729:

and other communist leaders in 1941; (2) The Japanese takeover of the government of Vietnam from France in March 1945; (3) The partition of Indochina into two occupation zones to be pacified by the British in the south and China in the north as decided at the

3623:

in Cochinchina announced the creation of a National United Front to unite nationalist groups to fight the French and gain independence. In June, Nguyen would join the Communist party but would retain some independence from the Việt Minh in northern Vietnam.

3504:

U.S. General Gallagher departed Hanoi and shut down the U.S. advisory mission in northern Vietnam. The U.S. was blamed by the French for colluding with the Việt Minh and by the Việt Minh for facilitating the resumption of French control over Indochina

3487:

Ho Chi Minh began negotiations in Hanoi with French Commissioner for Tonkin, Jean Sainteny. Ho's concern was that the 150,000 Chinese troops in northern Vietnam would not go home and that they were aiding the Việt Minh's rival nationalist groups, the

3092:, China. Three days later the OSS agreed to provide radio equipment, arms, and ammunition to the Việt Minh. Ho agreed to gather intelligence, rescue downed American pilots, and sabotage Japanese installations. Fenn was favorably impressed with Ho. 3644:

French High Commissioner for Indochina Thierry d'Argenlieu in Saigon said that the 6 March agreement between the Việt Minh and the French did not apply to Cochinchina and announced the formation of the Republic of Cochin China for southern Vietnam.

3760:

The French commander in Tonkin was ordered "to teach a hard lesson to those who have so treacherously attacked us. By every possible means you must take complete control of Haiphong and force the Vietnamese government and army into submission."

2892:

President Roosevelt of the United States wrote that "Indo-China should not go back to France...France has had the country...one hundred years, and the people are worse off than they were at the beginning." Roosevelt envisioned a post-World War II

3539:

In an election for the National Assembly in northern Vietnam, the Việt Minh and allied nationalist groups won 300 of 350 seats. Most observers believed the elections were fair, although there were a few charges that voters had been intimidated.

3469:

arrived in Saigon as High Commissioner for Indochina. Described by one wag as having "the most brilliant mind of the twelfth century", D'Argenliu shared De Gaulle's belief that the French empire, including Indochina, should be retained intact.

3322:

To combat disorder and establish Vietnamese rule in southern Vietnam, nationalists set up a Committee of the South in Saigon. The committee was composed of 13 persons, including 4 members of the communist party, and headed by a nationalist.

3444:

agreement specified "close and friendly cooperation between the French and British commanders." The ships used to transport French soldiers included eight U.S. flag vessels, the first significant American aid to the French in Vietnam.

3134:

authorized General Wedemeyer in China to support French forces in Vietnam "providing they represent only a negligible diversion" from U.S. priorities. Wedemeyer was hard pressed for resources and dropped mostly medicine to the French.

3530:

as vice president. Elections were to follow to elect a national assembly with some seats guaranteed to two nationalist organizations. Earlier, Ho had abolished the communist party of Vietnam to emphasize his nationalist credentials.

3335:, entered Saigon to accept the surrender of Japanese troops south of the 16th parallel of Vietnam. Gracey refused to meet with Vietnamese leaders and said that "Civil and military control by the French is only a matter of weeks." 62:, a powerful police force. At that time, the U.S. had little interest in Vietnam or French Indochina as a whole. Fewer than 100 Americans, mostly missionaries, lived in Vietnam and U.S. government representation consisted of one 3343:

General Philip E. Gallagher, commander of the U.S. military mission in Hanoi, reported that Ho Chi Minh was a "product of Moscow" but that "his party represented the real aspirations of the Vietnamese people for independence.

3880:

wrote that the French lacked the military strength to gain control of Vietnam, lacked public support in France for the war, and had a weak and divided government. He predicted that guerrilla war would continue indefinitely.

3039:

The reason for the Japanese action was a fear that the United States would invade Vietnam. Japan was fortifying its defenses and eliminating the remaining French influence in the country. Japan persuaded the former emperor

3159:

said that former President Roosevelt's prohibition on a definite U.S. policy regarding Indochina was a "serious embarrassment to the military." Lovett's statement initiated a debate among Washington government agencies.

2909:

with arms and other material and warned of an immediate need "to re-establish authority." The Việt Minh at this time controlled much of the border areas on northern Vietnam in Cao Bằng, Bắc Kạn, and Lạng Sơn provinces.

2968:

The Việt Minh claimed to have 500,000 members of whom 200,000 were in Tonkin, 150,000 in Annam, and 100,000 in Cochinchina. The Việt Minh military and political structure was strongest and best organized in Tonkin."

2990:

United States Airforce planes shot down three British bombers over Indochina, mistaking them for Japanese planes. The British were conducting clandestine operations in Indochina without informing the United States.

3831:

French leader Charles de Gaulle met with French High Commissioner for Indochina Thierry d'Argenlieu in France and expressed support for the Commissioner's uncompromising stance against independence for Vietnam.

3421:

U.S. General Gallagher in Hanoi reported a "noticeable change in the attitude of the Annamites here...since that became aware of the fact that we were not going to interfere and would probably help the French.

3795:

Europeanists, represented by Acheson, and the Asian hands had been won by the Europeanists whose priority was maintaining a friendly French government in power in France to further American aims in Europe.

3674:

had about 12,000 fighters under his command, but one of his brigades had only 1,500 rifles for 4,000 men. Nevertheless, Nguyen was able to turn back a French offensive aiming to capture the coastal city of

3602:

in Tonkin. Their landing was prevented by Chinese soldiers occupying the harbor who exchanged fire with the French ships. The Chinese pressured both the French and the Vietnamese to sign an agreement.

3453:

the 16th parallel. The Việt Minh and others began a guerrilla campaign against the French. A journalist said, "What was needed was not 35,000 men...but 100,000 and Cochinchina was not the only problem."

94: 3236:

of victorious allies decided that the British would accept the surrender of Japanese troops in Indochina south of the 16th parallel and China would accept their surrender north of the 16th parallel.

562: 3122:. Chennault thanked Ho for rescuing downed American pilots. Ho requested and received an autographed photograph of Chennault which he used to demonstrate the support he had from the United States. 3265:

American intelligence officer Major Archimedes L. Patti arrived in Hanoi to secure the release of American POWs held by the Japanese in Indochina. Accompanying Patti was a French team headed by

3364:

The French Flag once again flew over the major government buildings of Saigon. Historian Frederick Logevall has suggested this as the start date for the Việt Minh war against the French.

3314:

American advisers accompanied the Chinese but were ordered "not to become involved...in French-Chinese relations or in any way become associated with either side in possible conflicts."

3203:

During this month, the Japanese also launched a series of raids against the Viet Minh, with the 21st Division striking bases in Tonkin while the military police arrested 300 suspects.

3290: 1731: 3224:

strike occurred at Tam Dao internment camp, in which 500 soldiers killed fifty Japanese guards and officials, freeing French civilians who were escorted to the Chinese border.

87: 129: 595: 3389:, was killed, apparently by mistake, by Việt Minh soldiers in Saigon – the first American to die in Vietnam. Dewey was in Saigon to arrange for the repatriation of American 164: 3548:

French General Leclerc declared that, as a result of his military campaigns against nationalist groups, "the pacification of Cochinchina is entirely achieved." Author

80: 2429: 149: 4926: 3400:

Dewey's appraisal of the situation was that "Cochinchina is burning, the French and the British are finished here, and we ought to clear out of Southeast Asia."

3301:

and appealed to the victorious allies of World War II "to oppose the wicked schemes of the French imperialists, and...to recognize our freedom and independence."

3024:

in Chongqing said that "any help or aid given by us shall be in such a way that it cannot possibly be construed as furthering the political aims of the French."

4936: 3654:

negotiations to let themselves be fooled by the deceptive language (democracy, resistance, the new France) that Ho Chi Minh and his team utilize to perfection."

2824:

Japan demanded and received approval from the Vichy French government to establish military bases in southern Vietnam in addition to bases in northern Vietnam.

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Illustrating the paucity of military capability among the Việt Minh and other nationalist groups resisting the French, a commander named Nguyen Son in the

3393:

captured by the Japanese. Dewey had complained about abuses of power by British and French soldiers in Saigon and had been prohibited by British commander

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criticized the United States and its allies for not helping the French in Indochina. De Gaulle affirmed that France would regain control of Indochina.

278: 1883: 1816: 588: 186: 4931: 1210: 316: 3844:

This date and the Việt Minh attack—actually a counter-attack—is often considered by pro-French historians the beginning of the First Indochina War.

58:. In 1940, the French controlled 23 million Vietnamese, Laotians, Cambodians with 12,000 French soldiers, about 40,000 Vietnamese soldiers, and the 3590:

The British completed their withdrawal from Vietnam south of the 16th parallel, leaving French forces in control of the government of Cochinchina.

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when a land mine blew up his car. It would take the French two months to expel the Việt Minh from Hanoi as combat spread to all parts of Vietnam.

1145: 3182:

except for Asian experts in the State Department, there was little support in the U.S. government for continuing to follow Roosevelt's policy.

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France completed an agreement with the Chinese government for the withdrawal of Chinese soldiers from Vietnam north of the 16th parallel.

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The Việt Minh organized a very large demonstration in Hanoi and took charge of the government in the city and much of northern Vietnam.

2035: 1963: 1455: 1305: 905: 3110:

persuasions condemned the declaration, especially the continued division of Vietnam into three parts: Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina.

3012:

said he was "in favor of anything that is against the Japanese in Indochina provided that we do not align ourselves with the French."

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The Việt Minh army numbered about 60,000 of whom 40,000 had rifles. Another 40,000 were in militia and para-military organizations.

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later commented that Leclerc gained control of Cochinchina but only "to the extent of 100 yards on either side of all major roads."

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Việt Minh. By early November, the British and Japanese fighting the Việt Minh had suffered 19 and 54 soldiers killed respectively.

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Minh would inspire rebellion in France's African colonies plus the takeover by the Việt Minh of all French assets in Indochina.

3828:

French and Việt Minh forces clashed in Hanoi with casualties on both sides as the French advanced to take control of the city.

1876: 693: 4378:

Springhall, John (Jan 2005), "'Kicking out the Vietnminh': How Britain Allowed France to Reoccupy South Indochina, 1945–46,

3496:. Ho had decided to seek cooperation with the French even though that might delay Vietnam attaining independence from France. 2981:

Ho Chi Minh (third from left standing) and Võ Nguyên Giáp (fifth from left standing) with American members of the OSS in 1945.

2742:, usually dated in December 1946, although preceded by many clashes, as France attempted to regain full control of Indochina. 412: 2187: 2030: 1845: 1353: 1266: 1232: 1203: 638: 309: 144: 3864:

voted in favor of a message supporting French troops in Vietnam. The communists were attempting to maintain a place in the

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against France by the Việt Minh. The U.S., which initially favored Vietnamese independence, came to support France due to

3526:

After negotiations with other nationalist groups, a new government in Hanoi was set up with Ho Chi Minh as president and

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Hanyok, Robert (1995). "Guerillas in the Mist: COMINT and the Formation and Evolution of the Viet Minh 1941-45" (p.107).

4262:

Hanyok, Robert (1995). "Guerillas in the Mist: COMINT and the Formation and Evolution of the Viet Minh 1941-45" (p.107).

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The Việt Minh in Hanoi demanded that the three regions of Vietnam—Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina—be united into one.

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The anti-communist leader of the French-backed government of Cochinchina, Dr. Nguyen Van Thinh, committed suicide.

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The United States declared war on Japan after the Japanese launched invasions throughout Southeast Asia and bombed

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in August and September 1945 in which Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France; (5) The beginning of the

3212:

organize a guerrilla group to attack a Japanese railroad. Ho Chi Minh introduced himself to them as Mr. Hoo.

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Ho Chi Minh broadcast by radio a nationwide appeal to Vietnamese to rise up in resistance to French rule.

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The most important events occurring in the 1940–1946 period were: (1) The creation of the Việt Minh by

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insurgent groups existed. The French had 75,000 soldiers in Vietnam, more than one-half in the north.

3513:

The French estimated that the Việt Minh army in northern Vietnam, mostly Tonkin, numbered 28,000 men.

2508: 2223: 124: 4187:(2007, Eds. Mark Atwood Lawrence and Fredrik Logevall, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 56–73 3868:

and in mainstream politics of France and had little interest in supporting the Việt Minh in Vietnam.

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to declare Vietnam independent of France and set up a puppet government headed by Trần Trọng Kim.

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and which influenced the eventual decision for military intervention by the United States in the

3752:

Fighting broke out in Haiphong between the French and the Việt Minh. A cease fire was arranged.

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Logevall, p. 93; Marr, David G. (2007), "Creating Defense Capacity in Vietnam, 1945–1947", in

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from flying a U.S. flag on his vehicle. The Việt Minh apparently thought that he was French.

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agreed to allow an election to decide whether the three regions of Vietnam would be united.

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See "Tonnesson, Stein, "Franklin Roosevelt, Trusteeship, and Indochina: A Reassessment" in

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politics and American fears that an independent Vietnam would be dominated by communists.

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Until 1949, the French divided Vietnam into three parts: Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin China.

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and released and armed more than 1,000 French soldiers held prisoner by the Japanese.

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Valley of Death: The Tragedy at Dien Bien Phu that Led America into the Vietnam War

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was informed that the U.S. now "welcomes French participation in the Pacific War."

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In the morning, the French armada of 35 ships and 21,000 men attempted to land at

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Ho Chi Minh left Vietnam for negotiations concerning Vietnamese independence in

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describes in more detail the struggle for independence from France led by the

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Japan - who already appropriated rice-growing land for industrial crops like

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Japan signed the instrument of surrender in Tokyo Bay ending World War II.

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Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam

3676: 3297:, and the formation of his government. In his speech Ho referred to the 294: 102: 2707: 1926: 1916: 220: 2407: 34:. French Indochina in the 1940s was divided into four protectorates ( 3790:

prepared to meet with Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, Under Secretary of State

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British forces of the Indian Army numbering 20,000, led by General

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Tonnesson, Stein (1985), "The Longest Wars: Indochina 1945–1975",

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https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/?dod-date=228

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http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html

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General Gracey, commander of British forces in Saigon, declared

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Logevall, pp. 157–158; Spector, p. 81; Tonnesson (1985), p. 13

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until artillery and tanks dispersed them into the jungles.

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was more important for the moment than communist ideology.

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met with American Captain Charles Fenn who worked for the

4407:"The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict", The History Place, 2701:

The years 1940 to 1946 saw the rise of the communist-led

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openly with the French and secretly with the Việt Minh.

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monk and supporter of French leader Charles de Gaulle,

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enlisted Japanese soldiers to protect French citizens.

3972:, Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, p. 18 2960:

Hurley was reflecting President Roosevelt's position.

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Lee, Clark (1947). "French Colonials Are Sad Sacks".

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http://www.historynet.com/ho-chi-minh-and-the-oss.htm

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Vietnam even though its power base was in the north.

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The last Chinese soldiers departed northern Vietnam.

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News that Japanese warships and troopships were near

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would become the primary leader of the armed forces.

54:). The latter three territorial divisions made up 2866:U.S. Navy Commodore Milton E. Miles, stationed in 2905:The French Sûreté discovered a Việt Minh base in 4918: 4766:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p 89 4927:Military history of Vietnam during World War II 3943:, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 10. Downloaded from JSTOR. 3118:Ho Chi Minh met with U.S. General Chennault in 4937:Military history of France during World War II 4911:, New York: William Morrow and Company, p. 480 4450:, p. B-38; Logevall, p 115; Springhall, p. 123 3994:, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, p. 721-73 3970:Advice and Support: The Early Years, 1941–1960 4479:. Duell, Sloane and Pearce. pp. 200–211. 2423: 2285: 1891: 1877: 1725: 1204: 589: 310: 88: 4909:War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History 2749:and subsequent articles. The article titled 603: 4459: 4099:, "Vietnam and the U.S., 1940–1950", p. B-4 4398:, "Vietnam and the U.S., 1940–50", p. B-37 4382:, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 119. Downloaded from 3385:, a relative of U.S. presidential nominee 2430: 2416: 2382:Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts 2292: 2278: 1884: 1870: 1732: 1718: 1211: 1197: 596: 582: 317: 303: 95: 81: 4850:Logevall, p. 160; Tonnesson (1985), p. 16 3404:agreed only to release French prisoners. 3143:U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt died. 324: 4932:South-East Asian theatre of World War II 4280:"Ho Chi Minh and the OSS", History Net, 3034:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 2976: 2716: 1836:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) 1777:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) 284:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 4039:Spector, p. 22, Tonnesson (1985), p. 11 3169:opposition to the French in Indochina. 2437: 228:Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon 4919: 4048: 3992:The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam 3000:to the poor to ameliorate the famine. 2955:in Chongqing reported that Ambassador 694:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse 4885: 4883: 4783: 4781: 4713: 4711: 4658: 4656: 4592: 4590: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4464:. 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He was warmly received in France. 3494:Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam 2874:(OSS) agents be parachuted into the 197:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4474: 3876:U.S. State Department Asian expert 22:focuses on events that happened in 16:Historical period in southeast Asia 13: 4880: 4778: 4708: 4653: 4587: 4492: 4217: 4120: 3930:, New York: Random House, p.32, 72 2299: 14: 4973: 3959: 3705:In Paris, Ho Chi Minh achieved a 3291:declared independence from France 3179:United States Department of State 3155:U.S. Under Secretary of the Army 2923:. 6,000-7,000 peasants, aided by 4952:Vietnamese independence movement 3432:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 3299:U.S. Declaration of Independence 2392:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam 1817:German Pacific possesions (1914) 267:Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan 4962:United States history timelines 4901: 4892: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4769: 4764:Vietnam 1946: How the War Began 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4668: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4578: 4569: 4557: 4548: 4536: 4527: 4515: 4506: 4483: 4468: 4453: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4401: 4389: 4380:Journal of Contemporary History 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4177: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4111: 4102: 4090: 4081: 4042: 4033: 4024: 3956:, New York: Pharos Books, p. 14 3132:United States Department of War 1792:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) 1218: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3984: 3975: 3946: 3933: 3920: 3295:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 3101:return to power in Indochina. 2745:This timeline is continued in 1: 4545:pp. B-39-40; Logevall, p. 119 3914: 2870:, China proposed that twenty 2796:The Central Committee of the 2082:Mediterranean and Middle East 20:1940—1946 in French Indochina 4753:Tonnesson (1985), p. 13 3899:1947–1950 in the Vietnam War 3769:In what became known as the 3490:Vietnamese Nationalist Party 3086:Office of Strategic Services 2872:Office of Strategic Services 2063:Manchuria and Northern Korea 1665:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 3990:Duiker, William J. (1996), 3968:Spector, Ronald H. (1983), 3892: 3008:President Roosevelt at the 1463:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 1420:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 10: 4978: 4907:Asprey, Robert B. (1994), 4726:Logevall, pp. 149–150 4235:Tonnessson (2007), p.68-69 3926:Logevall, Fredrik (2012), 3031: 2798:Communist Party of Vietnam 2747:1947–50 in the Vietnam War 2734:in July 1945; and (4) The 1741:Military campaigns of the 1612:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 1134:Burma campaign (1944–1945) 1049:Burma campaign (1942–1943) 983:Japanese invasion of Burma 4947:1940s in French Indochina 4762:Tonnesson, Stein (2009), 3941:Journal of Peace Research 3862:Communist Party of France 2449: 2309: 1902: 1782:Liaodong Peninsula (1895) 1752: 1228: 615: 551:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 335: 160:1940 Cochinchina uprising 117: 3952:Bowman, John S. 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Wedemeyer 2751:First Indochina War 2740:First Indochina War 2589:Upper Laos campaign 2441:First Indochina War 2346:Cambodian Civil War 1822:Siberia (1918–1922) 906:Andaman and Nicobar 279:1945 Ba Tơ uprising 262:Liberation of Paris 4174:Spector, pp. 33–34 4165:Logevall, pp 82–84 4147:Spector, pp. 31–32 4030:Spector, pp. 26–27 4021:Logevall, pp 41–42 3234:Potsdam Conference 3147:became president. 2983: 2732:Potsdam Conference 2723: 2367:Cambodian Conflict 2195:French West Africa 2036:South West Pacific 1944:Denmark and Norway 1658:Japanese surrender 1624:Naval bombardments 1554:Fire balloon bombs 1277:Volcano and Ryukyu 1272:Marianas and Palau 928:Easter Sunday Raid 175:Battle of Ko Chang 50:) and one colony ( 4823:Spector, p. 83-84 4329:Spector, p. 57-59 4302:Duiker, p. 92, 96 4003:Duiker, pp. 73–75 3771:Haiphong Massacre 3672:Central Highlands 3619:Insurgent leader 3246:August Revolution 3066:Charles de Gaulle 3053:Robert B. McClure 2957:Patrick J. Hurley 2907:Cao Bằng Province 2876:Central Highlands 2736:August Revolution 2698: 2697: 2405: 2404: 2341:Laotian Civil War 2267: 2266: 2188:Strategic bombing 2104:Mediterranean Sea 1859: 1858: 1787:China (1899–1901) 1707: 1706: 1549:Lookout Air Raids 1456:Southwest Pacific 1186: 1185: 1010:Yunnan-Burma Road 758:Dutch East Indies 649:August Revolution 571: 570: 563:Wallis and Futuna 292: 291: 257:Battle of Vercors 247:Battle of Glières 235:Battle of Réunion 26:during and after 4969: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4868:Logevall, p. 165 4866: 4860: 4859:Logevall, p. 162 4857: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4805:Logevall, p. 157 4803: 4797: 4796:Logevall, p. 154 4794: 4788: 4785: 4776: 4775:Logevall, p. 151 4773: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4696:Logevall, p. 153 4694: 4688: 4687:Logevall, p. 133 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4632:Logevall, p. 131 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4575:Logevall, p. 128 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4490: 4489:Logevall, p. 117 4487: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4438:Logevall, p. 115 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4420:Logevall, p. 113 4418: 4412: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4320:Logevall, p. 100 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3788:Abbot Low Moffat 3391:prisoners of war 3157:Robert A. 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Dewey 3145:Harry S. Truman 3036: 2975: 2897:for Indochina. 2885: 2859: 2789: 2763: 2699: 2694: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2406: 2401: 2377:Sino-Vietnamese 2305: 2300: 2298: 2268: 2263: 2150:Other campaigns 2144:Southern France 2053:Burma and India 2048:South-East Asia 2043:Franco-Thai War 1898: 1892: 1890: 1860: 1855: 1841:China (1937–45) 1812:Tsingtao (1914) 1799: 1748: 1744:Empire of Japan 1743: 1740: 1738: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1607:Mariana Islands 1480:Solomon Islands 1449:Burma (1944–45) 1439:Burma (1942–43) 1434:Burma (1941–42) 1427:Burma and India 1359:Franco-Thai War 1306:Andaman Islands 1233:Central Pacific 1224: 1219: 1217: 1187: 1182: 972: 953:11 January 1944 869: 790:Makassar Strait 754: 673: 653: 627:Franco-Thai War 611: 606: 604: 602: 572: 567: 331: 325: 323: 293: 288: 215:Operation Torch 165:Đô Lương mutiny 155:Franco-Thai War 140:Battle of Gabon 135:Battle of Dakar 113: 103: 101: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4975: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4914: 4913: 4900: 4891: 4889:Spector, p. 83 4879: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4787:Spector, p. 81 4777: 4768: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4717:Spector, p. 79 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4667: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4614:Duiker, p. 122 4607: 4598: 4586: 4584:Spector, pp 72 4577: 4568: 4556: 4547: 4535: 4526: 4514: 4505: 4503:Spector, p. 64 4491: 4482: 4467: 4452: 4440: 4431: 4429:Spector, p. 61 4422: 4413: 4400: 4388: 4371: 4362: 4360:Spector, p. 66 4353: 4344: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4253:Spector, p. 45 4246: 4244:Spector, p. 49 4237: 4228: 4226:Spector, p. 44 4216: 4214:Spector, p. 34 4207: 4198: 4189: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4129:Spector, p. 30 4119: 4110: 4108:Spector, p. 47 4101: 4089: 4087:Spector, p. 28 4080: 4071:|journal= 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3983: 3974: 3958: 3945: 3932: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3874: 3873: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3837: 3814: 3813: 3801: 3800: 3784: 3783: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3703: 3702: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3630: 3629: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3595: 3588: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3557: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3395:Douglas Gracey 3383:A. Peter Dewey 3379: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3361: 3350: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3333:Douglas Gracey 3329: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3254: 3242: 3241: 3230: 3229: 3209: 3208: 3197: 3196: 3188: 3187: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3153: 3152: 3141: 3140: 3128: 3127: 3120:Kunming, China 3116: 3115: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3078: 3077: 3064:French Leader 3062: 3061: 3049: 3048: 3030: 3029: 3018: 3017: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2987: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2949: 2948: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2843: 2842: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2821: 2814:Võ Nguyên Giáp 2794: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2685:Mang Yang Pass 2682: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2659: 2654: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302:Indochina Wars 2297: 2296: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2219:Baltic Nations 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767:Ganghwa (1875) 1764: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1676: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1634:South Sakhalin 1631: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1389:Malacca Strait 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1347:Southeast Asia 1343: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1257:Doolittle Raid 1254: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1173:Elephant Point 1170: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1007: 1002: 997: 995:Sittang Bridge 992: 986: 985: 979: 978: 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 914: 913: 903: 898: 887: 882: 876: 875: 868: 867: 866: 865: 860: 855: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 761: 760: 753: 752: 747: 742: 741: 740: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 709: 708: 696: 691: 686: 680: 679: 672: 671: 666: 660: 659: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 635: 634: 623: 622: 616: 613: 612: 601: 600: 593: 586: 578: 569: 568: 566: 565: 559: 558: 554: 553: 547: 546: 542: 541: 536: 529: 523: 522: 518: 517: 512: 507: 500: 495: 494: 493: 483: 482: 481: 476: 464: 459: 454: 449: 448: 447: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 403: 397: 396: 392: 391: 386: 379: 374: 369: 364: 357: 352: 347: 341: 340: 336: 333: 332: 322: 321: 314: 307: 299: 290: 289: 287: 286: 281: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 238: 237: 232: 231: 230: 218: 211: 200: 199: 194: 189: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 118: 115: 114: 100: 99: 92: 85: 77: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4974: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4910: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4782: 4772: 4765: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4311:Duiker, p. 98 4308: 4299: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4156:Logevall p 73 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4124: 4114: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4084: 4076: 4063: 4052: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707:modus vivendi 3700: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3267:Jean Sainteny 3260: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082:Phạm Văn Đồng 3075: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3051:U.S. General 3046: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3020:U.S. General 3015: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2951:U.S. General 2946: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2800:, chaired by 2799: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2691: 2690:Chu Dreh Pass 2688: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2663:Điện Biên Phủ 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2443: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2127:Syria–Lebanon 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031:Pacific Ocean 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000:Eastern Front 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1949:Western Front 1947: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1893:Campaigns of 1887: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805:Taishō period 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772:Ryukyu (1879) 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:Taiwan (1874) 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1746: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1639:Kuril Islands 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522:North America 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515:Borneo (1945) 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335:Bay of Bengal 1333: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161:Tanlwe Chaung 1159: 1157: 1156:Ramree Island 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1080:Chindits (II) 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 984: 981: 980: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 912: 909: 908: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 896: 892: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 874: 871: 870: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 818: 813: 811: 808: 806: 805:Badung Strait 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 759: 756: 755: 751: 750:2nd Singapore 748: 746: 743: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 707: 706: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 689:1st Singapore 687: 685: 682: 681: 678: 675: 674: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 658: 655: 654: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 618: 617: 614: 609: 599: 594: 592: 587: 585: 580: 579: 576: 564: 561: 560: 556: 555: 552: 549: 548: 545:North America 544: 543: 540: 537: 535: 534: 530: 528: 525: 524: 520: 519: 516: 513: 511: 510:Colmar Pocket 508: 506: 505: 501: 499: 496: 492: 489: 488: 487: 484: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 470: 469: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418:Monte Cassino 416: 414: 411: 409: 408: 404: 402: 401:Eastern Front 399: 398: 394: 393: 390: 387: 385: 384: 380: 378: 377:Run for Tunis 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 362: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 334: 328: 320: 315: 313: 308: 306: 301: 300: 297: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 275: 274: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 243: 242: 236: 233: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 219: 217: 216: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 204: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 183: 182: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 121: 116: 111: 107: 98: 93: 91: 86: 84: 79: 78: 75: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 4908: 4903: 4894: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4670: 4662: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4596:Marr, p. 101 4580: 4571: 4566:, pp B-42-43 4563: 4559: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4485: 4476: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4379: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4113: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4062:cite journal 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3991: 3986: 3977: 3969: 3953: 3948: 3940: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3888: 3875: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3806:Cam Ranh Bay 3802: 3792:Dean Acheson 3785: 3768: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3706: 3704: 3701:14 September 3695: 3686: 3669: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3631: 3618: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3580: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550:Bernard Fall 3547: 3538: 3525: 3512: 3503: 3486: 3477: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3408:27 September 3402: 3399: 3381:Lt. Colonel 3380: 3377:26 September 3371: 3368:24 September 3363: 3360:23 September 3351: 3348:21 September 3342: 3339:20 September 3330: 3327:13 September 3321: 3318:10 September 3312: 3303: 3288: 3285: 3276: 3264: 3256: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3176: 3167: 3154: 3142: 3129: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3079: 3063: 3050: 3037: 3019: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2967: 2950: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2891: 2865: 2847:Pearl Harbor 2844: 2834:Cam Ranh Bay 2831: 2823: 2810: 2806: 2795: 2781: 2769: 2766:22 September 2744: 2724: 2700: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2650: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2582: 2568: 2556: 2551:2nd Nghĩa Lộ 2541:1st Nghĩa Lộ 2502: 2495: 2488: 2459: 2353: 2352: 2330: 2329: 2323: 2314: 2212: 2211: 2200:Indian Ocean 2161:Ecuador–Peru 2149: 2148: 2118:Middle East 2092:North Africa 2080: 2079: 2019:Asia-Pacific 2017: 2016: 1904: 1895:World War II 1829:Shōwa period 1827: 1826: 1803: 1802: 1797:Korea (1910) 1756:Meiji period 1754: 1697: 1696: 1671: 1651: 1617: 1564: 1559:Project Hula 1544:Fort Stevens 1473: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1287:Ocean Island 1250: 1240:Pearl Harbor 1178:Sittang Bend 1166: 1105:Tennis Court 968:17 July 1944 894: 890: 873:Indian Ocean 858:North Borneo 838:2nd Java Sea 828:Sunda Strait 823:1st Java Sea 816: 704: 644:Coup de main 532: 503: 467: 457:Saint-Marcel 438: 433:Mont Mouchet 406: 382: 360: 272: 271: 240: 239: 221: 214: 202: 201: 180: 179: 119: 110:World War II 106:Vichy France 66:resident in 28:World War II 19: 18: 4744:Marr, p. 96 4735:Marr, p. 94 4623:Marr, p. 77 3885:31 December 3872:24 December 3856:23 December 3848:21 December 3836:19 December 3812:17 December 3765:23 November 3756:22 November 3748:20 November 3740:10 November 3621:Nguyễn Bình 3574:28 February 3565:27 February 3556:20 February 3509:31 December 3500:12 December 3474:11 November 3354:martial law 3309:9 September 3282:2 September 3004:20 February 2964:31 December 2947:27 December 2935:25 December 2895:trusteeship 2802:Ho Chi Minh 2778:23 December 2727:Ho Chi Minh 2594:Muong Khoua 2183:Air Warfare 2097:East Africa 1684:Mutanchiang 1505:New Britain 1221:Pacific War 1042:Yenangyaung 990:Bilin River 843:8 June 1945 327:Free French 52:Cochinchina 32:Vietnam War 4921:Categories 3915:References 3820:Socialist 3799:9 December 3782:5 December 3732:8 November 3723:31 October 3714:20 October 3544:5 February 3483:1 December 3457:31 October 3448:25 October 2986:23 January 2888:24 January 2841:8 December 2708:insurgency 2602:Hirondelle 2224:Yugoslavia 2205:Madagascar 2168:Antarctica 2139:Dodecanese 1959:Resistance 1927:Winter War 1917:Phoney War 1629:Sagami Bay 1618:Starvation 1500:New Guinea 1127:Mount Song 933:Madagascar 885:8 May 1941 863:Balikpapan 848:2nd Borneo 780:Balikpapan 765:1st Borneo 723:Slim River 498:Strasbourg 479:Marseilles 372:Bir Hakeim 222:Case Anton 4524:, p. B-39 3822:Léon Blum 3692:31 August 3561:Vietnam. 3535:6 January 3522:1 January 3439:9 October 3426:5 October 3417:4 October 3273:26 August 3261:22 August 3253:19 August 3240:17 August 3222:Viet Minh 2925:Viet Minh 2868:Chongqing 2755:Việt Minh 2703:Việt Minh 2536:Đáy River 2520:1951-1952 2472:1946-1950 2460:Masterdom 2315:Masterdom 2075:Australia 1971:Alps 1940 1964:1944–1945 1673:Kantokuen 1580:Air raids 1495:Australia 1485:Coral Sea 1379:Singapore 1374:Hong Kong 1117:Myitkyina 1085:Admin Box 1032:Shwedaung 800:Palembang 669:Air raids 539:Indochina 329:campaigns 130:Gibraltar 3893:See also 3683:9 August 3677:Qui Nhơn 3615:10 April 3600:Haiphong 3492:and the 3463:Catholic 3373:killed. 3220:A major 3173:30 April 3164:16 April 3151:13 April 3139:12 April 3114:29 March 3105:24 March 3096:18 March 3076:17 March 3060:14 March 3047:10 March 2995:February 2914:November 2712:Cold War 2609:Camargue 2569:Bretagne 2557:Lorraine 2546:Hòa Bình 2526:Vĩnh Yên 2509:Đông Khê 2503:Ceinture 2489:Papillon 2483:Cao Bằng 2466:Haiphong 2244:Bulgaria 2173:Atlantic 2156:Americas 2109:Adriatic 1691:Chongjin 1652:Downfall 1590:Yokosuka 1407:Tiderace 1364:Thailand 1151:Hill 170 1100:Sangshak 1066:Chindits 1061:The Hump 1005:Taukkyan 895:Kormoran 684:Invasion 664:Invasion 657:Thailand 639:Invasion 632:Ko Chang 504:Nordwind 491:Dompaire 486:Lorraine 439:Overlord 361:Exporter 36:Cambodia 3666:21 June 3658:15 June 3594:6 March 3586:4 March 3570:Hanoi. 3461:Former 3228:26 July 3216:19 July 3207:16 July 3126:7 April 3090:Kunming 3041:Bảo Đại 3028:9 March 3016:7 March 2828:25 July 2820:14 July 2670:Vulture 2657:Đắk Đoa 2651:Atlante 2623:Mouette 2616:Brochet 2583:Adolphe 2531:Mạo Khê 2453:Prelude 2249:Hungary 2239:Romania 2088:Africa 1988:Balkans 1983:Britain 1937:Lapland 1932:Karelia 1922:Finland 1644:Shumshu 1529:Ellwood 1394:Vietnam 1167:Dracula 1146:Pakokku 1122:Mogaung 1025:Toungoo 1015:Tachiao 943:Réunion 853:Tarakan 817:Langley 795:Sumatra 775:Tarakan 705:Krohcol 557:Oceania 533:Crimson 527:Réunion 468:Dragoon 462:Vercors 423:Glières 413:Corsica 389:Tunisia 108:during 56:Vietnam 4665:, B-47 3649:8 June 3640:1 June 3628:31 May 3195:2 June 3186:28 May 2901:8 July 2851:Hawaii 2792:10 May 2677:Condor 2637:Pollux 2630:Castor 2563:Nà Sản 2332:Second 2178:Arctic 2010:Sicily 1912:Poland 1906:Europe 1414:Zipper 1400:Jurist 1369:Malaya 1328:Ceylon 1262:Midway 1110:Kohima 1095:Imphal 1056:Arakan 1020:Oktwin 891:Sydney 770:Manado 718:Kampar 474:Toulon 395:Europe 68:Saigon 64:consul 60:Sûreté 46:, and 44:Tonkin 4384:JSTOR 4054:(PDF) 3634:Paris 3070:Paris 2862:April 2478:Hanoi 2355:Third 2324:First 2259:Japan 2234:Italy 2213:Coups 2114:Malta 2058:Japan 2026:China 2005:Italy 1585:Tokyo 1573:Japan 1490:Timor 1037:Prome 810:Timor 785:Ambon 745:Endau 728:Gemas 713:Gurun 699:Jitra 445:Paris 407:Husky 383:Torch 367:Kufra 355:Keren 350:Gabon 345:Dakar 48:Annam 4075:help 3860:The 3517:1946 3244:The 3232:The 3177:The 3130:The 2973:1945 2921:jute 2883:1944 2857:1943 2787:1941 2761:1940 2644:1954 2576:1953 2229:Iraq 2132:Iran 2122:Iraq 1976:1944 1954:1940 1595:Kure 1282:Truk 1090:U Go 1000:Pegu 833:Java 815:USS 733:Muar 515:Alps 452:Elba 273:1945 241:1944 203:1942 181:1941 120:1940 40:Laos 3088:in 3068:in 2849:in 2514:RC4 2496:Léa 893:vs 428:Ist 4923:: 4882:^ 4780:^ 4710:^ 4655:^ 4589:^ 4494:^ 4219:^ 4122:^ 4066:: 4064:}} 4060:{{ 3961:^ 3679:. 2757:. 1565:PX 1474:RY 70:. 42:, 38:, 4077:) 4073:( 4056:. 2431:e 2424:t 2417:v 2293:e 2286:t 2279:v 1885:e 1878:t 1871:v 1733:e 1726:t 1719:v 1251:K 1212:e 1205:t 1198:v 597:e 590:t 583:v 318:e 311:t 304:v 96:e 89:t 82:v

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Knowledge

1940–1946 in French Indochina

Index