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inclusive approaches to disasters and recovery. It emphasized the importance of addressing existing social, economic and environmental inequalities to ensure that all individuals and communities have equal access to resources, support and opportunities to build resilience. Many people are becoming more aware of their carbon footprint and are starting to adopt sustainable practices in their daily lives. This includes reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy sources, saving water and supporting local and organic agriculture. Overall, the 2020 Middle
Eastern Storms played a significant role in galvanizing action at all levels â from individual to international. It served as a wake-up call, reminding us of the urgent need to address climate change and build a more sustainable and resilient future for all.
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169:, the water service was halted due to the inability of the sewage systems to manage heavy rainfall. Egypt lacks a comprehensive rainwater drainage system and relies on a drainage network over 100 years old to siphon rainwater. Within homes, towels and buckets became essential household items, to catch water from leaking ceilings. Additional precautionary measures advised against walking near lampposts and parking close to trees.
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damage throughout Egypt. This flooding led to damaged infrastructure and also impacted the countryâs health by exacerbating disease transmission, particularly in the case of waterborne diseases like cholera and leptospirosis, which thrive in contaminated water sources. Flooding negatively impacted agriculture by damaging crops, which led to food shortages, and a loss of income for farmers.
181:, initiated in 2017. This system successfully utilizes mobile alerts, electronic billboards, radio, television, and mosque speakers to disseminate warnings. Yemen also used a type of early warning system. Additionally, people here were urged to avoid flooded roads. However, during this time period Yemen was facing additional crises. The ongoing
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In Jordan, the
Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) declared a heightened state of alert, encouraging the public to stay informed through official weather forecasts. Citizens were advised to contact GAM's main operations room via telephone in case of emergency. The department urged people to stay at home
282:
With healthcare already stretched and scarce due to the ongoing conflicts in Yemen, Iraq and Syria, further strains from the storms and the pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic sent the Middle East further into crisis. At the time of the storm, Egypt had 60 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with the numbers
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There were also long-term impacts from the damage to infrastructure, particularly peopleâs homes, the worst affected being those living in slums who will struggle to rebuild their homes. These people not only had to recuperate losses, but also had to pay for repairs and temporary accommodation. The
230:
Egypt was most effected by the cyclone, experiencing 16 times its average March rainfall, leading the
Egyptian government to declare a state of emergency on Wednesday, 11 March 2020, prior to the stormâs arrival. Destructive winds, sandstorms, and torrential downpours caused widespread flooding and
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In conclusion, the preparation for the 2020 Middle East Storms showcased the varied approaches of the affected nations. Despite facing unique challenges, these countries implemented varying measures to protect their populations and vital infrastructure. The region's vulnerability to extreme weather
300:
In response to the storm, the countries significantly affected engaged in individualised disaster relief efforts tailored to their unique circumstances. Governments took proactive measures to address the immediate needs of affected populations, deploying emergency response teams, providing medical
106:
The storm originally formed when a cold air mass over eastern Europe moved towards the eastern basin of the
Mediterranean. On 11 March 2020 it moved further northeast towards Egypt and merged with the hot air currents in Africa. By 12 March 2020, the cyclonic system intensified over northern
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Furthermore, the storms highlighted vulnerabilities in certain sectors such as transportation, housing and electricity distribution. It emphasized the need to improve the resilience of infrastructure planning and design to face future extreme weather events. The 2020 Middle East storms also
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Little is found on disaster relief regarding other countries that were impacted. The Middle East is known for its arid climate, characterised by hot temperatures, low humidity, and limited precipitation. Therefore, weather events, such as the ones mentioned, can often occur i.e. sandstorms, flash
110:
The meteorologist
Jonathan Belles noted that this storm occurred as a result of an unusual low-pressure system. The low pressure system formed over central Egypt and deepened further as it drifted towards the northern coast of Egypt. The pressure change reached to 12-15 mbar every 12 hours.
443:
In addition to the lessons, the Middle East storms of 2020 drew attention to climate justice. It became clear that storms disproportionately affected vulnerable communities, especially in poor areas, and had greater problems recovering from the damage. This highlighted the need for equitable and
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Several lessons have been learned from the Middle East storms of 2020. Some of the key considerations include the importance of preparedness and emergency response, the need for robust infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events, and the recognition of climate change as the cause of these
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The worst affected country was Egypt and this was reportedly Egyptâs worst storm in over 40 years. There were confirmed fatalities and about 20,000 people were affected. Significant drop in temperature was noted in parts of Sudan. The heavy winds caused severe shoreline damage, especially at the
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For many countries in the Middle East, as well as having to cope with disaster relief, being in conflict zones impact health, heightening the long-term impacts of the storms. The storms contributed to the 40.5 million new displacements, or movements, in 2020 - the highest figure in a decade. Of
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In total, ERC extended First Aid services to 2,246 individuals. They also provided psychological services, especially for children including, psychological first aid, psycho-educational and recreational activities. ERC secured sites in the village of El
Desamey and the Alzaraib area, supplying
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Limited information is available on the preparation efforts of
Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, and Kurdistan. In 2020, Lebanon faced additional crises, including economic, financial, and health challenges, exacerbating their vulnerability to the storm. Simultaneously, the prolonged struggles with war and
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The 9 countries directly affected by the storm implemented measures to protect their populations and infrastructure. Egypt was the first country to be struck by the storm and took multiple measures of precaution. The other countries had less resources available to prepare for the storm and its
126:
As of now, there is limited understanding around how to predict these events with a reasonable degree of accuracy. There is also limited understanding about the extent of potential impact from these events on these countries. As a result it has been difficult to develop specific evidence-based
309:
On 11 March 2020, the
Egyptian government urged its citizens to stay inside their homes and closed several major roads between the provinces. Upon this announcement the Egyptian Red Crescent (ERC) issued an emergency alert and initiated the activation of its Emergency Operations Centre (EOC).
435:
Another lesson learned from the Middle East storms of 2020 was the importance of early warning systems and effective communication. These storms caused serious damage and loss of life, and it became clear that timely and accurate information is essential so that people can take the necessary
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stated in 2018 that the ârunaway climate changesâ is likely to create an irreversible loop of heat, wildfires, storms and floods. The
Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region is believed to be a climate change hot-spot due to its location in a transition zone between the mid-latitude and
431:
In addition, we learned about regional coordination and cooperation as countries in the Middle East worked together to support each other after the storms. The events emphasized the need for preventive measures to mitigate the impact of natural disasters and the importance of international
144:
In anticipation of the storm, Egypt took swift measures to safeguard its citizens. The government declared a state of emergency on
Wednesday, 11 March 2020, announcing a paid holiday for the next day to keep people indoors. Suspension of various services, including schools, public offices,
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essential furniture to facilitate the provision of services to the local residents. Specialised doctors from ERC were dispatched to these locations to deliver their expertise. In total, 111 individuals benefited from the medical services provided by the doctors.
17:
349:. The Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority (PDTRA) declared a heightened state of alert, activating its emergency plan to address the anticipated weather conditions. PDTRA deployed its personnel and vehicles in coordination with the authorities in
85:
This was a rare weather condition with a rain volume of about 950 million m3. Some parts registered 263 mm of rainfall over a period of 24 hours. Average wind speeds reached 82 km/h and maximum wind speeds of upto 120 km/h.
81:
Social media users named this storm âThe Dragon Stormâ, due to its powerful intensity. The other reason for this nomenclature was because the air depression on the air maps was shaped somewhat similar to that of a dragon.
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In Egypt, the 21 deaths included six children who died either from being buried in collapsed homes or by electrocution. Flooding rains were blamed for the death of a child and five injuries in the southern province of
835:
Zittis, G.; Almazroui, M.; Alpert, P.; Ciais, P.; Cramer, W.; Dahdal, Y.; Fnais, M.; Francis, D.; Hadjinicolaou, P.; Howari, F.; Jrrar, A.; Kaskaoutis, D. G.; Kulmala, M.; Lazoglou, G.; Mihalopoulos, N. (2022-06-28).
329:. Furthermore, ERC played a pivotal role in evacuating 38 migrants to the â6th of Octoberâ school evacuation centre which provided citizens with hygiene kits, hot meals, clothing, blankets, pillows, and mattresses.
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There was a shutdown of schools, government offices, rail service and cruises, as well as Luxor International Airport, a major tourist hub, leading to a feeling of isolation across Egypt, according to the
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sub-tropical climates. This makes the region vulnerable to increasing temperatures and not only reduced precipitation but also unexpected storms that have the potential to bring torrential rainfalls.
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Not only were there human impacts, but, as mentioned earlier, distinct coral reef sites in the Gulf of Aqaba-Eilat exhibited varying patterns of damage and coral loss in the aftermath of the storm.
127:
recommendations to lower the impact of these weather events. The Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Climate Change Initiative (EMME-CCI) was formed in 2019 with a view to tackle these concerns.
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served as a wake-up call for the region to strengthen preparedness, response and long-term planning efforts to combat the growing risks of extreme weather events and climate change.
643:"The Frequency of Rare Cyclones in the Eastern Mediterranean and Northeastern Africa as a Sign of Climate Change Using Satellite Imagery, Climate Data Models and GIS-Based Analysis"
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385:. This section may include the editor's own original conclusions/original research rather than objectively summarising the conclusions made in reliable published secondary sources
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to stay at home and away from light poles. The bad weather was also blamed for a train crash, in which 13 people were injured in Cairo and train services were later shut down.
239:. The storm also led to power outages, car accidents, road closures and collapsed structures, according to local news media. Some people were electrocuted and were warned by
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bad weather raised questions about the countryâs infrastructure and dilapidated sewage and drainage systems, with the government facing criticism over poor infrastructure.
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Egypt and resulted in flooding. By 13 March 2020 the storm had moved eastward and brought considerable rainfall to parts of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey and Saudi Arabia.
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prepared for a potential increase in hospital patients. Relief centers across the nation were geared up to provide shelter, while volunteers stood by for assistance. The
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38:, that brought heavy rain, thunderstorms, floods and sandstorms to 9 countries in the eastern Mediterranean. The countries that were affected by the storm include
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ERC facilitated the evacuation of 684 individuals to designated assembly points, whilst 2,926 people found refuge in 19 evacuation centres situated in
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The high winds led to downed trees, power outages and even some structural damage in Israel. Road and rail systems were disrupted, particularly in
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Hochman, Assaf; Marra, Francesco; Messori, Gabriele; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Raveh-Rubin, Shira; Yosef, Yizhak; Zittis, Georgios (2022-04-11).
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196:. The strategy focused on understanding the risk, strengthening governance, improving resilience, and creating effective response plans.
569:"GPM Measures Heavy Rainfall from "The Dragon" Cyclonic Storm System in the Middle East | NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Mission"
725:"A rare intense surface cyclone with dangerous flooding threat over Egypt and sandstorm into Sinai peninsula and Israel on Friday 13th"
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floods. Consequently, specific countries may have been better equipped to handle the impacts had they not been significantly affected.
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There is concern that these weather events are due to the cumulative effects of climate change. The United Nations Secretary-General
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Additionally, 100 Emergency Response Teams (ERTs) spanning 27 branches were deployed, with an average of 500 volunteers involved.
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Dragon Storm and Details of the Historical Depression that affected Jordan and the Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean in 2022
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northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba-Eilat, and led to about 20% damage to some of the northernmost coral reefs in the world.
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climate crises in Iraq, Iran and Kurdistan posed challenges for these nations in both short and long-term preparedness.
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Little is known about how Jordan prepared for the 2020 Middle East Storms. However, in 2019 they implemented a national
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conditions underscores the ongoing need for comprehensive, long-term strategies to mitigate the impact of such storms.
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Severe winds that developed to the south of this low pressure system led to the formation of sand storms from the
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In Lebanon, several rivers burst their banks, cutting off highways, and refugees were affected by adverse winds.
752:"Heavy Rainfall Brings Flooding to Egypt, Houses Collapse and Electrical Transistors Explode | Egyptian Streets"
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1577:"Climate change impacts on critical urban infrastructure and urban resiliency strategies for the Middle East"
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Cash assistance was given to 982 families (4823 individuals) who were the most vulnerable and affected.
1669:"Egypt: Flash Floods Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Final Report DREF n° MDREG015 - Egypt | ReliefWeb"
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989:"Fierce 'dragon' storm hits Egypt with flooding rain and damaging winds. Israel braces for impact"
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Al-Delaimy, Wael K. (2020), "Vulnerable Populations and Regions: Middle East as a Case Study",
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Oron, Shai; Akkaynak, Derya; Goodman Tchernov, Beverly N.; Shaked, Yonathan (2023-07-09).
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these, 30.7 million were triggered by disasters and 9.8 million by conflict and violence.
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508:"How monster storms shape fringing reefs: Observations from the 2020 Middle East Cyclone"
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614:"Violent cyclone hits Middle East, at least 21 dead in Egypt's worst storm in 40 years"
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649:, Climate Change Management, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 45â83,
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and suspended classes for schools in Maan, the southern Badia, and several parts of
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838:"Climate Change and Weather Extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East"
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927:"'Dragon' storm turns deadly after flooding rain, strong winds rip through Egypt"
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1383:"Rising storms â climate change effects exacerbating conflict and hunger crisis"
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353:. The Jordanian Electric Power Company also announced a maximum state of alert.
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Madkour, Khaled Mohamed (2022), Leal Filho, Walter; Manolas, Evangelos (eds.),
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1697:"'Dragon' storm sweeps in, authorities declare maximum alert around nation"
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1411:"Powerful storm set to batter Israel with 100-kph winds, massive flooding"
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National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority (2023-11-12).
1528:"Flood risk management in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region"
1463:"A perfect storm â when conflict and climate collide - World | ReliefWeb"
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959:"Nearly 20 killed as 'dragon' storm brings widespread flooding to Egypt"
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255:. Increased winds over Israel, Syria and Iraq carried a dust cloud from
1014:"'Dragon storm' batters Egypt with torrential rains, killing nearly 20"
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1333:"Powerful "Dragon" Storm Hits Egypt while Israel Prepares for Impact"
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399:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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rapidly increasing, so strain on healthcare systems was inevitable.
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businesses, and transportation were aimed to minimize exposure. The
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783:"Extreme weather and societal impacts in the eastern Mediterranean"
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were closed and ships and flights were rerouted to safer areas. In
1722:"Sandstorms are sweeping across the Middle East. What's going on?"
1359:"How Extreme Storms Shape the Spread of Infectious Diseases - TMB"
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1201:"Sand and Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa Region"
1111:"National and local disaster risk reduction strategies and plans"
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National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
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259:, reducing visibility to as little as 20 meters in some areas.
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1436:"Thunderstorms, Flooding Leave 21 Dead in Egypt | Weather.com"
1278:"Dust storms: A shared security challenge for the Middle East"
1631:"Death toll at 21 as Egypt storms, flooding enter second day"
1305:"Thunderstorms bring widespread flooding to Egypt, killing 5"
1238:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 121â133,
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Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region
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The United Arab Emirates informed its citizens through their
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Health of People, Health of Planet and Our Responsibility
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Pouran, Hamid; Aylett, Chris; Lahn, Glada (2023-07-11).
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was struck by an intense storm system, in the form of a
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gave them little room to prepare well for the storm.
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suspended all matches from Thursday until Saturday.
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695:"Major storm to sweep through parts of Middle East"
432:cooperation in solving climate-related challenges.
115:desert, causing significantly reduced visibility.
1575:Salimi, Mohsen; Al-Ghamdi, Sami G. (2020-03-01).
1526:Loudyi, Dalila; Kantoush, Sameh A. (2020-05-27).
1177:"Iraq faces increased weather-related challenges"
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987:Samenow, Jason; Cappucci, Matthew (2020-03-12).
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1489:"Regional Overview: Middle East8-14 March 2020"
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1748:"What Causes Flash Floods in the Middle East?"
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1058:"Deadly flooding overwhelms streets in Yemen"
1511:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1487:Eissa, Lauren Blaxter, Salma (2020-03-18).
902:"ÎÎÎÎ Climate Change Initiative (EMME-CCI)"
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241:Prime Minister Mustafa Madbouli
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1812:2020 in the State of Palestine
1581:Sustainable Cities and Society
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1746:Wheeling, Kate (2018-03-26).
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723:Korosec, Marko (2020-03-11).
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147:Egyptian Football Association
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1081:Nasser, Afrah (2020-10-14).
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1827:March 2020 events in Africa
1363:TMB - Travel Health Clinics
1152:"The World Bank in Lebanon"
1083:"War and COVID-19 in Yemen"
1056:Kelly, Maura (2020-04-19).
925:Kelly, Maura (2023-03-13).
655:10.1007/978-3-030-78566-6_3
395:the claims made and adding
163:Luxor International Airport
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1357:Fry, Graham (2023-09-07).
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1822:March 2020 events in Asia
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102:Aerial view of the storm
1792:2020 in Iraqi Kurdistan
1156:World Bank Publications
808:10.5194/esd-13-749-2022
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1832:Extratropical cyclones
1782:2020 natural disasters
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1532:Urban Water Journal
1440:The Weather Channel
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854:2022RvGeo..6000762Z
799:2022ESD....13..749H
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1755:. Retrieved
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1703:. 2020-03-12
1701:Jordan Times
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1732:2023-11-28
1707:2023-11-25
1679:2023-11-25
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1587:: 101948.
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