309:
Reshid launched a major operation against desertion in
Diyarbekir and demanded the surrender of all arms. Warrantless searches through Armenian districts—accompanied by "extremely violent incidents", such as rapes—escalated into arbitrary arrest of Armenian men throughout Diyarbekir city. Two weeks later, more than 600 Armenian artisans and notables were under arrest, where they were tortured to extract information about arms caches. Unsatisfied, he requested reinforcements from Constantinople to supplement the available strength of 300 police and gendarmes. These requests were refused, pushing Reshid to increasingly radical action.
74:
20:
337:
297:
135:, the Ottoman Empire did not recognize ethnic groups, instead different religious denominations, organized as millets. The majority of Diyarbekir Armenians were farmers and inhabited 249 towns and villages concentrated in the north of the vilayet; they belonged to the Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Catholic Church, or were Protestant. The
257:, the governor of Bitlis, who accepted the position in late February. Due to pressure from local CUP circles, Mustafa was rejected in favor of Reshid who assumed the position on 25 March. Chosen for his previous record in perpetrating anti-Armenian violence, Reshid was one of the founding members of the CUP and a perpetrator of the
226:. The police and gendarmerie made no effort to quench the flames and instead prevented shopkeepers from salvaging their wares. Altogether 1,578 shops and warehouses were destroyed, mostly owned by Armenians and Syriacs. The act being too outrageous for peacetime, Reshid was dismissed and his replacement as governor,
269:, who he brought with him to Diyarbekir upon his return. These were joined by convicts released from prison to serve in the Special Organization. Reshid organized a committee for the "solution of the Armenian question". On 6 April, following Talat's order, Reshid replaced the moderate mayor of Diyarbekir with
421:
assassinating
Ottoman officials who disagreed with the massacres, and in 1916 he was rewarded by appointment as governor of Ankara. As a consequence, it is debatable whether Talat's telegram was sent to appease German and Austrian opposition to the massacres and not intended to be implemented. Historian
444:
According Rhétoré's estimates, Syriac
Orthodox in Diyarbekir lost 72 percent of their population, compared to 92 percent of Armenian Catholics and 97 percent of Armenian Apostolic Church adherents. In Mardin sanjak the Syriac Orthodox lost 57 percent. According to Gaunt, "These figures indicate that
411:
Under Reshid's leadership, a systematic anti-Christian extermination took place in
Diyarbekir vilayet. All contemporary observers attributed these massacres to Reshid personally. Although the genocide began in April 1915, there were no orders, even for the persecution of Armenians, until the end of
249:
and governor Hamid Bey. The day previously, Hamid had resigned or been forced to resign. Syriacs who gathered to protest the execution were clubbed by gendarmes and two died as a result. In March, many non-Muslim soldiers were disarmed and transferred to labor battalions where they were put to work
445:
although the eradication of the
Assyrian population was extreme, it was still not as total as for the Armenians." According to Üngör, "all Christian communities of Diyarbekir were equally hit by the genocide, although the Armenians were often particularly singled out for immediate destruction".
420:
On 12 July 1915, Talat telegraphed Reshid, ordering that "measures adopted against the
Armenians are absolutely not to be extended to other Christians ... you are ordered to put an immediate end to these acts". No action was taken against Reshid for exterminating non-Armenian Christians, or even
308:
Although both
Christians and Muslims deserted in large numbers, in his memoirs Reshid emphasized the threat of Armenian deserters, who he imagined were conspiring in revolutionary action. Reshid did not distinguish between Armenians who were guilty or innocent of anti-state activity. On 1 April,
416:
states that, in
Diyarbekir, "most instances of massacre in which the militia engaged were directly ordered by" Reshid. In September 1915, Reshid reported the deportation of 120,000 "Armenians" from the vilayet, exceeding their prewar population.
173:
was the only town in the
Ottoman Empire with a Syriac majority, although divided between Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Protestants. Syriac Orthodox Christians were concentrated in the hilly rural areas around Midyat, known as
233:
In
November 1914, a branch of the Special Organization was organized in Diyarbekir. The situation worsened over the winter of 1914–1915 as the Saint Ephraim church was vandalized and four young men from the Syriac village of
281:) refused to follow Reshid's orders and were replaced in May and June 1915. Kurdish confederations were pressured into allowing their Syriac clients to be killed. Those allied with the government complied (including the
436:, Reshid was arrested and his roles in the massacres were exposed. He later escaped from prison in January 1919, but committed suicide after being cornered by local authorities the following month.
270:
399:(an hour south of Diyarbekir) and dressed in turbans and Muslim clothing. These photographs were claimed to be of Muslims massacred by Armenian "insurgents", in order to stir up
207:
1714:
1521:
1744:
1734:
1719:
1474:
Jongerden, Joost (2012). "Elite Encounters of a Violent Kind: Milli İbrahim Paşa, Ziya Gokalp and Political Struggle in Diyarbekir at the Turn of the 20th Century".
1970:
1648:
451:
324:
parties met to discuss a proposal for self-defense. Ultimately this proposal was rejected because of the insufficient weaponry at their disposal to hold out.
211:
2072:
2062:
2475:
1861:
1813:
2576:
2434:
239:
1663:
178:, where they populated almost 100 villages and worked in agriculture or crafts. Syriac Orthodox culture was centered in two monasteries near
387:
After the search and seizure of weapons photographs were taken for propaganda purposes. The resulting pictures were described by eyewitness
1365:
286:
1945:
1866:
1548:
396:
2099:
2046:
290:
235:
2596:
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1294:
238:
were hanged on charges of desertion. Two were hanged in Diyarbekir city on 18 February, observed by Special Organization operative
273:, an anti-Armenian radical, and completed the stuffing of all key positions in the city with CUP stalwarts. Many local officials (
2591:
202:
policy by conscripting economically active Armenians and confiscating property from them. On the night of 18/19 August 1914, the
136:
2480:
2389:
1919:
1505:
1483:
1464:
1440:
1421:
1402:
1375:
1351:
1332:
1308:
1280:
1228:
1209:
1190:
139:
counted 106,867 adherents in Diyarbekir in its 1913/1914 census, although there were only 73,226 Armenians according to the
1693:
2581:
2465:
2153:
2116:
2106:
1935:
1779:
395:
easily disguised" with no other aim than to "impress the public". In another case, Armenian deportees were massacred in
2470:
2227:
1958:
2094:
1940:
1673:
1344:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo - The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1273:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo - The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1978:
348:
2402:
2196:
1882:
1643:
1571:
1541:
560:
2444:
2525:
2384:
2163:
1749:
68:
2535:
2249:
2079:
2067:
1993:
1729:
1622:
2586:
2010:
1653:
1617:
131:
The province was ethnically and religiously diverse. Ottoman Muslims dominated urban areas. Because of the
1221:
Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands
2158:
2033:
1796:
1774:
1322:
219:
2566:
2561:
1709:
1668:
1534:
215:
1849:
1318:
1200:
Gaunt, David (2012). "Relations between Kurds and Syriacs and Assyrians in Late Ottoman Diyarbekir".
480:
413:
199:
1183:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I
2084:
1829:
1754:
512:
496:
156:
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2328:
2040:
2026:
1612:
456:
400:
258:
132:
73:
2136:
1454:
597:
544:
528:
433:
265:
during which he orchestrated several assassinations and built up a private army of a few dozen
152:
148:
2238:
1834:
1658:
1607:
1591:
1300:
426:
183:
56:
1271:
Gaunt, David (2017). "Sayfo Genocide: The Culmination of an Anatolian Culture of Violence".
2302:
1953:
1627:
250:
building roads. Harsh conditions, mistreatment, and individual murders led to many deaths.
1290:
422:
412:
June. During this crucial period, all actions were taken on Reshid's authority. Historian
8:
2510:
2323:
2275:
2189:
1784:
1581:
198:
After August 1914, wartime requisitions proved an opportunity for implementing the CUP's
140:
121:
254:
2493:
2232:
2000:
1586:
1361:
160:
101:
85:
32:
1912:
425:
argues that the genocide of Syriac Christians in Diyarbekir was likely ordered by the
2515:
2363:
2254:
2222:
1988:
1681:
1576:
1557:
1501:
1479:
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1450:
1436:
1417:
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1347:
1328:
1304:
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1205:
1186:
602:
388:
144:
40:
2486:
2368:
2089:
2022:
1854:
1789:
1686:
1251:
1367:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide
230:, dismissed Memduh but was unable to punish the other perpetrators of this arson.
2530:
2111:
1844:
1821:
164:
48:
244:
19:
2397:
2244:
2182:
2141:
1596:
117:
109:
44:
163:, and Protestants. Until the nineteenth century, these groups belonged to the
2550:
2422:
2333:
1907:
1493:
1263:
392:
282:
223:
187:
105:
52:
2174:
1456:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
1324:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950
261:. During his hiatus from leadership in Diyarbekir, Reshid held positions in
2439:
2407:
2343:
1983:
1897:
1887:
262:
125:
1453:(2011). "From 'Patriotism' to Mass Murder: Dr. Mehmed Reşid (1873-1919)".
23:
Tigris river rafts, similar to those used to kill Christian notables from
2417:
2412:
1902:
1892:
1601:
1178:
266:
1522:
Diyarbekir (1915-1916): Young Turk Mass Killings at the Provincial Level
336:
16:
Genocide of the christian population of Diyarbakır in the Ottoman Empire
2338:
1802:
1255:
278:
89:
24:
2429:
2318:
2287:
1839:
1739:
450:
Christian population in Diyarbekir vilayet in 1915–1916 according to
227:
175:
113:
93:
36:
2292:
1526:
2280:
1239:
321:
304:. In 1915, many Christian men were killed by drowning in the river.
274:
2449:
1219:
Gaunt, David (2013). "Failed Identity and the Assyrian Genocide".
296:
112:
since 1534 and enjoyed prosperity based on its location along the
313:
1342:Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2017). "How Armenian was the 1915 Genocide?".
312:
On 20 April, Armenians from all religious denominations and the
301:
2259:
317:
203:
179:
170:
97:
78:
1414:
The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans
2206:
2146:
1498:
Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide: A History
1041:
772:
760:
968:
966:
964:
81:
of Mardin (red), Diyarbekir (purple), and Arghana (yellow).
1395:
Yüz yıllık Ah!: toplumsal hafızanın izinde 1915 Diyarbekir
631:
629:
913:
796:
1104:
1053:
1029:
961:
925:
859:
823:
646:
644:
888:
886:
813:
811:
697:
626:
1649:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
1433:
The Extermination of Armenians in the Diarbekir Region
1133:
1131:
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1092:
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1116:
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883:
808:
1143:
1128:
1089:
1065:
1014:
1002:
949:
898:
847:
835:
784:
748:
733:
721:
685:
614:
206:in Diyarbekir city was burned down by police chief
51:living there. The genocide was ordered by governor
1223:(illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press.
668:
656:
1476:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
1202:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
709:
2548:
2476:Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide
2311:
2204:
2190:
1542:
1459:. Oxford University Press. pp. 126–150.
327:
2197:
2183:
1549:
1535:
289:), but those opposed to it—especially the
1473:
1392:
1296:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
1289:
1240:"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide"
1110:
1059:
1047:
1035:
972:
829:
778:
766:
703:
635:
1702:
1411:
1393:Çelik, Adnan; Dinç, Namık Kemal (2015).
295:
72:
18:
137:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
2577:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia
2549:
1492:
1449:
1430:
253:Hamid was initially to be replaced by
2178:
1556:
1530:
1341:
1317:
1270:
1237:
1218:
1199:
1177:
1161:
1149:
1137:
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1098:
1083:
1071:
1023:
1008:
996:
984:
955:
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931:
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841:
817:
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790:
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742:
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691:
679:
662:
650:
620:
31:In 1915, a genocide was committed in
1397:(in Turkish). İsmail Beşikçi Vakfı.
1360:
715:
367:
331:
2466:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
2154:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1936:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
1435:. İstanbul Bilgi University Press.
108:(south). The area was ruled by the
13:
2228:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
1959:National Armenian Relief Committee
1386:
1346:. Berghahn Books. pp. 33–53.
1275:. Berghahn Books. pp. 54–69.
14:
2608:
2521:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
2095:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
1515:
406:
218:, ultimately orchestrated by the
55:, partly with the backing of the
391:as "composed almost entirely of
377:
372:
335:
2403:Committee of Union and Progress
1883:Committee of Union and Progress
1572:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
1412:Courtois, Sébastien de (2004).
2597:Military history of Diyarbakır
2592:Sexual violence in World War I
2557:History of Diyarbakır Province
2526:Assyrian independence movement
2385:Military of the Ottoman Empire
1587:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
1370:. Princeton University Press.
1244:Genocide Studies International
69:Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)
1:
2536:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
2250:Ottoman Empire in World War I
1994:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
1623:Ottoman Empire in World War I
608:
439:
432:In November 1918, during the
382:
193:
62:
35:, claiming the lives of most
1592:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
7:
2164:Hitler's Armenian reference
2159:Assassination of Hrant Dink
2034:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
1327:. Oxford University Press.
1204:. Brill. pp. 241–266.
591:
147:in Diyarbekir consisted of
88:, which had its capital in
77:Diyarbekir vilayet showing
10:
2613:
2582:1915 in the Ottoman Empire
1170:
328:Deportations and massacres
120:and most inhabitants were
66:
2503:
2458:
2377:
2356:
2268:
2215:
2129:
2063:Witnesses and testimonies
2055:
2009:
1969:
1928:
1875:
1812:
1767:
1636:
1564:
1478:. Brill. pp. 55–84.
481:Armenian Apostolic Church
1785:Post-genocide population
513:Chaldean Catholic Church
497:Armenian Catholic Church
157:Chaldean Catholic Church
2445:Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde
2329:Flavianus Michael Malke
1950:Foreign aid and relief
1775:Pre-genocide population
1613:1914 Greek deportations
1431:Kaiser, Hilmar (2014).
401:anti-Armenian sentiment
300:Tigris flowing through
259:1914 Greek deportations
208:Gevranlızâde Memduh Bey
2481:Paris Peace Conference
2137:Late Ottoman genocides
1929:International response
598:Late Ottoman genocides
545:Syriac Orthodox Church
529:Syriac Catholic Church
434:occupation of Istanbul
305:
153:Syriac Catholic Church
149:Syriac Orthodox Church
92:, was bordered by the
82:
28:
2239:Young Turk Revolution
1659:20 Hunchakian gallows
1608:1914 Armenian reforms
1597:Adana massacre (1909)
1301:Bloomsbury Publishing
1238:Gaunt, David (2015).
427:CUP Central Committee
299:
293:—sometimes resisted.
76:
67:Further information:
57:CUP Central Committee
22:
2390:Special Organization
2303:Near East Foundation
1954:Near East Foundation
1920:Special Organization
1678:Concentration camps
1628:Battle of Sarikamish
922:, pp. 153, 155.
805:, pp. 155, 295.
2587:Mass murder in 1915
2511:Assyrians in Turkey
2459:Cultural depictions
2324:Shamoun Hanna Haydo
2210:(Assyrian genocide)
2011:Cultural depictions
1862:Rescue of Armenians
1780:Genocide casualties
1618:Congress at Erzerum
1582:Turkish nationalism
1362:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1050:, pp. 360–361.
934:, pp. 155–156.
868:, pp. 154–155.
781:, pp. 356–357.
769:, pp. 355–356.
472:Postwar population
462:
141:1914 Ottoman census
122:subsistence farmers
2494:The Last Assyrians
2233:Hamidian massacres
2001:Treaty of Lausanne
1867:Turkish opposition
1451:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
1291:Kévorkian, Raymond
1256:10.3138/gsi.9.1.05
469:Prewar population
448:
347:. You can help by
306:
271:Pirinççizâde Sıdkı
216:Pirinççizâde Feyzi
161:Church of the East
102:Armenian highlands
86:Diyarbekir vilayet
83:
33:Diyarbekir vilayet
29:
2567:Assyrian genocide
2562:Armenian genocide
2544:
2543:
2516:Assyrians in Iraq
2364:Defence of Iwardo
2352:
2351:
2255:Armenian genocide
2223:Assyrian homeland
2172:
2171:
2100:100th anniversary
1989:Operation Nemesis
1763:
1762:
1577:Armenian question
1558:Armenian genocide
1507:978-0-19-063346-2
1485:978-90-04-23227-3
1466:978-0-19-979276-4
1442:978-605-399-333-9
1423:978-1-59333-077-4
1416:. Gorgias Press.
1404:978-605-9073-05-9
1377:978-1-4008-6558-1
1353:978-1-78533-499-3
1334:978-0-19-965522-9
1310:978-0-85771-930-0
1282:978-1-78533-499-3
1230:978-0-253-00631-8
1211:978-90-04-23227-3
1192:978-1-59333-301-0
1185:. Gorgias Press.
999:, pp. 62–63.
987:, pp. 65–66.
946:, pp. 63–64.
880:, pp. 60–61.
653:, pp. 12–13.
603:List of genocides
589:
588:
423:Raymond Kévorkian
389:Rafael de Nogales
368:Diyarbekir sanjak
365:
364:
210:on the orders of
145:Syriac Christians
104:(north), and the
41:Syriac Christians
2604:
2487:The Hidden Pearl
2369:Defense of Azakh
2309:
2308:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2117:notable visitors
2090:Hidden Armenians
2019:Ravished Armenia
1941:Imperial Germany
1850:Shabin-Karahisar
1822:Armenian militia
1790:Hidden Armenians
1700:
1699:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1511:
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1470:
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1427:
1408:
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1357:
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1319:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
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200:national economy
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2611:
2607:
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2602:
2601:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2531:Simele massacre
2499:
2454:
2373:
2348:
2312:Notable victims
2307:
2264:
2211:
2203:
2173:
2168:
2125:
2112:Tsitsernakaberd
2051:
2005:
1965:
1924:
1913:Bahaeddin Şakir
1871:
1808:
1759:
1698:
1632:
1560:
1555:
1518:
1508:
1486:
1467:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1389:
1387:Further reading
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627:
623:, pp. 8–9.
619:
615:
611:
594:
454:
452:Jacques Rhétoré
449:
442:
414:Uğur Ümit Üngör
409:
385:
380:
375:
370:
361:
355:
352:
345:needs expansion
330:
242:
212:Intibah Şirketi
196:
165:Armenian millet
116:. The area was
71:
65:
49:Greek Catholics
17:
12:
11:
5:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Greek genocide
2569:
2564:
2559:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2398:Kurdish tribes
2394:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:Greek genocide
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1979:Courts-martial
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1946:Press coverage
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1516:External links
1514:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1494:Yacoub, Joseph
1490:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1428:
1422:
1409:
1403:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1315:
1309:
1287:
1281:
1268:
1235:
1229:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1164:, p. 433.
1154:
1142:
1127:
1125:, p. 152.
1115:
1113:, p. 365.
1111:Kévorkian 2011
1103:
1088:
1086:, p. 158.
1076:
1064:
1062:, p. 364.
1060:Kévorkian 2011
1052:
1048:Kévorkian 2011
1040:
1038:, p. 360.
1036:Kévorkian 2011
1028:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
975:, p. 379.
973:Kévorkian 2011
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
897:
895:, p. 155.
882:
870:
858:
846:
834:
832:, p. 357.
830:Kévorkian 2011
822:
820:, p. 295.
807:
795:
783:
779:Kévorkian 2011
771:
767:Kévorkian 2011
759:
747:
732:
730:, p. 318.
720:
708:
706:, p. 271.
704:Kévorkian 2011
696:
694:, p. 161.
684:
667:
655:
640:
638:, p. 355.
636:Kévorkian 2011
625:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
600:
593:
590:
587:
586:
585:144,185 (83%)
583:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
441:
438:
408:
407:Responsibility
405:
393:fowling-pieces
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
363:
362:
342:
340:
329:
326:
195:
192:
118:pre-industrial
110:Ottoman Empire
64:
61:
45:Greek Orthodox
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2609:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:Mehmed Reshid
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Leonard Melki
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:United States
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Forced labour
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:(1): 83–103.
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1158:
1152:, p. 65.
1151:
1146:
1140:, p. 96.
1139:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1101:, p. 99.
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1074:, p. 35.
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1026:, p. 65.
1025:
1020:
1018:
1011:, p. 67.
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
986:
981:
974:
969:
967:
965:
958:, p. 64.
957:
952:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
910:, p. 61.
909:
904:
902:
894:
889:
887:
879:
874:
867:
862:
856:, p. 60.
855:
850:
844:, p. 58.
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
812:
804:
799:
793:, p. 50.
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
757:, p. 15.
756:
751:
745:, p. 87.
744:
739:
737:
729:
724:
718:, p. 48.
717:
712:
705:
700:
693:
688:
682:, p. 13.
681:
676:
674:
672:
665:, p. 86.
664:
659:
652:
647:
645:
637:
632:
630:
622:
617:
613:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
562:
561:Protestantism
559:
558:
555:60,725 (72%)
554:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:10,010 (90%)
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:11,500 (92%)
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:58,000 (97%)
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
468:
466:Denomination
465:
464:
458:
453:
446:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
418:
415:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
378:Mardin sanjak
373:Arğana sanjak
359:
350:
346:
343:This section
341:
338:
334:
333:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
303:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
246:
241:
237:
231:
229:
225:
224:Mehmed Reshid
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
191:
189:
188:Deyrulzafaran
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:millet system
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:Syrian desert
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
80:
75:
70:
60:
58:
54:
53:Mehmed Reshid
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
2492:
2485:
2440:Simko Shikak
2408:Talaat Pasha
2378:Perpetrators
2344:Ashur Yousif
2297:
2245:Adana (1909)
2205:
2039:
2032:
2018:
1984:Malta exiles
1876:Perpetrators
1826:By location
1801:
1724:
1687:Ra's al-'Ayn
1664:Confiscation
1497:
1475:
1455:
1432:
1413:
1394:
1366:
1343:
1323:
1295:
1272:
1247:
1243:
1220:
1201:
1182:
1179:Gaunt, David
1157:
1145:
1118:
1106:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1004:
992:
980:
951:
939:
927:
915:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
723:
711:
699:
687:
658:
616:
539:3,450 (62%)
475:Disappeared
443:
431:
419:
410:
386:
356:January 2024
353:
349:adding to it
344:
311:
307:
252:
232:
197:
169:
130:
126:pastoralists
100:(east), the
84:
30:
2418:Djevdet Bey
2413:Enver Pasha
2080:Reparations
2068:Recognition
2041:The Promise
1971:Prosecution
1694:Terminology
1682:Deir ez-Zor
1604:(1912–1913)
1602:Balkan Wars
455: [
279:mutesarrifs
267:Circassians
255:Mustafa Bey
243: [
222:(governor)
184:Mor Gabriel
2551:Categories
2357:Resistance
2339:Addai Sher
2298:Diyarbekir
2216:Background
1814:Resistance
1803:Vorpahavak
1768:Demography
1725:Diyarbekir
1654:Tehcir Law
1565:Background
1162:Gaunt 2006
1150:Gaunt 2017
1138:Gaunt 2015
1123:Gaunt 2006
1099:Üngör 2011
1084:Gaunt 2006
1072:Üngör 2017
1024:Üngör 2011
1009:Üngör 2011
997:Üngör 2011
985:Gaunt 2017
956:Üngör 2011
944:Üngör 2011
932:Gaunt 2006
920:Gaunt 2006
908:Üngör 2011
893:Gaunt 2006
878:Üngör 2011
866:Gaunt 2006
854:Üngör 2011
842:Üngör 2011
818:Gaunt 2006
803:Gaunt 2006
791:Üngör 2011
755:Üngör 2011
743:Gaunt 2015
728:Gaunt 2013
692:Gaunt 2006
680:Üngör 2011
663:Gaunt 2015
651:Üngör 2011
621:Üngör 2011
609:References
571:500 (69%)
440:Death toll
383:Propaganda
194:Escalation
90:Diyarbekir
63:Background
25:Diyarbekir
2504:Aftermath
2471:Blue Book
2435:Ömer Naji
2430:Halil Kut
2319:Toma Audo
2235:(1894–96)
2107:Memorials
2056:Aftermath
1840:Musa Dagh
1797:Survivors
1750:Trebizond
1703:By region
1674:Mass rape
1500:. Hurst.
1264:2291-1847
716:Suny 2015
397:Kozandere
275:kaymakams
240:Ömer Naji
228:Hamid Bey
176:Tur Abdin
114:Silk Road
94:Euphrates
37:Armenians
2281:Haftevan
2269:Genocide
1637:Genocide
1496:(2016).
1364:(2015).
1321:(2011).
1293:(2011).
1181:(2006).
592:See also
579:174,670
322:Ramgavar
291:Heverkan
236:Qarabash
96:(west),
2288:Hakkari
2130:Related
1903:Djevdet
1730:Erzurum
1171:Sources
582:30,485
552:24,000
549:84,725
517:11,120
501:12,500
485:60,000
314:Dashnak
287:Dekşuri
79:sanjaks
27:in 1915
2293:Bitlis
2260:Midyat
2241:(1908)
2085:Denial
2047:others
1908:Reshid
1898:Djemal
1888:Talaat
1830:Zeitun
1735:Harput
1720:Bitlis
1715:Aleppo
1644:Causes
1504:
1482:
1463:
1439:
1420:
1401:
1374:
1350:
1331:
1307:
1279:
1262:
1227:
1208:
1189:
576:Total
536:2,150
533:5,600
520:1,110
504:1,000
488:2,000
320:, and
318:Hnchak
204:bazaar
180:Mardin
171:Midyat
143:. The
98:Tigris
47:, and
2450:Çetes
2396:Some
2207:Sayfo
2147:Sayfo
1893:Enver
1855:Azakh
1745:Sivas
1710:Adana
459:]
283:Milli
247:]
2276:Iran
2027:film
2023:book
1845:Urfa
1502:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1260:ISSN
1225:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1187:ISBN
568:225
565:725
302:Eğil
285:and
277:and
263:Iraq
220:vali
214:and
186:and
1835:Van
1755:Van
1740:Muş
1252:doi
351:.
167:.
128:.
124:or
2553::
2025:,
1303:.
1299:.
1258:.
1246:.
1242:.
1130:^
1091:^
1016:^
963:^
900:^
885:^
810:^
735:^
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