2014 Brazilian economic crisis

831: 346: 1100: 716: 777: 988: 304: 3411: 607:). If the president vetoed any of these bills, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Eduardo Cunha, would entertain an impeachment request against her. These bills were used as instruments of blackmail. The proposed spending increases voted by Congress occurred at the same time the government intended to make cuts to achieve the fiscal target for the year. In a scenario of an economy in crisis, this hindered the rebalancing of public accounts by increasing state expenses and making the economic adjustments proposed by Dilma unviable. 676: 148: 1053: 630:

affect the progress itself, but they also required Temer to allocate many resources to maintain his allied base cohesive. The total amount of funds released in 2017 for parliamentary amendments (a legal mechanism used for political negotiations) increased from 959 million to 1.5 billion reais just in June, the month following the JBS scandal. All the corruption scandals involving the Temer government, combined with the unpopular reform proposals, caused Temer's approval rating, according to CNI/

559: 5283: 118: 3354: 461:

comparisons. Then, she confirms this diagnosis through an econometric analysis of panel data with a sample of 14 emerging countries. In fact, the results indicate that only 30% of the Brazilian deceleration can be explained by external factors. Based on this, Silvia Matos concludes that factors specific to our economy are the most relevant in explaining the worsening performance of the Brazilian economy

1137:), the 1981 crisis lasted nine economic quarters, reached its peak in the first quarter of 1983 and, since then, took seven quarters for the GDP the reach its pre-crisis level. Later, the 1989-1992 crisis lasted 11 quarters and the recovery time was the same: seven quarters. This crisis, however, had a lower intensity, with an accumulated decrease in the GDP of 7.7%. 654:, published in March 2021, indicated that about 4.4 million jobs were lost in the country from 2014 to 2017 as a result of Operation Car Wash. Of these, 1.1 million were in the construction sector. During the same period, the sector recorded a negative balance between hirings and dismissals of 991,734 formal positions. According to a study published in 2018 by the 236: 31: 445:

this unfavorable external scenario revealed structural weaknesses in the country, such as low productivity. Between June and December 2014, the commodity price index published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) experienced a cumulative decline of 29.3%, which continued to increase until it was interrupted in January 2016.

658:, since the beginning of 2014, the construction industry experienced 14 quarters of negative results, with a negative impact of 0.9 percentage points per quarter. The study also pointed out that the sector was a limiting factor to the recovery trajectory of industrial GDP and economic activity in aggregate terms. 362:.) These measures further deepened the crisis because, according to Carvalho, there was a decrease in public investments. Additionally, the sharp adjustment of administered prices and the significant depreciation of the currency led to soaring inflation, reaching over 10%. This increase, in turn, caused the 2193:

Brazil, my friends, is currently going through its worst economic crisis. There are 11 million unemployed, double-digit inflation, a deficit of nearly R$ 100 billion, recession, and also a serious chaotic situation in public health. Our biggest challenge is to stop the free fall in economic activity,

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According to an Ibre researcher, Daniel Duque, the recovery of the job market benefited the most qualified and experienced, reinforcing inequality. Many underqualified people gave up trying to get a job, and the loss of hope was at a " record high, and it helps to explain why, even after the decrease

748:

Regardless of Mantega's statements, specialists had already spotted signs that a strong recession was well underway, citing the technical recession and later, the small growth of 0.5% at the end of 2014. The expectations were confirmed in the next year when the economy shrunk by 3.5%. In 2016, there

353:

In an attempt to reverse the deterioration in public accounts due to falling revenue, a fiscal adjustment was implemented in 2014, which included highly recessive policies (i.e., aimed at reducing expenses and increasing taxes). These policies mainly involved cutting public expenses and investments,

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magazine also stated that the immediate causes of the crisis were external, and that the decline in commodity prices partly explained the crisis. The publication also argued that then-president Dilma Rousseff could have made better use of the commodity boom of the 2000s to reduce the bloated state,

444:

According to Steven Tobin from the International Labour Organization (ILO) Research Department, the decrease in external demand, especially from China, combined with the fall in commodity prices in the second half of 2014, were factors that contributed to the crisis. However, Tobin also stated that

270:

The exhaustion of the NEM due to the loss of the government's financial capacity reduced several investments in the Brazilian economy from 2015 onward, with the sharp reduction in Petrobras' investment being a notable example. The ensuing fiscal sustainability crisis raised country risk, long-term

217:

by a narrow margin. The result was not recognized by a section of the opposition and provoked popular discontent. Due to the disputed legitimacy of the election, the Operation Car Wash investigation, and the economic crisis; dissatisfaction with the government became widespread. By 2015, Rousseff's

91:

During the economic crisis, high unemployment rates were reported throughout the country, and there was widespread uncertainty regarding Brazil's economic future following a series of political scandals. In the first quarter of 2017, Brazil's GDP rose by 1%. This was the first GDP increase to occur

1090:

said that the country had left the "greatest recession of the century." However, economists say that the growth characterizes only the end of the "technical recession" and that it is still too early to claim that the crisis is over, given that unemployment remains high and there's still widespread

661:

Some consultancies estimated that the economic contraction caused by Operation Car Wash would be around 1% to 1.5% of the GDP per year. The direct and indirect effects of Operation Car Wash on the country's economy may have caused, according to a projection by the consulting firm Go Associados for

1140:

In turn, Brazil's GDP after the 2014 crisis was expected to reach the pre-crisis level in 2022, according to an optimistic estimate, with 20 quarters of recovery in total. When taking into account both GDP and the employment rate, the recovery from this economic crisis would be measured as taking

637:

Therefore, Dilma's impeachment and the beginning of the Temer government were not able to halt the political crisis or the economic crisis. The persistence of the political crisis continued to hinder economic recovery because the scandals affect the markets, especially those subject to short-term

460:

Silvia Matos shows through a comparative analysis that, although other economies have also experienced a growth reduction in recent years, the Brazilian deceleration was more intense. This occurred even when compared to Latin American countries, which form a natural control group for performance

440:

An external cause identified was the slowdown of the Chinese economy, Brazil's largest trading partner. This slowdown led to a sharp drop in commodity prices, which are the basis of Brazilian exports. As a result, Brazil's trade surplus plummeted and some exporting companies, such as Usiminas and

325:

titled "an agreement for the Brazilian industry" reaffirmed the importance of that economic policy of the Lula government but criticized the shrinking share of the national industry in GDP and the substitution of domestic production with imported industrial products. The article was signed, among

896:

report shows an even higher number . In 2016 80,000 Brazilians emigrated legally to one of the member states of the OECD, whereas 99,000 did so in 2017. Similarly, data from Receita Federal shows that the number of people leaving Brazil increased in consecutive years since the beginning of the

629:

However, early in his government, Temer became involved in controversies due to his ministers who were being investigated in the scope of Operation Car Wash, as well as himself. The scandals affected the progress of the government's proposed reforms aimed at economic recovery. Not only did they

341:

Dilma, an economics graduate from an industrialist school, agreed with the demands. Therefore, the new economic matrix was a set of measures to benefit the industrial sector, aiming to reduce the costs of national companies and increase competitiveness against foreign competition. However, the

271:

interest rates, and uncertainty, substantially reducing consumption and investment in 2015 and 2016. The reestablishment of prices and the necessary monetary policy to bring inflation back to target also contributed to the recession, mainly due to the loss of credibility of the Central Bank.

881:

We're talking about qualified people. The profile of the immigrant is no longer that of the poor individual looking for better opportunities. They are high executives, who are abandoning their careers to open a business abroad, people with Ph.D., which is sad because the country is losing

82:, which negatively affected Brazil's exports and reduced the entrance of foreign capital into the economy. However, the most important cause was internal, which is associated with economic measures that didn't achieve the expected results. Adopted in 2011, these measures are known as the 768:(US$ 1.7 billion) in the first three months of 2016, the widest reported since December 2001. The two-year fiscal deterioration can be explained by the decrease in government revenue from taxes as a result of the recession, while government expenses have been growing constantly. 687:

rate hovered around 6.8% for most of 2014, but began increasing in February 2015, resulting in a 2015 average of 8.5%. The economy lost more than 1.5 million jobs throughout 2015, fueling public discontent against the political establishment and the political leadership of the

546:

in Spain, Brazil experienced major protests in 2013, the largest since the demonstrations for the impeachment of Fernando Collor in 1992. The protesters initially challenged increases in public transportation fares but later questioned the hosting of FIFA mega-events

441:

Vale, suffered heavy losses. According to Roberto Dumas, a professor at Insper, the government made a strategic mistake during the commodity supercycle by stimulating consumption instead of prioritizing industrialization and improving productive capacity.

366:

to rise successively until reaching 14.25% per year. The fiscal adjustment was not successful even in its main objective, which was to achieve a surplus in public accounts, as the recession in which the country found itself reduced government revenues.

811:

In seven years, the accumulated wealth of the top 10% rose by 8.5%, while that of the 40% poorest dropped 14%. The research showed that people with lower incomes suffered the effects of the crisis more intensely and recovered from the crisis slower.

730:. According to some Brazilian economists, a technical recession is negative economic growth for two consecutive quarters. It is different from an actual recession, in which the situation of the country depreciates significantly. Finance Minister, 651: 626:. Even though he was acting president but behaving as if he were the definitive president, Temer established his government plan and made "stopping the free fall in economic activity" a priority in his first speech as president. 699:

Young people were affected most by the worsening job market. While the overall unemployment rate was 12.7% in the first quarter of 2019, the rate in people from 14 to 17 years was 44.5% and 27.3% for people from 18 to 24 years.

555:) and political corruption. In response, the federal government announced measures to try to address the protesters' demands and the National Congress of Brazil passed a series of concessions, known as the "positive agenda." 1130:(IBGE), the economy shrank by 8.2% in the period, in contrast to the 8.5% in the 1981 recession. Despite the relative mildness, the crisis was prolonged, being followed by the slowest economic recovery in Brazilian history. 331: 662:

2015, a contraction of more than 140 billion reais in the country's economy. According to a study by consultancy Tendências, the recession could be three times smaller without the impacts of the operation on the economy.

1122:, Russia's GDP fell by only 4% in two years (2015 and 2016). Few other countries in this period were going through a recession, which reinforces the argument that the crisis in Brazil was mainly due to local causes. 5239: 1125:

In comparison to other crises in Brazil, it was verified that the 2014 crisis was not the deepest recession of Brazilian history, as previously thought. After the GDP values for 2015 and 2016 were reviewed by the

5253: 314:

Previously, the state had played a crucial role in expanding the domestic market through consumer incentives, such as raising the minimum wage, income transfers, and credit expansion. However, by the end of the

5246: 2919: 639: 696:. The unemployment rate continued to rise throughout 2016 to finish the year at 12.0%, with 12.3 million people unemployed and an estimated 2.8 million private-sector jobs cut over the preceding two years. 5195: 1977: 342:

industry did not react. Industrial production, which had grown by 2.7% in 2010, declined by 0.9% and 3.7% in the following two years, damaging government revenue and, consequently, public investments.

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One year after the labor reform was approved, however, it was verified that the decrease in unemployment was minimal, while the contracts of intermittent, outsourced and temporary labor increased.

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Experts expressed concern for the unintended economic and social repercussions for Brazil's younger population, as the economic crisis decreased social security contributions and depreciated

260: 6666: 2174: 5209: 2148: 5130: 600:, in the most fiercely contested presidential race in the country's history at that time. The election was also marked by turmoil and controversies, mainly due to Operation Car Wash. 5314: 1011: 655: 96:

announced that Brazil had "emerged from the greatest crisis of the century". However, the rise in GDP marked only the end of a technical recession, not the end of the crisis. The

6659: 610:

In December 2015, after the PT voted for the impeachment of Eduardo Cunha (who was involved in corruption scandals), he accepted an impeachment request against Dilma for alleged

738:

we're talking about two trimesters , and we know that the economy is in motion. Recession is when there are rising unemployment and decreasing income. Here we have the opposite.

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In June 2017, a 1% rise in GDP in the first quarter of the year was reported. It was the first rise of the GDP after eight consecutive falls (two years). Minister of Finance

5563: 5556: 1959: 1006:'s subsequent rise to power, several measures, most of which are unpopular, were implemented or proposed to get the economy back on track. The most important of which were: 159:, particularly iron ore, petroleum and soy. From the late 1990s till 2012, prices for these export commodities rose significantly (partly because of increasing demand from 5370: 2861: 1119: 495: 5479: 1819: 1368: 6215: 638:

speculative movements, such as the stock market and the foreign exchange market, which are the first to react. Although Temer survived, his image was damaged. Several

5342: 3151: 3097: 310:, Minister of Finance during the first Dilma government. In July 2012, Mantega admitted for the first time that the government practiced a new "macroeconomic matrix". 84: 5640: 3215: 611: 507: 5377: 5356: 5328: 2123: 1303: 603:

In this context of political crisis, the Congress began to vote on measures that could generate more expenses for the government. These were called "bills bombs" (

6257: 6229: 3070: 2072: 842:

The number of declarations of definitive departure from the country began to grow in the first year of crisis and has increased steadily ever since, according to

6643: 5307: 3280: 3124: 1937: 5500: 6622: 6145: 5682: 3440: 2293: 6250: 5668: 2991: 2097: 6450: 6416: 5349: 3043: 1468: 250: 6222: 3201: 4404: 3342: 2266: 749:

was another sharp decrease of 3.3%. In the first trimester of 2017, the GDP rose for the first time after eight consecutive trimesters of negative growth.

631: 6292: 1859: 1277: 6629: 6271: 5384: 2473: 858:, which, due to low unemployment and aging populations among other reasons, needed a boost to decrease the age of the workforce. Another destination was 17: 5717: 3258: 2754: 2499: 1236: 6903: 6194: 4939: 6896: 5703: 3243: 1021:, which allows companies to hire outsourced employees to work on primary activities, and not just secondary activities (such as security or cleaning); 6409: 5654: 5486: 5430: 4924: 1083:

In early 2017, there were already signals that the economy was beginning to recover, however, it was agreed that the process would be long and slow.

316: 6818: 6809: 6777: 6187: 5724: 5514: 5465: 4901: 2630: 2549: 6871: 6827: 6243: 1885: 1184: 456:

Silvia Matos, a researcher at the Brazilian Institute of Economics (FGV), concluded that external factors were responsible for 30% of the crisis.

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which consumed 36% of GDP in taxes. Instead, the government chose to guarantee subsidized loans and costly tax incentives for favored industries.

6888: 6879: 6785: 6285: 6278: 6201: 6180: 6173: 5458: 5363: 1717: 1209: 1127: 6920: 6836: 6714: 2318: 1014:(a.k.a. "new fiscal regime"): Constitutional amendment which established a "ceiling" (upper limit) to government spending for the next 20 years; 6928: 6464: 6374: 6340: 6264: 6208: 5588: 5073: 3320: 2344: 6911: 6845: 6299: 5004: 4886: 4825: 4788: 4622: 2890: 2835: 2806: 2701: 2607: 6792: 6747: 5038: 4946: 4485: 2780: 363: 6854: 2945: 2582: 1692: 6863: 6800: 6754: 4870: 4730: 4629: 3550: 245:

in January 2016 ("Brazil's fall: Dilma Rousseff and the disastrous year ahead"), highlighting the negative aspect of the then-president

64:(GDP) fell by 3.5% in 2015 and 3.3% in 2016, after which a small economic recovery began. That recovery continued until 2020, when the 2031: 5661: 5202: 4737: 4580: 4213: 2968: 2675: 1141:

longer. In addition to the sluggish recovery, the new jobs will likely be of lower quality, including informal and autonomous labor.

3177: 4894: 4811: 4781: 4664: 4657: 4601: 4594: 4462: 4151: 3335: 2366: 2009: 1591: 6695: 4968: 4587: 3840: 3761: 1419: 358:(PAC). The adjustment continued throughout 2015. In that year, there was a sharp reduction in administered prices. (See section 6767: 4774: 4678: 4643: 4500: 4338: 3833: 2393: 201:

The economic crisis was followed and intensified by a political crisis. In 2014, a series of corruption scandals uncovered by

4455: 4368: 4117: 4109: 2727: 1352: 566: 3229: 6940: 3479: 719:

Change in GDP from 2010 to 2016 in Brazil. Growth slowed significantly in 2014 which was followed by two consecutive drops.

2232: 1911: 6984: 6979: 4803: 4072: 3328: 830: 6969: 6022: 4832: 1110:

In countries with similar size and wealth, there were a few, but less severe crises in the same period. In 2015, among

171:'s left-wing presidency from 2003 to 2010, the government redistributed wealth through welfare programs and raised the 3288: 580:

investigation began, revealing a vast corruption scheme involving the political class and parties. The re-election of

278: 6959: 4961: 4767: 4419: 4286: 4036: 2648: 1492: 1150: 478: 319:, there was a growing perception that this strategy would be unsustainable. On May 26, 2011, an article published in 5153: 2073:"Saiba o que são as 'pautas-bomba' nas mãos do Congresso contra o governo - 05/08/2015 - Mercado - Folha de S.Paulo" 5109: 5031: 4206: 3818: 3458: 2524: 1397: 789: 593: 521: 376: 210: 79: 3312:

Geraldo Magela; Edriano Abreu; Isabel Cristina Leite; Viviane Silva Gonzaga (2021). "Capítulo 8: Nova República".

6075: 5596: 5066: 4608: 4382: 3869: 3465: 3392: 589: 517: 3350: 1991: 1759: 1134: 793: 345: 4760: 4671: 4573: 3543: 1091:

uncertainty regarding the future of the economy, especially in the aftermath of the recent political scandals.

542: 3017: 1794: 1512: 1444: 6673: 6599: 4997: 4932: 4636: 4507: 4448: 4301: 3472: 3399: 2567: 503: 335: 266:

A 2017 academic study on the subject arrived at the following conclusion regarding the origin of the crisis:

72: 5174: 5167: 5059: 4699: 4543: 4536: 4493: 4441: 4375: 3973: 1783:

IMF (Primary Commodities Price Index). Data extracted from the book "A Valsa Brasileira" (see bibliography)

995: 776: 548: 263:, the main cause of the crisis was internal and related to "local macroeconomic measures that went wrong." 5786: 168: 6152: 5910: 5024: 4855: 4847: 4521: 4514: 4434: 4361: 4353: 4345: 4323: 3722: 2446: 2420: 1029: 355: 65: 56: 6110: 5089: 4839: 4744: 4550: 4228: 3991: 3426: 1978:"Dilma diz que receberá líderes de protestos e propõe pacto para melhorar transporte, educação e saúde" 1155: 1025: 689: 585: 101: 2920:"Cresce número de brasileiros que decidem viver no exterior; países oferecem oportunidades de emprego" 1550: 1213: 584:

a few months later exacerbated the political crisis. Running for a second term as a candidate for the

6704: 5181: 4954: 4878: 4650: 4133: 3536: 3433: 1018: 843: 835: 808:

in society from 0 to 1, had increased year after year since 2015 and reached its peak in March 2019.

5423: 4125: 6728: 5793: 5581: 4615: 4278: 4250: 4087: 615: 1420:"Na disputa mais acirrada da história, Dilma é reeleita presidente do Brasil - 26/10/2014 - Poder" 1118:

went through a recession. Even after the economic sanctions imposed by other countries due to the

6964: 5931: 4990: 4908: 4412: 4315: 3916: 715: 513: 5868: 5673: 5493: 205:

engulfed many influential politicians. In the presidential election of the same year, President

6592: 6381: 6319: 5604: 4983: 4685: 4080: 3931: 3924: 3876: 3862: 3578: 3358: 1960:"Contra a Fifa e serviço de ônibus, 12 mil manifestantes fecham a praça Sete em Belo Horizonte" 1262: 905:

This is a table of the credit ratings of the Brazilian economy according to Trading Economics.

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sapped tax collection while expenses grew further." The government deficit reached 5.8 billion

61: 5811: 5521: 6652: 6536: 5938: 5611: 4915: 4308: 4162: 3825: 3807: 3734: 3713: 1642: 675: 527: 6494: 5966: 6001: 5696: 5262: 5146: 4862: 4692: 4236: 3848: 3753: 3745: 3657: 2207:"Lava-Jato: read the full text of Sérgio Machado's plea bargain that mentions Michel Temer" 1099: 193:. These policies are widely acknowledged as a major factor in the 2014–16 economic crisis. 122: 6236: 6138: 5882: 5875: 760:

which, according to Bloomberg, was "the largest-ever primary budget gap ... as a two-year

8: 6974: 6471: 5528: 5416: 4818: 4528: 4426: 4331: 4191: 4043: 3961: 3795: 3620: 3504: 3410: 3152:"Governo desiste da votação da Previdência e anuncia nova pauta prioritária no Congresso" 1304:"Estagnação, recessão ou depressão? PIB confirma retomada mais fraca das últimas décadas" 805: 552: 179: 5924: 1066:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6721: 6501: 6117: 6057: 5137: 5047: 3701: 3497: 1564: 1087: 991: 862:, which conceded Portuguese citizenship to 8,000 Brazilians only in 2016, according to 825: 761: 722:(Note: The values for 2015 and 2016 were later revised to 3,5% and 3,3%, respectively.) 577: 536: 499: 202: 93: 75:. These events combined caused mass popular dissatisfaction with the political system. 6036: 797: 6402: 6089: 5160: 3787: 3770: 3671: 2194:

which has led to increased unemployment and the loss of well-being of the population.

1711: 1572: 1348: 1160: 987: 474: 303: 6082: 5987: 2862:"Desigualdade de renda no Brasil atinge o maior patamar já registrado, diz FGV/IBRE" 1559: 1538: 1405: 866:. Besides the crisis, another reason for the emigration were the elevated levels of 650:

Operation Car Wash mainly affected the construction and oil sectors. A study by the

6522: 5994: 5321: 5227: 4752: 4267: 4262: 3678: 3650: 3627: 3559: 2500:"Without Operation Car Wash, recession could be 3 times smaller, say consultancies" 1554: 873:

According to a JBJ Partners employee (a company specialized in expatriation to the

801: 781: 679:

The unemployment rate from 2012 to 2017. Each vertical line corresponds to a month.

623: 321: 6124: 5896: 3018:"Imigração de brasileiros para países da OCDE subiu 24%, o terceiro maior aumento" 2992:"Com a crise, dispara a quantidade de brasileiros que desistem de viver no Brasil" 235: 30: 6443: 6388: 6360: 6326: 6096: 6029: 4712: 4562: 4397: 4243: 4199: 4098: 3599: 3125:"Com flexibilização de vários pontos da CLT, reforma trabalhista divide opiniões" 1342: 867: 468: 164: 5903: 3259:"PIB positivo é 'saída técnica' da recessão, mas recuperação é incerta; entenda" 3071:"Temer elogia aprovação da PEC do Teto e minimiza menor número de votos a favor" 2474:"Impact of Operation Car Wash on GDP could exceed 140 billion reais, says study" 2149:"Temer: "I don't behave as if I were interim, I behave as if I were definitive"" 2124:"Dilma will be removed from office for up to 180 days; Temer assumes presidency" 1860:"Causas imediatas da crise econômica brasileira são externas, diz The Economist" 1237:"PIB positivo é 'saída técnica' da recessão, mas recuperação é incerta; entenda" 182:

stance, his successor, Dilma Rousseff (president during the crisis), introduced

78:

The cause of the crisis was the aforementioned political crisis, as well as the

6543: 6529: 6131: 6103: 5945: 5825: 5779: 5647: 5549: 5437: 5080: 4477: 4389: 4294: 3664: 3643: 3516: 3367: 1165: 765: 757: 693: 581: 562: 256: 206: 183: 71:

The economic crisis occurred alongside a political crisis that resulted in the

6557: 6515: 6436: 6395: 6333: 6043: 5980: 5850: 1640: 618:

removed her from the presidency for 180 days. Immediately, her vice-president

597: 214: 147: 6953: 6457: 6008: 5917: 5889: 5472: 5398: 4140: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4029: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3984: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3855: 3694: 3687: 3613: 3585: 2010:"Na disputa mais acirrada da história, Dilma é reeleita presidente do Brasil" 1820:"Crise internacional e problemas internos são causas do desemprego no Brasil" 1576: 1568: 1469:"Brazil's corruption scandal, economy drive Rousseff's ratings to record low" 1369:"Crise internacional e problemas internos são causas do desemprego no Brasil" 1212:. Global Economic Outlook, Q2 2016. Deloitte University Press. Archived from 874: 847: 753: 731: 704: 307: 241: 186: 36: 5973: 5832: 2568:"Brazil's jobless rate ends 2016 at 12 percent with 12.3 million unemployed" 734:, lessened the economic result and, in comparison to Europe, declared that: 6367: 6166: 6159: 6050: 5772: 5451: 5444: 5391: 5335: 5116: 4469: 4220: 4021: 3592: 2836:"Levantamento do FGV IBRE aponta desigualdade recorde na renda do trabalho" 1003: 684: 619: 570: 558: 172: 40:

magazine about the crisis. The cover depicts then-president Dilma Rousseff.

3216:"Recuperação da economia brasileira ainda é lenta, diz presidente do Itaú" 3098:"Com vetos, Temer sanciona lei que permite terceirização de atividade-fim" 2946:"Brasileiros foram os que mais receberam nacionalidade portuguesa em 2016" 1886:"Capa da 'Economist' alerta para queda do Brasil e prevê desastre em 2016" 163:), resulting in about two decades of economic growth. As a result of the 6614: 5959: 5818: 5542: 5123: 4723: 4180: 3779: 3636: 3606: 3230:"PIB do Brasil cresce 1% no 1º trimestre de 2017, após 8 quedas seguidas" 846:. Among the countries that received the most Brazilian citizens were the 726:

At the end of the second quarter of 2014, the country was in a technical

531: 156: 5219: 2528: 834:

Number of declarations of definite emigration from the country. Source:

634:

polls, to drop to 3 percent in September 2017, even lower than Dilma's.

5952: 5535: 2969:"Mais de 80 mil brasileiros migram para Portugal em busca de segurança" 2838:[FGV IBRE survey points to record inequality in labor income]. 1915: 349:

Joaquim Levy, Minister responsible for fiscal adjustment, in March 2015

327: 3044:"'Aproveito impopularidade para tomar medidas necessárias', diz Temer" 2175:"Read the full transcript of Temer's first speech as acting president" 707:(caused by the decrease in the technical capacity of future workers). 6735: 6015: 5747: 5710: 5282: 5270: 5188: 5016: 2891:"Desigualdade de renda no Brasil sobe pelo 17º trimestre consecutivo" 727: 219: 97: 3202:"Recuperação da economia brasileira será longa e lenta, aponta 'FT'" 2608:"Economia encolhe 3,6% em 2016 e país tem pior recessão da história" 5689: 5507: 3571: 3528: 1912:"Protestos globais crescem com perda de fé na política e no Estado" 863: 859: 117: 2676:"Como o Brasil entrou (e pode sair) da maior recessão da história" 2583:"Desemprego deixa herança maldita aos jovens e cicatrizes no país" 2098:"Eduardo Cunha accepts impeachment request against Dilma Rousseff" 1938:"Protesto em São Paulo é o maior desde manifestação contra Collor" 1641:

Paulo Skaf; Artur Henrique; Paulo Pereira da Silva (25 May 2011).

2757:[First quarter GDP grows 1% after eight straight falls]. 190: 3178:"Um ano depois, reforma trabalhista não gera empregos esperados" 3149: 2699: 2550:"Brazil's unemployment jumps in 2015, adding to Rousseff's woes" 2367:"Operation Car Wash ended 4.4 million jobs, according to Dieese" 5740: 3353: 2755:"PIB do primeiro trimestre cresce 1% após oito quedas seguidas" 2233:"Accusations against Temer may have a direct impact on reforms" 1278:"Com revisão, última recessão deixa de ser a maior da história" 1115: 855: 125:

in August 2014 when the 1 year bond got above the 10 year bond

50: 5733: 1510: 851: 526:

In the international context of major protests following the

167:, Brazil's GDP dropped sharply and unemployment rose. During 160: 2725: 2631:"Entenda o que a recessão técnica significa para a economia" 2498:

Paulo, Ruth CostasDa BBC Brasil em São (December 2, 2015).

2055: 2053: 1693:"Dólar sobe 48% em 2015, maior alta anual em quase 13 anos" 1513:"A crise brasileira não vem de fora, ela foi autoinfligida" 1111: 893: 3314:

Bernoulli 2a Série Ciências Humanas e Linguagem – Volume 4

3245:

PIB sobe 1% no 1º trimestre, após oito quedas consecutivas

2702:"Como o Brasil entrou, sozinho, na pior crise da história" 2095: 2267:"Temer's popularity has 3% approval, says CNI/Ibope poll" 1741: 1739: 1672: 1445:"Crise econômica e corrupção marcarão a nova presidência" 1185:"Michel Temer signs security decree to stem Rio violence" 1035:

a pension reform, which the government failed to approve.

645: 27:

Crisis that began during the presidency of Dilma Rousseff

2807:"Brazil records worst-ever first quarter budget deficit" 2050: 2032:"NY Times: brasileiros lamentam campanha eleitoral feia" 3150:

Guilherme Mazui; Roniara Castilhos (19 February 2018).

2917: 2781:"Brazil posts largest budget deficit for February ever" 2319:"Understanding the impact of the crisis on the economy" 2247: 1724: 1361: 155:

Brazil's economy is largely dependent on the export of

3041: 1837: 1736: 1660: 1622: 1610: 3877:

Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks

3095: 2096:

Gadelha; Cardoso; Sorg; Carvalho (December 2, 2015).

2294:"The political crisis and its impact on the economy" 3068: 2700:Graziele Oliveira; Marcos Coronato (4 April 2016). 2471: 2447:"Operation Car Wash is corroding the GDP. So what?" 2444: 1854: 1852: 1691:Treviz, Karina; G1, o; Paulo, em São (2015-12-30). 334:(FIESP), who years later would request and support 218:approval rating had plummeted to 8% according to a 3281:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 2673: 2392: 1760:"Como se chegou à pior recessão desde os anos 90?" 771: 332:Federation of Industries of the State of São Paulo 2888: 2628: 1511:Carla Jiménez; Heloísa Mendonça (27 March 2015). 377:Commodity price shocks § Second half of 2014 230: 6951: 2121: 1970: 1849: 1347:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Todavia S.A. 1234: 877:), many who fled Brazil were qualified workers: 92:in eight consecutive quarters. Finance Minister 88:("new economic matrix", in a free translation). 1301: 1128:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 1094: 209:was re-elected to a second term, defeating the 3175: 2966: 2943: 2726:Renata Capucci; Larissa Castro (3 July 2017). 2291: 1817: 1395: 1275: 642:questioned whether he could remain in office. 5032: 5005:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 3544: 3336: 2394:"Economic Consequences of Operation Car Wash" 1690: 1589: 784:in Brazil from 2012 to 2019. Source: Ibre/FGV 3122: 3015: 1002:Since the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff and 104:, and was followed by the slowest recovery. 100:was the second most severe in the country's 3042:Marina Dias Valdo Cruz (22 December 2016). 1716:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1537:Filho, Fernando de Holanda Barbosa (2017). 1344:Valsa brasileira: Do boom ao caos econômico 277:Filho, Fernando de Holanda Barbosa (2017). 259:, President of the Central Bank during the 6755:First impeachment of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski 5039: 5025: 3551: 3537: 3343: 3329: 2989: 2580: 2517: 2345:"Group protests against Temer in Brasília" 1260: 816:in unemployment, inequality kept rising." 370: 4826:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 3311: 2728:"Brasil vive a pior recessão da história" 2059: 1930: 1558: 1263:"Brazil GDP falls by 3.6 percent in 2016" 3069:Paulo Victor Chagas (13 December 2016). 2918:Luiz Guilherme Gerbelli (3 April 2019). 2884: 2882: 2253: 1843: 1745: 1730: 1678: 1666: 1628: 1616: 1340: 1098: 986: 829: 775: 714: 674: 557: 359: 344: 302: 234: 146: 116: 29: 6696:Federal Police: The Law Is for Everyone 3096:Ivan Richard Esposito (31 March 2017). 2830: 2828: 2472:Luís Artur Nogueira (August 18, 2015). 1133:According to Codace (committee part of 982: 594:Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) 569:in 2015, alongside her vice president, 73:impeachment of president Dilma Rousseff 14: 6952: 5046: 4731:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 4501:South American economic crisis of 2002 4398:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis) 2600: 1757: 1592:"Mantega indica novo modelo econômico" 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 646:Economic Impacts of Operation Car Wash 5020: 4782:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis 4738:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis 4214:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 3532: 3324: 2913: 2911: 2879: 2749: 2747: 2497: 1643:"Um acordo pela indústria brasileira" 1536: 1443:Barca, Antonio Jiménez (2014-10-27). 1442: 1210:"Brazil: Yearning for the good times" 1207: 276: 4812:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016) 4665:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 4658:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 4623:2000s U.S. housing market correction 4463:1998–2002 Argentine great depression 3558: 2825: 2445:Luís Artur Nogueira (June 2, 2017). 1494:Avaliaçãdo DO Governo Dilma Rousseff 1391: 1389: 1046: 4969:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis 4804:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis 4797:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis 4170:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation 4073:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis 3762:Dutch Republic stock market crashes 3517: Government of Jair Bolsonaro→ 3368:← Government of Dilma Rousseff 3316:. Belo Horizonte: Editora DRP Ltda. 3176:Fabiana Futema (10 November 2018). 2674:João Pedro Caleiro (7 March 2017). 2012:. Folha de S.Paulo. 26 October 2014 1792: 1321: 592:, defeating the candidate from the 489: 466: 68:began to impact the economy again. 24: 18:2015-2017 Brazilian economic crisis 4775:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 4679:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis 4651:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis 4644:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 4339:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis 3834:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 3222: 3016:Felipe Betim (19 September 2019). 2908: 2744: 2649:"Entenda o que é recessão técnica" 2285: 1530: 1276:Vinicius Neder (1 December 2018). 175:in order to increase consumption. 25: 6996: 4962:2023 United States banking crisis 4768:2011 Bangladesh share market scam 4456:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis 4420:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 4346:Japanese asset price bubble crash 4287:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash 4037:Australian banking crisis of 1893 3841:Dutch Republic financial collapse 3480:2018 Brazil truck drivers' strike 3285:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 2629:Alessandra Corrêa (9 June 2009). 2122:Mariana Jungmann (May 12, 2016). 1386: 1151:List of economic crises in Brazil 1103:Real GDP growth in 2016. Source: 576:The following year, in 2014, the 178:In response to critics of Lula's 5281: 3819:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 3409: 3352: 2889:Bruno Villas Bôas (2019-05-19). 2842:(in Portuguese). 27 January 2022 2421:"RAF - Fiscal Monitoring Report" 2292:Marcelo Curado (June 25, 2017). 1992:"Como ficou a 'agenda positiva'" 1940:. Folha de S.Paulo. 17 June 2013 1758:Costas, Ruth (1 December 2015). 1539:"A crise econômica de 2014/2017" 1051: 900: 796:(FGV), obtained by the magazine 790:Instituto Brasileiro de Economia 470:A Crise de Crescimento do Brasil 279:"A crise econômica de 2014/2017" 5315:Carlos Fernando dos Santos Lima 4544:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash 3870:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 3466:2016 student protests in Brazil 3393:2014 Brazilian general election 3273: 3251: 3236: 3208: 3194: 3169: 3143: 3116: 3089: 3062: 3035: 3009: 2990:Luísa Melo (17 December 2017). 2983: 2960: 2944:Agência Brasil (9 April 2018). 2937: 2854: 2799: 2773: 2719: 2693: 2667: 2641: 2622: 2574: 2560: 2542: 2491: 2465: 2438: 2413: 2385: 2359: 2337: 2311: 2259: 2225: 2199: 2167: 2141: 2115: 2089: 2065: 2024: 2002: 1984: 1952: 1904: 1878: 1811: 1786: 1777: 1751: 1684: 1634: 1583: 1560:10.1590/s0103-40142017.31890006 1504: 1485: 1461: 1436: 1412: 1302:Gabriel Martins (30 May 2019). 1235:Darlan Alvarenga (2017-06-01). 772:Increase in economic inequality 743:Guido Mantega, Finance Minister 683:Before the recession, Brazil's 670: 665: 590:presidential election that year 518:2014 Brazilian general election 6586:2014 Brazilian economic crisis 4925:Chinese property sector crisis 4833:2015–2016 stock market selloff 4761:August 2011 stock markets fall 4672:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 4369:1990s Swedish financial crisis 4118:Weimar Republic hyperinflation 3386:2014 Brazilian economic crisis 3305: 3123:Daniel Mello (13 April 2017). 1396:Giselle Garcia (15 May 2016). 1341:Carvalho, Laura (2018-05-08). 1295: 1269: 1254: 1228: 1208:Barua, Akrur (29 April 2016). 1201: 1177: 1028:, a significant change in the 656:Independent Fiscal Institution 231:Errors in macroeconomic policy 13: 1: 4998:List of sovereign debt crises 4940:2022 Russian financial crisis 4637:2008 Latvian financial crisis 4630:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 4508:Stock market downturn of 2002 4449:1998 Russian financial crisis 4302:1983 Israel bank stock crisis 3473:2017 Brazilian general strike 3400:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 2967:Agência Brasil (8 May 2018). 1818:Mariana Branco (1 May 2016). 1590:Beatriz Abreu (5 July 2012). 1171: 819: 504:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 5110:2015–2016 protests in Brazil 4700:Greek government-debt crisis 4537:2004 Argentine energy crisis 4494:2001 Turkish economic crisis 4383:1990s Armenian energy crisis 4376:1990s Finnish banking crisis 4237:1976 British currency crisis 4207:1973–1974 stock market crash 3459:2016–2017 Brazilian protests 2527:. 2017-11-06. Archived from 1500:. Datafolha Instituto. 2015. 1261:Mu Xuequan (March 8, 2017). 1095:Comparison with other crises 1012:95º Constitutional amendment 887:Jorge Botrel, a JBJ partner. 710: 522:2015–2016 protests in Brazil 196: 7: 5564:Victor Luiz dos Santos Laus 5557:Vallisney de Souza Oliveira 5196:Leniency agreements offered 4856:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis 4522:2003 Myanmar banking crisis 4515:2002 Uruguay banking crisis 4435:1997 Asian financial crisis 4362:1991 Indian economic crisis 4354:Rhode Island banking crisis 4324:Cameroonian economic crisis 4110:Early Soviet hyperinflation 3723:Crisis of the Third Century 2761:(in Portuguese). 2017-06-01 2655:. São Paulo. 29 August 2014 2581:Ligia Tuon (28 June 2019). 2570:. Reuters. 1 February 2017. 1398:"Entenda a crise econômica" 1144: 1042: 1030:Consolidation of Labor Laws 998:from May 2016 to April 2018 473:. Brazil: Elsevier Brasil. 356:Growth Acceleration Program 112: 10: 7001: 6985:Economic history of Brazil 6980:Government of Michel Temer 5589:Public Prosecutor's Office 4887:Sri Lankan economic crisis 4745:Energy crisis in Venezuela 4724:2009 Dubai debt standstill 4574:2007–2008 financial crisis 4229:Latin American debt crisis 3992:Paris Bourse crash of 1882 3427:Brazil labor reform (2017) 3359:Government of Michel Temer 2525:"Desemprego | Pnad | IBGE" 1156:Brazil labor reform (2017) 823: 540:in the United States, and 511: 493: 374: 248: 151:Brazil inflation 1996-2022 107: 80:2014 commodity price shock 6970:Economic crises in Brazil 6938: 6766: 6748:Peruvian political crisis 6715:Quadrilhão (terminologia) 6577: 6481: 6426: 6350: 6309: 6067: 5860: 5842: 5803: 5787:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 5764: 5757: 5632: 5625: 5573: 5408: 5299: 5290: 5279: 5099: 5054: 4978: 4955:2022 stock market decline 4947:Pakistani economic crisis 4933:2021–2023 inflation surge 4879:Lebanese liquidity crisis 4848:Venezuelan hyperinflation 4840:Brexit stock market crash 4789:Venezuela economic crisis 4711: 4561: 4551:Zimbabwean hyperinflation 4261: 4179: 4150: 4134:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4097: 3974:2nd Industrial Revolution 3972: 3908: 3808:1st Industrial Revolution 3806: 3733: 3711: 3566: 3514: 3489: 3450: 3434:Outsourcing law in Brazil 3418: 3407: 3377: 3365: 2325:. São Paulo. May 18, 2017 1795:"Por que o Brasil Parou?" 1699:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 1060:This section needs to be 567:inauguration as president 496:Dilma Rousseff government 383: 225: 169:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 6960:2014 in economic history 6729:Removal of Eduardo Cunha 6111:Fábio Faria (politician) 5794:Fernando Collor de Mello 4616:Subprime mortgage crisis 4279:Brazilian hyperinflation 4251:Brazilian hyperinflation 4088:Financial crisis of 1914 3796:Mississippi bubble crash 385:Average annual growth of 6904:rewarded whistleblowing 5932:Fernando Bezerra Coelho 5641:Abreu and Lima Refinery 5597:Federal Public Ministry 5371:Orlando Martello Júnior 5154:Criticism of Rede Globo 4991:List of economic crises 4909:2020 stock market crash 4902:Financial market impact 4871:Turkish economic crisis 4486:9/11 stock market crash 4442:October 1997 mini-crash 4413:1994 bond market crisis 4405:Yugoslav hyperinflation 4316:Savings and loan crisis 3917:European potato failure 1551:University of São Paulo 1135:Fundação Getúlio Vargas 794:Fundação Getúlio Vargas 752:The recession caused a 614:. On May 12, 2016, the 612:crime of responsibility 514:2013 protests in Brazil 508:Michel Temer government 371:Commodities Devaluation 121:Brazilian bonds had an 6897:rewarded collaboration 6637:Removal of Aécio Neves 6593:Arrest of Michel Temer 6382:Henrique Eduardo Alves 6320:Henrique Eduardo Alves 5939:Garibaldi Alves Filho 5605:Federal Regional Court 5480:João Pedro Gebran Neto 5357:Jerusa Burmann Viecili 5329:Diogo Castor de Mattos 4984:List of banking crises 4753:Syrian economic crisis 4686:Blue Monday Crash 2009 4295:Chilean crisis of 1982 4126:Shōwa financial crisis 3932:Highland Potato Famine 3788:South Sea bubble crash 3579:Commodity price shocks 2971:(in Portuguese). EXAME 2196: 1107: 999: 890: 839: 785: 746: 723: 680: 573: 487: 350: 311: 301: 246: 152: 144: 62:Gross Domestic Product 41: 34:January 2016 cover of 6644:May 2016 leaks crisis 6537:Pedro Pablo Kuczynski 5697:J&F Investimentos 5612:Supreme Federal Court 5343:Igor Romário de Paula 5308:Athayde Ribeiro Costa 4309:Black Saturday (1983) 4163:Kennedy Slide of 1962 3735:Commercial revolution 2191: 1102: 990: 879: 833: 804:, which measures the 779: 736: 718: 678: 622:assumed the position 561: 528:2008 financial crisis 512:Further information: 458: 348: 306: 268: 238: 150: 120: 85:nova matriz econômica 54:experienced a severe 33: 6819:colaboração premiada 6623:Pension fund inquiry 6146:Pedro Paulo Teixeira 6002:Maria do Carmo Alves 5869:Aécio Neves da Cunha 5494:Luís Roberto Barroso 5378:Paulo Roberto Galvão 5189:Leaked conversations 5147:Corruption in Brazil 4863:Ghana banking crisis 4693:European debt crisis 4478:Dot-com bubble crash 4390:Cuban Special Period 3849:Copper Panic of 1789 3754:The Great Debasement 3746:Great Bullion Famine 1980:. UOL. 21 June 2013. 983:Anti-crisis measures 788:A 2019 study by the 467:FGV (4 April 2017). 354:such as cuts to the 123:Inverted yield curve 6810:condução coercitiva 6778:acordo de leniência 6600:Anti-Corruption Act 6472:Raul Henrique Srour 6451:Carlos Habib Chater 6417:Paulo Roberto Costa 6258:Mário Negromonte Jr 6230:João Carlos Bacelar 5812:Sérgio Cabral Filho 5529:Ricardo Lewandowski 5522:Marco Aurélio Mello 5417:Alexandre de Moraes 5350:Isabel Groba Vieira 4819:2015 Nepal blockade 4529:2000s energy crisis 4427:Mexican peso crisis 4332:Black Monday (1987) 4192:1970s energy crisis 4152:Post–WWII expansion 3826:Bengal bubble crash 3621:Financial contagion 3505:Operation Weak Meat 2273:. 28 September 2017 1473:Pew Research Center 1120:conflict in Ukraine 996:Minister of Finance 806:economic inequality 534:in the Arab world, 360:Anticrisis measures 336:Dilma's impeachment 330:, president of the 251:New economic matrix 6872:passive corruption 6828:crédito consignado 6722:Paraty plane crash 6667:Delcídio do Amaral 6502:Ricardo Martinelli 6495:Ramón Fonseca Mora 6118:Jarbas Vasconcelos 6076:Alfredo Nascimento 6058:Vanessa Grazziotin 5967:José Agripino Maia 5876:Antônio Anastasia 5501:Luiz Antônio Bonat 5240:Companies involved 5175:History since 1985 5168:Electricity sector 5138:Operation Spoofing 5048:Operation Car Wash 4081:Panic of 1910–1911 3925:Great Irish Famine 3863:Panic of 1796–1797 3702:Stock market crash 3520:(2019 – 2022) 3498:Operation Car Wash 3371:(2011 – 2016) 2077:m.folha.uol.com.br 2036:The New York Times 1892:. 30 December 2015 1108: 1105:CIA World Factbook 1088:Henrique Meirelles 1000: 992:Henrique Meirelles 840: 826:Brazilian diaspora 800:, showed that the 786: 762:economic recession 756:and an increasing 724: 681: 578:Operation Car Wash 574: 549:Confederations Cup 537:Occupy Wall Street 500:Operation Car Wash 351: 312: 247: 203:Operation Car Wash 180:socialist economic 153: 145: 130: 10 year bond 94:Henrique Meirelles 42: 6947: 6946: 6889:prisão temporária 6880:prisão preventiva 6786:active corruption 6630:Petrobras inquiry 6573: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6403:Marcelo Odebrecht 6272:Nelson Pellegrino 6251:Lúcio Vieira Lima 6237:João Vaccari Neto 6139:Paulinho da Força 6090:Arlindo Chinaglia 5995:Lindbergh Farias 5925:Eunício Oliveira 5883:Cássio Cunha Lima 5669:Galvão Engenharia 5621: 5620: 5385:Roberson Pozzobon 5014: 5013: 4895:COVID-19 pandemic 3780:Tulip mania crash 3771:Kipper und Wipper 3748:(c. 1400–c. 1500) 3526: 3525: 2038:. 26 October 2014 1998:. 29 August 2013. 1866:. 30 October 2015 1543:Estudos Avançados 1354:978-85-93828-63-8 1216:on 23 August 2016 1189:www.aljazeera.com 1161:Economy of Brazil 1081: 1080: 1026:2017 labor reform 980: 979: 780:Evolution of the 438: 437: 400: 283:Estudos Avançados 142: 1 year bond 136: 5 year bond 66:COVID-19 pandemic 16:(Redirected from 6992: 6931: 6924: 6921:superfaturamento 6915: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6883: 6874: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6837:delação premiada 6831: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6795: 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Archived from 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3048:Folha de S.Paulo 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897:. Rio de Janeiro 2886: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2556:. 15 March 2016. 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2401:. 28 August 2019 2396: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2373:. March 16, 2021 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2323:Folha de S.Paulo 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1856: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1688: 1682: 1681:, p. 97–98. 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1647:Folha de S.Paulo 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1562: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1424:Folha de S.Paulo 1416: 1410: 1409: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1338: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1181: 1114:countries, only 1076: 1073: 1067: 1055: 1054: 1047: 908: 907: 888: 802:Gini coefficient 792:(IBRE), part of 782:Gini coefficient 744: 640:popular protests 588:, Dilma won the 490:Political Crisis 485: 484: 398: 387:commodity prices 381: 380: 322:Folha de S.Paulo 299: 298: 296: 294: 141: 135: 129: 60:. The country's 21: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6934: 6929:undue advantage 6927: 6918: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6886: 6877: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6843: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6775: 6762: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6702: 6693: 6688: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6565: 6556: 6551: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6444:Alberto Youssef 6442: 6435: 6428: 6422: 6415: 6410:Fernando Soares 6408: 6401: 6394: 6389:Renan Calheiros 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6361:Aldemir Bendine 6359: 6353:& top execs 6352: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6327:Renan Calheiros 6325: 6318: 6312:and politicians 6311: 6305: 6298: 6293:Vicente Cândido 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6097:Celso Russomano 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6037:Ricardo Ferraço 6035: 6030:Renan Calheiros 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5856: 5849: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5683:IESA Óleo e Gás 5681: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5655:Construtora OAS 5653: 5646: 5639: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5580: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5487:Leandro Paulsen 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5431:Carolina Lebbos 5429: 5422: 5415: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5261: 5252: 5247:People involved 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5182:Law enforcement 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4869: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4713:Information Age 4707: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4563:Great Recession 4557: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4249: 4244:1979 oil crisis 4242: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4200:1973 oil crisis 4198: 4190: 4183: 4181:Great Inflation 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4099:Interwar period 4093: 4086: 4079: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4012: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3794: 3786: 3778: 3768: 3760: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3721: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3600:Currency crisis 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3414: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3373: 3370: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3308: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2948:(in Portuguese) 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2895:Valor Econômico 2887: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2813:. 29 April 2016 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2787:. 30 March 2016 2779: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2759:Jornal Nacional 2753: 2752: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2426:. June 11, 2018 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2399:Valor Econômico 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2213:. June 15, 2016 2205: 2204: 2200: 2184: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2155:. June 21, 2016 2153:Estado de Minas 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1966:. 17 June 2013. 1958: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1588: 1584: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1451: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1394: 1387: 1378: 1376: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1339: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1274: 1270: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1217: 1206: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1147: 1097: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1019:Outsourcing law 985: 903: 889: 886: 844:Receita Federal 836:Receita Federal 828: 822: 798:Valor Econômico 774: 745: 742: 721: 720: 713: 673: 668: 648: 524: 510: 494:Main articles: 492: 486: 481: 465: 397: 386: 379: 373: 317:Lula government 300: 292: 290: 275: 253: 233: 228: 199: 165:Great Recession 143: 139: 137: 133: 131: 127: 115: 110: 57:economic crisis 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6998: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6965:2014 in Brazil 6962: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6884: 6875: 6868: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6832: 6823: 6814: 6805: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6751: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6700: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6674:Dilma Rousseff 6670: 6663: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6610: 6607:Arrest of Lula 6603: 6596: 6589: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544:Keiko Fujimori 6540: 6533: 6530:Ollanta Humala 6526: 6519: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6498: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6313: 6310:Public figures 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6153:Rodrigo Garcia 6149: 6142: 6135: 6132:Onyx Lorenzoni 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6104:Daniel Almeida 6100: 6093: 6086: 6083:Antônio Britto 6079: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5988:Lídice da Mata 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5946:Humberto Costa 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5911:Eduardo Amorim 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5826:Robinson Faria 5822: 5815: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5780:Dilma Rousseff 5776: 5768: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5728: 5725:UTC Engenharia 5721: 5718:Queiroz Galvão 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5648:Camargo Correa 5644: 5636: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5582:Federal Police 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5550:Teori Zavascki 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5515:Marcelo Bretas 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5466:Gabriela Hardt 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5438:Celso de Mello 5434: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5266: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5231: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5090:other scandals 5086: 5085: 5084: 5081:Odebrecht Case 5070: 5063: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4949:(2022–present) 4943: 4936: 4929: 4927:(2020–present) 4921: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4891: 4889:(2019–present) 4883: 4881:(2019–present) 4875: 4873:(2018–present) 4867: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4791:(2013–present) 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4755:(2011–present) 4749: 4747:(2010–present) 4741: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4717: 4716:(2009–present) 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4581:September 2008 4569: 4567: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4553:(2007–present) 4547: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4114: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3843:(c. 1780–1795) 3837: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3784: 3776: 3766: 3764:(c. 1600–1760) 3758: 3750: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3718: 3716: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3647: 3644:Hyperinflation 3640: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3272: 3250: 3235: 3221: 3207: 3193: 3168: 3142: 3129:Agência Brasil 3115: 3102:Agência Brasil 3088: 3075:Agência Brasil 3061: 3034: 3008: 2982: 2959: 2936: 2907: 2878: 2853: 2824: 2798: 2772: 2743: 2718: 2692: 2666: 2640: 2621: 2610:. 7 March 2017 2599: 2573: 2559: 2541: 2516: 2490: 2464: 2453:. Editora três 2451:Istoé Dinheiro 2437: 2412: 2384: 2358: 2347:. May 17, 2017 2336: 2310: 2298:Gazeta do Povo 2284: 2271:Agência Brasil 2258: 2256:, p. 138. 2246: 2235:. May 17, 2017 2224: 2198: 2166: 2140: 2128:Agência Brasil 2114: 2088: 2064: 2062:, p. 135. 2060:Bernoulli 2021 2049: 2023: 2001: 1983: 1969: 1951: 1929: 1918:. 23 June 2013 1903: 1877: 1848: 1836: 1824:Agência Brasil 1810: 1785: 1776: 1750: 1735: 1733:, p. 101. 1723: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1633: 1621: 1609: 1582: 1529: 1503: 1484: 1460: 1435: 1411: 1406:Agência Brasil 1402:Agência Brasil 1385: 1373:Agência Brasil 1360: 1353: 1320: 1294: 1268: 1253: 1227: 1200: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1166:2018 in Brazil 1163: 1158: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1096: 1093: 1079: 1078: 1059: 1057: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1022: 1015: 984: 981: 978: 977: 974: 971: 968: 964: 963: 960: 957: 954: 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 936: 935: 932: 929: 926: 922: 921: 918: 915: 912: 902: 899: 884: 824:Main article: 821: 818: 773: 770: 758:budget deficit 740: 712: 709: 694:Dilma Rousseff 692:and President 690:Worker's Party 672: 669: 667: 664: 647: 644: 616:Federal Senate 586:Workers' Party 582:Dilma Rousseff 563:Dilma Rousseff 543:Los Indignados 530:, such as the 491: 488: 479: 463: 436: 435: 431: 430: 426: 425: 422: 418: 417: 414: 410: 409: 406: 402: 401: 394: 390: 389: 375:Main article: 372: 369: 273: 261:FHC government 257:Gustavo Franco 249:Main article: 232: 229: 227: 224: 207:Dilma Rousseff 198: 195: 187:tax exemptions 138: 132: 126: 114: 111: 109: 106: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6997: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6942: 6937: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912:setor propina 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846:desembargador 6842: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6706: 6705:The Mechanism 6701: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6681:Eduardo Cunha 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6458:Eduardo Cunha 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6425: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6286:Vander Loubet 6283: 6280: 6279:Paulo Lustosa 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6202:Daniel Vilela 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181:Betinho Gomes 6178: 6175: 6174:Antonio Brito 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6125:José Carneiro 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6051:Valdir Raupp 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6009:Marta Suplicy 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5918:Eduardo Braga 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897:Dalírio Beber 5894: 5891: 5890:Ciro Nogueira 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704:Mendes Júnior 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5473:Gilmar Mendes 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459:Felix Fischer 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5399:Rodrigo Janot 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5364:Laura Tessler 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5289: 5284: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131:Controversies 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602:December 2008 4599: 4596: 4595:November 2008 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4141:Panic of 1930 4138: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4066:Panic of 1907 4063: 4060: 4059:Panic of 1901 4056: 4053: 4052:Panic of 1896 4049: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4030:Panic of 1893 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014:Baring crisis 4011: 4007: 4006:Arendal crash 4003: 4000: 3999:Panic of 1884 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3985:Panic of 1873 3982: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955:Panic of 1866 3952: 3949: 3948:Panic of 1857 3945: 3942: 3941:Panic of 1847 3938: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3899:Panic of 1837 3896: 3893: 3892:Panic of 1825 3889: 3886: 3885:Panic of 1819 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3856:Panic of 1792 3853: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3695:Social crisis 3692: 3689: 3688:Minsky moment 3685: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3614:Energy crisis 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3586:Credit crunch 3583: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3441:Fiscal reform 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3291:on 2017-07-01 3290: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3023: 3019: 3012: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2970: 2963: 2947: 2940: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2868:. 21 May 2019 2867: 2863: 2857: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2609: 2603: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2531:on 2017-11-06 2530: 2526: 2520: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2422: 2416: 2400: 2395: 2388: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2346: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2255: 2254:Carvalho 2018 2250: 2234: 2228: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2195: 2181:. 13 May 2016 2180: 2176: 2170: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2011: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1939: 1933: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1846:, p. 95. 1845: 1844:Carvalho 2018 1840: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1780: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1748:, p. 98. 1747: 1746:Carvalho 2018 1742: 1740: 1732: 1731:Carvalho 2018 1727: 1719: 1713: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1680: 1679:Carvalho 2018 1675: 1669:, p. 58. 1668: 1667:Carvalho 2018 1663: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1631:, p. 57. 1630: 1629:Carvalho 2018 1625: 1619:, p. 11. 1618: 1617:Carvalho 2018 1613: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1264: 1257: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1063: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1005: 997: 993: 989: 975: 972: 969: 966: 965: 961: 958: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 941: 938: 937: 933: 930: 927: 924: 923: 919: 916: 913: 910: 909: 906: 901:Credit rating 898: 895: 883: 878: 876: 875:United States 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:United States 845: 837: 832: 827: 817: 813: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 783: 778: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:fiscal crisis 750: 739: 735: 733: 732:Guido Mantega 729: 717: 708: 706: 705:human capital 701: 697: 695: 691: 686: 677: 663: 659: 657: 653: 643: 641: 635: 633: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 554: 550: 545: 544: 539: 538: 533: 529: 523: 519: 515: 509: 505: 501: 497: 482: 480:9788535266382 476: 472: 471: 462: 457: 454: 451: 450:The Economist 446: 442: 433: 432: 428: 427: 423: 420: 419: 415: 412: 411: 407: 404: 403: 395: 392: 391: 388: 382: 378: 368: 365: 361: 357: 347: 343: 339: 337: 333: 329: 324: 323: 318: 309: 308:Guido Mantega 305: 288: 284: 280: 272: 267: 264: 262: 258: 255:According to 252: 244: 243: 242:The Economist 237: 223: 221: 216: 212: 208: 204: 194: 192: 188: 185: 184:macroeconomic 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 149: 124: 119: 105: 103: 99: 95: 89: 87: 86: 81: 76: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 58: 53: 52: 47: 39: 38: 37:The Economist 32: 19: 6919: 6910: 6887: 6878: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6799: 6776: 6703: 6694: 6660:André Vargas 6653:Impeachments 6613: 6585: 6465:Nelma Kodama 6375:Eron Bezerra 6368:Eike Batista 6341:Eron Bezerra 6265:Milton Monti 6209:Dimas Toledo 6167:Yeda Crusius 6160:Rodrigo Maia 5904:Edison Lobão 5851:José Dirceu 5773:Michel Temer 5452:Edson Fachin 5445:Dias Toffoli 5424:Carmen Lúcia 5392:Raquel Dodge 5336:Erika Marena 5269: 5218: 5117:BANCOOP case 4796: 4588:October 2008 4470:Samba effect 4326:(1987–2000s) 4221:Steel crisis 4044:Black Monday 4022:Encilhamento 3962:Black Friday 3769: 3725:(235–284 CE) 3593:Credit cycle 3385: 3313: 3293:. 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June 2017 3131:. São Paulo 2732:Jornal Hoje 2592:18 November 2509:October 12, 2483:January 11, 2457:January 11, 2430:October 11, 2405:October 12, 2377:October 12, 2329:January 11, 2303:January 11, 1652:11 December 1602:11 December 868:criminality 624:temporarily 598:Aécio Neves 532:Arab Spring 326:others, by 215:Aécio Neves 157:commodities 6975:Recessions 6954:Categories 6855:dólar-cabo 5953:Ivo Cassol 5833:Tião Viana 5765:Presidents 5536:Rosa Weber 5263:Penal Code 3658:Accounting 3295:2020-02-29 3187:2019-05-26 3104:. Brasília 3077:. Brasília 3050:. Brasília 3027:25 October 3001:25 October 2929:25 October 2901:2019-05-22 2872:2019-05-22 2737:2017-06-01 2659:7 December 2535:2017-11-26 2082:2021-10-12 1916:BBC Brasil 1804:2021-10-12 1769:10 October 1703:2021-10-12 1598:. 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