20:
784:
hatred against the clergy manifested itself in all its crudeness during those days and served as a precedent for the anticlerical riots that were repeated during the summer of 1835 in some cities. As J. de Burgos pointed out, the massacre of the friars provoked terror among the wealthy middle class and the bourgeoisie: (...) "the police were shaken and the wealthy and naturally peaceful classes of the neighborhood of the capital were shocked". The participation of the people in the events of 1835 would make clear to the progressive liberals what they had already sensed in 1834, the need to establish a strategy that would avoid the radicalization of the process of the
Revolution and could challenge the new bourgeois order that they were trying to consolidate".
198:
520:
459:
318:
549:, the Marquis of Falces, and the civil governor, the Duke of Gor, to resign, as the most responsible of the urban militia, many of whose members had had a very active participation in the events. The new civil governor, Count Vallehermoso, suspended the enlistment of new battalions and months later forty militiamen were expelled as a result of their attitude in the events of July. "The commanders of the militia were forced by the discredit of this institution to address an exposition to the queen in order to save its good name, in which they asked for its reform to avoid the entry of undesirable persons into the corps".
622:
618:, affirm that the rumor about the poisoned wells that triggered the anticlerical mutiny would have been spread by radical secret societies -although not necessarily Freemasonry-. For Manuel Revuelta Gonzalez, another defender of the conspiracy thesis, the way the riot developed proves that it was not a spontaneous coincidence but that behind it there was an organizing head, the secret societies, which counted on the support of the urban militia, thugs and harlots for the execution of the riot.
186:. At the same time it was spread by the ports of the Mediterranean by a military ship coming from France. During the two years that the epidemic lasted, it caused more than one hundred thousand deaths throughout Spain and half a million people fell ill. Rodil's army, coming from the border of Portugal, followed the path of the cholera epidemic that had isolated Andalusia and that had forced the establishment of sanitary fences in
761:
preachers, friars, etc., had attributed in another era to heretics and Jews, and more modernly to Masons and members of the various secret societies. The people, then, carried out a typical "projection", attributing to the political enemies not only true intentions, but others imagined, fantastic and adjusted to a procedure that is known to us, for the repeated in different circumstances, throughout
History.
58:". "The result of little more than twelve hours of violence" was a "party of blood and vengeance". "It was the first time that the Church had been subjected to the uncontrolled actions of its own believers. As contemporaries observed, these events demonstrated, above all, the loss of prestige of the religious in Catholic Spain, as was happening in other countries".
233:, which caused great indignation among the inhabitants of the capital. To this feeling of helplessness was added the summer heat, rising food prices and rumors of imminent Carlist attacks, which increased popular discontent. On July 15, news reached Madrid that Rodil's army had not been able to contain the Carlists either and that the pretender
127:", after the name of the regent. Among the supporters of the "Carlists" were most of the members of the religious orders who, besides sharing the absolutist ideas of the Carlists synthesized in their trilemma "God, Motherland, King", also feared that the coming to power of the liberals would put an end to their existence. As
651:, have denied that there was a plot of Masonic boards or secret societies, among other reasons, because there is no evidence to prove it. Josep Fontana says: "there is no evidence that there was any kind of conspiracy behind these events, as there was none behind the many similar events that took place from Manila to
667:, their complicity in the arming of parties and even the direct participation of friars in assaults and ambushes in which, let us not forget this detail, the men who died on the side of the liberals came exclusively from the popular classes: they were sons or brothers of these same people throughout Spain. As
545:, in view of the ambiguity and the notorious passivity and even connivance with the mutiny of the different authorities -military and municipal-, arrested and imprisoned Captain General MartĂnez de San MartĂn, who had a troop of nine thousand men to have prevented the assaults and murders, and forced the
372:(chap. xxvii), it was a frequent prank, which was "commonly punished with a slap in the face", but on that occasion it was taken as an excuse to blame the friars, when the news spread through the corridors, proclaimed by spontaneous speakers, that "of the two boys who had been surprised throwing some
783:
A similar position is held by
Antonio Moliner Prada when he recognizes "that the radical liberals were interested in accelerating the process of the Revolution and were interested in political destabilization and direct attacks on the Church", but he goes on to point out that the "accumulated secular
492:
After midnight there were scattered attempts of assaults on other convents, but there were no more victims. "However, the rest of the friars were left in terror: some opted to disguise themselves and take refuge in the houses of friends; the
Capuchins of the Prado opted for the heroic act of opening
442:
run by the
Jesuits, which was assaulted at five o'clock in the afternoon. "The pretext, to corroborate the version that since the previous day had spread about two women cigarette sellers from the nearby tobacco factory, they said they were surprised with poison powder to pour into the fountains and
384:
Cholera appears in Madrid A little boy plays in the Puerta del Sol, next to the
Mariblanca fountain. Suddenly an idea came to him to throw a handful of earth into a water carrier's bucket. The water carrier goes after the boy, and behind them a few idle people swarm nearby. The crowd swells. One of
769:
who affirms "that it is not incompatible the existence of an organizational plot to destroy the ecclesiastical power and to overthrow the government, with the fact that this one overlaps and takes advantage of a situation of popular exasperation - by the cholera - to sow terror among the friars and
557:
and imprisonment, including women, and some were acquitted. From the data collected in the trials, it is known that most of those who participated in the riot belonged to the most popular neighborhoods of Madrid and among them there were artisans, employees and women, together with urban militiamen
552:
Seventy-nine persons (54 civilians, 14 urban militiamen and 11 soldiers) were put on trial. Two people were condemned to death - a cabinetmaker and a military musician - but for the crime of robbery, not for murder, being executed on August 5 and 18. The rest were condemned to various sentences, of
256:
At that time, a rumor began to circulate in Madrid that the cause of the epidemic was the poisoning of public fountains, since "cholera manifested itself in many people after drinking water," according to a witness. The idea that water poisoning was responsible for the disease was also spread in
479:
where part of the friars had already had time to flee. There, in addition to killing seven friars in the presence of the troops, who did nothing to prevent it, the mutineers carried out burlesque acts by dressing up in liturgical clothes and forming a sacrilegious dance that continued along the
443:
that they were paid by the
Jesuits. Inside the convent they kill some with sword blows, seize others and lynch them in the side streets, stripping and riddling the dying bodies with mockery. The troops arrive after half an hour with none other than the captain general and police superintendent,
511:, seventeen Jesuits died: five priests, nine teachers and three brothers. In the convent of Santo Tomás, six Dominicans (five mass priests and one layman). Finally, in the convent of La Merced, there were seven known discalced Mercedarians and four others whose names were unknown at the time".
484:
was assaulted, where forty-three
Franciscan friars were murdered (or fifty, according to other sources) in the midst of macabre scenes, while the officers of the regiment of the Princess, billeted on the premises, failed to give any order to intervene to the more than one thousand soldiers who
777:
it is said that some evidence was discovered that gave foundation to the voices that have run in the previous days about their plan for the poisoning of the waters. Everything can be believed of the perversity of the enemies of the
Motherland, and we have always foreseen that they would take
760:
In the process of creating a liberal mythology, with its gods, demi-gods and evil genii, many rushed to interpret all the activities of the Church in a hostile way, at some point a large part of the people attributed to the Church and its ministers the same kind of slogans and evil acts that
290:". But soon the rumor spread that those "semi-beggars" and those "whores" were in the service of the friars who were the real culprits. The news also spread that shots had been fired from the convents against the masses that were heading towards them, relating it to the support that the
774:
reported the news of the riot would constitute an indication of who could have been behind the events when it transformed the victims into "enemies of the
Motherland", the lynching of the religious was reduced to the concept of "some misfortunes" and affirmed that in the assaults
597:
after the name of the secret society that was supposedly behind it, called "ConfederaciĂłn de guardadores de la inocencia o isabelinos". The detainees were tried but were acquitted for lack of evidence so that the government "had to release them and was ridiculed".
275:
some semi-beggar boys and some whores who approached the fountains, and from this concept came the imprisonment of some women cigar sellers, the murder that was committed in the person of a young man of the lowest class at 3 in the afternoon of the 17th in the
252:
account. The main victims were the inhabitants of the poorest neighborhoods where more than five hundred people had died every day since the 15th. Throughout the month of July, the victims of this epidemic numbered 3,564 people, dropping to 834 in August.
571:, the police dismantled an alleged plot to overthrow the government of MartĂnez de la Rosa and to convene a genuinely liberal Cortes, which was headed by "emigrants returned from exile and notabilities of the situation", according to the police report.
394:
The tumult intensifies. The mobs spread out in groups, spread out through the convents. At noon a crowd of women dragged a layman. At three o'clock in the afternoon the mobs entered the Jesuit convent of San Isidro; they killed, plundered, burned...
106:
that did not allow women to reign, so he lost his rights to the throne in favor of his brother's daughter. After the death of Ferdinand VII, at the end of September 1833, the succession dispute led to a civil war, the
1110:, p. 102-103"In the Cortes of 1839, Alonso denounced, without anyone contradicting him, the falsity of accusations that had been a mere pretext to justify the repression against some progressives."
534:". In the afternoon of that same day there were new attempts of assaults to convents that were avoided by the presence of the troops, although several dependencies of the Jesuits and the convent of the
368:
170:, where it had probably been brought by English ships. At the end of 1833 it had spread through Andalusia and from this point or from Portugal it had been brought to Castile by the troops of General
43:
444:
19:
606:
Historians are divided as to the explanation of the events, for while some defend that the assaults on the convents and the murders of the friars were the result of a plot organized by
532:
Madrileños: the authorities are watching over you, and whoever conspires against you, against health or public peace, will be handed over to the courts and will be punished by the laws
115:, the absolutists who mostly supported Don Carlos -the "Carlists"-, and the defenders of a more or less radical change towards a "new regime", who defended the rights to the throne of
50:(1833-1840) in which several convents in the center of Madrid were assaulted and 73 friars were killed and 11 were wounded, because of the rumor that spread through the city that the
508:
439:
455:
in Madrid. He reproaches the Jesuits for the poisoning and looks for proof of it, while they continue killing friars in his presence". A total of fourteen Jesuits were killed.
766:
753:
362:
and Toledo. The first violent event took place at 12 noon in the Puerta del Sol with the murder of a boy who had thrown dirt into a water carrier's bucket. According to
333:
285:
132:
1226:
648:
281:
257:
other parts of the world among the urban working classes, who were convinced that the upper classes were behind it and wanted to reduce the number of indigents. In
580:
269:
were blamed and some of them were persecuted, and in 1833 the tavernkeepers were blamed with the complicity of the police, and several agents were thrown into the
248:
reached Madrid, the epidemic broke out again, "the sick died by the hundreds, with the horrifying circumstances that accompany such a cruel plague", according to
562:
588:
576:
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424:
In the early afternoon, various groups had already formed, also made up of many urban militiamen and some members of the royal guard, who had gathered in the
411:
348:
307:
divine punishment against the unbelieving inhabitants of the city, while the people of the countryside remained free because they were faithful and devout
376:
into the water carriers' vats, one was killed instantly; the other managed to escape and took refuge.... Where? In San Isidro itself". In a similar way,
631:
75:
27:
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to use a tactic of panic to justify the assault to the clerical possessions". According to this historian, the way in which the liberal newspaper
572:
593:
655:, passing through Paris". According to Josep Fontana, "to be able to understand what happened it is necessary to examine the very core of an
171:
756:, published in 1980, attributed the origin of the massacre to the transformation in the collective mentalities of certain popular sectors:
675:?". A proof of this anticlericalism would be the numerous romances that spread days later that tended to blame everything on the friars:
139:, and the rallies of villagers instructed by churchmen were everywhere, especially in Catalonia, the main theater of operations for the
226:
206:
500:
481:
462:
353:
1282:
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95:
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where a well-known royalist is attacked and killed. At four o'clock in the afternoon a Franciscan religious is attacked in
1277:
530:
In the early morning of the following day, July 18, the state of siege was declared and a proclamation was made public: "
222:
202:
67:
197:
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1211:
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218:
190:, but it was not prevented from entering Madrid, from where it was heading north to relieve the troops of General
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71:
54:
that had been ravaging the city since the end of June and that had worsened on July 15 had occurred because "
305:, was reinforced by the fact that some of them in the previous days had explained the cholera epidemic as "
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around 1817, spread throughout Europe. It reached Spain in January 1833, the first town affected being
157:
99:
51:
317:
301:
The rumor that "the water of the public fountains had been poisoned by the friars", especially by the
1272:
391:
They caught up with the miserable boy, stabbed him to death and dragged his corpse down Main Street.
217:
In Madrid the first cases of cholera occurred at the end of June 1834 and although the government of
191:
499:
affirmed that "no less than seventy-five were the religious murdered in Madrid on July 17, 1834. In
249:
111:, which soon became a political and ideological conflict, between those in favor of maintaining the
486:
363:
663:- that was being accentuated in these years, by verifying the identification of the regulars with
485:
composed it. At eleven o'clock at night the convent of San José of the Mercedarios in the present
261:, in 1827, the supposed poisoning was attributed to English subjects and some were murdered; in
1287:
91:
673:
Wherever the priest allies himself with despotism against the people, what destiny awaits him
546:
409:
After the events of the Puerta del Sol, the second violent event occurs an hour later in the
614:, others defend the spontaneity of the movement. The defenders of the first thesis, such as
398:
377:
140:
116:
86:, who was then four years old, and whose inheritance rights had not been recognized by the
83:
8:
425:
136:
1249:
1230:
1207:
1188:
749:
496:
245:
238:
128:
108:
47:
656:
615:
503:, seventeen fathers, four students, ten laymen and ten donates; that is, forty-one
39:
1244:
PĂ©rez GarzĂłn, Juan Sisinio (1997). "Curas y liberales en la revoluciĂłn burguesa".
221:
denied its existence, he quickly left Madrid on June 28, together with the regent
112:
1248:(in Spanish) (Rafael Cruz ed.). Madrid: Marcial Pons (Journal Ayer, nÂş 27).
660:
476:
472:
452:
417:
359:
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342:
291:
277:
621:
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438:, shouting protests against the friars. From there these groups went to the
151:
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advantage of the present moments to increase the conflict in which we are
611:
504:
266:
1221:
Moliner Prada, Antonio (1998). "Anticlericalismo y revoluciĂłn liberal".
471:
The next target of the mutineers was the convent of Santo Tomás of the
79:
322:
Horrible massacre of the Jesuits in the church of San Isidro in Madrid
448:
187:
176:
103:
42:
that took place on July 17, 1834, in the capital of Spain during the
135:: "The cheers for Don Carlos went hand in hand with cheers for the
340:
Everything took place in the most central area of Madrid, between
162:
Between 1830 and 1835 a cholera epidemic, which had originated in
664:
626:
480:
streets of Atocha and Carretas. Around nine o'clock at night the
302:
295:
273:. In Madrid, according to an eyewitness, it was first blamed on "
230:
210:
182:
87:
56:
the water in the public fountains had been poisoned by the friars
526:, president of the council of ministers when the events occurred
24:
The beheading of the friars, in San Francisco el Grande (Madrid)
258:
1161:
1113:
1077:
1031:
1029:
950:
948:
946:
944:
929:
90:, the supporters of the brother of the recently deceased King
1149:
1053:
1041:
992:
990:
965:
963:
810:
808:
270:
262:
163:
878:
876:
827:
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823:
591:, among others, were arrested. This conspiracy was known as
244:
On the very day that the bad news about the progress of the
1026:
1014:
941:
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was attacked, with the result of nine or ten more murders.
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as soon as the first cases of cholera appeared in Madrid.
917:
1125:
888:
1206:(in Spanish). Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales.
237:
had entered Spain, proclaiming it in a manifesto from
1089:
1204:
La RevoluciĂłn Liberal. PolĂtica y Hacienda 1833-1845
905:
861:
388:—That one, the friars sent him to poison the water!
194:, who were unable to control the Carlist rebels.
78:by which she intended to gain the support of the
1264:
16:Anti-clerical riot in Spain in the 19th century.
601:
152:Cholera epidemic and "poisoning of the springs"
1220:
1167:
1119:
1083:
1035:
1020:
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935:
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814:
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225:and the royal family, to take refuge in the
1182:
1131:
981:
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280:, and the persecution of other boys in the
629:with the clergy of the satirical magazine
312:
82:for the cause of her daughter, the future
1225:(in Spanish) (La Parra LĂłpez, Emilio and
1223:El anticlericalismo español contemporáneo
709:the entrance of friars into the convents
659:-directed almost exclusively against the
620:
518:
457:
316:
196:
18:
1201:
1107:
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745:the asylum of the defenseless innocent.
643:Against them, other historians such as
447:, an expert in repressing riots of the
380:narrates the triggering of the tragedy:
369:Un faccioso más y algunos frailes menos
131:pointed out in his pioneering study on
1265:
1229: ed.). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
635:, of 1870, with the Carlist trilemma "
514:
403:Sor Patrocinio. La monja de las llagas
1185:Historia del anticlericalismo español
223:MarĂa Cristina de BorbĂłn-Dos Sicilias
203:MarĂa Cristina de BorbĂłn-Dos Sicilias
174:who had gone to fight the Portuguese
68:MarĂa Cristina de BorbĂłn-Dos Sicilias
679:(...) and as if by leaps and bounds
265:, in March 1831, the friars and the
36:massacre of friars in Madrid in 1834
1187:(in Spanish). Madrid: Caro Raggio.
703:because already religion and faith
694:that it was punishment from heaven
13:
765:An in-between position is held by
721:with a thousand other suspensions
625:Caricature on the relation of the
493:the doors and waiting in prayer".
482:convent of San Francisco el Grande
14:
1304:
730:always unjust, always atrocious,
691:they did not hesitate to spread
1283:History of Catholicism in Spain
1176:
727:The vulgar, always indiscreet,
718:and the holy office suspended,
724:that will come in due time...
541:On July 19, the government of
509:Imperial College of San Isidro
440:Imperial College of San Isidro
119:, for which they were called "
1:
799:
543:Francisco MartĂnez de la Rosa
524:Francisco MartĂnez de la Rosa
235:Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn
219:Francisco MartĂnez de la Rosa
96:Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn
61:
1183:Caro Baroja, Julio (2008) .
733:and always blind instrument
602:Interpretation of the events
26:. Reproduction of a work by
7:
794:Anti-clerical riots of 1835
787:
712:of friars in the convents,
688:the cholera was spreading,
561:On July 23, the eve of the
10:
1309:
1278:Military history of Madrid
700:that threatened the soil,
336:, t. I, Madrid, 1871–1872.
158:Cholera epidemics in Spain
155:
100:Pragmatic Sanction of 1830
767:Juan Sisinio Perez Garzon
754:anti-clericalism in Spain
715:the canonries suspended,
682:(let it be said bluntly)
334:Ildefonso Antonio Bermejo
192:Vicente Genaro de Quesada
172:José Ramón Rodil y Gayoso
146:
133:anti-clericalism in Spain
98:, who did not accept the
66:In April 1834 the regent
44:regency of Maria Cristina
637:God, Motherland and King
453:constitutional triennium
1202:Fontana, Josep (1977).
752:in his pioneer work on
649:Ana Maria Garcia Rovira
501:San Francisco el Grande
465:San Francisco el Grande
355:San Francisco el Grande
313:Assault on the convents
1227:Suárez Cortina, Manuel
763:
747:
739:made a bloody theater
736:of cowardly murderers
640:
581:Lorenzo Calvo de Rozas
527:
487:Tirso de Molina square
468:
445:MartĂnez de San MartĂn
407:
337:
330:La estafeta de Palacio
214:
31:
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685:within Madrid itself
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653:Puebla de los Angeles
624:
563:opening of the Cortes
522:
461:
382:
320:
282:fountains of Lavapiés
200:
22:
671:would say in 1835: "
589:Eugenio de Aviraneta
577:Juan Romero Alpuente
1246:El anticlericalismo
1074:, pp. 102–103.
772:El Eco del Comercio
515:Government response
364:Benito PĂ©rez GaldĂłs
358:and the streets of
294:were giving to the
227:palace of La Granja
207:palace of La Granja
102:that abolished the
1293:Massacres in Spain
1168:Moliner Prada 1998
1120:Moliner Prada 1998
1084:Moliner Prada 1998
1036:Moliner Prada 1998
1021:Moliner Prada 1998
955:Moliner Prada 1998
936:Moliner Prada 1998
926:, pp. 99–100.
844:Moliner Prada 1998
815:Moliner Prada 1998
641:
528:
469:
436:Plaza de la Cebada
412:Plaza de la Cebada
349:Plaza de la Cebada
338:
215:
141:rebellions of 1827
40:anti-clerical riot
32:
1194:978-84-7035-188-4
1170:, pp. 81–82.
1158:, pp. 85–86.
1156:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
1144:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
1122:, pp. 80–81.
1086:, pp. 77–78.
1062:, pp. 84–85.
1060:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
1050:, pp. 83–84.
1048:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
1009:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
997:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
970:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
938:, pp. 76–77.
902:, pp. 98–99.
883:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
832:PĂ©rez GarzĂłn 1997
750:Julio Caro Baroja
585:Juan de OlavarrĂa
497:Julio Caro Baroja
352:, the convent of
246:first Carlist war
129:Julio Caro Baroja
109:first Carlist war
48:first Carlist war
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1273:Anti-clericalism
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1132:Caro Baroja 2008
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856:Caro Baroja 2008
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697:or divine wrath
661:religious orders
657:anti-clericalism
616:Stanley G. Payne
608:secret societies
449:exalted liberals
324:, lithograph by
250:Alcalá Galiano's
70:promulgated the
52:cholera epidemic
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706:are being lost
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573:José de Palafox
517:
418:Calle de Toledo
399:BenjamĂn JarnĂ©s
378:BenjamĂn JarnĂ©s
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76:granted charter
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848:
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789:
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742:of vengeance,
603:
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558:and soldiers.
516:
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432:Puerta del Sol
343:Puerta del Sol
314:
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278:Puerta del Sol
153:
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63:
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15:
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1305:
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1288:1834 in Spain
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1097:
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538:were looted.
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25:
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1177:Bibliography
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1151:
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1127:
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1108:Fontana 1977
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1096:Fontana 1977
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1072:Fontana 1977
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594:La Isabelina
592:
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536:Trinitarians
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495:
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463:Basilica of
435:
431:
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205:left to the
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74:, a kind of
65:
55:
35:
33:
28:RamĂłn Pulido
23:
612:Freemasonry
505:Franciscans
451:during the
434:and in the
427:Plaza Mayor
267:legitimists
201:The regent
177:Miguelistas
137:Inquisition
117:Isabella II
84:Isabella II
1267:Categories
800:References
547:corregidor
473:Dominicans
288:and others
156:See also:
121:Isabelinos
113:Old Regime
62:Background
669:Lamennais
507:. In the
430:, in the
292:religious
286:Relatores
188:La Mancha
125:cristinos
104:Salic Law
788:See also
632:La Flaca
296:Carlists
239:Elizondo
183:Carlists
180:and the
88:Carlists
80:liberals
46:and the
665:Carlism
627:Carlism
555:galeras
303:Jesuits
231:Segovia
211:Segovia
38:was an
1252:
1233:
1210:
1191:
610:or by
360:Atocha
259:Manila
147:Events
123:" or "
780:..."
405:, IV.
271:Seine
263:Paris
164:India
1250:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1189:ISBN
587:and
565:del
328:for
168:Vigo
34:The
647:or
475:on
366:in
332:de
309:".
229:in
209:in
143:".
1269::
1028:^
989:^
962:^
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822:^
807:^
639:".
583:,
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421:.
401:,
346:,
298:.
284:,
241:.
94:,
1258:.
1239:.
1216:.
1197:.
1134:.
775:"
30:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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