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974:. He was wearing his famous white cloak to mark him out to his troops, which also had the unintended consequence of pointing him out as the leader to his enemies. With the death of their last respected leader, the common soldiery in the Imperial army lost any restraint when they easily succeeded in storming the walls of Rome the same day.
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convened the
Council of Trent. As Charles predicted, it reformed the corruption present in certain orders of the Catholic Church. However, by 1545, the moment for reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants – arguably a possibility during the 1520s, given cooperation between the Pope and Emperor
1203:
during the 14th–15th centuries, and deposed numerous Popes. Clement advocated fighting a Holy War to unite
Christendom. Charles opposed this because his armies and treasury were occupied in fighting other wars. After the sack, Clement acceded to Charles' wishes, agreeing to call a Church Council and
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A power shift – away from the Pope, toward the
Emperor – also produced lasting consequences for Catholicism. After learning of the sack, Emperor Charles professed great embarrassment that his troops had imprisoned Pope Clement. However, though he had wanted to avoid destruction within the city of
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Many
Imperial soldiers also died in the aftermath, largely from diseases caused by masses of unburied corpses in the streets. Pillaging finally ended in February 1528, eight months after the initial attack, when the city's food supply ran out, there was no one left to ransom, and plague appeared.
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culture and patronage, and the main destination for any
European artist eager for fame and wealth, thanks to the prestigious commissions of the papal court. In the sack, Rome suffered depopulation and economic collapse, sending artists and writers elsewhere. The city's population dropped from over
1020:
After the execution of some 1,000 defenders of the Papal capital and shrines, the pillage began. Churches and monasteries, as well as the palaces of prelates and cardinals, were looted and destroyed. Even pro-Imperial cardinals had to pay to save their properties from the rampaging soldiers. On 8
1025:, a personal enemy of Clement VII, entered the city. He was followed by peasants from his fiefs, who had come to avenge the sacks they had suffered at the hands of the Papal armies. Colonna was touched by the pitiful conditions in the city and gave refuge to some Roman citizens in his palace.
671:
secured a victory in the War of the League of Cognac for
Charles V. The Emperor denied responsibility for the sack and came to terms again with Clement VII. On the other hand, the Sack of Rome further exacerbated religious hatred and antagonism between Catholics and Lutherans.
989:, was wounded and later sought refuge in his house, where Spanish soldiers killed him in front of his wife. The Swiss fought bitterly, but were hopelessly outnumbered and almost annihilated. Some survivors, accompanied by a band of refugees, fell back to the steps of
1144:. This done, Charles molded the Church in his own image. Clement, never again to directly oppose the Emperor, rubber-stamped Charles' demands – among them naming cardinals nominated by the latter; crowning Charles Holy Roman Emperor and
1032:
was saved because
Philibert had set up his headquarters there. After three days of ravages, Philibert ordered the soldiers to stop pillaging, but few heeded his words. In the meantime, Clement remained a prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo.
993:. Those who went toward the Basilica were massacred, and only 42 survived. This group of 42, under the command of Hercules Goldli, managed to stave off the Habsburg troops pursuing the Pope's entourage as it made its way across the
1111:
Before the sack, Pope
Clement VII opposed the ambitions of Emperor Charles V. Afterward, he no longer had the military or financial resources to do so. To avert more warfare, Clement adopted a conciliatory policy toward Charles.
645:) were largely unpaid. Despite being ordered not to storm the city, they broke into the scarcely defended city and began looting, killing, and holding citizens for ransom without any restraint. Clement VII took refuge in
1045:, north of the city. Their cautious behaviour prevented them from obtaining an easy victory against the now totally undisciplined imperial troops. On 6 June, Clement VII surrendered, and agreed to pay a ransom of 400,000
1195:, which was spreading throughout Germany. Charles advocated for calling a Church Council to settle the matter. Clement opposed this, believing that monarchs shouldn't dictate Church policy; and also fearing a revival of
1124:
55,000 before the attack to 10,000 afterward. An estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people were murdered. Among those who died in the sack were papal secretary Paolo
Valdabarini and professor of natural history Augusto Valdo.
409:
1160:. Cumulatively, these actions changed the complexion of the Catholic Church, steering it away from Renaissance freethought personified by the Medici Popes, toward the religious orthodoxy exemplified by the
959:, and substantial artillery, which the Imperial army lacked. Charles of Bourbon needed to conquer the city swiftly to avoid the risk of being trapped between the besieged city and the League's army.
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from the city. Rome's population had dropped from 55,000 to 10,000 due to the atrocities, famine, an outbreak of plague, and flight from the city. The subsequent loss of the League army during the
380:
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The imperial troops were 14,000 Germans, 6,000 Spanish, and an uncertain number of
Italian infantry. The troops defending Rome were not very numerous: only 5,000 militiamen led by
444:
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Rome, which would damage his reputation, he had ordered troops to Italy to bring Clement under his control. Charles eventually came to terms with the Pope with the
659:, eyewitness to the events, described the sack in his works. It was not until February 1528 that the spread of a plague and the approach of the League forces under
1224:
In commemoration of the Swiss Guard's bravery in defending Pope Clement VII during the Sack of Rome, recruits to the Swiss Guard are sworn in on 6 May every year.
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The Imperial Army defeated the French army, but funds were not available to pay the soldiers. The 34,000 Imperial troops mutinied and forced their commander, Duke
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439:
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1108:, the Sack of Rome impacted the histories of Europe, Italy, and Christianity, creating lasting ripple effects throughout European culture and politics.
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512:
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would be the last fight of some of the Italian city-states for independence until the nineteenth century. Before the sack, Rome had been a center of
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commented: "Christ reigns in such a way that the Emperor who persecutes Luther for the Pope is forced to destroy the Pope for Luther" (LW 49:169).
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to the Holy Roman Empire (however, only the last would actually change hands). At the same time Venice took advantage of this situation to conquer
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viewed the papal capital as a target for religious reasons. Numerous outlaws, along with the League's deserters, joined the army during its march.
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and their allies after a revolt broke out in Florence against Pope Clement VII's family, the Medici. His largely undisciplined troops sacked
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In the event known as the Stand of the Swiss Guard, the Swiss, alongside the garrison's remaining soldiers, made their last stand in the
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during his lifetime, fearing that the event would be a dangerous power play. In 1545, eleven years after Clement's death, his successor
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Sac de Rome, écrit en 1527 par Jacques Bonaparte, témion oculaire: traduction de l'italien par N. L. B. (Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte)
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754:, who perceived Charles as a threat to the papal power. Clement VII formed an alliance with Charles V's arch-enemy, King
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1761:. Early Modern Studies. Translated by Carlo Celli. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
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were annihilated in a delaying rear guard action; he remained there until a ransom was paid to the pillagers.
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789:, but the undertaking proved to be a failure and revealed the weakness of the troops at the Pope's disposal.
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The sack had major repercussions for Italian society and culture, and in particular, for Rome. Clement's
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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed
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himself was against attacking Rome and Pope Clement VII, some who considered themselves followers of
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took command of the troops, but he was not as popular or feared, leaving him with little authority.
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encouraged by Renaissance culture came to be viewed as contrary to the teachings of the Church.
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golden age had passed. The city did not recover its population losses until approximately 1560.
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1825:. Hallesche Abhandlungen zur neueren Geschichte (in German). Heft 32. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
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Clement would continue artistic patronage and building projects in Rome, but a perceived
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Aside from some 6,000 Spaniards under the Duke of Bourbon, the army included some 14,000
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127:
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An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present
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1164:. After Clement's death in 1534, under the influence of Charles and later his son King
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The Defeat of a Renaissance Intellectual: selected writings of Francesco Guicciardini
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wrote the song "The Last Stand" about the defense of the Vatican and the Pope by the
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1865:. American university studies / 9, Series 9, History, Vol. 142. New York: P. Lang.
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at Bologna in 1530; and refusing to annul the marriage of Charles' beloved aunt,
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2018:
2008:
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1306:"Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy? – DailyHistory.org"
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Charles Quint maître de la péninsule italienne aux temps de la ligue de Cognac
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The man who sacked Rome: Charles de Bourbon, constable of France (1490–1527)
1514:
The Renaissance in Italy: a Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento
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1895:((collected papers) ed.). Aldershot (UK); Burlington (Vermont): Ashgate.
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Apart from the Pope and the King of France, the League also included the
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1705:"May 6 & the Swiss Guard Induction Ceremony | Papal Artifacts"
1153:
907: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages. 1521–1527
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hills. The Duke was fatally wounded in the assault, allegedly shot by
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Remembering the Renaissance: Humanist Narratives of the Sack of Rome
1187:. Previously, Charles and Clement had disagreed over how to address
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The sack also contributed to making permanent the split between
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The growing power of the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor
621:. Charles V only intended to threaten military action to make
1640:"Spanish Inquisition | Definition, History, & Facts"
1217:– had passed. In assessing the effects of the Sack of Rome,
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in exchange for his life; conditions included the cession of
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151:
1893:
The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture
1816:
Il Sacco di Roma del MDXXVII: narrazione di contemporanei
1567:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 83.
1499:"The Italian Monarchist: A Case for Italian Unification"
785:. The League began hostilities in 1526 by attacking the
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On 6 May, the Imperial army attacked the walls at the
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on 20 April 1527, taking advantage of chaos among the
1823:
Der Sacco di Roma: Karls V. Truppen in Rom, 1527–1528
1516:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1487:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 73.
1807:Arborio di Gattinara, Mercurino (Marchese) (1866).
1565:
Renaissance Rome 1500–1559: A Portrait of a Society
1980:
1652:
1378:"League of Cognac | European history | Britannica"
1711:
1405:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. p. 57.
2062:
1352:"Il Sacco dei Lanzichenecchi - Rome Guides Blog"
27:Habsburg siege and subsequent sack of Papal Rome
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997:, a secure elevated passage that connects the
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1891:Gouwens, Kenneth; Reiss, Sheryl E. (2005).
1612:
1599:
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955:. The city's defenses included the massive
714:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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381:
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923:Learn how and when to remove this message
734:Learn how and when to remove this message
353:45,000 civilians dead, wounded, or exiled
278:
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1983:The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam
1940:Continuum International Publishing Group
1511:
1349:
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1084:
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822:; and some cavalry under the command of
625:come to his terms. However, most of the
50:This article includes a list of general
1975:
1935:A Brief History of the Episcopal Church
1562:
1482:
1473:
869:, reaching the walls of Rome on 5 May.
224:
14:
2101:Sieges involving the Holy Roman Empire
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1928:
1914:. Kessinger Publishing, reprint 2005.
1906:
1441:
1104:Often cited as the end of the Italian
2015:; dated and retrieved 22 January 2006
1961:(2nd ed.). Macmillan Palsgrave.
1208:as its site. He did not convene the
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362:
331:Unclear number of Italian mercenaries
1956:
1809:Il sacco di Roma nel 1527: relazione
1442:Pastor, Ludwig Freiherr von (1923).
1415:
1413:
1411:
905:adding citations to reliable sources
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712:adding citations to reliable sources
679:
663:forced the army to withdraw towards
36:
985:within the Vatican. Their captain,
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130:, 17th century (private collection)
24:
1912:The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon
1847:(in French). La Bruyère éditions.
1818:(in Italian). Firenze: G. Barbèra.
1750:. Florence: Imprimerie granducale.
1653:The Mad Monarchist (9 July 2012).
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2172:
2096:Sieges involving the Papal States
2009:Pope's guards celebrate 500 years
2002:
1987:. Random House Trade Paperbacks.
1843:Dos Santos Davim, Damien (2021).
1655:"Papal Profile: Pope Clement VII"
1408:
1041:arrived with troops on 1 June in
2025:; dated and retrieved 6 May 2006
2019:Vatican's honour to Swiss Guards
1719:"Sabaton: The Last Stand Review"
1099:Biblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer
881:
758:, which came to be known as the
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1446:. Kegan Paul. pp. 414–415.
1325:. Courier Corporation. p.
892:needs additional citations for
807:; some Italian infantry led by
1861:Pitts, Vincent Joseph (1993).
1828:Lenzi, Maria Ludovica (1978).
1435:
1395:
1370:
1343:
1035:Francesco Maria I della Rovere
13:
1:
2151:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1723:Reviews @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com
1253:
1012:Sack of Rome. 6 May 1527. By
615:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2161:Massacres committed by Spain
1814:Carlo Milanesi, ed. (1867).
1757:(2019). Celli, Carlo (ed.).
1350:Vincenzo (9 November 2021).
1269:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
1199:, which had exacerbated the
840:Luther's Protestant movement
7:
2156:War of the League of Cognac
1832:. Firenze: La nuova Italia.
1746:Buonaparte, Jacopo (1830).
1421:"The Swiss Guard - History"
1319:Eggenberger, David (1985).
1117:War of the League of Cognac
619:War of the League of Cognac
392:War of the League of Cognac
111:War of the League of Cognac
10:
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2091:Sieges of the Italian Wars
1835:Chamberlin, E. R. (1979).
1172:became pervasive, and the
1156:of England, prompting the
1138:Treaty of Barcelona (1529)
1039:Michele Antonio of Saluzzo
605:, followed the capture of
29:
2111:Military history of Lazio
1880:. Leiden-New York: Brill
1876:Gouwens, Kenneth (1998).
1830:Il sacco di Roma del 1527
1551:Nuovo Dizionario Istorico
1538:Nuovo Dizionario Istorico
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845:The Duke of Bourbon left
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142:6 May 1527; 497 years ago
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2121:1527 in the Papal States
1512:Ruggiero, Guido (2017).
1121:Italian High Renaissance
1095:Francisco Javier Amérigo
941:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1755:Guicciardini, Francesco
1563:Partner, Peter (1976).
1483:Chastel, Andre (1983).
872:
859:San Lorenzo alle Grotte
811:, the powerful Italian
345:458 Swiss Guards killed
343:1,000 militiamen killed
71:more precise citations.
2106:Sieges involving Spain
1811:. Ginevra: G.-G. Fick.
1485:The Sack of Rome, 1527
1193:Protestant Reformation
1101:
1017:
944:
794:Charles III of Bourbon
328:6,000 Spanish soldiers
211:Commanders and leaders
2131:16th century in Italy
1959:The Sack of Rome 1527
1957:Hook, Judith (2004).
1908:Froude, James Anthony
1821:Schulz, Hans (1894).
1691:Catholic Encyclopedia
1673:Enciclopedia dei Papi
1142:coronation of Bologna
1092:
1085:Aftermath and effects
1014:Martin van Heemskerck
1011:
938:
609:on 6 May 1527 by the
338:Casualties and losses
2126:16th century in Rome
1785:10.5325/j.ctv14gp5bf
1767:10.5325/j.ctv14gp5bf
1620:pp. 35, 90–91, 96–97
1431:on 31 December 2008.
1075:Sigismondo Malatesta
991:St. Peter's Basilica
901:improve this article
861:, and then occupied
805:Georg von Frundsberg
708:improve this section
587:Full list of battles
30:For other uses, see
2043: /
1977:Tuchman, Barbara W.
1839:. New York: Dorset.
1204:naming the city of
1162:Counter-Reformation
1158:English Reformation
1150:Catherine of Aragon
976:Philibert of Châlon
756:Francis I of France
601:, then part of the
316:20,000+ (mutinous)
274:Philibert of Châlon
202:County of Guastalla
128:Johannes Lingelbach
1725:. 3 September 2016
1642:. 11 October 2023.
1625:6 May 2016 at the
1382:www.britannica.com
1166:Philip II of Spain
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824:Ferdinando Gonzaga
809:Fabrizio Maramaldo
771:Republic of Venice
647:Castel Sant'Angelo
261:Charles de Bourbon
2076:Conflicts in 1527
2047:41.833°N 12.500°E
1901:978-0-7546-0680-2
1871:978-0-8204-2456-9
1523:978-0-521-71938-4
1336:978-1-4503-2783-1
1168:(1556–1598), the
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983:Teutonic Cemetery
972:Benvenuto Cellini
939:Sack of Rome. By
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669:Siege of Naples
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410:Sienese Maremma
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2003:External links
2001:
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1463:"Sack of Rome"
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1247:The Last Stand
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1023:Pompeo Colonna
1021:May, Cardinal
957:Aurelian Walls
951:and 189 Papal
931:
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913:September 2021
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2014:
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949:Renzo da Ceri
942:
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927:
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916:
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902:
896:
895:
890:This section
888:
884:
879:
878:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Acquapendente
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
836:Martin Luther
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Luigi Gonzaga
817:
814:
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797:
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738:
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713:
709:
703:
702:
698:
693:This section
691:
687:
682:
681:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Imperial army
624:
620:
617:, during the
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
589:
588:
582:
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245:Renzo da Ceri
243:
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99:
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48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2146:Spanish Army
2028:
1982:
1958:
1934:
1911:
1892:
1877:
1862:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1758:
1747:
1741:Bibliography
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1648:
1634:
1614:
1601:
1592:
1583:
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1558:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1493:
1484:
1466:
1443:
1437:
1429:the original
1424:
1403:Spanish Rome
1402:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1358:(in Italian)
1355:
1345:
1321:
1314:
1271:
1246:
1242:Swiss guards
1231:
1223:
1206:Trent, Italy
1197:conciliarism
1178:
1134:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1077:returned to
1027:
1019:
999:Vatican City
987:Kaspar Röist
980:
961:
953:Swiss Guards
946:
919:
910:
899:Please help
894:verification
891:
844:
801:Landsknechte
798:
791:
764:
745:
730:
721:
706:Please help
694:
661:Odet de Foix
655:
633:, including
603:Papal States
599:Sack of Rome
598:
596:
586:
523:Italian Wars
424:
323:Landsknechte
321:
315:
308:Swiss Guards
266:
237:
232:Caspar Röist
176:Papal States
167:Belligerents
156:Papal States
126:in 1527, by
123:
109:Part of the
104:Sack of Rome
98:
83:
74:
55:
32:Sack of Rome
2141:Last stands
2086:Swiss Guard
2081:Renaissance
2050: /
1356:Rome Guides
1234:power metal
1185:Protestants
1170:Inquisition
867:Ronciglione
651:Swiss Guard
460:Capo d'Orso
445:South Italy
420:North Italy
69:introducing
2065:Categories
1793:1103917389
1553:, page 15.
1425:vatican.va
1401:Dandeler,
1254:References
1154:Henry VIII
1152:, to King
777:, and the
649:after the
613:troops of
52:references
1801:243528893
1729:24 August
1181:Catholics
1043:Monterosi
964:Gianicolo
851:Venetians
834:. Though
828:Philibert
748:Charles V
695:does not
641:and some
639:Spaniards
635:Lutherans
575:1551–1559
570:1542–1546
565:1536–1538
555:1521–1526
540:1499–1504
535:1494–1498
465:Landriano
440:Catanzaro
415:Governolo
1979:(1985).
1932:(1993).
1910:(1891).
1623:Archived
1232:Swedish
1191:and the
1174:humanism
1140:and the
1130:Medicean
1097:, 1884.
1073:, while
1055:Piacenza
813:cardinal
779:Florence
750:alarmed
643:Italians
637:, 6,000
629:(14,000
611:mutinous
480:Gavinana
475:Monopoli
470:Florence
405:Camollia
295:Strength
147:Location
2038:12°30′E
2035:41°50′N
1387:1 March
1362:1 March
1238:Sabaton
1071:Ravenna
1016:(1527).
968:Vatican
863:Viterbo
781:of the
716:removed
701:sources
631:Germans
348:Unknown
276: (
267:†
238:†
222: (
65:improve
1991:
1965:
1946:
1918:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1851:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1773:
1607:p. 192
1571:
1520:
1333:
1279:
1228:Legacy
1079:Rimini
1067:Cervia
1063:Modena
1061:, and
1047:ducati
847:Arezzo
818:, and
803:under
783:Medici
773:, the
769:, the
665:Naples
550:Urbino
455:Aversa
450:Naples
263:
234:
181:France
54:, but
1797:S2CID
1781:JSTOR
1236:band
1051:Parma
435:Malfi
430:Pavia
197:Spain
1989:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1789:OCLC
1771:ISBN
1731:2024
1569:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1389:2024
1364:2024
1331:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1183:and
1069:and
1037:and
1028:The
966:and
873:Sack
865:and
857:and
826:and
699:any
697:cite
607:Rome
597:The
425:Rome
306:189
152:Rome
139:Date
1763:doi
1327:366
1001:to
903:by
710:by
279:WIA
225:POW
2067::
2021:,
2011:,
1942:.
1938:.
1795:.
1787:.
1779:.
1769:.
1721:.
1689:.
1671:.
1591:.
1475:^
1465:.
1452:^
1423:.
1410:^
1380:.
1354:.
1329:.
1291:^
1261:^
1250:.
1081:.
1057:,
1053:,
1005:.
830:,
762:.
154:,
1997:.
1971:.
1952:.
1924:.
1903:.
1888:.
1873:.
1857:.
1803:.
1765::
1733:.
1707:.
1693:.
1675:.
1657:.
1629:.
1609:.
1595:.
1577:.
1526:.
1469:.
1391:.
1366:.
1339:.
1308:.
1285:.
943:.
926:)
920:(
915:)
911:(
897:.
737:)
731:(
726:)
722:(
718:.
704:.
514:e
507:t
500:v
382:e
375:t
368:v
282:)
228:)
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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