1938 New England hurricane

584: 548: 532: 477: 572: 939: 560: 656: 36: 1355: 249:, before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on Wednesday, September 21. It is estimated that the hurricane killed 682 people, damaged or destroyed more than 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $ 306 million ($ 4.7 billion in 2024). Also, numerous others estimate the real damage between $ 347 million and almost $ 410 million. Damaged trees and buildings were still seen in the affected areas as late as 1951. It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane to ever strike New York and New England in history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the 1009:

the former light keeper and a couple who left their summer cottages near the lighthouse and sought shelter in what they thought was the sturdier light keeper's home. Light keeper George T. Gustavus was thrown free from the wreckage of the house and was saved by an island resident who held a branch into the water from the cliffs farther down the coast. Gustavus and Milton Chase, the owner of the island's power plant, reactivated the light during the storm by running a cable from the plant to the light and installing a light bulb, marking the first time that it was illuminated with electricity.

4034: 473:; this figure remained unchanged in reanalysis and serves as the storm's peak strength, although the reanalysis project noted that "considerable uncertainty" remains regarding the magnitude of the storm's maximum intensity at sea. Concurrently, the hurricane began to interact with the cold front over the East Coast, causing the tropical cyclone to curve northward towards the northeastern United States; the presence of the subtropical ridge to the east and the stationary nature of the frontal boundary prevented the storm from continuing to curve out to sea. 210: 1046: 1166: 1178: 302: 1383: 1189:, where the winds and flooding killed 99 people. In Springfield, the river rose six to 10 feet (3 m) above flood stage, causing significant damage. Up to 6 in (150 mm) of rain fell across western Massachusetts, which combined with over 4 in (100 mm) that had fallen a few days earlier to produce widespread flooding. Flash flooding on the Chicopee River washed away the Chicopee Falls Bridge, while the Connecticut River flooded most of the Willimansett section. Residents of 1369: 1062: 4231: 3967: 371: 3977: 381: 1278: 928: 391: 1983: 630:. The advisory, however, underestimated the storm's intensity and said that it was farther south than it actually was. The office had yet to forward any information about the hurricane to the New York City office. At 10:00 am EDT, the bureau downgraded the hurricane to a tropical storm. The 11:30 am advisory mentioned gale-force winds but nothing about a tropical storm or hurricane. 1126:. Two passengers drowned while attempting to escape before the crew was able to clear the debris and get the train moving. Along the Stonington shorefront, buildings were swept off their foundations and found two miles (3.2 km) inland. Rescuers found live fish and crabs in kitchen drawers and cabinets while searching for survivors in the homes in 823:, this led to some complications to the relief effort. However, the unions made critical exceptions for relief supplies. Moving food supplies to relief depots, ballots for the New York primary before the hurricane hit while people were evacuating, and manning 1,000 relief sanitation trucks deployed by 1343:, it tracked into southern Quebec. By the time the system initially crossed into Canada, it continued to produce heavy rain and very strong winds, but interaction with land had caused the system to weaken significantly. Still, many trees were blown down. Otherwise, damage in this region was minimal. 492:

with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and a pressure of 941 mbar (941 hPa; 27.8 inHg), making it the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the New York City area. It was moving rapidly northward at 47 mph (76 km/h), enhancing the intensity of the winds east

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suffered a direct blow from the storm surge, which measured 17 feet 5 inches (5.31 m) at Sandy Point. The masonry tower was slightly damaged, but the adjoining light keeper's home was utterly destroyed and washed out to sea. The light keeper's wife and son were both killed, as well as

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Over 35% of New England's total forest area was affected. In all, over 2.7 billion board feet of trees fell because of the storm, although 1.6 billion board feet of the trees were salvaged. The Northeastern Timber Salvage Administration (NETSA) was established to deal with the extreme fire

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In total, 4,500 cottages, farms, and other homes were reported destroyed and 25,000 homes were damaged. Other damages included 26,000 automobiles destroyed and 20,000 electrical poles toppled. The hurricane also devastated the forests of the Northeast, knocking down an estimated two billion trees in

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storm was 75 mi (120 km) east-southeast of Atlantic City and would pass over Long Island and Connecticut. Re-analysis of the storm suggests that the hurricane was farther north and just 50 mi (80 km) from Fire Island, and that it was stronger and larger than the advisory stated.

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radio listeners – to the skepticism of his peers – that the hurricane would hit New England. At 2:00 pm, hurricane-force gusts were occurring on Long Island's South Shore and near hurricane-force gusts on the coast of Connecticut. The Washington office issued an advisory saying that the

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developed just west of Chicago, generating a strong influx of cooler air from Canada into the eastern United States and thus forming a sharp cold front over the region; this frontal boundary resulted in a channel of moist, tropical air being steered northwards into New England. At 18:00 UTC (2 p.m.

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and wind. Damage was estimated at $ 308 million (equivalent to $ 6.67 billion in 2023), making it among the most costly hurricanes to strike the U.S. mainland. It is estimated that, if an identical hurricane had struck in 2005, it would have caused $ 39.2 billion in damage due to

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both owned large forests managed by their forestry departments, but both forests were wiped out by the hurricane. However, Yale had a backup forest at Great Mountain in northwestern Connecticut which was spared from the totality of the damages, and they were able to keep their forestry program

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Eastern Connecticut was on the eastern side of the hurricane. Long Island acted as a buffer against large ocean surges, but the waters of Long Island Sound rose to great heights. Small shoreline towns to the east of New Haven experienced much destruction from the water and winds, and the 1938

430:. It was inferred to have reached hurricane intensity over the central Atlantic by September 15, though ship observations became increasingly sparse as the cyclone tracked farther away from land. The first definitive indication of a tropical cyclone at sea was a report from the Brazilian ship 1302:

was worse, however; total damage there was stated to be $ 500,000 (1938 dollars, $ 6.5 million in 2005), which included the destruction of 10 bridges. Much of the lower downtown burned because floodwaters prevented firefighters from reaching and extinguishing the blaze. Other

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three years earlier. When the storm turned north, the office issued warnings for the Carolina coast and transferred authority to the bureau's headquarters in Washington. Both the Jacksonville and Washington, DC offices expected the cyclone to reach the ocean off North Carolina and then head

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hurricane holds the record for the worst natural disaster in Connecticut's 350-year history. The mean low-water storm tide was 14.1 ft (4.3 m) at Stamford, 12.8 ft (3.9 m) at Bridgeport, and 10.58 ft (3.22 m) at New London, which remains a record high.

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registered sustained winds of 121 mph (195 km/h) and a peak gust of 186 mph (299 km/h), which is the strongest hurricane-related surface wind gust ever recorded in the United States. A 50 ft (15 m) wave, the tallest of the storm, was recorded at

993:. Napatree is now a wildlife refuge with no human inhabitants. Concrete staircases and boardwalk bases destroyed by the hurricane can still be found when sand levels are low on some beaches. The boardwalk along Easton's Beach in Newport was completely destroyed by the storm. 488:. At 12:00 UTC (8 a.m. EST) that day, the storm was estimated to have a barometric pressure of 940 mbar (940 hPa; 28 inHg); this is the hurricane's lowest documented pressure. At 19:45 UTC (3:45 p.m. EST), the hurricane made landfall on Long Island over 706:. Due to the lack of technology in 1938, Long Island residents were not warned of the hurricane's arrival, leaving no time to prepare or evacuate. " The winds reached up to 150 mph (240 km/h), with waves surging to around 25–35 feet (7.6–10.7 m) high. 417:

noted that the knowledge of the storm's existence at the time remained tenuous until September 17 when the cyclone had already increased to a hurricane. Based on land and marine observations, the reanalysis project concluded that the 1938 hurricane began as a

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of the center; in addition, its forward motion displaced its center of circulation 17 mi (27 km) away from the point of minimum barometric pressure. Weather Bureau forecaster Charles Pierce argued that the hurricane became extratropical off of the

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model of a 100-year storm, and one estimate is that this water level "reflects a storm occurring roughly once every 400 years." A study of sand deposits also gives evidence that this was the strongest hurricane to hit Rhode Island in over 300 years. The

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at the head of New London Harbor was found on a sand bar two miles (3.2 km) away. Interior sections of the state experienced widespread flooding as the hurricane's torrential rains fell on soil already saturated from previous storms. The

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was first swept by the winds and storm surge, after which the waterfront business district caught fire and burned out of control for 10 hours. Stately homes along Ocean Beach were leveled by the storm surge. The permanently anchored 240-ton

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received considerable damage. As in Vermont, very high winds brought down numerous trees and electric lines, but rainfall totals in New Hampshire were significantly less than those in other states. Only 1 inch (25 mm) of rain fell in

2763: 497:, though Charles J. Neumann, Frances P. Ho, and the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project suggested that it was tropical but in the process of extratropical transition at landfall. Afterwards, it quickly tracked across Long Island and 1260:

around 8:00 pm. Hurricane-force winds caused extensive damage to trees, buildings, and power lines. Over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of public roads were blocked, and it took months for crews to reopen some of the roads. In

962:, seven children were killed when their school bus was blown into Mackerel Cove. Mobs looted stores in downtown Providence, often before the flood waters had fully subsided and due in part to the economic difficulties of the 894:. Many other smaller roads were wiped away in the storm surge. So extensive was the storm surge and overwash on eastern Long Island, that rescue works had to use utility maps to figure out were roads and homes had been. 641:

into New England. A noon meeting was called and Pierce presented his conclusion, but he was overruled by "celebrated" chief forecaster Charles Mitchell and his senior staff. In Boston, meteorologist E.B. Rideout told his

449:) within hurricane-force winds on September 17. Based on this observation, the hurricane had maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (201 km/h), making it the equivalent of a high-end Category 3 hurricane on the 264:

on September 9 off the coast of West Africa, but the United States Weather Bureau was unaware that a tropical cyclone existed until September 16 when ships reported strong winds and rough seas 350 miles northeast of

781:. The highest winds were from the north to northwest on the back side of the storm. The storm surge was 8.5 ft (2.6 m) at the Battery and the Mean Low Water storm tide was 16.75 ft (5.11 m) at 870:

The orientation of Eastern Long Island facing due south, made it extremely exposed to the storm surge and intense winds. The estimated peak storm tide in parts of eastern Long Island was 20 ft (6.1 m).

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New York and New England. Freshwater flooding was minimal, however, as the quick passage of the storm decreased local rainfall totals, with only a few small areas receiving over 10 inches (250 mm).

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recorded sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) with gusts to 80 mph (130 km/h), and a gust of 90 mph (140 km/h) was recorded 500 ft (150 m) above ground at the

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suffered substantial damage. The storm blew down the movie theater on Front Street in Greenport on the North Fork of Long Island. The fishing industry was destroyed, as was half of the apple crop.

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just off the coast of West Africa at 12:00 UTC (8 a.m. Eastern Standard Time) on September 9, becoming the sixth tropical cyclone of the season. The depression gradually strengthened, becoming a

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waded to safety from her Old Saybrook beach home, narrowly escaping death. She stated in her 1991 book that 95% of her personal belongings were either lost or destroyed, including her first

954:, it was restricted by the Bay's funnel shape and rose to 15.8 ft (4.8 m) above normal spring tides, resulting in more than 13 feet (4.0 m) of water in some areas of downtown 559: 981:

Many homes and structures were destroyed along the coast, as well as many structures inland along the hurricane's path, and entire beach communities were obliterated on the coast.

4013: 1927:

Landsea, Christopher W.; Hagen, Andrew; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Glenn, David A.; Santiago, Adrian; Strahan-Sakoskie, Donna; Dickinson, Michael (August 12, 2013).

614:, office of the weather bureau issued a warning on September 19 that a hurricane might hit Florida. Residents and authorities made extensive preparations, as they had endured the 1795:

Landsea, Christopher W.; Hagen, Andrew; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Glenn, David A.; Santiago, Adrian; Strahan-Sakoskie, Donna; Dickinson, Michael (March 12, 2014).

1497: 1323:, buildings and trees were damaged and power outages occurred. Storm surge was minimal, and winds remained below hurricane strength. The storm did not claim any lives in Maine. 765:

The metropolitan area escaped the worst of the wind and storm surge because it was hit by the storm's weaker western side. Winds were recorded at 60 mph (97 km/h) at

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EST) on September 19, the tropical cyclone strengthened further into a Category 5-equivalent hurricane with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) while north of the

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hazard that the fallen timber had created. In many locations, roads from the fallen tree removal were visible decades later, and some became trails still used today. The

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The western periphery of the hurricane brought heavy rain and gusty winds to Delaware and southeastern Maryland. Damage, if any, is believed to have been minimal.

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were stranded for days and relied on air-dropped food and medicine. After the flood receded, the town's Main Street was a chasm in which sewer pipes could be seen.

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Ten new inlets were created on eastern Long Island. The surge rearranged the sand at the Cedar Point Lighthouse so that the island became connected to what is now

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was completed in 1966 because of the massive flooding from the 1938 storm, and from the even higher 14.4-foot (4.4 m) storm surge that resulted from 1954's

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by 00:00 UTC on September 22 (September 21, 8:00 p.m. EST). Following this transition, the remnants continued to weaken before they dissipated over southeastern

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and full moon, and the hurricane produced storm tides of 14 to 18 feet (5 m) along most of the Connecticut coast, with 18 to 25-foot (8 m) tides from

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The storm surge was especially violent along the Rhode Island coastline, sweeping hundreds of summer cottages out to sea. As the surge drove northward through

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four days later, making it a Category 5-equivalent hurricane. The storm was propelled northward, rapidly paralleling the East Coast before making landfalls on

1269:. The storm killed five people in Vermont. Sugar maple groves were damaged. It is the only system on record to have entered the state as a tropical cyclone. 610:. Normally, tropical cyclones approach the eastern Bahamas then slowly recurve north and northeast off the United States East Coast and move out to sea. The 3434: 862:, residents of 50 homes needed to be rescued by rowboat when heavy rain the previous few days combined with the rain from the hurricane to overflow a pond. 589:

Following landfall, the storm merges with the trough of low-pressure, isolating it from tropical air and completing extratropical transition on September 22

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Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Chris; Hafele, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thurm, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (February 1, 2012).

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The extratropical low pulls in cold air from the north, allowing it to strengthen and develop a cold front over the Eastern United States on September 19

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was obliterated, resulting in 29 deaths. There were 21 other deaths through the rest of the east end of Long Island. The storm surge temporarily turned

2671: 273:. It reached hurricane strength on September 15 and continued to strengthen to a peak intensity of 160 mph (260 km/h) near the southeastern 3202: 2817: 2605: 2405: 633:

That day, 28 year-old rookie Charles Pierce was standing in for two veteran meteorologists. He concluded that the storm would be squeezed between a

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As the hurricane accelerated northward, it gradually weakened. On the morning of September 21, it passed roughly 75 mi (121 km) east of

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and dozens of cottages washed into the ocean. Crops sustained wind damage. The maximum recorded wind gust was 70 mph (110 km/h) at

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by carving out a large section of barrier island separating Shinnecock Bay from the Atlantic. The storm toppled the landmark steeple of the

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got stuck in the terminal with 200 passengers aboard. Bridges and tunnels into Manhattan were closed until the following afternoon. 95% of

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as a slightly weaker hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), making it one of only three recorded tropical cyclones to hit

3229: 4355: 3121:"Fire, floods, flu: Natural disasters in Vermont – At nature's mercy: Vermonters prove their mettle through floods, flu, and blizzards" 1204:

under eight feet of water. Two-thirds of the boats sank in New Bedford harbor. Several homes were washed away on Atlantic Boulevard in

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The hurricane continued to slowly strengthen and track westward at around 20 mph (32 km/h) about the southern periphery of a

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as a Category 3 hurricane on September 21, with estimated sustained winds of 115–120 mph. After moving inland, it transitioned into an

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In New York City and Long Island, schools were dismissed early. Extensive street flooding occurred because debris blocked drains. The

4340: 4255: 4234: 1115: 695: 4204: 4192: 3057: 2672:"Mayor Proclaims Truck Emergency; Uses City Fleet; Sanitation Vehicles Manned by Strikers After Employers Reject City Hall Proposal" 4216: 4180: 4168: 4144: 4132: 4108: 4084: 4060: 2584: 4072: 2780: 4320: 4285: 3970: 3564: 1452: 943: 476: 450: 4096: 3587: 3062: 1417: 906: 4120: 1525: 245:

to strike the United States. The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the

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A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. According to the

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The strengthening of the subtropical ridge over Bermuda steers the hurricane west, while an extratropical low forms over the

406: 2376: 4315: 4305: 1209: 834:, almost 400 boats were ripped from their moorings and smashed or sunk, with more than 100 washing up on the beach by the 622:

At 9:00 am EDT on September 21, the Washington office issued northeast storm warnings north of Atlantic City and south of

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Development of synoptic features contributing to the track and extratropical transition of the 1938 New England hurricane

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The western side of the hurricane caused sustained tropical storm-force winds, high waves, and storm surge along the

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was swept off its base and into the waves, killing lighthouse keeper Walter Eberle. His body was never found. The

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A New Deal for Disaster: The 'Hurricane of 1938' and Federal Disaster Relief Operations, Suffolk County, New York

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communities also suffered considerable damage to forest resources. In New Hampshire, 13 people perished. At

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September 1938: The most powerful hurricane on record to ever impact the region makes landfall near Fire Island.

4330: 4280: 4023: 3541: 2999: 2129:. NYC's Risk Landscape: A Guide to Hazard Mitigation (Report). New York, New York: City of New York. p. 49 1717: 1427: 410: 220: 2053: 2036: 577:

Extratropical transition gradually begins as the hurricane interacts with the frontal boundary on September 21

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Landsea, Chris (June 1, 2016). "E23) What is the complete list of continental U.S. landfalling hurricanes?".

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army airfield was buffeted by winds of nearly 100 mph (160 km/h) and was under knee-deep water. In

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recorded the highest water level of the storm at 11.5 feet (4 m) above mean sea level, according to a

603: 3991: 3206: 2873: 2821: 2358: 1265:, 120 miles (190 km) from the nearest coast, salt spray was seen on windows. A train was derailed in 1422: 1412: 1299: 1030: 879: 3174: 938: 1796: 1406: 1233: 1201: 623: 3084: 2948: 2894: 2466: 1691: 1236:

with sand and other natural earth minerals, creating an additional common border between Winthrop and

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was completely swept away, a small cape that housed nearly 40 families between the Atlantic Ocean and

269:; by then, it was already a well-developed hurricane and had tracked westward toward the southeastern 4270: 3607: 3521: 3125: 2336: 2309: 1968: 1214: 1205: 1106: 1093: 835: 730: 655: 509:

as major hurricanes since 1900. The storm rapidly weakened, completing extratropical transition over

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The US Weather Bureau was not aware of the existence of the 1938 hurricane until it was northeast of

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was under 3 feet (1 m) of water at the height of the storm, and the boardwalk was destroyed in

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located to the west and a high-pressure area to the east, and that it would be forced to ride up a

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review of book: 'Thirty-Eight, The Hurricane that Transformed New England', by Stephen Long 2016

1666: 205: 35: 3845: 3752: 3688: 3642: 3624: 2438: 1559: 1307:, winds gusted to 163 miles per hour (262 km/h) and knocked down part of a trestle on the 1295: 1089: 916: 804:

for several minutes to a few hours. Railroad and ferry services were suspended for a time. The

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running, which maintains operation today. Harvard's program, however, was reduced as a result.

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The hurricane begins to be pulled northward by the quasi-stationary cold front on September 20

4033: 3233: 3035: 3030: 1340: 1237: 1147: 1111: 1054: 1017: 1005: 891: 778: 675: 611: 465: 427: 394: 286: 278: 266: 72: 19:"Long Island Express" redirects here. For the auxiliary Interstate Highway signed I-495, see 3307:

Taken by Storm, 1938: A Social and Meteorological History of the Great New England Hurricane

1037:, in hopes of preventing extreme storm surges from ever again flooding downtown Providence. 3945: 3528: 3449: 3026:"Daily Discussion and Climate Summary – Anniversary of Great New England Hurricane of 1938" 2467:

The Weather Doctor Almanac 2008 The Great Hurricane of 1938: The Long Island Express Part 2

1928: 1881: 1811: 1374: 1085: 1081: 1057:

in the aftermath of the hurricane; the Travelers Insurance Co. building appears in the back

910: 750: 746: 660: 638: 166: 2274: 8: 3630: 3601: 2333:"New England 'Blowdown' Timber and Forest Fire Hazard Caused by the Sept. 1938 Hurricane" 1262: 1253: 1190: 1127: 851: 847: 843: 824: 805: 793: 774: 615: 431: 419: 384: 261: 41: 3453: 3325: 3025: 1885: 1815: 1252:

as a Category 1 hurricane at approximately 6:00 pm EDT, reaching northern Vermont,

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in that it did not take the typical track as it approached the area of the southeastern

209: 3475: 3339: 2153:"A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?" 1835: 1266: 887: 698:

from New Haven to Providence was particularly hard hit, as countless bridges along the

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National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, New York; Roger K. Brickner (2015).

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transforming Deer Island at the peninsula's southern tip into an island by name only.

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Ultimately the storm became the deadliest and costliest storm in Connecticut history.

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were destroyed or flooded, severing rail connections to badly affected towns such as

498: 457: 446: 3259: 1769: 1165: 3916: 3833: 3810: 3729: 3717: 3711: 3505: 3465: 3457: 3435:"Natural restocking of forests following the 1938 hurricane in Central New England" 2923: 2439:"One for the Ages: The Hurricane of 1938 Battered New England's Woods 75 Years Ago" 2225: 2156: 2070:"Timeline of Events from 'The Long Island Express: Tracking the Hurricane of 1938'" 2069: 2048: 1889: 1839: 1819: 1581: 1529: 1399:– A major hurricane that passed through New England in 2011, following its landfall 1013: 1001: 997: 963: 951: 902: 470: 374: 305:

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

301: 242: 184: 1810:(16). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 6093–6118. 3951: 3904: 3875: 3863: 3816: 3781: 3764: 3758: 3694: 3556: 3548: 3500: 1473: 1402: 1396: 1177: 1034: 627: 141: 2528: 2256: 1767: 3898: 3869: 3857: 3839: 3793: 3723: 2288: 1257: 982: 838:

Yacht Club. Similar scenes occurred in other locations on the north shore. The

423: 3203:"Hurricane Hazards in the Northeast – A Re-appraisal based on recent research" 2184: 1823: 1016:

was washed clean of its text when its vault was flooded in a Providence bank.

4249: 3939: 2764:"Hurricane Loss Put at least $ 100,000,000 Long Island Press January 2, 1939" 2650: 2617: 2152: 1987: 1831: 1388: 1290: 1218: 1186: 1101: 1050: 855: 831: 785:. In New York Harbor, the waters rose 7 ft (2.1 m) in a half-hour. 782: 738: 485: 442: 192: 137: 2697: 2096: 480:

Surface weather map depicting the hurricane's first landfall on Long Island.

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shows how federal relief efforts led to the modern disaster-response system

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Oliver Peterson (June 13, 2007). "Push is on to rebuild church steeple".

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National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Boston, Massachusetts.

2001: 3479: 789: 438: 133: 878:. About 50 people perished in the storm's wake. The Dune Road area of 874:

A mean low water storm tide of 8 ft (2.4 m) was recorded at

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What Do You Do with a Disaster?' Providence and the Hurricane of 1938

3058:"September 21, 1938: Storm of the Century hits Boston's Braves Field" 801: 797: 777:. Winds were estimated at 120 mph (190 km/h) on top of the 3461: 1289:

Even though the storm center tracked further west, through Vermont,

2275:"Ranked Using 2005 Inflation, Population, and Wealth Normalization" 1208:, and their foundations can still be found on the beach today. The 975: 819:

During the hurricane, starting before it hit and continuing after,

2047:(8). Washington, D.C.: American Meteorological Society: 237–285. 1986:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1938:. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1880:(9). Washington, D.C.: Americal Meteorological Society: 286–288. 1776:. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1277: 1249: 1096:, buildings were found as wreckage across coastal roads. Actress 821:

a citywide trucker strike occurred across both NYC and New Jersey

713: 607: 514: 510: 461: 290: 274: 270: 2698:"22 Sep 1938, p. 9 – The Brooklyn Daily Eagle at Newspapers.com" 2189:(FAQ). 4.9. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 2161:(FAQ). 4.9. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 1468:, those three cyclones were the 1938 New England hurricane, the 927: 2037:"The Meteorological History of the Hurricane of Sept. 21, 1938" 1185:

The eye of the storm followed the Connecticut River north into

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Weather map from September 21 depicting the storm off the

3085:"The Great Hurricane of 1938: The Long Island Express, Part 3" 2853:

NewportRI.com l News and information for Newport, Rhode Island

2406:"1938 'Long Island Express' Hurricane: could it happen again?" 1926: 1794: 1146:

was forced out of its banks, inundating cities and towns from

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was forced to wait out the storm on the second floor of their

3264:. New England Remembers. Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions. 1320: 1025: 3179: 2531:. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service 2228:. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service 1181:

Devastated landscape around Marchmont on September 23, 1938

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Water levels of the 1815 and 1938 hurricanes are marked at

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Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

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Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

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A Wind to Shake the World: The Story of the 1938 Hurricane

2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 958:. Several motorists were drowned in their automobiles. In 397:, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression 349:

Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

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Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

2741: 2639:"Truck Strike's End To Be Asked Today; Relief Food Moved" 2054:

10.1175/1520-0493(1939)67<237:TMHOTN>2.0.CO;2

1999: 1797:"A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database" 1609:"$ 306,000,000 in 1938 is worth $ 6,734,734,468.09 today" 1405:– A powerful storm that caused significant damage in the 796:(Con Ed) plant at 133rd Street, causing power to fail in 339:

Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

3373:

Thirty-Eight: The Hurricane That Transformed New England

3281:

Thirty-Eight, The Hurricane that Transformed New England

1024:

study. This storm level is 3 feet (1 m) above the

760: 334:

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2420: 2201: 1895:

10.1175/1520-0493(1938)66<286:HOST>2.0.CO;2

1558:. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 2003. Archived from 1526:"The Great Hurricane of 1938 - The Long Island Express" 177:

Southeastern United States, Northeastern United States

2949:"Dennis Bowman: '38 Hurricane was no '100-year storm'" 2606:"Truck Firms Halt the Mayor's Plan; Drivers Accept It" 2007:. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. p. 3 1768:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.

886:

into an island as it flooded across the South Fork at

2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2359:"The Great Hurricane of 1938 – Peeling Back the Bark" 2289:"The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996" 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 846:

was heavily damaged. The wife of New York City mayor

2506: 1498:"Hurricane Sandy Isn't NYC's First Freak Superstorm" 1466:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

1350: 816:

lost power, where floods brought traffic to a halt.

745:. The surge inundated several coastal communities; 626:, and southeast storm warnings from Block Island to 354:

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

2226:"The Great New England Hurricane of 1938 – History" 1788: 1114:, beach cottages were flattened or swept away. The 3586: 3000:"Katharine Hepburn's Beloved Summer Home for Sale" 2720: 1965:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" 1909: 1433:List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts 686:. An additional 708 people were reported injured. 659:A postcard view of flooding from the hurricane at 978:—including the entire coastline of Rhode Island. 4247: 3200: 3175:"Long Island Express Hurricane – September 1938" 2917: 2915: 2737:"WGBH American Experience. The Hurricane of '38" 2462: 2460: 2150: 966:. The tide was higher than usual because of the 241:) was one of the deadliest and most destructive 3118: 3013:Hurricane of 1938: Connecticut's Worst Disaster 2801: 2300: 2298: 2178: 2176: 1745:"How a hurricane changed New England's forests" 1642:. New York Annual Meeting October 18–21, 1998. 1556:"Sudden Sea – The Great Hurricane of 1938" 501:before making a second and final landfall near 2942: 2940: 2182: 2061: 1664: 1228:The storm filled in a former waterway between 1012:The original parchment of the 1764 Charter of 674:Approximately 600 people died in the storm on 437:which documented a barometric pressure of 958 260:on September 16th. The storm developed into a 4007: 3572: 2912: 2457: 2427:R, J. "The Long Island Express". weatherwise. 2115: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4131: 4126: 4107: 4102: 4083: 4078: 4059: 4054: 3227: 3015:, Connecticuthistory.org, September 21, 2019 2842: 2840: 2579: 2577: 2399: 2397: 2295: 2173: 2122:Van Lenten, Christine, ed. (November 2014). 1860: 1858: 1856: 1761: 4276:1938 natural disasters in the United States 3506:The 1938 New England Hurricane Introduction 3390: 3358: 3257: 3232:. Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from 2937: 2076:. Upton, New York: National Weather Service 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1409:in 2012, mostly as an extratropical cyclone 1339:As the hurricane was transitioning into an 1232:'s Point Shirley neighborhood and Boston's 827:with supplies after the hurricane had hit. 4361:September 1938 events in the United States 4014: 4000: 3579: 3565: 3391:Scotti, R. A.; Allen, Everett S. (2003) . 3077: 2795: 2781:"Hurricane of 1938 May Still Be the Champ" 2472: 2121: 671:changes in population and infrastructure. 666:The majority of the storm damage was from 208: 34: 3469: 2924:"Storm Tides in Twelve Tropical Cyclones" 2837: 2574: 2529:"The Great New England Hurricane of 1938" 2394: 2370: 2368: 2097:"The Great New England Hurricane of 1938" 2088: 2052: 2002:"The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1893: 1864: 1853: 1667:"A Hurricane Andrew Message for Insurers" 696:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 296: 235:Great Long Island - New England Hurricane 3376:. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. 3230:"History of Tropical Cyclones in Canada" 3146: 2101:NWS Boston – The Great Hurricane of 1938 2019: 1742: 1549: 1547: 1495: 1326: 1276: 1176: 1164: 1060: 1044: 937: 926: 654: 597: 475: 300: 3537:Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on Record 3415:Sudden Sea: The Great Hurricane of 1938 3324:Bergman, Jonathan C. (September 2007). 3323: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2261:United States National Hurricane Center 2074:The Great New England Hurricane of 1938 1867:"Hurricane of September 16 to 22, 1938" 1606: 729:and destroyed much of the boardwalk in 413:in 2012, and Weather Bureau forecaster 4248: 3411: 3304: 3205:. Fairfield University. Archived from 3063:Society for American Baseball Research 2946: 2818:"Weather History of the '38 Hurricane" 2374: 2365: 2103:. Boston, MA: National Weather Service 2034: 1950: 1865:Tannehill, Ivan Ray (September 1938). 1736: 1582:"New England Numbers Hurricane of '38" 1520: 1518: 1418:List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 865: 4346:Natural disasters in New York (state) 3995: 3560: 3432: 3337: 2997: 2403: 2377:"Dreading a Replay of 1938 Hurricane" 2144: 1993: 1544: 761:New York City and western Long Island 407:Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project 3369: 3359:Goudsouzian, Aram (September 2004). 3344:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 3278: 3147:Cotterly, Wayne (October 21, 2012). 2947:Bowman, Dennis (September 5, 2015). 2921: 2900:. Brown University. 1945. p. 31 2556:"Catastrophe: Abyss from the Indies" 2543: 2485:. National Park Service. Summer 1991 1715: 1665:Karen M. Clark (November 12, 2017). 1438: 913:. The steeple has not been rebuilt. 909:, which was the tallest building in 3309:. American Meteorological Society. 2974:"Fox Point Hurricane Barrier Facts" 1743:Lefebvre, Paul (October 19, 2016). 1515: 1496:Voorhees, Josh (October 29, 2012). 1453:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 1110:, which was later found intact. In 451:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 13: 4351:Natural disasters in New York City 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 3418:. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 3397:. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 3298: 3228:Staff Writer (September 7, 2005). 3119:Nancy Bazilchuk (March 29, 1999). 2664: 2035:Pierce, Charles H. (August 1939). 1644:Record of the Society of Actuaries 1588:. Yankee Magazine. August 19, 2008 1553: 890:and obliterated the tracks of the 792:flowed three blocks and flooded a 14: 4372: 4356:Natural disasters in Rhode Island 4215: 4210: 4143: 4138: 4095: 4090: 3487: 2895:"The Charter of Brown University" 2846: 2151:Goldenburg, Stan (June 1, 2016). 1171:Winchendon Springs, Massachusetts 4341:Natural disasters in Connecticut 4256:1930s Atlantic hurricane seasons 4230: 4229: 4119: 4114: 4071: 4066: 4032: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3330:. Vol. 20. pp. 15–39. 2375:Rather, John (August 28, 2005). 1981: 1770:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale" 1381: 1367: 1353: 1272: 1173:taken during the summer of 1938. 1160: 901:. The surging water created the 602:The 1938 hurricane suprised the 582: 570: 558: 546: 530: 389: 379: 369: 251:Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635 4155: 4150: 4047: 4042: 3365:. Vol. 62. pp. 26–48. 3251: 3221: 3194: 3167: 3149:"New England Hurricane of 1938" 3140: 3112: 3103: 3050: 3018: 3006: 2991: 2966: 2887: 2874:"Prudence Island Light history" 2866: 2773: 2756: 2711: 2690: 2631: 2598: 2497: 2431: 2351: 2325: 2281: 2267: 2249: 2240: 1754:. Barton, Vermont. p. B1. 1458: 1445: 1281:Damage done to pine forests in 922: 4321:Hurricanes in New York (state) 4286:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 4024:1938 Atlantic hurricane season 3588:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 2998:Glink, Ilyce (July 12, 2011). 2408:. Home and Garden, Hampton.com 1709: 1684: 1658: 1636:An Actuary Reads the Newspaper 1627: 1600: 1574: 1489: 1428:List of New England hurricanes 1040: 411:1938 Atlantic hurricane season 247:Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale 221:1938 Atlantic hurricane season 1: 2570:– via content.time.com. 2426: 1470:1944 Great Atlantic hurricane 1225:was called during the storm. 1169:Aerial photo of Marchmont in 720: 239:Long Island Express Hurricane 16:Category 5 Atlantic hurricane 2469:. Retrieved August 20, 2013. 1483: 1196:To the east, the surge left 800:north of 59th Street and in 604:United States Weather Bureau 464:. On September 18, a strong 123:160 mph (260 km/h) 7: 4316:Hurricanes in New Hampshire 4306:Hurricanes in Massachusetts 3305:Aviles, Lourdes B. (2012). 1423:List of Delaware hurricanes 1413:List of Atlantic hurricanes 1346: 1031:Fox Point Hurricane Barrier 10: 4377: 4326:Hurricanes in Rhode Island 3499:November 12, 2012, at the 3433:Spurr, Stephen H. (1956). 3258:Goudsouzian, Aram (2004). 3089:The Weather Doctor Almanac 2246:Goudsouzian, pp. 11–12, 57 2186:Frequently Asked Questions 2158:Frequently Asked Questions 1967:(Database). United States 1692:"Hurricane 1938 Aftermath" 1646:. Vol. 24, no. 3 1615:. Official Data Foundation 1407:Northeastern United States 1243: 1122:became stuck in debris at 1080:In the shoreline towns of 741:between Atlantic City and 624:Block Island, Rhode Island 231:1938 New England Hurricane 98:Category 5 major hurricane 29:1938 New England hurricane 18: 4311:Hurricanes in New England 4291:Hurricanes in Connecticut 4225: 4039: 4030: 4022:Tropical cyclones of the 3961: 3932: 3885: 3826: 3803: 3774: 3745: 3704: 3681: 3664: 3617: 3594: 3545: 3534: 3518: 3341:The Great Hurricane: 1938 3283:. Yale University Press. 3201:Nicholas K. Coch (2005). 3126:The Burlington Free Press 1969:National Hurricane Center 1824:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00503.1 1334: 933:Island Park, Rhode Island 650: 233:(also referred to as the 216: 204: 173: 165:$ 306 million (1938 161: 153: 148: 127: 119: 103: 96: 81: 71: 56: 49: 33: 3981:Tropical cyclones portal 2306:"Damage Caused by Storm" 1613:CPI Inflation Calculator 1361:Tropical cyclones portal 1314: 1283:Wolfeboro, New Hampshire 619:harmlessly out to sea. 3511:The Long Island Express 2849:"I was never so scared" 2717:Goudsouzian, pp. 13–14 2585:"The Hurricane of 1938" 2257:"Hurricanes in History" 1455:was formulated in 1969. 987:Little Narragansett Bay 972:New London, Connecticut 899:Cedar Point County Park 4336:History of Long Island 4296:Hurricanes in Delaware 3412:Scotti, R. A. (2008). 3370:Long, Stephen (2016). 3338:Burns, Cherie (2005). 3279:Long, Stephen (2016). 2953:The Providence Journal 2645:. September 19, 1938. 2612:. September 27, 1938. 2041:Monthly Weather Review 1874:Monthly Weather Review 1774:Miami Regional Library 1286: 1285:, 1938, by Peter Roome 1182: 1174: 1104:for her appearance in 1073: 1058: 947: 935: 743:Brigantine, New Jersey 704:Westerly, Rhode Island 663: 639:trough of low pressure 503:New Haven, Connecticut 481: 426:less than a day after 402: 297:Meteorological history 51:Meteorological history 21:Long Island Expressway 4331:Hurricanes in Vermont 4281:Cape Verde hurricanes 3261:The Hurricane of 1938 3036:Milton, Massachusetts 3031:Blue Hill Observatory 2339:on September 22, 2013 1532:on September 25, 2014 1341:extratropical cyclone 1327:Maryland and Delaware 1280: 1210:Blue Hill Observatory 1180: 1168: 1064: 1055:Hartford, Connecticut 1048: 1006:Prudence Island Light 941: 930: 892:Long Island Rail Road 779:Empire State Building 676:Long Island, New York 658: 612:Jacksonville, Florida 598:Forecasting the storm 479: 466:extratropical cyclone 428:tropical cyclogenesis 395:Extratropical cyclone 304: 287:extratropical cyclone 279:Long Island, New York 3525:(San Felipe Segundo) 3494:The Hurricane of '38 3209:on September 4, 2006 3038:. September 21, 2010 2678:. September 28, 1938 1716:Lane, F. W. (1966). 1375:United States portal 661:Buzzards Bay station 316:Saffir–Simpson scale 289:and dissipated over 128:Lowest pressure 4301:Hurricanes in Maine 4266:1938 in the Bahamas 3454:1956Ecol...37..443S 3109:Goudsouzian, page 5 2783:. September 3, 2010 2404:Flotteron, Nicole. 1886:1938MWRv...66..286T 1816:2014JCli...27.6093L 907:Old Whaler's Church 866:Eastern Long Island 848:Fiorello La Guardia 806:Staten Island Ferry 794:Consolidated Edison 775:Daily News Building 737:was destroyed over 616:Labor Day Hurricane 420:tropical depression 385:Subtropical cyclone 262:tropical depression 30: 3637:"Cuba–Brownsville" 3236:on October 2, 2006 3002:. CBS Money Watch. 2804:East Hampton Press 2676:The New York Times 2643:The New York Times 2610:The New York Times 2503:Goudsouzian, p. 13 2480:"HABS No. NJ-1032" 2443:Northern Woodlands 1936:Journal of Climate 1804:Journal of Climate 1562:on January 2, 2007 1287: 1248:The storm entered 1183: 1175: 1074: 1059: 948: 936: 664: 635:high-pressure area 490:Bellport, New York 482: 460:centered over the 415:Ivan Ray Tannehill 403: 140:); <27.76 120:Highest winds 105:1-minute sustained 89:September 23, 1938 85:September 23, 1938 77:September 22, 1938 28: 4243: 4242: 3989: 3988: 3555: 3554: 3546:Succeeded by 3425:978-0-316-73911-5 3383:978-0-300-20951-8 3316:978-1-878220-37-0 3290:978-0-300-20951-8 3271:978-1-889833-75-0 2922:Jarvinen, Brian. 2562:. October 3, 1938 2312:on April 30, 2006 1719:The Elements Rage 1439:Explanatory notes 1221:game against the 1144:Connecticut River 1098:Katharine Hepburn 996:A few miles from 880:Westhampton Beach 735:Brigantine Bridge 517:on September 23. 499:Long Island Sound 458:subtropical ridge 293:on September 23. 243:tropical cyclones 227: 226: 196: 157:682 to 800 direct 64:September 9, 1938 60:September 9, 1938 4368: 4271:1938 meteorology 4233: 4232: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4036: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3979: 3969: 3968: 3672:"Great Atlantic" 3581: 3574: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3529:1926 Great Miami 3519:Preceded by 3516: 3515: 3483: 3473: 3439: 3429: 3408: 3387: 3366: 3355: 3334: 3320: 3294: 3275: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3155:on March 1, 2012 3151:. 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1938 New England hurricane

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