392:. The affair and the ensuing coups in the territorial commands deprived the army's high command of significant powers while strengthening local officers and the overall armed forces command. Continued disputes between the military and the parliament also forced local territorial commands to seek sources of funding beyond the central government through deals with local businesses, and this grew to a point where this income exceeded central budgets. It also strengthened the traditionalist officers at the expense of the more modern, professional ones. Under Soegeng, the army attempted to resolve this issue of factionalism but failed, and once Soegeng resigned in 1955, Nasution returned to his post as Army Chief of Staff.
39:
171:'s high command disputed with the parliament regarding excessive civilian meddling in military affairs. After the dismissal of a pro-government officer in July 1952, the parliament began demanding a significant restructuring of armed forces leadership. After three months, tensions culminated in thousands of demonstrators mobilized by the army in Jakarta. Sukarno managed to temper the demonstrators and assure the army officers but refused to concede to any demands. Soon after the incident, a significant proportion of the army's high command was replaced, including
232:, a distant relative of Sukarno's, began to gather support to petition for the removal of Nasution from army leadership. After a tense meeting of regional commanders and a letter from Supeno criticizing his superiors to the civilian government, he was removed from his post on 17 July. Supeno was one of the most senior army officers who had formulated an official military code of principles and was a supporter of the "traditional" faction, espousing that the army should focus on local defense and the utilization of its abundant workforce.
1190:
352:, the officers would have likely accepted a compromise, whereas the parliament would remain but would no longer interfere with army leadership. Sukarno, however, refused to either dissolve parliament, to make public statements supporting the army, or to propose a compromise otherwise, and he sent away the officers after previously promising that he would satisfy all parties.
317:, there were some 30,000 people in the crowd. Beyond the large crowd, the army also pointed several tanks and artillery pieces at the presidential palace. The demonstrators remained in the front of the palace's fences. While this was ongoing, Nasution did not physically participate, as he did not want to appear involved with the movement; he instead invited UN Representative
329:
and after the conclusion of his speech, he received cheers, and the crowd largely dispersed. Sometime past 10 AM, seventeen high-ranking officers, including five of the seven army territorial commanders, met the president. The closed-door meeting lasted for an hour and a half and also involved Hatta,
328:
walked out and addressed the crowd from the steps of the presidential palace, promising elections in the short term. However, Sukarno denied the demonstrators' request to dissolve parliament, stating that such actions would be dictatorial. This speech largely managed to calm down the demonstrators,
203:
had occurred in the past, but not many had been forcefully retired. Beyond the demobilization, the
Indonesian Army had also undergone a "reorganization" program involving many demotions or transfers of local military commanders, which was unpopular among them. This generally split the army into two
371:
The army failed to achieve its objective of mobilizing demonstrators to coerce
Sukarno, and its high command faced internal and external replacements. Three of the seven territorial commanders were removed by their subordinates in October 1952. In the four cities serving as the headquarters of the
219:
For 1952, three-quarters of the army's budget was spent on salaries, limiting the amount of purchasable equipment for renewal, and even so the salary allocations were minimal. In mid-1952, the army reorganizers decided to begin a demobilization process late that year, which would demobilize 80,000
239:
began issuing demands to restructure the
Indonesian Army's leadership and the Ministry of Defense, particularly removing Simatupang and Nasution. The military leadership saw this as excessive civilian interference in defense affairs and began holding meetings to discuss a countermove. The Wilopo
204:
factions: those who preferred reorganization and worked with the civilian administration's budget reduction programs and the traditional military officers at risk of reorganization, including many officers trained by
Japanese occupation forces before independence, under the
220:
soldiers, out of 200,000 at that time. While pensions would be provided, the plan was unpopular among many of the rank and file to be discharged and among the traditional officers. These traditional officers had strong connections with
President
388:– anti-parliament demonstrations occurred after 17 October. Once the parliament had reconvened in late November, both Simatupang and Nasution were removed from their posts, with Simatupang's office being abolished and Nasution being replaced by
264:
members, was submitted. On 10 October, a modified motion was submitted to draw the
Indonesian National Party's support. Around that time, the highest-ranking regional army commanders had gathered in Jakarta for a meeting, including
301:, carrying placards with related messages. There were around 5,000 people by 8 AM, and they broke into the parliament building, where they smashed chairs and damaged the cafeteria. The group was apparently organized by Colonel
228:(PNI) and other opposition parties. Sukarno himself had been opposed to many of the changes in the army and had occasionally intervened in the personnel policy. Between June and July 1952, one Colonel
363:) were arrested, and several newspapers were banned. However, after three days, the bans, arrests, and other measures had been lifted, and army activity in Jakarta significantly returned to normal.
277:. The situation in early October was tense, with military guards posted to the parliament building. Baharuddin's motion failed on 15 October, and a more moderate motion proposed two days earlier by
355:
Once the officers had left the palace, still on 17 October, Sukarno spoke in a broadcast to appeal for calm. Telephone and telegraph connections in
Jakarta ceased that day starting at 11 AM, and a
297:
On the morning of 17 October 1952, thousands of demonstrators brought into
Jakarta by army trucks arrived in front of the parliament building. The demonstrators demanded the
305:, head of the army's dental service. The crowd moved across the city, growing as some bystanders joined in. The group collectively presented a petition to Vice President
199:
began cutting down on expenses, including civilian and military service members, which would include 60,000 soldiers being retired. Demobilization after the
334:
253:
229:
153:
156:, at the behest of the administration's chief of staff, along with the commander of the armed forces. The demand was made of President
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be removed. On 23 September, a motion of no-confidence on the defence ministry's policies by parliamentary defence section secretary
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was implemented, with meetings over five people being restricted. Six parliament members (including former prime minister
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organization. This reorganization process had been coordinated by the Army's leadership, including Armed Forces Chief
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During 1952, the
Indonesian government faced a fiscal crisis due to a drop in government revenues and
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Indonesia Angkatan Darat
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348:. The army officers demanded the president dissolve parliament. According to historian
152:) was an event during which Indonesian soldiers pressured the president to disband the
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McVey, Ruth (1971). "The Post-Revolutionary Transformation of the Indonesian Army".
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Due to tensions regarding potential army reorganization to conserve budgets, the
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were taken off flagpoles and torn up. By the time they arrived in front of the
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The Wilopo Cabinet, 1952-1953: A Turning Point in Post-Revolutionary Indonesia
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threatening to withdraw from the government coalition should Defense Minister
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Cabinet itself suffered from infighting regarding the demands, with the
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Peristiwa 17 Oktober 1952: ketika "moncong" meriam mengarah ke istana
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848:(in Indonesian). Indonesian Armed Forces Historical Service. 1981.
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657:"Djakarta in 1952–53: A Moment of Nation-building Optimism"
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The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia
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154:Provisional People's Representative Council
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107:Provisional House of Representatives
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1205:Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng
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235:Following Supeno's dismissal, the
16:1952 political crisis in Indonesia
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372:unchanged territorial commands –
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1274:Political history of Indonesia
201:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
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1269:Military history of Jakarta
1249:October 1952 events in Asia
997:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai (mother)
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309:, and on several occasions
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677:10.5728/indonesia.108.0065
246:Indonesian Christian Party
242:Indonesian Socialist Party
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916:(in Indonesian). Narasi.
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344:, and parliament speaker
299:dissolution of parliament
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226:Indonesian National Party
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1109:Levana (daughter-in-law)
1103:Sabina (daughter-in-law)
212:and Army Chief of Staff
1259:20th century in Jakarta
1168:Paundrakarna (grandson)
1058:Henny (daughter-in-law)
822:Feith, Herbert (2009).
801:Feith, Herbert (2006).
1225:President of Indonesia
1159:(granddaughter-in-law)
974:President of Indonesia
828:. Equinox Publishing.
807:. Equinox Publishing.
655:Reid, Anthony (2019).
361:Soekiman Wirjosandjojo
131:
83:'s centralization and
1171:Menur (granddaughter)
1162:Marhaendra (grandson)
1067:Surindro (son-in-law)
908:Nasution, Abdul Haris
210:Tahi Bonar Simatupang
1138:Puti (granddaughter)
333:, Cabinet Secretary
214:Abdul Haris Nasution
132:Peristiwa 17 Oktober
1144:Prananda (grandson)
787:, pp. 156–157.
775:, pp. 152–154.
739:, pp. 149–150.
579:, pp. 139–142.
411:, pp. 246–248.
1121:Frits (son-in-law)
1118:Kartika (daughter)
1082:Dicky (son-in-law)
256:, cosigned by the
87:scheme within the
79:Opposition to the
1254:1952 in Indonesia
1231:
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1184:
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1153:Hendra (grandson)
923:978-979-16831-1-1
835:978-602-8397-15-5
814:978-979-3780-45-0
335:A.K. Pringgodigdo
254:Zainul Baharuddin
250:Hamengkubuwono IX
124:17 October affair
120:
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47:during the affair
43:Situation at the
24:17 October affair
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1016:Inggit Garnasih
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867:10.2307/3350748
861:(11): 131–176.
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346:A. M. Tambunan
315:Merdeka Palace
307:Mohammad Hatta
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283:Catholic Party
230:Bambang Supeno
197:Wilopo Cabinet
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1094:(son-in-law)
1073:(son-in-law)
1055:Guntur (son)
1041:Heldy Djafar
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279:I. J. Kasimo
262:Labour Party
234:
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29:Part of the
18:
1216:successor:
1115:Totok (son)
1012:Siti Oetari
663:(108): 73.
386:Banjarmasin
338: [
321:for lunch.
311:Dutch flags
258:Murba Party
111:Holding of
103:Dissolution
68:, Indonesia
1238:Categories
1198:Alma mater
1112:Bayu (son)
1088:(daughter)
1079:(daughter)
1077:Rachmawati
1064:(daughter)
876:1813/53507
785:McVey 1971
773:McVey 1971
761:Feith 2006
749:Feith 2006
737:McVey 1971
722:McVey 1971
705:Feith 2006
690:Feith 2006
628:Feith 2006
613:Feith 2006
592:McVey 1971
577:Feith 2009
565:Feith 2009
550:Feith 2009
538:Feith 2009
526:McVey 1971
514:McVey 1971
487:Feith 2009
472:Feith 2006
460:Feith 2009
448:Feith 2009
436:Feith 2009
424:Feith 2006
409:Feith 2006
396:References
350:Ruth McVey
237:parliament
193:Korean War
183:Background
177:Simatupang
160:while the
128:Indonesian
1086:Sukmawati
1020:Fatmawati
885:0019-7289
855:Indonesia
669:0019-7289
661:Indonesia
319:John Reid
281:, of the
113:elections
74:Caused by
1062:Megawati
910:(2013).
643:TNI 1981
502:TNI 1981
382:Semarang
303:Moestopo
260:and the
244:and the
173:Nasution
61:Location
1264:Sukarno
1218:Suharto
1035:Haryati
1024:Hartini
988:Parents
962:Sukarno
893:3350748
378:Bandung
326:Sukarno
222:Sukarno
158:Sukarno
141:
105:of the
66:Jakarta
1092:Sujiwa
1071:Kiemas
981:Family
920:
891:
883:
832:
811:
675:
667:
384:, and
367:Impact
357:curfew
331:Wilopo
293:Events
273:, and
1157:Donna
1100:(son)
1098:Guruh
1031:Ratna
1005:Wives
889:JSTOR
673:JSTOR
374:Medan
342:]
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