30:
37:
180:
467:
of silver were given to each deceased individual. In Linfen, a total of 36,212 taels were handled out. Donations requested by the
Minister of Relief from all government officials amounted to 4,594,200 taels of silver and were used to rebuild homes. Funds for the reconstruction of towns and the city
340:
occur at a slow rate of 0.8 ± 0.3 mm (0.031 ± 0.012 in)/year, hence earthquakes occur with long intervals of recurrence. Previous estimated magnitudes of earthquakes by
Chinese researchers have possible inaccuracies as they are biased on written descriptions and death
426:
were also killed. In the aftermath, only a handful of homes, government buildings, temples and education institutions survived. Linfen lost at least 28,000 residents or 16 percent of its population. The city accounted for 53 percent of the total death toll. Reports of damage also came from
409:
was X–XI, many dwelling in villages were destroyed, killing their inhabitants. The shock knocked down structures in the city, including walls, temples, towers, homes, and warehouses. According to one account, more than 40,000 homes were destroyed.
335:
along the Shanxi Rift System. The rift extends for 1,200 km (750 mi), and is up to 60 km (37 mi) across. The graben is bounded by normal faults on both sides capable of generating earthquakes. Extension along the
443:
placed that figure at 176,365. Ground effects associated with the earthquake are still visible today. At
Dongputou and Xiputou villages in the Xiangcheng District, a large valley, splitting villages into two. The
463:
to survey the affected area. A disaster relief team was dispatched to conduct rescue and relief efforts. Kangxi provided relief fund to help the victims of the earthquake and rebuild damaged cities.
218:. This devastating earthquake affected over 120 counties across eight provinces of modern-day China. An estimated 52,600 people died in the earthquake, although the death toll may have been 176,365.
393:
from previous events. The region was already under long-term stress which led to faults rupturing. The 1695 event is the most recent magnitude 7.0 or greater earthquake to occur in the Shanxi Rift.
823:
418:
and homes collapsed. In another village, more than 80 of the 180 inhabitants died due to collapsing structures. The shock collapsed entire cave homes and buried many people. In
Xinjian Village,
386:
361:. The Linfen-Fushan Fault (also known as the Guojiazhuang Fault), Liucun Fault, and Luoyunshan Fault were determined to be sources of the event based on examining the
830:
539:"Coulomb stress evolution in the Shanxi rift system, North China, since 1303 associated with coseismic, post-seismic and interseismic deformation"
513:
1235:
743:
612:"The CE 1303 Hongdong earthquake and the Huoshan Piedmont Fault, Shanxi Graben: Implications for magnitude limits of normal fault earthquakes"
289:. The reason for extension in this part of China is still debated though the most agreed hypothesis is crustal deformation resulting from the
85:
1874:
29:
414:
were started and the ground erupted black-colored water, killing many. More than 60 villagers died at a settlement in Linfen when
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slip sense. The earthquake location is adjacent to another large earthquake in 1303. The previous event prior to 1695 was a M
148:
1338:
1852:
1599:
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1172:
377: 7.8 event. It generated a 70 km (43 mi) rupture along a steeply-dipping northwest-striking fault with a
1910:
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earthquakes were the deadliest events occurring in the rift, with a death toll of 200,000 and 830,000, respectively.
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structure were allocated by the government. Soldiers patrolled the area to prevent crimes and disorderly conduct.
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369:. These individual faults were only capable of producing earthquakes with magnitudes up to 7.0, hence a multi-
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1695:
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1221:
981:
910:
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1064:
1043:
579:"Stress pattern of the Shanxi rift system, North China, inferred from the inversion of new focal mechanisms"
1308:
1244:
1125:
920:
477:
930:
785:"康熙"抗震救灾"之山西临汾8.0级大地震 [Kangxi "Earthquake Relief" earthquake of magnitude 8.0 in Linfen, Shanxi]"
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provinces. An official report in 1875 stated that 52,600 people died, but a monument from the
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canal, a source of water for agriculture in the region, was destroyed during the tremors.
254:
8:
925:
459:, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, was briefed about the devastation. He appointed
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667:[A study on the seismogenic structure of Linfen M7¾ earthquake in 1695].
350:
199:
610:
Yueren Xu; Honglin He; Qidong Deng; Mark B. Allen; Haoyue Sun; Lisi Bi (2018).
456:
366:
266:
261:, the Shanxi Rift forms the eastern boundary of the Ordos Block; a fragment of
1889:
784:
411:
370:
310:
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100:
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536:
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on May 18. Occurring at a shallow depth within the continental crust, the
662:
638:
595:
555:
502:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
378:
328:
282:
239:
231:
188:
305:, causing the rotation of crustal blocks in China. Other hypotheses are
1213:
577:
Bin Li; Kuvvet Atakan; Mathilde Bøttger Sørensen; Jens
Havskov (2015).
521:
423:
314:
302:
389:. The 1695 earthquake occurred in a region of reduced stress due to
278:
436:
415:
274:
445:
402:
358:
130:
179:
464:
432:
428:
789:
537:
Bin Li; Mathilde Bøttger Sørensen; Kuvvet Atakan (2015).
230:
is a seismically active intracontinental rift zone in
663:
Yan Xiao-bing; Zhou Yong-sheng; Li Zi-hong; Guo Jin.
210:
7.8 earthquake had a maximum intensity of XI on the
713:"A brief account of the Linfen earthquake in 1695"
238: 7.0 earthquakes have been recorded in the
1887:
741:
36:
1229:
824:
687:"Ruins after the Earthquake in Linfen (1695)"
570:
838:
619:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
782:
658:
656:
1875:China International Search and Rescue Team
1236:
1222:
831:
817:
532:
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778:
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594:
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653:
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273:. It formed when extension began in the
178:
527:
1888:
773:
735:
1217:
812:
321:; or localized intraplate tectonics.
679:
1853:China Meteorological Administration
495:
349:The earthquake had an epicenter at
221:
13:
461:ministers and government officials
14:
1927:
705:
603:
583:Geophysical Journal International
543:Geophysical Journal International
1863:China Earthquake Networks Center
510:National Geophysical Data Center
281:, separating the crust into the
187:along the eastern margin of the
35:
28:
1858:China Earthquake Administration
505:Significant Earthquake Database
422:, 7,000 people died. Many more
327:and strike-slip earthquakes in
141:
1339:1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo, Ningxia
483:List of historical earthquakes
297:and Eurasian plates along the
1:
1344:1786 Kangding-Luding, Sichuan
783:Wen Zhengye (31 March 2021).
742:Pradeep Talwani (2015). "5".
488:
344:
341:toll from these earthquakes.
212:China seismic intensity scale
1530:1976 Songpan–Pingwu, Sichuan
1264:1290 Chihli (Inner Mongolia)
478:List of earthquakes in China
331:are consistent with ongoing
7:
1585:1996 Baotou, Inner Mongolia
1555:1988 Lancang–Gengma, Yunnan
471:
451:
373:was involved to produce a M
269:. Within the rift features
253:Bounded to the west by the
10:
1932:
753:Cambridge University Press
693:. Science Museums of China
1911:Disasters in Qing dynasty
1845:
1824:
1618:
1495:1969 Yangjiang, Guangdong
1382:
1251:
1160:
1134:
1103:
1057:
1026:
995:
964:
903:
877:
846:
169:
161:
140:
126:
116:
79:
63:
48:
24:
1756:2017 Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan
1751:2017 Taxkorgan, Xinjiang
1304:1668 Tangcheng, Shandong
1173:1692 Northwestern Europe
840:17th-century earthquakes
216:Mercalli intensity scale
1870:China Geological Survey
1766:2019 Changning, Sichuan
1666:2008 Panzhihua, Sichuan
1515:1975 Haicheng, Liaoning
1405:1918 Shantou, Guangdong
1334:1738 Dangjiang, Qinghai
1188:1694 Irpinia–Basilicata
391:coulomb stress transfer
234:. Since 231 BC, eight M
1771:2020 Kashgar, Xinjiang
1741:2014 Kangding, Sichuan
1726:2014 Yingjiang, Yunnan
1701:2012 Yangzhou, Jiangsu
1661:2008 Yingjiang, Yunnan
1646:2005 Ruichang, Jiangxi
1475:1955 Kangding, Sichuan
1445:1936 Lingshan, Guangxi
1390:1902 Kashgar, Xinjiang
1329:1733 Dongchuan, Yunnan
745:Intraplate Earthquakes
665:"1695年临汾73/4级地震发震构造研究"
355:prefectural-level city
257:, and the east by the
208:surface-wave magnitude
196:1695 Linfen earthquake
191:
52:May 18, 1695
20:1695 Linfen earthquake
1906:17th century in China
1896:Earthquakes in Shanxi
1796:2022 Menyuan, Qinghai
1761:2017 Jinghe, Xinjiang
1746:2015 Pishan, Xinjiang
1721:2014 Yutian, Xinjiang
1706:2012 Zhaotong, Yunnan
1641:2003 Zhaosu, Xinjiang
1605:1998 Ninglang, Yunnan
1590:1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang
1570:1995 Menglian, Yunnan
1520:1976 Longling, Yunnan
1510:1974 Zhaotong, Yunnan
1410:1920 Haiyuan, Ningxia
1374:1889 Chilik, Xinjiang
1364:1850 Xichang, Sichuan
1284:1604 Quanzhou, Fujian
1274:1536 Xichang, Sichuan
1269:1303 Hongdong, Shanxi
397:Damage and casualties
299:Main Himalayan Thrust
182:
1806:2022 Luding, Sichuan
1791:2021 Luxian, Sichuan
1776:2020 Qiaojia, Yunnan
1711:2013 Lushan, Sichuan
1631:2003 Bachu, Xinjiang
1580:1996 Lijiang, Yunnan
1560:1990 Gonghe, Qinghai
1550:1985 Wuqia, Xinjiang
1525:1976 Tangshan, Hebei
1500:1970 Tonghai, Yunnan
1460:1948 Litang, Sichuan
1430:1931 Fuyun, Xinjiang
1395:1906 Manas, Xinjiang
1359:1833 Kunming, Yunnan
1299:1654 Tianshui, Gansu
1294:1626 Lingqiu, Shanxi
1245:Earthquakes in China
723:on 26 September 2021
639:10.1002/2017JB014928
291:India-Asia collision
1801:2022 Ya'an, Sichuan
1786:2021 Maduo, Qinghai
1736:2014 Jinggu, Yunnan
1731:2014 Ludian, Yunnan
1686:2010 Yushu, Qinghai
1671:2008 Damxung, Tibet
1651:2006 Yanjin, Yunnan
1575:1995 Wuding, Yunnan
1545:1985 Luquan, Yunnan
1540:1983 Heze, Shandong
1505:1973 Luhuo, Sichuan
1485:1966 Xingtai, Hebei
1480:1955 Yuzha, Sichuan
1450:1937 Heze, Shandong
1440:1933 Diexi, Sichuan
1415:1923 Renda, Sichuan
1349:1815 Pinglu, Shanxi
1324:1718 Tongwei, Gansu
1314:1695 Linfen, Shanxi
1309:1679 Beijing, Hebei
1090:1668 North Anatolia
631:2018JGRB..123.3098X
319:east coast of Japan
173:52,600–176,365 dead
97: /
21:
16:Earthquake in China
1716:2013 Dingxi, Gansu
1565:1994 Taiwan Strait
1535:1981 Dawu, Sichuan
1425:1927 Gulang, Gansu
1400:1913 Eshan, Yunnan
1354:1830 Cixian, Hebei
982:1638 New Hampshire
911:1620 Robben Island
596:10.1093/gji/ggv025
556:10.1093/gji/ggv384
387:earthquake in 1683
287:North China Craton
228:Shanxi Rift System
192:
185:Shanxi Rift System
19:
1916:History of Linfen
1901:1690s earthquakes
1883:
1882:
1781:2021 Dali, Yunnan
1595:1997 Manyi, Tibet
1420:1925 Dali, Yunnan
1211:
1210:
1126:1679 Sanhe-Pinggu
921:1622 North Guyuan
407:maximum intensity
363:seismic intensity
333:crustal extension
263:continental crust
259:Taihang Mountains
255:Lüliang Mountains
177:
176:
1923:
1465:1950 Assam–Tibet
1369:1879 Wudu, Gansu
1238:
1231:
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1215:
1214:
931:1625 El Salvador
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826:
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780:
771:
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755:. Archived from
750:
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732:
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728:
719:. Archived from
709:
703:
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683:
677:
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650:
625:(4): 3098–3121.
616:
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574:
568:
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563:
558:
549:(3): 1642–1664.
534:
525:
524:
522:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
499:
420:Xiangling County
222:Tectonic setting
202:in North China,
157:
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1378:
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1207:
1156:
1130:
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1075:1663 Charlevoix
1065:1662 Hyūga-nada
1053:
1044:1657 Concepción
1022:
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960:
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842:
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367:isoseismal maps
351:Xiangfen County
347:
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200:Shanxi Province
149:
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72:
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49:Local date
44:
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40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1929:
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1918:
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1811:2023 Jishishan
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1522:
1517:
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1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:1969 Bohai Sea
1487:
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1477:
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1467:
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1301:
1296:
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1289:1605 Guangdong
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:1038 Dingxiang
1255:
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1100:
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1082:
1080:1667 Dubrovnik
1077:
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1020:
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1005:
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989:
984:
979:
977:1638 Calabrian
974:
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956:1629 Banda Sea
953:
951:1628 Camarines
948:
943:
938:
936:1626 Girifalco
933:
928:
923:
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905:
901:
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864:1605 Guangdong
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835:
828:
821:
813:
805:
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772:
734:
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678:
671:(in Chinese).
652:
602:
589:(2): 505–527.
569:
526:
493:
492:
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487:
486:
485:
480:
473:
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457:Kangxi Emperor
453:
450:
412:Conflagrations
398:
395:
382:
374:
346:
343:
293:involving the
267:Eurasian Plate
235:
223:
220:
175:
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171:
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159:
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145:
138:
137:
128:
127:Areas affected
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114:
113:
101:36.0°N 111.5°E
81:
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1846:Organizations
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1816:2024 Uqturpan
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1679:
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1676:2009 Xinjiang
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1016:
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987:1639 Amatrice
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762:on 2021-12-15
758:
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692:
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675:(4): 883–902.
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371:fault rupture
368:
364:
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334:
330:
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316:
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311:Pacific Plate
308:
307:slab rollback
304:
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296:
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284:
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272:
268:
264:
260:
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244:1303 Hongdong
241:
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51:
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31:
23:
1696:2011 Myanmar
1656:2008 Sichuan
1619:21st century
1470:1952 Damxung
1435:1932 Changma
1383:20th century
1313:
1279:1556 Shaanxi
1192:
1168:1692 Jamaica
1121:1679 Armenia
1008:1641 Caracas
946:1627 Gargano
941:1626 Lingqiu
890:1611 Sanriku
797:26 September
795:. Retrieved
793:(in Chinese)
788:
764:. Retrieved
757:the original
744:
737:
727:26 September
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
716:
707:
697:26 September
695:. Retrieved
690:
681:
672:
669:Dizhen Dizhi
668:
622:
618:
605:
586:
582:
572:
562:26 September
560:. Retrieved
546:
542:
508:(Data Set),
504:
497:
455:
441:Yuan dynasty
405:, where the
400:
385: 7.0
379:left-lateral
348:
323:
271:half-grabens
252:
225:
204:Qing dynasty
195:
193:
151:
135:Qing Dynasty
1825:By province
1691:2011 Yunnan
1681:2009 Yunnan
1626:2001 Kunlun
1610:2000 Yunnan
1198:1698 Ambato
1193:1695 Linfen
1183:1693 Sicily
1152:1688 Sannio
1147:1688 Smyrna
1070:1662 Kanbun
1034:1653 Smyrna
1003:1641 Tabriz
916:1621 Panama
869:1605 Keichō
717:m.fx361.com
691:kepu.net.cn
329:North China
283:Ordos Block
265:within the
248:1556 Shanxi
240:rift system
232:North China
189:Ordos Block
183:Map of the
106:36.0; 111.5
104: /
1890:Categories
1636:2003 Dayao
1455:1947 Assam
1252:Historical
1178:1692 Salta
1111:1674 Ambon
1013:1645 Luzon
972:1630 Crete
895:1615 Arica
854:1604 Arica
766:2021-09-26
489:References
345:Earthquake
317:along the
170:Casualties
162:Landslides
121:Intraplate
56:1695-05-18
1203:1699 Java
1142:1687 Peru
1116:1677 Bōsō
885:1611 Aizu
647:135046043
424:livestock
338:rift zone
303:Himalayas
285:from the
144:intensity
80:Epicenter
64:Magnitude
926:1624 Fez
472:See also
452:Response
325:Dip-slip
315:subducts
279:Pliocene
150:MMI XI (
92:111°30′E
1832:Sichuan
627:Bibcode
437:Jiangsu
416:temples
353:in the
309:of the
301:in the
275:Miocene
198:struck
152:Extreme
89:36°00′N
54: (
1837:Yunnan
645:
446:Tongli
435:, and
403:Linfen
359:Linfen
313:as it
295:Indian
242:. The
131:Shanxi
1161:1690s
1135:1680s
1104:1670s
1058:1660s
1027:1650s
996:1640s
965:1630s
904:1620s
878:1610s
847:1600s
760:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
643:S2CID
615:(PDF)
465:Taels
433:Gansu
429:Hebei
365:from
799:2021
790:Sohu
729:2021
699:2021
564:2021
514:NOAA
246:and
226:The
214:and
194:The
142:Max.
117:Type
635:doi
623:123
591:doi
587:201
551:doi
547:203
518:doi
401:At
357:of
277:or
165:Yes
75:7.8
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787:.
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637::
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553::
520::
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71:s
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58:)
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