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were on
Incident Management Team (IMT) tasked with managing numerous brigades under the principles of the Australasian Inter–service Incident Management System (AIIMS). The chronic lack of IMT personnel in the Great Southern region in which Esperance is situated—only 18 DFES staff to manage 239 volunteer brigades and other emergency services units—is thought to have increased risk during the fires. Mark Wandel, a local farmer, described traveling 30–40 kilometres (19–25 mi) with other farmers to establish fire breaks and not witnessing "... any fire services people all day," stressing his concerns that fire authorities were "... stretched to the max."
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ignited and use graders to contain the fire before the catastrophic conditions on 17 November, however the regulations and administrative bureaucracy concerning UCL prevented them from doing so. Mick Fels, the WA Farmers
Esperance-Ravensthorpe zone president and an Esperance-area farmer whose property borders a reserve, described to the ABC his experience advocating for "... two or three years, at every level, to get DPAW to put a firebreak against boundary fence ..." however his efforts were "... unsuccessful". Fels hoped to see firebreak control and fuel reduction responsibilities transferred from DPAW and DFES, and back to local communities.
724:. Much of the habitat had already been burned by a bushfire in Cape Arid National Park during October of the same year. Prior to the fires, there were believed to be only 140 individual parrots living in the wild, and the number was estimated to have been reduced to only 30–40 as a result of the damage caused by the fires. The widespread destruction of dense vegetation the ground-dwelling birds rely on for nesting prompted discussion that the critically endangered parrot could "... become the first bird in at least 200 years to become extinct in Western Australia". Two parrots—a male and a female—were rescued from the Cape Arid fire ground and taken to
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in the areas burned by the
Merivale fire was estimated to be about 7 years, as a result of a number of prescribed burns since 2000, however the fuel age of the UCL burned in the Cascades fire was estimated to be significantly older, at up to 20 years. As part of its fire mitigation strategy in 2009–10, DPAW had performed scrub rolling and burning of pre-existing buffers at the interface of UCL where the Cascades fire ignited and private property. However, constraints on time and resources meant that only 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of the interface was burned, of which a mere 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) turned out to be in the eventual path of the fire.
991:. During a grievance debate on 7 April 2016, Dr. Graham Gibson Jacobs MP introduced before the WA Legislative Assembly his concerns about resource allocation, with particular focus on the absence of aerial support and the decision by the state operations centre that the Esperance area did not require additional resources in the face of the catastrophic conditions on 17 November. Aerial assistance for firefighters did not arrive until 18 November, as all available aerial assets—two fixed-wing water bombing aircraft—were deployed some 470 kilometres (290 mi) away in
708:, revealed that 200,000 tonnes of vegetation from agricultural areas was removed by the fires. Further agricultural loss was expected in the coming harvests as a result of soil erosion; to mitigate the damage done, as soon as the remaining crops had been harvested, paddocks were scarified and barley and maize were sown as cover crops. Over 2000ha at point of harvest Plantation Blue Gums were destroyed or damaged. Value $ US 60 million. Major woodchip exporters in Australia will not purchase and export woodchips from fire damaged plantations.
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wind gust of 83 kilometres per hour (52 mph) from the west-north-west at 16:12 AWST. A wind change shifted the direction of fire spread to north–east at approximately 18:00 AWST, and an "emergency" warning was issued at 21:04 AWST, after the fire had crossed Cape Le Grand Rd. Two houses were destroyed in the
Stockyard Creek area during the night. The ability of crews to control the Merivale fire was hampered by the vegetation and the varying terrain in the area, which included
480:. The fire moved rapidly once it had entered private property; during its major south–east run on the afternoon of 17 November, the Cascades fire is estimated to have spread at a rate of 15–23 kilometres per hour (9.3–14.3 mph), fueled by the heavy harvest fuel loads, and to have traveled approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) over a five-hour period. The Cascades fire is estimated to have reached a peak intensity of around 45,000
318:, which rapidly dried out the unharvested crops and other plant material. Statewide average temperatures in Western Australia during October were +3.28 °C above average and the highest on record, and rainfall was generally light across the Esperance region at 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in). Temperature observations were similarly elevated in November, at +1.78 °C above average and the second warmest on record.
465:(FFDI) recordings of 175 and 180—significantly above the threshold of 100 for "catastrophic" conditions—were recorded at Scaddan and Cascades respectively. FFDI ratings of up to 221 were reportedly observed elsewhere around Esperance. This resulted in an escalation of all three fires, including the major run of the Cascades fire.
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described only being notified after the fire had passed through their properties, and the reliance on word-of-mouth communication is thought to have contributed to the death of Curnow, who died while driving to inform others of the
Cascades fire. During the morning power outage in the Cascades fire zone, twenty-one
748:, jointly announced that disaster assistance pursuant to the Commonwealth-State Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA) had been activated for those affected by fire in the Shire of Esperance. Victims were eligible for personal hardship and distress assistance, personal and financial
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into the response to the Harvey-Waroona bushfire. However, the
Esperance bushfires were omitted from the terms of reference, prompting criticism from the Association of Volunteer Bushfire Brigades, the Emergency Services Volunteer Association, the State Emergency Services Volunteer Association and WA
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Ninety minutes after the fire front had traversed the highway and impacted
Scaddan township, the fire was upgraded to "Level 3", a designation that effectively grants the DFES command and control of the incident. By mid–evening, between 100 and 150 people from Scaddan and Grass Patch had evacuated to
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within the hour, however an "emergency warning" was not issued for the fire until 17:50 AWST, some two hours after the fire impacted Griggs Rd., 50–60 kilometres (31–37 mi) from the point of ignition. All four civilians fatalities from the
Cascades fire occurred at approximately 15:50 AWST, when
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As early as 06:30 AWST, farmers made calls to fire authorities with concerns about the height of flames in inaccessible areas close to properties in and around
Cascades, as the fire front expanded to at least 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). During the morning, the Cascades and Merivale fires caused power
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that claimed 173 lives and injured some 5000 people". Despite fears for the escalation of the fire in the forecast conditions, which greatly exceeded the threshold for "catastrophic" (an FFDI of 100), all three fires remained at the classification of "Level 1" and therefore under the control of local
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south of Lake Mends in the North
Cascades area. Lightning from the same storm system also ignited the Merivale fire in the vicinity of Doombup Lake and Mullet Lake, 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Esperance town, and the Cape Arid complex of fires in the Gypsum Mine, Mount Ragged, and Thomas River
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In addition, during a statement to the Commonwealth Senate on 25 November 2015, Hon. Senator Christopher Back discussed "... questions as to whether personnel were able to go into crown land reserves after the lightning strike had started the fires." The senator stated there was "... never
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The authority of farmers to clear and manage land—particularly areas designated UCL—was a "... contentious issue" in the Esperance area, and several landholders were prosecuted for clearing land in contravention the state regulations. Landholders offered to enter the UCL where the Cascades fire
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produce was approximately A$ 1.5 million, of which around A$ 1 million was spent on fire–related activities. During the same period, DPAW conducted prescribed burns across 147,082 hectares (363,450 acres) in the South-West region, well below their target of 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres). Fuel age
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An "all clear" message was issued for both the Cascades and Merivale fires on the afternoon of 25 November, indicating that the series of fires were essentially extinguished. The Esperance District complex of fires was downgraded to "Level 1" and the DFES transitioned control for the recovery effort
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The fuel load on private property before the fires was described as "... enormous", with wheat crops ranging from 4–5 tonnes per hectare; Esperance-region families who had been "... farming this land for more than 100 years" described the 2015 harvest as "... the best crop ever." The
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in the communities of Grass Patch and Salmon Gums. The warning was downgraded to "watch and act" at approximately 15:00 AWST with no further injury or serious damage to property, although the perimeter of the fire had expanded to 214 kilometres (133 mi). By 20 November 300 people had evacuated
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At least 200 firefighters and volunteers from the BFB, DFES, DPAW, and VFRS assisted in fighting the fires during their 12-day duration. However, during the period of 15–17 November—immediately following the ignition of the fire and during its major run—only 4 DFES, DPAW and local government staff
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in the radio infrastructure system of the Esperance region, and therefore no workarounds available in the event of infrastructure not being functional. These failures were compounded by radio congestion. Esperance shire had two channel systems intended for use during incidents; the BFB network and
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A forecast yield of over 3 million tonnes was reduced to 2.5 million, with wheat comprising the majority of produce lost in the fires and winds; the destruction of produce is thought to have cost the region up to A$ 150 million. A survey of the impacted area by a satellite that provides imagery to
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On 17 November, the Merivale fire also moved rapidly in a south–east direction, and DFES warnings were upgraded to "watch and act" level at 11:55 AWST. Fire conditions peaked during the afternoon, with the Esperance station recording an astonishingly low relative humidity of 2% at 15:00 AWST and a
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at approximately 17:50 AWST and impacted the community of Scaddan, where the majority of structural damage occurred. The DFES superintendent for Goldfields-Esperance, Trevor Tasker, witnessed the fire front impacting the highway and created a road block, preventing an estimated 100 cars—containing
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Following the fires, access to unallocated crown land (UCL) and reserves to perform bushfire mitigation emerged as a key issue for local landholders, who sought the ability to prepare and maintain permanent firebreaks in bushland bordering farming properties. At the time of the fires, the DoL had
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experienced two significant fires and a complex of fires; 128,000 hectares (320,000 acres) were burnt by the Cascades fire, 18,000 hectares (44,000 acres) were burnt by the Merivale fire, and 164,000 hectares (410,000 acres) were burnt by the Cape Arid complex of fires. On 17 November, during the
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A failure to appreciate the value of local knowledge about terrain, infrastructure and typical fire behaviour; a situation was reported where vehicles became bogged in areas known locally to be a risk and the inappropriate placement of control points and road blocks without consideration for the
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from the north to west and relative humidity ranged from approximately 30–40%. Although no rainfall was recorded until 24 November, the low winds and temperatures of 25–32 °C (77–90 °F) meant that the Cascades fire was largely stationary and the Merivale fire was spreading slowly, yet
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in the communities impacted by the fires was poor before the fires, and added pressure on the network during the emergency caused significant issues, including motorists being unaware of the risks in certain areas and inadvertently driving into the paths of the fires. Numerous property owners
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prevented traffic entering the area impacted by fire from the opposite direction. Scaddan farmer Chris Reichstein used a speed tiller to cut a firebreak several meters wide through burning crops and stubble along the eastern edge of the fire front, preventing the fire front from crossing into
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administrative responsibility for UCL and Unmanaged Reserves in Western Australia, however fire mitigation, such as hazard reduction burning, was performed by the DFES within townsites and performed by the DPAW outside townsites, excluding locals from access to assist and manage fuel loads.
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Although the MIR found that the fires were "broadly well managed" in the context of the challenging conditions, intensity of the fires and competing resource demands across the state, there were a number of examples of firefighting effort being "compromised" by organizational failures.
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of up to 5 tonnes per hectare were reported in the Esperance district, which was estimated to be around 50% harvested at the time of the fires. This represented a 2015 harvest that was far above the 5 year average, even accounting for the "... hundreds of thousands of tonnes" of
1002:" agricultural aircraft operated by private contractors in the Esperance area were offered for aerial support suppression tasking; officially, regulatory constraints and contract management capacity prohibited their deployment. Comments by Liam Bartlett, printed in a 29 November
627:"Cougar", only a few kilometres from the property the trio were working at. Curnow also died in his vehicle while driving door-to-door to warn neighbours about the approaching fire front. Curnow was described in the media as a "hero" for his efforts to assist others, and his
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and relative humidity ranged from approximately 25–55%; conditions favourable to containment. However, by the end of the day on 16 November, both the Cascades and Merivale fire remained uncontained and residents of 7 properties near the Merivale fire were advised to leave.
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article, suggest that pilots may have been "... more than ready to take to the skies ..." however the pilots were "... threatened with a loss of license if they flew near the blaze ..." and therefore were not able to not assist. The nearest
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A special inquiry pursuant to section 24H(2) and (3) of the Public Sector Management Act 1994 to examine the organisation and management of the bushfire in the Waroona area in January 2016. Euan Ferguson AFSM was appointed to undertake the role of Special
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to the Cascades foreground was 50 kilometres (31 mi) south in Esperance township, and the MIR publication cast doubt over whether aerial suppression would have been effective in controlling the run of the Cascades fire in catastrophic conditions.
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Farmers; the group of organizations issued a joint statement discussing serious concerns about the scope of the inquiry. A Major Incident Report (MIR) was, however, compiled by the consultancy firm Nous Group for the DFES and released on 8 March 2016.
1044:)—to map resources on the fire ground; movements of crews on the fireground must be communicated back to the control point to enable the placement of T cards to be updated, and therefore is susceptible to failure when communication is limited.
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caused a week long power outage for 400–500 residents in the region. The series of fires did not reach the Insurance Council of Australia (ICA) threshold for "insurance emergency" because infrastructure losses were not particularly extensive.
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A "Level 3" incident is characterized by being protracted, large and resource intensive. They typically require significant coordination of multi-agency resources—usually by the DFES—and have a high level of complexity and community
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Issues with staffing, organization and coordination, within and between, the DFES, DPAW, Department of Lands (DoL), Volunteer Bush Fire Brigades (BFB), Volunteer Fire and Rescue Service (VFRS), local governments, and the
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655:. In addition, the Merivale fire destroyed 2 houses in Stockyard Creek. Roads and utilities infrastructure was also damaged within the fire ground; the destruction of 320 power poles and hundreds of kilometres of
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A "Level 1" incident is characterized by being within the scope of local government and local brigades to respond to and manage, having a low level of complexity and a relatively minor impact on the community.
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from the communities impacted by the Cascades fire. Residential areas were again threatened by the Merivale fire on 21–22 November, when it broke containment lines under the influence of a wind change.
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of the Cascades and Merivale fires to Local Government, and the recovery effort for the Cape Arid complex of fires was transferred to the Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPAW) on 26 November.
476:. Just prior to midday the Cascades fire jumped across fuel modification breaks—consisting of substantial pre-existing scrub rolling and other fuel treatment—on the interface of crown land and
375:(DFES) on 15 November, including the Cascades fire, the Merivale fire, and the Cape Arid complex, which constituted three of the ten incidents recorded by the DFES in the Shire of Esperance.
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habitat—reportedly up to 90%—prompting discussion that the critically endangered parrot could "... become the first bird in at least 200 years to become extinct in Western Australia".
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The three foreign nationals, who had been staying at Karranga farm on 17 November, died in the same vehicle while fleeing to Esperance town. The bodies were discovered in a vehicle with a
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was recorded at 15:37 AWST. Winds were consistently 50–60 kilometres per hour (31–37 mph) during the afternoon, with frequent gusts up to 70–80 kilometres per hour (43–50 mph).
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a circumstance in which volunteer brigade members could not go into crown land owned by the Commonwealth to suppress, fight and mitigate major fires if life and property are at risk."
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Changes in farming practices in the Esperance region have resulted in more widespread and higher yield cropping areas, creating higher fuel loads across a larger area prior to harvest.
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the DFES command network, however the DFES command network was not able to be used during the initial days of the incident, or 17 November major runs by the fires, due to a faulty
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from the north to west over the Shire of Esperance and all three fire zones, elevating the temperature to over 40 °C (104 °F) across most of the shire. An extremely low
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People in the area were advised to put their survival first and leave the night before or early in the day if possible, and that it was not safe to stay and defend their homes.
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298:, reported its highest winter rainfall in 88 years; 91.2 millimetres (3.59 in) fell in August, the highest August total rainfall for at least 30 years. Prior to the 2015
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216:. As of 2020, the Cascades fire was equally the worst bushfire in Western Australia in terms of human fatalities along with the Willow Springs/Nannup fire of January 1958.
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Following the fires, state and federal representatives, the community, and a review commissioned by the DFES identified shortcomings including, but not limited to;
688:—were destroyed by both the fire and the strong north-westerly winds experienced on 17 November. The winds resulted in significant yield loss due to pod shatter in
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Kym Curnow, 45, of Australia — Curnow was a father-of-three and farmer in the Esperance-region, who was also an Officer of the Scaddan Volunteer Bush Fire Brigade.
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yields marked a great increase from the 2 tonnes per hectare considered a "good crop" in the Esperance-region decades prior, and the Major Incident Report noted;
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Head loss is when the straw of plants may remain standing but breakage immediately under the head occurs and the heads fall to the ground, reducing grain yields.
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established a "Lord Mayor's Distress Relief Fund" to accept donations that would be distributed to the victims of the fires; donations to the fund included
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At approximately midday on 19 November, the warning for the Cascade fire was once again upgraded to emergency level for the areas west of the
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The yield was significantly higher than the average of 1–2 tonnes per hectare recorded in Western Australia most years between 2005 and 2014.
908:—in the Grass Patch and Salmon Gums townships respectively—was expedited by the Shire of Esperance in early December 2015. The electorate of
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The fires remained uncontained by dawn on 16 November and a bushfire advice message for North Cascade was issued by the DFES at 11:30 AWST (
239:—were burnt. In addition, the Merivale fire destroyed 2 houses in Stockyard Creek, and the Cape Arid complex destroyed significant areas of
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Salmon Gums Recreation Centre, and at approximately 22:00 AWST the area under threat was expanded to include Red Lake and Salmon Gums.
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Joe Francis, Member for Jandakot; Minister for Emergency Services, Fisheries, Corrective Services & Veterans (7 April 2016).
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A speed tiller, sometimes called a disc plow, is designed to remove stubble and weeds by mulching the organic material and burying it.
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The Cascades fire destroyed Scaddan town hall, one house, 16 non-residential structures and dozens of vehicles in the communities of
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Particular criticism from the community was reserved for the decisions surrounding the usage of aerial firefighting assets, such as
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communications could not be ensured during the response to the fire. An absence of portable or back–up repeaters meant there was no
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912:, in which the impacted communities are located, also received up to A$ 54 million as part of a federal mobile blackspots program.
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At 13:10 AWST the DFES warning for the Cascades fire was upgraded to "watch and act", and the warning was reported by the
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3601:"Mobile Black Spot Programme to deliver almost 500 new or upgraded base stations with total investment of $ 385 million"
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The fires caused significant damage to rural produce and the harvest was delayed for at least a week as grains handler
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As anticipated, the Esperance region experienced catastrophic fire weather conditions on the afternoon of 17 November;
612:— Butcher, a mechanical fitter, had resided in Australia for the four years prior and was working at Karranga Station.
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394:), although there was no threat to lives or homes at the time. Winds in the Cascades fire ground on 16 November were
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700:; barley head loss in the order of 1.5 to over 2 tonnes per hectare was observed in many areas of Esperance shire.
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414:(FFDI) rating of 250–260 was reportedly forecast for 17 November; described as "... worse than the day of the
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342:, was expected to increase the severity and duration of the 2015–16 fire season in Western Australia, with the
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489:... the hottest grassland fire in WA's recorded history, and possibly in Australia's recorded history.
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brigades. Following the fires, Deputy Commissioner of the DFES, Lloyd Bailey, stated that on 16 November;
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major run of the Cascades fire, four civilian fatalities occurred in vehicles traveling on Griggs Road in
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3290:"Esperance bushfires: Perth Lord Mayor Lisa Scaffidi opens Distress Relief Fund for affected families"
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locally-known flow of road trains, resulting in the vehicles having great difficulty turning around.
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2.4 Rural Tanker, one of the models used by Volunteer Bush Fire Brigades in rural Western Australia
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Issues surrounding fire mitigation and suppression, especially in the areas of resource allocation.
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1175:, to deliver 499 new and upgraded mobile base stations across Australia; 130 of which were in WA.
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The Cape Arid complex of fires destroyed significant areas—reportedly up to 90%—of the remaining
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2419:"Malcolm Turnbull meets bushfire volunteers as Esperance community comes to terms with its loss"
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1947:"Fires and hot, windy weather cut expected crop estimates in Esperance port zone this harvest"
643:, one house, 16 other non-residential structures and dozens of vehicles in the communities of
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3192:"Perth Zoo's western ground parrot breeding program suffers setback after death of two birds"
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3436:"Yarloop fire inquiry: Agencies 'disappointed' terms of reference omits Esperance bushfires"
1694:"Esperance bushfire investigation finds region poorly resourced against 'unstoppable' fires"
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died and 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of crop—constituting an estimated 500,000 tonnes of
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had reportedly been stripped, leaving nothing but sandy plains. Approximately 4,500 head of
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were a series of catastrophic bushfires that burned from 15 to 26 November and affected the
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1756:"Fears for rare western ground parrot after Esperance fires destroy 90 per cent of habitat"
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The Cascades fire ignited north of Pyramid Rd. and west of Ned's Corner Rd. on unallocated
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3727:"WA Premier says now is not the time for blame as bushfire-affected residents return home"
1513:"WA bushfires: Foreign workers die trying to flee farm, save horse in Esperance bushfires"
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sites—four mobile phone towers and seventeen exchange and connectivity points—switched to
8:
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3483:"Fears State Government's bushfire inquiry will overlook key issues from Esperance fires"
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2483:"Esperance fire victims' families to travel from Europe to see where loved ones perished"
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region in particular to experience "above normal fire potential" due to high fuel loads.
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2911:"Esperance bushfire: Fire hero Kym 'Freddy' Curnow, to be honoured at funeral on Friday"
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erratically. Four single-engine air tankers were deployed to control the Merivale fire.
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and lightning ignited fires across a large area. At least 40 fires were recorded by the
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3221:"Disaster assistance for bushfire affected communities in Esperance, Western Australia"
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1408:"Two men and two women among fire victims, two more feared dead in Esperance bushfires"
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Difficulty mobilizing and managing emergency and administrative staff in a remote area.
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Hon. Tony Abbott MP; Hon. Malcolm Turnbull MP; Hon. Paul Fletcher MP (25 June 2015).
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2395:"Grievance Debate – Esperance Bushfires - Resource Allocation and Early Intervention"
2347:"Grievance Debate – Esperance Bushfires - Resource Allocation and Early Intervention"
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David Grills MLC, Member for the Mining and Pastoral Region (26 November 2015).
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died and 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of crop—constituting about 500,000 tonnes of
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2528:"Goldfields firefighter Trevor Tasker saves people from driving into Esperance fire"
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1549:"Esperance bushfires: European workers killed trying to flee blaze named by police"
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Dr. Christopher John Back, Senator for Western Australia (25 November 2015).
231:. There was also significant damage to rural produce; approximately 4,500 head of
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Minister for Justice, Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Counter-Terrorism
1793:"Western ground parrot 'facing extinction' after devastating Esperance bushfires"
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The four civilians who died in the Cascades fire were identified on 19 November.
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outages in Esperance shire that affected at least 300 customers and also stopped
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Scott, Matthew (27 November 2015). "Local Recovery Committee; Esperance Fires".
1442:"Esperance fires: Partner pays tribute to British man killed in Esperance fires"
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673:
609:
553:
451:
443:
395:
27:
1831:. Bentley DC: Grain Industry Association of Western Australia. 6 November 2015
290:
rainfall in 2015, promoting the growth of large quantities of crops and other
4640:
3818:
3788:
3644:
3323:
2851:
2790:
2757:
2690:
2646:
2537:
2456:
1482:
1415:
1316:
1030:
999:
870:
775:
753:
745:
481:
450:
of 6% was observed at the Salmon Gums Research Station at 15:00 AWST, and a "
335:
294:
material. Salmon Gums Research Station, 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of
255:; between 1990 and 2000 the region witnessed an increase of 50% in the total
94:
81:
3165:"90 Percent of Western Ground Parrot Habitat Destroyed By Fire In Australia"
2637:"Esperance bushfires: 100kmh winds spark 'catastrophic fire danger' warning"
2817:
2029:
988:
929:
873:; the batteries were designed to last eight hours before being replaced by
821:
470:
364:
280:
276:
2813:"Esperance bushfire: British man, Norwegian student and farmer among dead"
2714:"Esperance fires: 'Race against time' before worsening weekend conditions"
2255:"Salmon Gums, Western Australia; November 2015 Daily Weather Observations"
4100:
2846:
969:
749:
656:
620:
2781:"Esperance fires: Norwegian woman Anna Winther, 29, killed in firestorm"
2602:"Esperance, Western Australia; November 2015 Daily Weather Observations"
1872:"Salmon Gums, Western Australia; August 2015 Daily Weather Observations"
924:
In 2014–15, statewide funding for the DoL to undertake fire mitigation,
1274:"Esperance bushfires: Damage bill for crop losses 'in excess of $ 60m'"
995:
in preparation for catastrophic conditions in that area of the region.
985:
981:
391:
379:
904:
In response to the failures during the fires, the construction of two
327:
3517:
3403:"Public Inquiry in to January 2016 Waroona Fire - Terms of Reference"
3137:
2915:
2316:
2034:
Bushfire & Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centres Programme
1587:
1003:
783:
756:
725:
681:
669:
640:
260:
232:
187:
38:
2189:"WA bushfires: Shire of Esperance facing 'catastrophic' fire danger"
4285:
3639:
3635:"Esperance bushfires: Malcolm Turnbull flags better telco coverage"
3133:"Esperance fires: Green, crops toll stands out in satellite images"
3016:(5). Toowoomba, Queensland: Greenmount Press: 50–52. Archived from
2785:
2752:
2641:
2532:
1475:"Esperance bushfire victim's sister says he was "living the dream""
1008:
795:
705:
552:
Winds in the Cascades fire ground on 18 November again returned to
541:
275:. Cropped areas are particularly combustible prior to harvest, and
3560:
Parker, Basil (15 December 2015). "Infrastructure and Buildings".
3353:
2879:"Esperance fires: Bushfire casualty died for the love of a horse"
2402:
2354:
1449:
1384:
1257:
1171:
committed A$ 100 million, supplemented by A$ 32 million from the
866:
803:
768:
677:
628:
587:
516:
299:
3679:"Better land access for bushfire management on the cards for WA"
1919:(7). Toowoomba, Queensland: Greenmount Press: 29. Archived from
3930:
3107:
2888:
2683:"Update: Watch and Act remains for Grass Patch and Salmon Gums"
2580:
2393:
Dr. Graham Gibson Jacobs, Member for Eyre (7 April 2016).
1029:
An absence of protocols and discipline in the usage of the BFB
937:
693:
689:
594:
287:
272:
268:
2406:. Western Australia: Legislative Assembly. pp. 2317–2319.
2358:. Western Australia: Legislative Assembly. pp. 2317–2319.
2218:"Bushfire Advice: North Cascade in the Shire of Esperance, WA"
321:
1346:"2015/16 Wandrra Eligible Disaster Proclamation Notification"
1261:. Western Australia: Legislative Council. pp. 9043–9044.
933:
889:
697:
685:
624:
533:
454:" wind gust of 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph) from the
264:
236:
2748:"Esperance bushfires: firefighters battle through the night"
2000:"Challenging bushfire season expected for Western Australia"
314:
The winter rains were followed by an unusually dry and warm
3605:
Ministers for the Department of Communications and the Arts
2449:"Esperance bush fires cause black outs for power customers"
925:
33:
1581:
Butler, Bruce; le Messurier, Danielle (18 November 2015).
524:
bushland where it "... could have burned for weeks".
2312:"Now is the time to answer questions over Esperance fire"
1377:
1352:. Department of the Premier and Cabinet. 22 December 2015
1041:
2392:
2160:"Esperance devastation – a warning for the season ahead"
1790:
1388:. Commonwealth of Australia: Senate. pp. 8928–8929.
830:
Failures of telecommunications and radio infrastructure.
822:
Criticism of authorities and subsequent incident reviews
3346:"Aurizon donates $ 25,000 to the Esperance Fire Appeal"
3096:
Knowles, Gabrielle; Thompson, Brad (24 November 2015).
1380:"Statements by Senators - Western Australia: Bushfires"
251:
Agriculture is the predominant land use by area in the
4021:
3980:
2073:
2030:"Southern Australia Seasonal Bushfire Outlook 2015–16"
1986:
1974:
4066:
Major Incident Review of the Esperance District fires
3316:"City of Bunbury to donate $ 10k for Esperance fires"
3077:(77). South East Premium Wheat Growers Association: 2
676:
and shut six grain storage sites. In some areas, the
3476:
3474:
3472:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1058:
2509:
2507:
2168:. Government of Western Australia. 30 November 2015
519:and locals—from driving into the flames; police in
259:area and a decrease in the total area dedicated to
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3513:"Esperance farewell fire hero Kym 'Freddy' Curnow"
2369:
2367:
2365:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
1580:
1511:Bennett, Mark; Powell, Graeme (20 November 2015).
848:, the Government of Western Australia announced a
442:over the south-west of the state created winds of
4028:Monthly Weather Review - Australia; November 2015
3469:
2052:
1843:
1583:"Esperance bushfire: Four dead in raging inferno"
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1036:The reliance on a physical "T card" system—not a
4638:
3987:Monthly Weather Review - Australia; October 2015
2997:
2995:
2504:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1469:
1467:
1247:
605:, who was working as a cook at Karranga Station.
3878:
3876:
3781:"Esperance farmers blame bushfires on red tape"
3720:
3718:
3663:
3095:
2976:. Grains Research and Development Corporation,
2677:
2675:
2362:
2240:
1864:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1436:
1434:
1432:
856:
732:program, however both birds died in captivity.
590:— Kohrs-Lichte was working at Karranga Station.
3705:
3703:
3050:. South East Premium Wheat Growers Association
2810:
2569:Sas, Nick; Thompson, Brad (20 November 2015).
2340:
2338:
2069:
2067:
1791:Rhiannon Shine; Sam Tomlin (22 January 2016).
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1350:ARGN688 Bushfires Esperance - 15 November 2015
1302:
1300:
1298:
1211:
4116:
2992:
2877:Bell, Kelly; Clarke, Tim (20 November 2015).
2610:Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government)
2476:
2474:
2379:
2263:Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government)
1944:
1880:Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government)
1715:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1464:
1340:
1338:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
484:, described in the Major Incident Report as;
367:moved in an easterly direction over southern
107:(approximate ignition point of Cascades fire)
3959:
3949:
3947:
3873:
3861:
3715:
3287:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2672:
2571:"Phone problems in fire zone 'risked lives'"
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2116:Special Council Notice of Meeting and Agenda
1814:
1658:
1656:
1429:
1271:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1089:List of disasters in Australia by death toll
631:was attended by up to four thousand people.
3700:
3543:
3541:
3539:
2594:
2568:
2344:
2335:
2286:
2284:
2064:
1938:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1576:
1574:
1392:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1295:
1272:le Messurier, Danielle (19 November 2015).
499:the fire front impacted Griggs Rd. between
322:Predictions for the 2015–16 bushfire season
4130:
4123:
4109:
4062:
3965:
3953:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3767:
3755:
3709:
3547:
3510:
3463:
3457:
3377:"Lord Mayor's Distress Relief Fund update"
3255:"WA—Esperance Bushfire (15 November 2015)"
2908:
2876:
2839:
2666:
2513:
2471:
2373:
2290:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2085:
2058:
1858:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1687:
1685:
1647:
1534:
1497:
1335:
1232:
1226:
1205:
740:On 21 November, the Minister for Justice,
338:and the warmer waters associated with the
120:More than 310,000 hectares (766,000 acres)
26:
4074:Department of Fire and Emergency Services
3944:
3900:
3849:
3433:
3288:le Messurier, Daniel (20 November 2015).
3162:
3126:
3124:
2735:
2551:
2226:Department of Fire and Emergency Services
2165:Department of Fire and Emergency Services
2145:
2008:Department of Fire and Emergency Services
1653:
1188:
373:Department of Fire and Emergency Services
44:Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite
3837:
3536:
3130:
2840:Macfarlane, Kristin (19 November 2015).
2634:
2309:
2281:
2186:
1945:de Landgrafft, Tara (23 November 2015).
1632:
1615:"Bushfire Memorial | Monument Australia"
1571:
1405:
1364:
1307:Sprague, Julie-Anne (19 November 2015).
963:
744:, and the Premier of Western Australia,
639:The Cascades fire destroyed the Scaddan
4381:Eastern Victoria Great Divide (2006–07)
2940:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2103:
1777:
1738:
1682:
1664:"Esperance bushfire damage toll rising"
1306:
711:
286:The Esperance region had above average
4639:
3918:
3724:
3676:
3559:
3511:Paddenburg, Trevor (4 December 2015).
3480:
3131:Anderson, Alyesha (22 November 2015).
3121:
3068:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2909:Paddenburg, Trevor (4 December 2015).
2778:
2711:
2525:
2480:
2416:
2187:Anderson, Alyesha (18 November 2015).
1691:
790:100,000 from the WA state government,
663:
359:Over the weekend of 14–15 November, a
4104:
3811:"Quick thinking saved couple's lives"
3374:
3259:Australian Government Disaster Assist
3189:
3098:"$ 150m lost to Esperance fire, wind"
3044:"Barley straw strength and head loss"
2943:"Esperance bushfire victims go solar"
2112:
1753:
263:farming, the main crops produced are
2779:Foster, Brendan (19 November 2015).
2635:Corridon, Sarah (17 November 2015).
2526:Foster, Brendan (19 November 2015).
2296:
1754:Shine, Rhiannon (30 November 2015).
1406:Corridon, Sarah (17 November 2015).
1040:that automatically updates (such as
818:1 million was raised by the appeal.
634:
463:McArthur Grassland Fire Danger Index
4625:List of Australian bushfire seasons
3735:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3687:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3563:Local Recovery Committee Newsletter
3491:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3444:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3434:Macmillan, Jade (21 January 2016).
3231:). 21 December 2015. Archived from
3200:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3163:Jorgensen, Cari (3 December 2015).
2961:
2811:Guardian Staff (20 November 2015).
2722:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2491:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2481:Powell, Graeme (23 November 2015).
2427:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2310:Bartlett, Liam (28 November 2015).
1955:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1801:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1764:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1702:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1557:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1521:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1084:List of Australian bushfire seasons
959:
884:Due to the failure of the Cascades
279:is retained post harvest to reduce
13:
3821:. 26 November 2015. Archived from
3190:Shine, Rhiannon (6 January 2016).
1612:
1019:
915:
203:region in the Australian state of
14:
4673:
3725:Martin, Lucy (20 November 2015).
3375:Leach, Daniel (13 January 2016).
3227:. Attorney-General's Department (
3041:
2941:Pickles, Saskia (10 March 2016).
2712:Carter, Lucy (19 November 2015).
1309:"WA bushfires claim lives, crops"
1250:"Statement - Esperance Bushfires"
881:for hours or days in some areas.
771:subsidies for primary producers.
735:
547:
412:McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index
354:
32:View of the Esperance fires from
3919:Mercer, Daniel (29 March 2016).
3912:
3888:
2417:Martin, Lucy (9 December 2015).
1061:
623:, containing the remains of the
349:
4371:Eastern Victorian alpine (2003)
3974:
3803:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3627:
3592:
3553:
3504:
3481:Tomlin, Sam (22 January 2016).
3427:
3414:Government of Western Australia
3395:
3368:
3338:
3308:
3281:
3247:
3213:
3183:
3156:
3089:
3062:
3035:
2934:
2902:
2870:
2833:
2804:
2772:
2705:
2660:
2628:
2519:
2441:
2410:
2403:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2355:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2210:
2180:
2091:
2079:
2022:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1898:
1606:
1385:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1258:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1173:Government of Western Australia
1157:
1147:
1138:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
56:15 – 26 November
46:(VIIRS) imagery on 17 November.
4657:Bushfires in Western Australia
3069:Curtis, Niki (December 2015).
1265:
510:The Cascades fire crossed the
433:
410:to the DFES on 16 November, a
383:areas of the northern part of
163:— 16 non-residential buildings
1:
3921:"Bumper crops lift fire risk"
1692:Tomlin, Sam (29 March 2016).
1182:
577:
246:
4143:Australian Capital Territory
4072:. Perth, Western Australia:
3677:Tomlin, Sam (1 April 2016).
2842:"Esperance farmer 'an icon'"
2126:. p. 14. Archived from
1163:As part of "Round 1" of the
857:Telecommunications and radio
597:— Winther was a graduate of
572:
512:Coolgardie–Esperance Highway
444:moderate gale to storm force
7:
4063:Nous Group (8 March 2016).
3737:. Event occurs at 18:25:41
2429:. Event occurs at 18:30:32
2074:Bureau of Meteorology 2015b
1987:Bureau of Meteorology 2015b
1975:Bureau of Meteorology 2015a
1165:Mobile Black Spot Programme
1052:
932:control, and harvesting of
586:Julia Kohrs-Lichte, 19, of
562:Coolgadie-Esperance Highway
10:
4678:
4391:Great Ocean Road (2015–16)
2974:"2015 Harvest of extremes"
554:gentle to moderate breezes
4619:
4454:
4399:
4314:
4284:
4219:
4160:
4140:
4036:Commonwealth of Australia
3995:Commonwealth of Australia
3263:Commonwealth of Australia
3229:Commonwealth of Australia
2821:. Guardian News and Media
183:
178:
167:
157:
149:
144:
124:
116:
111:
71:
61:
51:
25:
20:
4421:Western Australia (2015)
4411:Western Australia (1961)
3410:Public Sector Commission
2036:. Melbourne, Australia:
1619:monumentaustralia.org.au
1094:
1069:Western Australia portal
416:Black Saturday bushfires
207:. During the fires, the
197:2015 Esperance bushfires
21:2015 Esperance bushfires
4251:Ash Wednesday II (1983)
4182:Eastern seaboard (1994)
4034:. Melbourne, Victoria:
3993:. Melbourne, Victoria:
3609:Commonwealth Government
2978:Commonwealth Government
1169:Commonwealth Government
722:Cape Arid National Park
608:Thomas Butcher, 31, of
385:Cape Arid National Park
363:consisting of numerous
4261:Kangaroo Island (2007)
4246:Ash Wednesday I (1980)
4206:New South Wales (2013)
4187:Black Christmas (2001)
4133:Bushfires in Australia
1079:Bushfires in Australia
998:A pair of fixed-wing "
989:water-bombing aircraft
973:
957:
956:
862:Mobile phone reception
774:The lord mayor of the
692:and head loss in both
492:
491:
431:
430:
396:light to fresh breezes
311:lost during the fire.
95:33.10583°S 120.98389°E
4386:Black Saturday (2009)
4326:Black Thursday (1851)
4231:Adelaide Hills (1939)
4023:Bureau of Meteorology
3982:Bureau of Meteorology
2222:Early Warning Network
2038:Australian Government
967:
952:
951:
846:2016 Waroona bushfire
718:Western Ground Parrot
672:closed its Esperance
603:Amnesty International
593:Anna Winther, 29, of
487:
486:
426:
425:
408:Bureau of Meteorology
406:At a briefing by the
241:Western Ground Parrot
4662:Goldfields–Esperance
4361:Ash Wednesday (1983)
4296:Black Tuesday (1967)
4256:Black Tuesday (2005)
3071:"EPZ Harvest Update"
712:Environmental damage
601:and an activist for
344:Goldfields-Esperance
332:Southern Oscillation
201:Goldfields-Esperance
158:Structures destroyed
100:-33.10583; 120.98389
4346:Black Friday (1939)
4341:Black Sunday (1926)
4271:Sampson Flat (2015)
4236:Black Sunday (1955)
3926:The West Australian
3103:The West Australian
2947:businessnews.com.au
2884:The West Australian
2858:on 20 December 2015
2576:The West Australian
1323:on 20 December 2015
906:mobile phone towers
728:for inclusion in a
664:Agricultural damage
540:as well as several
440:low pressure system
340:Indian Ocean Dipole
91: /
4457:By national season
4416:Perth Hills (2014)
4376:Mount Lubra (2006)
4336:Red Tuesday (1898)
4266:Cherryville (2013)
3791:. 28 November 2015
3571:Shire of Esperance
3356:. 26 November 2015
3326:. 20 November 2015
3003:"January–February"
2760:. 20 November 2015
2693:. 20 November 2015
2459:. 17 November 2015
2228:. 16 November 2015
2124:Shire of Esperance
2010:. 1 September 2015
1670:. 20 November 2015
1559:. 20 November 2015
1485:. 20 November 2015
1452:. 19 November 2015
974:
515:approximately 200
253:Shire of Esperance
209:Shire of Esperance
66:Shire of Esperance
4652:2015 in Australia
4634:
4633:
4402:Western Australia
4331:Heytesbury (1886)
4191:Warragamba (2001)
3815:farmweekly.com.au
3785:Esperance Express
3651:. 9 December 2015
3320:Esperance Express
2980:. 18 January 2016
2687:Esperance Express
2453:Esperance Express
1613:Design, UBC Web.
1479:Esperance Express
1412:Esperance Express
1313:farmweekly.com.au
765:primary producers
635:Structural damage
599:Curtin University
496:Experance Express
448:relative humidity
438:The passage of a
369:Western Australia
334:event across the
205:Western Australia
193:
192:
4669:
4626:
4458:
4426:Esperance (2015)
4403:
4318:
4288:
4223:
4177:Chatsbury (1965)
4164:
4144:
4134:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3969:
3968:, pp. 53–54
3963:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3885:, pp. 29–31
3880:
3871:
3870:, pp. 26–27
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3722:
3713:
3712:, pp. 45–46
3707:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3611:. Archived from
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3573:. Archived from
3568:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3381:radiowest.com.au
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3269:on 19 March 2016
3265:. Archived from
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3171:. I-5 Publishing
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3075:SEPWA Newsletter
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3010:Australian Grain
3007:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2854:. Archived from
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2612:. Archived from
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2566:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2390:
2377:
2376:, pp. 17–18
2371:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2265:. Archived from
2251:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2088:, pp. 12–13
2083:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2040:. September 2015
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1913:Australian Grain
1910:
1906:"Grain Yearbook"
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:. Archived from
1868:
1862:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:. 9news.com.au.
1660:
1651:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1593:The Sunday Times
1578:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1446:Kalgoorlie Miner
1438:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1319:. Archived from
1304:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
960:Fire suppression
810:10,000 from the
761:small businesses
730:captive breeding
478:private property
400:south-south-east
326:A strengthening
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
57:
30:
18:
17:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4456:
4450:
4446:Wanneroo (2023)
4441:Beechina (2021)
4436:Wooroloo (2021)
4401:
4395:
4316:
4310:
4306:Tasmania (2016)
4301:Tasmania (2013)
4286:
4280:
4222:South Australia
4221:
4215:
4201:Pulletop (2006)
4163:New South Wales
4162:
4156:
4152:Canberra (2003)
4142:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4089:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4069:
4051:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4031:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3990:
3977:
3972:
3966:Nous Group 2016
3964:
3960:
3954:Nous Group 2016
3952:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3917:
3913:
3907:Nous Group 2016
3905:
3901:
3895:Nous Group 2016
3893:
3889:
3883:Nous Group 2016
3881:
3874:
3868:Nous Group 2016
3866:
3862:
3856:Nous Group 2016
3854:
3850:
3844:Nous Group 2016
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3768:Nous Group 2016
3766:
3762:
3756:Nous Group 2016
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3716:
3710:Nous Group 2016
3708:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3675:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3580:on 3 March 2016
3577:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3548:Nous Group 2016
3546:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3479:
3470:
3466:, pp. 1–68
3464:Nous Group 2016
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3235:on 3 March 2016
3219:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3042:Hills, Andrea.
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2949:. Business News
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2667:Nous Group 2016
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2616:on 16 June 2016
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2514:Nous Group 2016
2512:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2479:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2397:
2391:
2380:
2374:Nous Group 2016
2372:
2363:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2308:
2297:
2291:Nous Group 2016
2289:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2269:on 16 June 2016
2253:
2252:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2098:Nous Group 2016
2096:
2092:
2086:Nous Group 2016
2084:
2080:
2072:
2065:
2059:Nous Group 2016
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1886:on 16 June 2016
1870:
1869:
1865:
1859:Nous Group 2016
1857:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1789:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1752:
1739:
1733:Nous Group 2016
1731:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1690:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1648:Nous Group 2016
1646:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1404:
1393:
1376:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1305:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1233:
1227:Nous Group 2016
1225:
1212:
1206:Nous Group 2016
1204:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1022:
1020:Recommendations
962:
918:
916:Fire mitigation
879:mobile coverage
859:
824:
812:City of Bunbury
738:
720:habitat within
714:
666:
637:
580:
575:
550:
456:west-north-west
436:
357:
352:
324:
249:
162:
140:
137:Forest reserves
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
55:
47:
12:
11:
5:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:2015 wildfires
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Waroona (2016)
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4351:WWII (1943–44)
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:Wandilo (1958)
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4060:
4019:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3958:
3943:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3802:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3731:ABC Radio "PM"
3714:
3699:
3662:
3626:
3591:
3552:
3535:
3503:
3468:
3456:
3426:
3394:
3367:
3350:aurizon.com.au
3337:
3307:
3296:. Sunday Times
3280:
3246:
3212:
3182:
3155:
3120:
3088:
3061:
3034:
3023:on 4 June 2016
2991:
2960:
2933:
2901:
2869:
2832:
2803:
2771:
2734:
2704:
2671:
2659:
2627:
2593:
2550:
2518:
2503:
2470:
2440:
2423:ABC Radio "PM"
2409:
2378:
2361:
2334:
2295:
2280:
2239:
2209:
2179:
2144:
2133:on 3 June 2016
2102:
2090:
2078:
2063:
2051:
2021:
2004:dfes.wa.gov.au
1991:
1989:, pp. 7–8
1979:
1977:, pp. 7–8
1967:
1937:
1926:on 4 June 2016
1897:
1863:
1842:
1813:
1776:
1737:
1714:
1681:
1652:
1631:
1605:
1570:
1533:
1496:
1463:
1428:
1391:
1363:
1334:
1294:
1264:
1231:
1210:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1038:digital system
1034:
1021:
1018:
961:
958:
917:
914:
886:radio repeater
858:
855:
850:public inquiry
844:Following the
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
823:
820:
742:Michael Keenan
737:
736:Aid and relief
734:
713:
710:
674:grain terminal
665:
662:
636:
633:
617:
616:
613:
606:
591:
579:
576:
574:
571:
549:
548:18–26 November
546:
435:
432:
356:
355:14–16 November
353:
351:
348:
323:
320:
296:Esperance town
248:
245:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
174:60–150 million
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
135:
132:
128:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
75:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4674:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Linton (1998)
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4276:Pinery (2015)
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4211:Tathra (2018)
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Seaham (1939)
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4095:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4004:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3825:on 7 May 2016
3824:
3820:
3819:Fairfax Media
3816:
3812:
3806:
3790:
3789:Fairfax Media
3786:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3650:
3646:
3645:Fairfax Media
3642:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3615:on 7 May 2016
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3325:
3324:Fairfax Media
3321:
3317:
3311:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2965:
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781:
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350:Fire timeline
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4065:
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3975:Bibliography
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3956:, p. 51
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3383:. Radio West
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3048:sepwa.org.au
3047:
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3018:the original
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2921:Sunday Times
2914:
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2856:the original
2845:
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2818:The Guardian
2816:
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2322:Sunday Times
2315:
2293:, p. 15
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2267:the original
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2212:
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2197:Sunday Times
2192:
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2170:. Retrieved
2163:
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2128:the original
2115:
2100:, p. 14
2093:
2081:
2061:, p. 12
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1950:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1916:
1912:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1875:
1866:
1861:, p. 11
1833:. Retrieved
1827:
1804:. Retrieved
1796:
1767:. Retrieved
1759:
1735:, p. 20
1705:. Retrieved
1697:
1672:. Retrieved
1650:, p. 19
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
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1478:
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1445:
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1411:
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1349:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1312:
1285:. Retrieved
1282:Sunday Times
1277:
1267:
1256:
1229:, p. 22
1164:
1159:
1149:
1140:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1023:
1014:
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979:
975:
953:
947:
943:
930:feral animal
923:
919:
903:
883:
860:
843:
825:
802:25,000 from
794:25,000 from
773:
739:
715:
702:
667:
638:
618:
581:
567:
559:
551:
538:dune systems
536:, lakes and
530:
526:
509:
495:
493:
488:
471:mobile phone
467:
460:
437:
427:
405:
398:to from the
389:
377:
358:
325:
313:
285:
281:soil erosion
250:
218:
196:
194:
37:
15:
4356:Lara (1969)
4090:|work=
4052:|work=
4011:|work=
3733:(Podcast).
3169:BirdChannel
2847:Farm Weekly
2425:(Podcast).
2076:, p. 5
1828:Crop Report
1674:26 November
1208:, p. 9
982:helicopters
888:, reliable
750:counselling
657:power lines
649:Salmon Gums
645:Grass Patch
621:horse float
452:storm force
434:17 November
225:Salmon Gums
221:Grass Patch
161:— 3 houses
131:Residential
117:Burned area
98: /
73:Coordinates
4641:Categories
3526:Retrieved
3523:News Corp.
3146:Retrieved
3143:News Corp.
2606:bom.gov.au
2259:bom.gov.au
1876:bom.gov.au
1183:References
986:fixed-wing
894:redundancy
875:generators
578:Fatalities
380:crown land
247:Background
112:Statistics
86:120°59′2″E
4092:ignored (
4082:cite book
4054:ignored (
4044:cite book
4025:(2015b).
4013:ignored (
4003:cite book
3984:(2015a).
3518:Perth Now
3294:Perth Now
3138:Perth Now
2916:Perth Now
2317:Perth Now
2193:Perth Now
1588:Perth Now
1278:Perth Now
1154:Inquirer.
1004:Perth Now
784:CBH Group
757:subsidies
726:Perth Zoo
682:livestock
670:CBH Group
641:town hall
573:Aftermath
392:UTC+08:00
261:livestock
233:livestock
188:Lightning
83:33°6′21″S
39:Suomi NPP
4317:Victoria
4287:Tasmania
3683:ABC News
3640:WA Today
3487:ABC News
3440:ABC News
3196:ABC News
2786:WA Today
2753:WA Today
2642:WA Today
2533:WA Today
2487:ABC News
1951:ABC News
1797:ABC News
1760:ABC News
1707:27 April
1698:ABC News
1553:ABC News
1517:ABC News
1053:See also
1009:airstrip
910:O'Connor
796:Bankwest
706:Landgate
542:blue gum
521:Norseman
517:tourists
474:coverage
420:Victoria
179:Ignition
134:Farmland
125:Land use
62:Location
42:, using
4611:2023–24
4606:2022–23
4601:2021–22
4596:2020–21
4591:2019–20
4586:2018–19
4581:2017–18
4576:2016–17
4571:2015–16
4566:2014–15
4561:2013–14
4556:2012–13
4551:2011–12
4546:2010–11
4541:2009–10
4536:2008–09
4531:2007–08
4526:2006–07
4521:2005–06
4516:2004–05
4511:2003–04
4506:2002–03
4501:1996–97
4496:1993–94
4491:1982–83
4486:1974–75
4481:1964–65
4476:1954–55
4471:1943–44
4466:1925–26
3354:Aurizon
1450:Yahoo 7
1135:impact.
899:antenna
867:Telstra
840:public.
814:. Over
804:Aurizon
769:freight
678:topsoil
653:Scaddan
629:funeral
610:Britain
588:Germany
505:Scaddan
501:Cascade
328:El Niño
300:harvest
277:stubble
257:cropped
229:Scaddan
214:Scaddan
145:Impacts
52:Date(s)
3931:Yahoo7
3108:Yahoo7
2889:Yahoo7
2718:ABC AM
2581:Yahoo7
1624:1 July
1167:, the
993:Albany
938:forest
806:, and
767:, and
694:barley
690:canola
595:Norway
534:swamps
316:spring
304:yields
288:winter
273:canola
269:barley
168:Damage
150:Deaths
4070:(PDF)
4032:(PDF)
3991:(PDF)
3936:8 May
3829:7 May
3795:7 May
3741:6 May
3692:7 May
3655:7 May
3619:7 May
3584:6 May
3578:(PDF)
3567:(PDF)
3528:7 May
3496:7 May
3449:7 May
3419:7 May
3406:(PDF)
3387:6 May
3360:6 May
3330:6 May
3300:6 May
3273:6 May
3239:6 May
3205:6 May
3175:6 May
3148:7 May
3113:8 May
3081:6 May
3054:6 May
3027:6 May
3021:(PDF)
3006:(PDF)
2984:7 May
2953:6 May
2926:6 May
2894:6 May
2862:6 May
2825:6 May
2796:6 May
2764:7 May
2727:5 May
2697:5 May
2652:5 May
2620:3 May
2586:7 May
2543:6 May
2496:4 May
2463:5 May
2433:6 May
2398:(PDF)
2350:(PDF)
2327:6 May
2273:3 May
2232:5 May
2202:5 May
2172:6 May
2137:6 May
2131:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2044:6 May
2014:4 May
1960:5 May
1930:6 May
1924:(PDF)
1909:(PDF)
1890:3 May
1835:5 May
1806:4 May
1769:4 May
1598:2 May
1563:2 May
1526:2 May
1489:5 May
1456:5 May
1421:2 May
1356:5 May
1327:6 May
1287:5 May
1253:(PDF)
1095:Notes
934:flora
890:radio
698:wheat
686:grain
625:horse
309:grain
292:plant
265:wheat
237:grain
184:Cause
4094:help
4056:help
4015:help
3938:2016
3831:2016
3797:2016
3743:2016
3694:2016
3657:2016
3621:2016
3586:2016
3530:2016
3498:2016
3451:2016
3421:2016
3389:2016
3362:2016
3332:2016
3302:2016
3275:2016
3241:2016
3207:2016
3177:2016
3150:2016
3115:2016
3083:2016
3056:2016
3029:2016
2986:2016
2955:2016
2928:2016
2896:2016
2864:2016
2827:2016
2798:2016
2766:2016
2729:2016
2699:2016
2654:2016
2622:2016
2588:2016
2545:2016
2498:2016
2465:2016
2435:2016
2329:2016
2275:2016
2234:2016
2204:2016
2174:2016
2139:2016
2046:2016
2016:2016
1962:2016
1932:2016
1892:2016
1837:2016
1808:2016
1771:2016
1709:2016
1676:2015
1626:2016
1600:2016
1565:2016
1528:2016
1491:2016
1458:2016
1423:2016
1358:2016
1329:2016
1289:2016
984:and
970:Hino
936:and
928:and
926:weed
763:and
759:for
696:and
651:and
503:and
482:kW/h
271:and
227:and
195:The
34:NASA
3649:AAP
1668:AAP
1042:GPS
816:A$
808:A$
800:A$
792:A$
788:A$
780:A$
418:in
172:A$
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