334:
191:
2466:
558:
Gerdil, Mattei, and
Valenti were failures. During the conversation Cardinal Dugnani appeared and suggested that Chiaramonti might be considered; numbers of supporters of Mattei were willing to go over to him. On 12 March the Spanish agent, Cardinal Francisco Lorenzana, received news from Madrid that he had permission to formally exclude Cardinal Mattei. It was unnecessary to do so, of course, since Bellisomi's supporters had already given him the virtual veto. On 14 March, with the support of the active and influential Conclave secretary Consalvi, Cardinal Chiaramonti was elected.
509:
25:
2596:
597:
2415:
2494:
2562:
2454:
2442:
2579:
2545:
2613:
2528:
2511:
524:, who was also the imperial plenipotentiary of Francis II. He bore the Imperial commands, the first of which was to get Cardinal Alessandro Mattei elected Pope. Strangely, by 28 December 1799 Cardinal Herzan had not yet presented his credentials as Imperial plenipotentiary to the College of Cardinals, and thus had no special status.
260:
Pius VI's reign had been marked by tension between his authority and that of the
European monarchs and other institutions, both secular and ecclesiastical. This was largely due to his moderate liberal and reforming pretences. At the beginning of his pontificate he promised to continue the work of his
557:
In the middle of
February, both Herzan and Maury independently calculated that Chiaramonti had about twelve supporters. On 11 March a frank, private conversation took place between Cardinal Antonelli and Cardinal Herzan, in which each frankly admitted that the candidacies of Calcagni, Bellisomi,
645:, and the Church was granted a measure of freedom with a Gallician constitution of the clergy. The Concordat further recognised the Papal States and that which it had confiscated and sold during the occupation of the area. In 1803 the reinstatement of the Papal States was made official by the
553:
but
Austria had rejected him from before the beginning of the Conclave as too old—he was eighty-two. As the conclave was in the third month Cardinal Maury, who supported neither Bellisomi nor Mattei, suggested Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti, OSB Cassin., the Bishop of Imola.
470:
With the loss of the
Vatican and the pope's other temporal power, the cardinals were left in a remarkable position. All had been expelled from the city of Rome by the French occupying authorities. They were forced to hold the conclave in
611:
on 14 June 1800 the French regained
Northern Italy from the forces of Austria. Following this promotion, Bonaparte decided to recognise the new pope and restored the Papal States to those borders set out at Tolentino.
458:, where he died six weeks later, on 29 August 1799. Napoleon was not directly involved. He was in the Near East, and did not return to France until November 1799, when he conducted the coup-d'état of 9 November (
2386:
821:
501:, agreed to defray the costs of the conclave. Since the Secretary of the College of Cardinals was unable to leave Rome to attend, the cardinals elected, in an almost unanimous vote, Msgr.
1367:
1098:
1086:
393:) in a hope that the French would not further pursue the Papal lands. Several reforms were made in the French-controlled regions, where much property of the Church was confiscated.
987:
946:
577:" by Bonaparte himself. Though he could not save ecclesiastical reform and confiscation under the new rule, he did prevent the church being dissolved, unlike that in France.
1973:
493:
in Venice was chosen as the location for the conclave, and the voting would be held in its night chapel. The city, along with other northern
Italian lands, was held by the
957:
929:
2585:
637:, the secretary of the conclave, was created a cardinal on 11 August and became the secretary of state of His Holiness. On 15 July France officially re-recognised
892:
696:. The changes angered the pope, and following his refusal to accept them, Napoleon, in February 1808, demanded he subsidise France's military conflict with the
520:
between
Bellisomi and Mattei until March 1800. Thirty-four Cardinals were present at the start, with the late appearance in conclave on 10 December of Cardinal
1360:
1009:
2396:
962:
543:, subjected Bellisomi to the "virtual veto", since the Mattei faction had sufficient numbers to deny Bellisomi a canonically required two-thirds vote.
1989:
1070:
924:
479:
issued by Pius VI in 1798, which established that when a conclave could not be held in Rome it would be held in the city with the greatest number of
1353:
573:
by
Bonaparte's army in 1797 and famously made a speech in which he stated that good Christians could make good democrats, a speech described as "
333:
1852:
1836:
588:. It was adorned with their own jewels. Chiaramonti was declared Pope Pius VII and crowned on 21 March at the monastery church of S. Giorgio.
2269:
2253:
2221:
2205:
2189:
2173:
1081:
1045:
2301:
2285:
2237:
539:), with some eighteen committed votes. His unpopularity among the Austrian faction, however, who preferred Cardinal Alessandro Mattei, the
697:
361:
ordered, being aware that this would not win favour among the French and
Italian populations. Pius sued for peace, which was granted at
1221:
305:
suppressed, the pontifical and ecclesiastical possessions in France confiscated, and an effigy of himself burnt by the populace at the
2668:
615:
The new pope headed for Rome, which he entered to the pleasure of the population on 3 July. Fearing further invasion he decreed the
1945:
532:
278:
was announced. Pro-Jesuit powers remained in support of Pius, thinking him secretly more inclined to the Society than Clement. The
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
712:. Finally in 1809, on 17 May, the Papal states were formally annexed to the First French Empire and Pius VII was taken to the
2482:
1966:
1186:
652:
Napoleon pursued secularisation of smaller, independent lands and, through diplomatic pressure, the dissolution of the
2678:
1153:
1142:
1110:
313:
in the streets of Rome (January 1793) gave new ground of offence; the papal court was charged with complicity by the
68:
46:
39:
2534:
1033:
1103:
624:
2693:
897:
498:
2602:
2688:
2683:
1938:
1829:
1633:
1308:
Un peu plus de lumière sur le Conclave de Venise et sur les commencements du Pontificat de Pie VII. 1799-1800
1170:
Un peu plus de lumiere sur le Conclave de Venise et sur les commencements du Pontificat de Pie VII. 1799-1800
1021:
854:
665:
585:
407:
2517:
2138:
2110:
2033:
1917:
1889:
1868:
1696:
1689:
1668:
1661:
1647:
1612:
1605:
1542:
837:
769:
730:
521:
200:
235:
and was the last to take place outside Rome. This period was marked by uncertainty for the papacy and the
2262:
1845:
1619:
1535:
1388:
1056:
967:
774:
713:
2432:
2246:
812:
685:
547:
397:
2366:
1896:
784:
476:
396:
On 28 December 1797, in a riot created by some Italian and French revolutionists, the French general
302:
223:
on 29 August 1799 lasted from 30 November 1799 to 14 March 1800 and led to the selection of Cardinal
2658:
2418:
2376:
1626:
1075:
1050:
842:
435:
403:
33:
584:
was hurried. Having no papal treasures on hand the noblewomen of the city manufactured the famous
2673:
2663:
1982:
1903:
1376:
977:
865:
848:
137:
1264:
2356:
1038:
972:
480:
411:
286:, made internal reforms which conflicted with some of the power of the Papacy. Further, German
50:
646:
190:
2336:
806:
758:
736:
725:
669:
661:
540:
490:
322:
236:
101:
1229:
342:
1766:
1064:
1014:
919:
902:
795:
752:
677:
494:
279:
270:
124:
109:
8:
2470:
2458:
2294:
2278:
2230:
2214:
2198:
2182:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2131:
2124:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1959:
1952:
1931:
1924:
1910:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1682:
1675:
1654:
1640:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1091:
1026:
939:
790:
657:
601:
459:
366:
224:
205:
176:
516:
The conclave began on 30 November 1799 and the assembled cardinals could not overcome a
2446:
997:
934:
826:
747:
741:
574:
566:
505:
as Secretary in his place. Consalvi would prove an influential figure in the election.
374:
508:
2568:
1149:
982:
832:
801:
653:
642:
620:
608:
346:
314:
298:
283:
2551:
455:
427:
886:
779:
763:
681:
628:
581:
415:
358:
275:
244:
881:
870:
634:
528:
502:
431:
318:
310:
291:
163:
1345:
1245:
700:. The pope again refused, leading to further confiscations of territory such as
414:. His actions were at the direction of the French Government, at that time the
1395:
1297:
992:
951:
914:
418:. Pius refused and was taken prisoner. On 20 February he was escorted from the
216:
1214:
406:
marched to Rome, entered it unopposed on 13 February 1798, and, proclaiming a
2632:
2326:
1337:
Correspondence diplomatique et mémoires inédits du Cardinal Maury (1792-1817)
909:
860:
378:
1194:
616:
400:
of the French embassy was killed and a new pretext furnished for invasion.
306:
240:
596:
2346:
689:
638:
487:
354:
266:
262:
2619:
816:
550:
287:
228:
1329:(ed. J. Crétineau-Joly) seconde édition (Paris: Plon 1866), 217–288.
693:
517:
362:
2500:
619:
should remain neutral between Napoleonic Italy in the north and the
2441:
709:
451:
443:
419:
2453:
1166:
Correspondence diplomatique et mémoires inédits du Cardinal Maury
570:
438:
led to Pius' removal, though by this time deathly ill, by way of
390:
386:
370:
220:
2387:
De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
1060:
705:
701:
673:
472:
382:
350:
232:
105:
2476:
672:
restarted his expansionist policies and assumed control over
562:
546:
The conclave considered a third possible candidate, Cardinal
447:
439:
423:
2430:
569:. He had stayed in place after the assumption of his
1010:
Christoph Anton von Migazzi von Waal und Sonnenthurn
434:. The French declaration of war against Grand Duke
1318:Memorie politiche sui conclavi da Pio VII a Pio IX
1294:Ricordi e documenti sul Conclave di Venezia (1800)
623:in the south. At the time the latter was ruled by
1375:
660:declined following the pope's refusal to divorce
656:(1806). The relations between the Church and the
2630:
1284:El Cardinel Lorenzana en el conclave de Venezia
410:, demanded of the pope the renunciation of his
357:. He did not continue and conquer Rome, as the
1361:
512:San Giorgio, Venice: location of the conclave
377:(founded in December 1796 out of a merger of
641:as its majority (not state) religion in the
561:Chiaramonti was, at the time, the bishop of
1246:"Conclaves of the 19th Century (1799-1878)"
698:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
580:Due to its temporary siting in Venice, the
1368:
1354:
301:Pius was compelled to see the independent
1265:"Papal State and Papacy, 1799–1809"
1215:Documents concerning the Election of 1800
1168:I (Lille, 1891), 227-228. Charles Duerm,
349:, defeated the papal troops and occupied
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1147:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, p. 139
595:
507:
332:
147:Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traietto
32:This article includes a list of general
861:Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti
719:
328:
2631:
1250:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
1143:Walsh, Michael and Walsh, Michael J.,
1398:(1274–1276, 1294–present)
1349:
317:, and Pius threw in his lot with the
309:. The murder of the republican agent
250:
2483:
1003:
822:Carlo Giuseppe Filippo di Martiniana
231:Pius VII. This conclave was held in
18:
1046:Louis-René-Eduard de Rohan-Guéménée
294:, but were soon brought into line.
290:had shown independence at the 1786
243:and abduction of Pius VI under the
13:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2705:
1335:Charles Antoine Ricard (editor),
1111:Louis-Joseph de Laval-Montmorency
2669:18th-century elections in Europe
2611:
2594:
2577:
2560:
2543:
2526:
2509:
2492:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2414:
2413:
1034:Joannes-Henricus de Franckenberg
282:proved a threat when its ruler,
189:
99:30 November 1799 – 14 March 1800
23:
1179:
1104:patriarch of the Western Indies
1099:Antonio de Sentmenat y Castella
465:
255:
1158:
1136:
1123:
898:Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana
499:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
239:following the invasion of the
1:
2654:1800 in the Holy Roman Empire
2649:1800 in the Habsburg monarchy
2644:1799 in the Holy Roman Empire
2639:1799 in the Habsburg monarchy
1377:Papal elections and conclaves
1327:Mémoires du Cardinal Consalvi
1310:(Louvain: Ch. Peeters 1896).
1116:
1022:Dominique de La Rochefoucauld
855:Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphili
591:
535:, seemed a viable candidate (
988:Ludovico Flangini Giovanelli
947:Giambattista Bussi de Pretis
838:Franziskus Herzan von Harras
770:Francesco Carafa di Trajetto
731:bishop of Ostia and Velletri
522:Franziskus Herzan von Harras
373:to Bonaparte's newly formed
7:
1389:Papal selection before 1059
1057:Giuseppe Maria Capece Zurlo
968:Giulio Maria della Somaglia
775:Francesco Saverio de Zelada
668:in 1805. The newly crowned
219:that followed the death of
10:
2710:
1269:History of the Papal State
1087:José Francisco de Mendonça
958:Francesco Maria Pignatelli
813:Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
548:Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
136:functions administered by
2408:
2367:Romano Pontifici eligendo
2313:
1406:
1383:
1339:(Lille 1891) I, 264–379.
1191:The Conclave of 1799-1800
973:Antonmaria Doria-Pamphili
785:bishop of Osimo e Cingoli
680:, installing his brother
365:on 19 February 1797. The
197:
188:
174:
169:
159:
155:Antonmaria Doria-Pamphilj
151:
143:
130:
120:
115:
98:
93:
83:
16:Election of Pope Pius VII
2679:18th-century Catholicism
2479:1799–1800 papal conclave
2377:Universi Dominici gregis
1217:, retrieved: 2017-12-31.
1187:"Sede Vacante 1799-1800"
1076:bishop of Ancona e Umana
1051:archbishop of Strasbourg
930:Ippolito Vincenti-Mareri
843:Giovanni Andrea Archetti
714:Château de Fontainebleau
676:, Naples (following the
586:papier-mâché papal tiara
436:Ferdinand III of Tuscany
404:Louis Alexandre Berthier
1306:Charles van Duerm, SJ,
1133:I, p. 286; Duerm, 61-62
978:Romualdo Braschi-Onesti
849:bishop of Ascoli Piceno
398:Mathurin-Léonard Duphot
297:At the outbreak of the
274:the dissolution of the
138:Romualdo Braschi-Onesti
53:more precise citations.
2357:Ingravescentem aetatem
1211:Sede Vacante 1799-1800
1039:archbishop of Mechelen
993:Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo
604:
513:
338:
2694:Henry Benedict Stuart
2337:Aeterni Patris Filius
1946:October–December 1590
893:Carlo Livizzani Forni
807:archbishop of Bologna
759:Luigi Valenti-Gonzaga
737:Henry Benedict Stuart
726:Gian Francesco Albani
670:emperor of the French
599:
541:archbishop of Ferrara
511:
491:San Giorgio Monastery
336:
323:French First Republic
237:Roman Catholic Church
102:San Giorgio Monastery
2689:1799 in Christianity
2684:1800 in Christianity
1316:Eugenio Cipolletta,
1065:archbishop of Naples
1015:archbishop of Vienna
920:Giambattista Caprara
903:archbishop of Toledo
796:bishop of Senigallia
753:bishop of Palestrina
720:List of participants
678:Battle of Austerlitz
495:Archduchy of Austria
426:, and thence to the
329:The State of the See
280:Archduchy of Austria
271:Dominus ac Redemptor
125:Gianfrancesco Albani
110:Archduchy of Austria
1197:on 21 February 2014
1172:(Louvain 1896), 84.
1092:patriarch of Lisbon
1027:archbishop of Rouen
940:Archbishop of Paris
791:Bernardino Honorati
666:Elizabeth Patterson
658:First French Empire
647:Treaty of Lunéville
475:. This followed an
367:Treaty of Tolentino
225:Barnaba Chiaramonti
177:Barnaba Chiaramonti
1292:Alberto Lumbroso,
1131:Memoires ... Maury
998:Giovanni Rinuccini
935:Jean-Sifrein Maury
827:bishop of Vercelli
748:Leonardo Antonelli
742:bishop of Frascati
627:, a member of the
605:
567:Subalpine Republic
514:
454:to the citadel of
412:temporal authority
375:Cispadane Republic
343:Napoléon Bonaparte
339:
337:Napoleon Bonaparte
251:Historical context
94:Dates and location
2428:
2427:
1107:
1095:
1078:
1067:
1053:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1004:List of absentees
983:Filippo Carandini
963:Aurelio Roverella
954:
943:
906:
889:
873:
851:
833:Alessandro Mattei
829:
809:
802:Andrea Gioannetti
798:
787:
766:
755:
744:
733:
654:Holy Roman Empire
643:Concordat of 1801
621:Kingdom of Naples
609:Battle of Marengo
347:Italian Peninsula
315:French Convention
299:French Revolution
284:Emperor Joseph II
213:
212:
89:
79:
78:
71:
2701:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2606:from Wikiversity
2599:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2401:
2397:Normas nonnullas
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1967:March–April 1605
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1399:
1391:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:on 12 March 2005
1228:. Archived from
1206:
1204:
1202:
1193:. Archived from
1173:
1162:
1156:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1102:
1090:
1074:
1059:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
950:
938:
901:
887:bishop of Cesena
885:
869:
846:
825:
805:
794:
783:
780:Guido Calcagnini
764:bishop of Albano
762:
751:
740:
729:
682:Joseph Bonaparte
662:Jérôme Bonaparte
629:House of Bourbon
582:papal coronation
533:Bishop of Cesena
359:French Directory
276:Society of Jesus
265:, in whose 1773
245:French Directory
193:
88:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2659:Papal conclaves
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:from Wikisource
2566:
2561:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2504:from Wiktionary
2498:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:sister projects
2481:at Knowledge's
2475:
2465:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2412:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2277:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1340:
1330:
1321:
1320:(Milano 1863).
1311:
1301:
1287:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1222:"Pope Pius VII"
1220:
1200:
1198:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1071:Vicenzo Ranuzzi
1006:
925:Antonio Dugnani
882:Carlo Bellisomi
871:bishop of Imola
722:
635:Ercole Consalvi
594:
529:Carlo Bellisomi
503:Ercole Consalvi
468:
331:
319:First Coalition
311:Hugo Basseville
303:Gallican Church
292:Congress of Ems
258:
253:
209:
203:
180:
164:Ercole Consalvi
135:
100:
87:
85:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:1800 elections
2671:
2666:
2664:1799 elections
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2608:
2591:
2589:from Wikibooks
2574:
2557:
2555:from Wikiquote
2540:
2523:
2506:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1939:September 1590
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1830:September 1503
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1634:September 1276
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:Papal conclave
1392:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1298:Fratelli Bocca
1290:
1280:
1261:
1242:
1226:The Popes Pius
1218:
1207:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1164:C. A. Ricard,
1157:
1135:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1079:
1068:
1054:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
952:bishop of Jesi
944:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Stefano Borgia
912:
907:
895:
890:
879:
874:(Elected Pope
857:
852:
840:
835:
830:
819:
810:
799:
788:
777:
772:
767:
756:
745:
734:
721:
718:
593:
590:
497:, whose ruler
467:
464:
408:Roman Republic
330:
327:
257:
254:
252:
249:
217:papal conclave
211:
210:
204:
198:
195:
194:
186:
185:
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
96:
95:
91:
90:
84:Papal conclave
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2706:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2623:from Wikidata
2622:
2621:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2538:from Wikinews
2537:
2536:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2327:Ubi periculum
2323:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:December 1187
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:Elections and
1405:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:J. P. Adams,
1208:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:9781580511353
1151:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1007:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
953:
948:
945:
941:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:Ignazio Busca
908:
904:
899:
896:
894:
891:
888:
883:
880:
877:
872:
867:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
850:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
828:
823:
820:
818:
814:
811:
808:
803:
800:
797:
792:
789:
786:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
765:
760:
757:
754:
749:
746:
743:
738:
735:
732:
728:, da Urbino,
727:
724:
723:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
603:
598:
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
552:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
268:
264:
261:predecessor,
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:took the name
226:
222:
218:
207:
202:
196:
192:
187:
184:
179:
178:
173:
168:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:Key officials
114:
111:
107:
103:
97:
92:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2016
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2618:
2601:
2584:
2567:
2550:
2533:
2521:from Commons
2516:
2499:
2478:
2471:Vatican City
2459:Christianity
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2263:October 1978
2117:
1846:October 1503
1620:January 1276
1536:October 1187
1336:
1326:
1322:(in Italian)
1317:
1307:
1302:(in Italian)
1293:
1288:(in Spanish)
1283:
1282:R. Obechea,
1272:. Retrieved
1268:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1225:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1190:
1180:Bibliography
1169:
1165:
1160:
1145:The Conclave
1144:
1138:
1130:
1125:
875:
859:
651:
633:
625:Ferdinand IV
617:Papal States
614:
606:
600:Pius VII by
579:
560:
556:
545:
536:
526:
515:
485:
469:
466:The Conclave
402:
395:
369:transferred
345:invaded the
340:
321:against the
307:Palais Royal
296:
269:
259:
256:Pope Pius VI
241:Papal States
214:
182:
181:Name taken:
175:
170:Elected pope
65:
56:
37:
2501:Definitions
2447:Catholicism
2347:Cum proxime
2247:August 1978
1341:(in French)
1331:(in French)
1312:(in French)
1255:26 November
1082:Muzio Gallo
847:Archbishop-
684:as its new
639:Catholicism
488:Benedictine
460:18 Brumaire
288:archbishops
263:Clement XIV
152:Protodeacon
144:Protopriest
51:introducing
2633:Categories
2552:Quotations
2318:(selected)
1897:April 1555
1117:References
1094:, Portugal
690:Pontecorvo
592:A new pope
131:Camerlengo
34:references
2603:Resources
2586:Textbooks
2316:documents
2314:Governing
2139:1830–1831
2118:1799–1800
2111:1774–1775
2034:1669–1670
1918:1565–1566
1890:1549–1550
1869:1521–1522
1697:1314–1316
1690:1304–1305
1669:1292–1294
1662:1287–1288
1648:1280–1281
1627:July 1276
1613:1268–1271
1606:1264–1265
1409:conclaves
1041:, Belgium
1017:, Austria
694:Benevento
527:Cardinal
518:stalemate
481:cardinals
477:ordinance
416:Directory
363:Tolentino
160:Secretary
86:1799–1800
2419:Category
2302:electors
2286:electors
2270:electors
2254:electors
2238:electors
2222:electors
2206:electors
2190:electors
2174:electors
1990:electors
1983:May 1605
1974:electors
1904:May 1555
1853:electors
1837:electors
1286:(1975).
1129:Ricard,
1029:, France
942:, France
876:Pius VII
710:Macerata
537:papabile
452:Grenoble
444:Piacenza
432:Florence
341:In 1796
183:Pius VII
2433:Portals
1300:1903).
1296:(Roma:
1274:9 April
1236:8 April
1106:, Spain
905:, Spain
607:By the
575:Jacobin
571:diocese
565:in the
456:Valence
428:Certosa
420:Vatican
391:Ferrara
387:Bologna
371:Romagna
221:Pius VI
208: →
201:1774–75
199:←
47:improve
2400:(2013)
2390:(2007)
2380:(1996)
2370:(1975)
2360:(1970)
2350:(1922)
2340:(1621)
2330:(1274)
1201:20 May
1152:
1061:Theat.
706:Ancona
702:Urbino
674:Ancona
531:, the
473:Venice
383:Modena
379:Reggio
355:Loreto
351:Ancona
233:Venice
227:, who
134:Vacant
106:Venice
36:, but
2569:Texts
2518:Media
602:David
563:Imola
448:Turin
440:Parma
430:near
424:Siena
267:brief
2620:Data
2535:News
2295:2013
2279:2005
2231:1963
2215:1958
2199:1939
2183:1922
2167:1914
2160:1903
2153:1878
2146:1846
2132:1829
2125:1823
2104:1769
2097:1758
2090:1740
2083:1730
2076:1724
2069:1721
2062:1700
2055:1691
2048:1689
2041:1676
2027:1667
2020:1655
2013:1644
2006:1623
1999:1621
1960:1592
1953:1591
1932:1585
1925:1572
1911:1559
1883:1534
1876:1523
1862:1513
1823:1492
1816:1484
1809:1471
1802:1464
1795:1458
1788:1455
1781:1447
1774:1431
1767:1417
1760:1406
1753:1404
1746:1389
1739:1378
1732:1370
1725:1362
1718:1352
1711:1342
1704:1334
1683:1303
1676:1294
1655:1285
1641:1277
1599:1261
1592:1254
1585:1243
1578:1241
1571:1227
1564:1216
1557:1198
1550:1191
1529:1185
1522:1181
1515:1159
1508:1154
1501:1153
1494:1145
1487:1144
1480:1143
1473:1130
1466:1124
1459:1119
1452:1118
1445:1099
1438:1088
1431:1086
1424:1073
1417:1061
1276:2005
1257:2014
1238:2005
1203:2014
1150:ISBN
817:CRSP
708:and
692:and
686:king
664:and
551:CRSP
486:The
450:and
389:and
353:and
215:The
206:1823
121:Dean
866:OSB
688:),
462:).
422:to
2635::
1267:.
1248:.
1224:.
1213:,
1189:.
1101:,
1089:,
1073:,
1063:,
1048:,
1036:,
1024:,
1012:,
949:,
937:,
900:,
884:,
868:,
864:,
845:,
824:,
815:,
804:,
793:,
782:,
761:,
750:,
739:,
716:.
704:,
649:.
631:.
483:.
446:,
442:,
385:,
381:,
325:.
247:.
108:,
104:,
2487::
2435::
1369:e
1362:t
1355:v
1278:.
1259:.
1240:.
1205:.
878:)
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
