403:
30:
256:
37:
650:
Alik Ismail-Zadeh; Shota Adamia; Aleksandre
Chabukiani; Tamaz Chelidze; Sierd Cloetingh; Michael Floyd; Alexander Gorshkov; Alexei Gvishiani; Tahir Ismail-Zadeh; Mikhail K. Kaban; Fakhraddin Kadirov; Jon Karapetyan; Talat Kangarli; Jemal Kiria; Ivan Koulakov; Jon Mosar; Tea Mumladze; Birgit Müller;
299:
angles. In the
Greater Caucasus, seismic activity correspond to thrust faulting. Extending 100–160 km (62–99 mi) beneath the Greater Caucasus is the remnant of a subducted tectonic plate after the ocean closed. Earthquakes are caused by crustal compression and shear as the two tectonic
440:
was also devastated, leaving many of its residents buried under ruins. Many structures including monasteries and churches castles and villages in the mountainous region were totally destroyed. Strong shaking triggered massive landslides off the sides of mountains and canyons in the
374:. The fault responsible for the earthquake, the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault, is a 490-kilometer-long WNW–ESE striking strike-slip fault. For the majority of its length, it demonstrates right-lateral displacement, but at the westernmost segment, its slip sense is left-lateral. The
1259:
476:, Qara Sonqor. The death toll figure remains controversial with some authors stating it is an exaggeration considering the population of the area at the time of the disaster. Others argued that this was a conflation of information about the
1204:Ибн ал-Асир. Тарих-ал-камиль. О победе султана Махмуда над курджами. Перевод П. К. Жузе. Текст воспроизведен по изданию: Материалы по истории Азербайджана из Тарих-ал-камиль (полного свода истории) Ибн-ал-Асира. Баку. АзФан. 1940.
1267:
402:
1092:
1339:
1029:
1765:
468:
The number of people who died in the mountains is not known, described as "incalculable". Estimates of the death toll range between 230,000 and 300,000 making it one of the
908:. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
1818:
378:
the Mrav segment of the fault at its eastern end. Unlike the rest of the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault, the Mrav segment is characterized by a series of north-dipping
1083:
1332:
1735:
917:
601:
275:. The collision zone consists of an accreted island arc that collided after the closure of the Tethys Ocean, continental blocks, and sediments from the
993:
J.-F. Ritz; A. Avagyan; M. Mkrtchyan; H. Nazari; P.-H. Blard; A. Karakhanian; H. Philip; S. Balescu; S. Mahan; S. Huot; P. Münch; M. Lamothe (2016).
1891:
562:
2032:
1325:
267:
Azerbaijan, Armenia and
Georgia are located in an area of high seismic activity as both countries are situated in the collision zone between the
1811:
566:
838:
625:
944:"A New Landslide Inventory for the Armenian Lesser Caucasus: Slope Failure Morphologies and Seismotectonic Influences on Large Landslides"
995:"Active tectonics within the NW and SE extensions of the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik fault: Implications for the present geodynamics of Armenia"
29:
2047:
1992:
1804:
994:
520:
596:[Specialized catalog of earthquakes for the purpose of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation]
2022:
1728:
875:
1154:
723:
492:
took advantage of the earthquake and looted the city. Troops stole many artifacts and prized items from the city, including the
2012:
1911:
766:
1697:
177:
1884:
772:
165:
1237:
1921:
1987:
1721:
594:"Специализированный каталог землетрясений для задач общего сейсмического районирования территории Российской Федерации"
338:
111:
1997:
1744:
1183:
1064:
515:
1300:
2042:
1682:
942:
Alice O. Matossian; Hayk
Baghdasaryan; Ara Avagyan; Hayk Igityan; Mikayel Gevorgyan; Hans-Balder Havenith (2020).
2037:
2017:
1877:
1692:
469:
2027:
1900:
1827:
1602:
1551:
1348:
510:
901:
1931:
1667:
1525:
1428:
1362:
593:
1647:
1657:
1566:
1702:
1622:
1561:
1119:"Nonlinear dynamics of crustal blocks and faults and earthquake occurrences in the Transcaucasian region"
796:"Nonlinear dynamics of crustal blocks and faults and earthquake occurrences in the Transcaucasian region"
496:, which was utilized as a trophy. The city was reconstructed by Qara Sonqor, where it began to flourish.
1597:
221:
68:
1617:
239:
230:
86:
77:
1546:
1510:
1372:
1367:
432:
to describe the earthquake. He wrote of tremendous damage in the P'ar'isos and Xach'e'n districts of
1687:
1520:
1966:
1961:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1672:
1662:
1495:
1474:
547:
391:
325:
629:
2002:
1946:
1936:
1858:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1541:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1216:
Catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the
Mediterranean area from the 11th to the 15th century
864:"Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy 461 B.C. – 1997 and Mediterranean Area 760 B.C. – 1500"
795:
1581:
1296:
649:
2007:
1916:
1838:
1632:
1612:
1607:
1576:
1571:
1505:
1454:
1418:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1377:
719:
493:
489:
477:
390: 7.5 have occurred on the fault. The Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault was also responsible for
370:, was suggested by researchers. This region of the Lesser Caucasus is dominated by oblique and
313:
295:. Seismic activity in the Lesser Caucasus is typically associated with strike-slip faults with
862:
Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Comastria., A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018).
1951:
1853:
1677:
1515:
1490:
1469:
1444:
1423:
753:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Netherlands: Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 561–568.
371:
1956:
1848:
1785:
1556:
1413:
1317:
1130:
1013:
955:
814:
671:
941:
8:
1926:
1500:
505:
1134:
1017:
959:
818:
675:
1146:
830:
687:
543:
454:
442:
375:
209:
863:
652:
328:
was assigned. It was also perceived as far as Aleppo where the felt intensity was II (
255:
1150:
1118:
1060:
834:
762:
706:
691:
433:
367:
247:. A controversial death toll of 230,000–300,000 came as a consequence of this event.
217:
683:
316:
scale at a depth of 16–23 kilometres (9.9–14.3 mi). A maximum intensity of IX (
1138:
1021:
973:
963:
909:
867:
822:
793:
754:
679:
437:
407:
309:
292:
1054:
1025:
462:
383:
284:
968:
943:
758:
548:"The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective"
1229:
1142:
826:
296:
268:
748:
1981:
715:
600:. O.Y. Smidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences.
473:
353:
340:
272:
205:
146:
126:
113:
1713:
1290:
978:
413:
379:
288:
1175:
871:
1869:
1796:
992:
446:
260:
429:
213:
150:
913:
458:
450:
425:
417:
1009:
810:
667:
280:
276:
861:
1056:
Earthquakes and
Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau
899:
794:
Inessa
Vorobieva; Alik Ismail-Zadeh; Alexander Gorshkov (2019).
204:
was one of the worst seismic events in history. It affected the
653:"Geodynamics, seismicity, and seismic hazards of the Caucasus"
472:
in history. Among the dead were two sons of then ruler of the
1116:
587:
585:
421:
283:
eras. The area is separated into three geographical regions;
1347:
626:"Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World"
582:
902:"Significant Earthquake Information AZERBAIJAN: GYZNDZHA"
866:. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV).
1218:. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Roma).
708:
Tectonics of the
Eastern Greater Caucasus in Azerbaijan
1117:
Vorobieva, I.; Ismail-Zadeh, A.; Gorshkov, A. (2019).
449:
collapsed, and the resulting landslide blocking the
1110:
386:
in the region indicate large earthquakes of up to M
220:. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.7
1213:
1979:
1052:
1288:
1214:Guidoboni, Emanuela; Comastri, Alberto (2005).
591:
261:Eurasia-African-Arabian-Indian convergent zone
1885:
1812:
1743:
1729:
1333:
746:
36:
1123:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
937:
935:
803:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
740:
1078:
1076:
747:Musson R.M.W. (2014). "Great Earthquakes".
643:
563:Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia
538:
536:
1899:
1892:
1878:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1736:
1722:
1340:
1326:
16:Natural disaster in Azerbaijan and Georgia
1207:
1046:
977:
967:
932:
900:National Geophysical Data Center (1972).
542:
240:
231:
87:
78:
1349:Historical earthquakes (1000 AD–1500 AD)
1282:
1073:
787:
533:
521:List of earthquakes in Georgia (country)
401:
254:
222:
69:
855:
2033:12th century in the Kingdom of Georgia
1980:
920:from the original on 30 September 2022
895:
893:
750:Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics
704:
592:Ulomov, V.I.; Medvedeva, N.S. (2014).
457:. Another six lakes formed, including
1873:
1800:
1717:
1321:
775:from the original on 21 February 2023
628:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from
1303:from the original on 10 January 2012
1240:from the original on 6 November 2019
1186:from the original on 23 October 2020
1098:from the original on 10 January 2023
986:
890:
618:
250:
13:
14:
2059:
2048:12th century in the Seljuk Empire
1230:"Распахнутся снова ворота Гянджи"
516:List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan
312:of 7.0–7.3 and 7.7 or 7.5 on the
1993:Earthquakes in Georgia (country)
878:from the original on 4 June 2021
308:The earthquake had an estimated
101:23–16 km (14.3–9.9 mi)
35:
28:
1252:
1222:
1198:
1168:
1157:from the original on 2022-09-30
1035:from the original on 2022-03-04
844:from the original on 2022-08-10
729:from the original on 2022-03-04
684:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103222
607:from the original on 2023-04-04
572:from the original on 2020-08-21
158:
2023:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
698:
511:List of historical earthquakes
1:
705:Bochud, Martin (2011-10-25).
526:
480:and 1137 Jazira earthquakes.
303:
2013:History of Ganja, Azerbaijan
1266:(in Russian). Archived from
1236:(in Russian). 6 April 2007.
1026:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.021
483:
7:
969:10.3390/geosciences10030111
759:10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_7
651:Alexander Soloviev (2020).
499:
420:scholar and writer, quoted
194:230,000–300,000 dead (.est)
10:
2064:
1912:602 Surb Karapet Monastery
1143:10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106320
827:10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106320
406:The Gates of Ganja at the
1988:Earthquakes in Azerbaijan
1907:
1834:
1751:
1745:Earthquakes in Azerbaijan
1590:
1534:
1483:
1437:
1386:
1355:
1295:(Fascicle), vol. X,
1053:Manuel Berberian (2014).
397:
335:An epicenter location at
190:
157:
142:
105:
97:
63:
48:
24:
1998:12th-century earthquakes
1289:Edmund Bosworth (2000),
1059:. Elsevier. p. 63.
1002:Quaternary International
326:Mercalli intensity scale
2043:12th century in Armenia
1085:Mkhitar Gosh's Colophon
2038:Earthquakes in Armenia
2018:Landslide-dammed lakes
1901:Earthquakes in Armenia
1828:Earthquakes in Georgia
720:University of Fribourg
718:thesis). Switzerland:
494:Ancient Gates of Ganja
490:Demetrius I of Georgia
410:
314:surface-wave magnitude
264:
2028:Geology of Azerbaijan
1683:1585 Aleutian Islands
872:10.6092/ingv.it-cfti5
660:Earth-Science Reviews
470:deadliest earthquakes
405:
392:an earthquake in 1931
372:strike-slip tectonics
258:
202:1139 Ganja earthquake
20:1139 Ganja earthquake
1299:, pp. 282–283,
1297:Encyclopædia Iranica
1270:on 30 September 2022
1260:"Гянджинские ворота"
555:Annals of Geophysics
1698:1596 Keichō–Fushimi
1603:1509 Constantinople
1135:2019PEPI..29706320V
1018:2016QuInt.395...61R
960:2020Geosc..10..111M
819:2019PEPI..29706320V
676:2020ESRv..20703222I
506:List of earthquakes
376:earthquake ruptured
350: /
123: /
21:
1668:1580 Dover Straits
1552:1456 Central Italy
1526:1382 Dover Straits
1429:1185 East Midlands
1363:1033 Jordan Valley
1176:"History of Ganja"
443:Caucasus Mountains
411:
265:
210:Kingdom of Georgia
19:
1975:
1974:
1867:
1866:
1794:
1793:
1711:
1710:
1658:1575 San Salvador
1567:1475 Tenochtitlan
768:978-90-481-8702-7
445:region. Parts of
300:plates interact.
198:
197:
52:30 September 1139
2055:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1703:1590 Neulengbach
1693:1586 Lima–Callao
1623:1522 Vila Franca
1342:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1264:kataloq.gomap.az
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1034:
999:
990:
984:
983:
981:
971:
939:
930:
929:
927:
925:
914:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
897:
888:
887:
885:
883:
859:
853:
852:
850:
849:
843:
800:
791:
785:
784:
782:
780:
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
728:
713:
702:
696:
695:
657:
647:
641:
640:
638:
637:
622:
616:
615:
613:
612:
606:
599:
589:
580:
579:
578:
577:
571:
552:
540:
408:Gelati Monastery
365:
364:
362:
361:
360:
355:
351:
348:
347:
346:
343:
310:moment magnitude
293:Greater Caucasus
251:Tectonic setting
245:
236:
227:
186:
184:
174:
172:
160:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
92:
83:
74:
59:
57:
39:
38:
32:
22:
18:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1922:735 Vayots Dzor
1903:
1898:
1868:
1863:
1830:
1825:
1795:
1790:
1747:
1742:
1712:
1707:
1648:1570 Concepción
1598:1505 Lo Mustang
1586:
1530:
1479:
1433:
1382:
1351:
1346:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1032:
997:
991:
987:
979:1854/LU-8655179
940:
933:
923:
921:
898:
891:
881:
879:
860:
856:
847:
845:
841:
798:
792:
788:
778:
776:
769:
745:
741:
732:
730:
726:
711:
703:
699:
655:
648:
644:
635:
633:
624:
623:
619:
610:
608:
604:
597:
590:
583:
575:
573:
569:
550:
541:
534:
529:
502:
486:
400:
389:
384:Paleoseismology
358:
356:
352:
349:
344:
341:
339:
337:
336:
306:
285:Lesser Caucasus
253:
244:
235:
226:
178:
176:
166:
164:
131:
129:
125:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
109:
91:
82:
73:
55:
53:
49:Local date
44:
43:
42:
41:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:1139 in Europe
2000:
1995:
1990:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:1428 Catalonia
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1373:1068 Near East
1370:
1368:1038 Dingxiang
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1281:
1251:
1221:
1206:
1197:
1167:
1109:
1072:
1065:
1045:
985:
931:
889:
854:
786:
767:
739:
697:
642:
617:
581:
531:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
501:
498:
485:
482:
451:Kürəkçay River
436:. The city of
399:
396:
387:
305:
302:
273:Arabian Plates
252:
249:
242:
233:
224:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
162:
155:
154:
144:
143:Areas affected
140:
139:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
80:
71:
65:
61:
60:
50:
46:
45:
34:
33:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2060:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:1130s in Asia
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:1931 Zangezur
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1857:
1855:
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1932:906 K'argop'
1859:2002 Tbilisi
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1653:1570 Ferrara
1643:1556 Shaanxi
1638:1555 Kashmir
1628:1536 Xichang
1618:1522 Almería
1591:16th-century
1542:1420 Caldera
1535:15th-century
1484:14th-century
1465:1275 British
1460:1269 Cilicia
1450:1222 Brescia
1438:13th-century
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412:
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329:
321:
317:
307:
297:vertical dip
266:
238:and 7.0–7.3
201:
199:
180:
168:
1967:1988 Spitak
1917:632 Armenia
1839:1088 Tmogvi
1766:1669 Şamaxı
1688:1586 Tenshō
1633:1531 Lisbon
1613:1513 Marash
1608:1511 Idrija
1577:1491 Cyprus
1572:1481 Rhodes
1521:1361 Shōhei
1506:1348 Friuli
1501:1343 Naples
1455:1222 Cyprus
1419:1169 Sicily
1404:1138 Aleppo
1399:1117 Verona
1394:1114 Marash
1378:1088 Tmogvi
948:Geosciences
478:1138 Aleppo
455:Lake Göygöl
447:Kapaz Mount
357: /
259:Map of the
130: /
1982:Categories
1952:1840 Ahora
1942:1139 Ganja
1854:1991 Racha
1844:1139 Ganja
1756:1139 Ganja
1678:1584 Aigle
1516:1356 Basel
1491:1303 Crete
1470:1290 Zhili
1445:1202 Syria
1424:1170 Syria
1409:1139 Ganja
1161:2021-11-15
1129:: 106320.
1039:2022-03-04
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576:2021-06-23
527:References
463:Lake Ağgöl
453:, forming
430:Holy Bible
359:40.3; 46.2
304:Earthquake
289:Kura Basin
214:Azerbaijan
191:Casualties
151:Azerbaijan
132:40.3; 46.2
85:, 7.0–7.3
56:1139-09-30
1957:1926 Kars
1849:1920 Gori
1786:2000 Baku
1582:1498 Meiō
1557:Haowhenua
1414:1157 Hama
1180:ganca.net
1151:210621325
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835:210621325
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484:Aftermath
459:Maral-gol
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161:intensity
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1301:archived
1238:Archived
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773:Archived
724:Archived
668:Elsevier
602:Archived
567:archived
546:(2004),
500:See also
418:Armenian
281:Tertiary
277:Mesozoic
269:Eurasian
179:MMI XI (
167:MMI IX (
1307:4 March
1274:4 March
1244:4 March
1190:5 March
1131:Bibcode
1102:12 July
1014:Bibcode
956:Bibcode
815:Bibcode
779:23 June
672:Bibcode
565:: 743,
561:(2–3),
424::6 and
366:, near
345:46°12′E
342:40°18′N
322:Extreme
318:Violent
218:Georgia
181:Extreme
169:Violent
118:46°12′E
115:40°18′N
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924:4 June
882:4 June
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765:
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434:Syunik
398:Damage
229:, 7.5
76:, 7.5
1292:Ganja
1147:S2CID
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688:S2CID
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605:(PDF)
598:(PDF)
570:(PDF)
551:(PDF)
488:King
422:Job 9
416:, an
368:Ganja
98:Depth
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1276:2022
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1104:2021
1061:ISBN
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884:2021
781:2021
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291:and
279:and
271:and
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208:and
200:The
159:Max.
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