489:(PAC) were declared illegal in a state of emergency, along with other controversies. Macmillan did not compose the speech commonly known as the "Winds of Change" himself, but had input from numerous friends and colleagues who helped derive the perfect wording for the delicate situation. He wanted to separate the British nation but also to inspire the black nationalists there to pursue their freedom and equality subtly. The other hidden motive was that there was much pressure from the U.S. government for all European nations to initiate decolonization. By announcing to the world that Britain was fully committed to the process of decolonization, he opened it up to more political opportunity. The speech was a bold attempt to address multiple parties and interests at once.
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would be any sort of immediate change in policy. Alongside the issue of apartheid, the process of decolonisation as indicated by
Macmillan brought forth questions as for the legitimacy and responsibilities of colonial powers once the colonies had been granted independence. Many felt that countries such as Ghana, which were among the first to be granted independence from British rule, were decolonised so quickly only by a lack of economic interests pushing against decolonization. Those factors not only created a clash of ideals at home between conservative forces and those who wished to initiate the process of decolonization but also worked to complicate relations between Britain and other nations.
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organisation rigidly opposed decolonisation in all forms and represented the feelings of betrayal and distrust following foreign policy changes after the "Wind of Change" speech. Many
Conservatives saw the speech as another step towards a complete dismantling of the empire. The Conservative Monday Club was founded as a direct result of Macmillan's address and as such the reaction of the Conservative Party at home can be seen as both resentful and distrustful of Macmillan.
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394:. The Conservatives feared that violent activity would spill over into the British colonies. Macmillan went to Africa to circulate and deliver his "Wind of Change" speech, which is named for its line: "The wind of change is blowing through this continent and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. We must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take account of it". Soon after the speech,
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a ticking time bomb into the speech, but he managed to respond quickly and well in a game of words to which he was not accustomed. He famously responded by saying, "There must not only be justice to the Black man in Africa, but also to the White man". He said that the
Europeans had no other home, for Africa was their home now too, and that they also were taking a strong stand against communism, for their ways were grounded in Christian values.
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229:) on 10 January 1960 but with little reaction. This time, however, it received press attention, at least partly because of the stony reception that greeted it. Macmillan's Cape Town speech also made it clear that he included South Africa in his comments, and it indicated a shift in British policy in regard to South African
500:, and held positive political results for the British government. The speech held the promise of major policy change on the topic of their decolonisation, and it was actually delivered twice in two different locations. It was first given in Ghana, but there was no press coverage, and few people even attended the event in
532:, and stood in silence while they held placards with urgings directed at Macmillan. They wanted him to talk with Congress leaders, and reached out to him with banners saying, "Mac, Verwoerd is not our leader". It is even said that Mandela thought the speech was "terrific"; he later made a speech before the
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would appear weak or unstable by a rapid decolonisation of her various colonies was of great concern to many
Conservatives at the time of the speech. Although Macmillan argued in his oration that Britain's power had not faded, the economic effects if the empire was seen as weak would prove worrisome.
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stated, "The unintended effect of the speech was to help empower
Verwoerd by reinforcing his dominance over domestic politics and by assisting him make two hitherto separate strands of his political career seem mutually reinforcing: republican nationalism on the one hand and apartheid ideology on the
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When the speech was complete, there was visible shock on
Verwoerd's face. He apparently leapt up from his seat and immediately responded to Macmillan. He was reportedly calm and collected when he gave his response, which was widely admired by the public. He had to save face when Macmillan had dropped
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As a fellow member of the
Commonwealth it is our earnest desire to give South Africa our support and encouragement, but I hope you won't mind my saying frankly that there are some aspects of your policies which make it impossible for us to do this without being false to our own deep convictions about
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On the other hand, other
British reactions were concerned with whether the speech truly carried an authentic tone. In the speech, Macmillan addressed British opposition to apartheid; the fact that the address was officially made in South Africa left media outlets in Britain to question whether there
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These feelings not only resounded with
European settlers in the African colonies but also were shared by members of Macmillan's own party who felt that he had taken the party line down the wrong direction. That was illustrated through the speed and scale with which decolonisation occurred. Following
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There was some belief that the policy outlined in the speech was seen as "British abdication in Africa" and "the cynical abandonment of white settlers". Not everyone felt that it was the right move for
Britain to make. There was an ambiguous reaction from some of the black nationalists, who had been
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ran through Northern Rhodesia, economic interests presented themselves as an opponent to decolonization. That example can help to illustrate some of the feelings of resentment and betrayal felt by fellow members of the Conservative Party after Macmillan's speech. Additionally, the fear that Britain
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to Africans and by efforts to persuade the British government to consolidate colonial territories into federations. However, the white settler minority could not contain the sense of African nationalism. There were warnings that without a quick transfer of power, African nationalism would undermine
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Some people indicated that Macmillan was very nervous for the entire speech. He would turn the pages with obvious difficulty, since he was knowingly presenting a speech that he had intentionally withheld from Verwoerd. He had declined to give Verwoerd an advance copy, but merely summed up the main
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Before he delivered the speech, Macmillan went on a six-week tour of Africa that began on 5 January. He began with Ghana, Nigeria, Rhodesia and Nyasaland and then South Africa, where the meeting finally happened with Verwoerd. Macmillan tried to explain the necessity of change brought upon them by
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was originally intended to target only areas in West Africa. Areas outside of that particular confinement with European inhabitants were not at first seen as threatened by the gradual decolonisation initiated by the British government. As such, the aftermath of Macmillan's speech brought not only
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formed the Conservative Monday Club in attempts to debate party policy change and prevent decolonization. In addition, the motivation behind the group also was founded on the notion that Macmillan had not accurately represented the party's original aims and goals. As a result, the members of the
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Most of the reaction following the speech can be seen as a direct response from Conservatives within the British government at the time. Macmillan's speech can officially be seen as a declaration of a change in policy regarding the British Empire, but prior government actions had already moved
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If the speech would be judged on its quality of delivery and content, it would be considered a success. When considering if the speech was successful, one must place it next to its objectives. Since it lays down a relatively clear understanding of Britain's intended exit as a colonial power in
374:'s Convention People's Party (CPP) orchestrated a campaign of civil disobedience in support of self-government. In the 1951 election, the CPP won 34 of 38 seats; Nkrumah became prime minister, and the colony became independent under Nkrumah's leadership as Ghana in 1957.
300:. Many in Britain had come to the conclusion that running the empire had become more trouble than it was worth. International factors which contributed to that conclusion and helped to initiate decolonisation included the fear of Soviet penetration into Africa. The
370:, and its people strongly supported the independence movement. The Gold Coast nationalists had campaigned for home rule even before the Second World War, before most other colonies of the British Empire had initiated the process of decolonization. After the war,
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in 1960, along with the "Wind of Change" speech that Macmillan delivered in South Africa earlier that same year, marked the start of a decade in which the dismantling of the British Empire reached its climax, with 27 former colonies in Asia, Africa and the
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colonial rule anyway. To obtain co-operation from the new African governments, the British government would need to decolonise and grant them independence or at least self-rule, which was thought to be a good substitute for direct control of the area.
355:. For their help throughout the war, the African colonies wanted to receive rewards in the form of political and economic opportunity. They became bitter when those rewards were not presented to them and so they started to campaign for independence.
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Meanwhile, in other colonies of Africa the desire for independence was countered by opposition from white settlers, who generally dominated the colonies politically and economically. They asserted their dominance by their denial of
418:, the speech was received with discomfort. Besides restating the policy of decolonisation, the speech marked political shifts that were to occur within the next year or so, in the Union of South Africa and the United Kingdom. The
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wanted Britain to decolonize to gain access to new markets and resources, and also believed that decolonization was necessary to prevent communism becoming an attractive option to African nationalist movements.
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Few utterances in recent history have had more grievous consequences... in Kenya the settlers spoke bitterly of a betrayal, and the ministers of the Federation approached the British government with equal
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that a referendum would be held on whether South Africa should become a republic. After Macmillan's speech on 3 February, there was an assassination attempt made against Verwoerd on 9 April. Later, the
830:"Winds of Change 1914-1939 Harold Macmillan First Edition 1966 - London - Macmillan 9" by 6" - 664pp | Scarce and decorative antiquarian books and first editions on all subjects | Rare Books"
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Macmillan delivered his speech for multiple reasons. The speech related mainly to the separation of Britain from its South African colonies, but it also referred to discontent with the system of
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Prior to the speech, the Federation government had dismissed suggestions that black-majority rule would be the best action in the colonies of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Because the
430:, partially the result of Britain's withdrawal of support for apartheid declared in Macmillan's speech, coupled with further condemnation by other countries in the Commonwealth such as
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prevented from meeting Macmillan (presumably by Verwoerd) over the course of his visit and were skeptical about his speech at first. Small groups of ANC supporters gathered in both
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admonishing the practices and encouraging the black nationalists to achieve equality, but it still was not as groundbreaking or immediately effective as was the implied intent.
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to abandon Verwoerd's apartheid dogma, that part of the speech was a failure. The speech was an important moment to have such a distinguished and powerful figure from the
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The wind of change is blowing through this continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact.
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Africa, it achieved its purpose in the larger scheme. However, since there are indications that Macmillan's intent was to sway
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the speech, the British government felt pressure from within from economic and political interests surrounding the colonies.
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of Change" speech, although "wind" was singular in the original. Macmillan himself titled the first volume of his memoirs
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towards a slow process of decolonisation in Africa. However, that gradual policy of relinquishing colonies owned by the
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Losing an Empire, Losing a Role?: The Commonwealth Vision, British Identity, and African Decolonization, 1959–1963
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The occasion was in fact the second time on which Macmillan had given the speech. He had first delivered it in
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great surprise but also a feeling of betrayal and distrust by members of the Conservative Party at the time.
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proved more problematic because the white populations of the British and Portuguese colonies and of the
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were becoming increasingly demanding in their initiative for self-rule. The path to majority rule in
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the political destinies of free men to which in our own territories we are trying to give effect.
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Watts, Carl Peter (2011). "The 'Wind of Change': British Decolonisation in Africa, 1957–1965".
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The South African Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, where the speech was originally delivered.
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from 1957 to 1963. He presided over a time of increasing national prosperity and the easing of
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Horowitz, Dan (1970). "Attitudes of British Conservatives towards Decolonization in Africa".
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Ovendale, Ritchie(June 1995). "Macmillan and the Wind of Change in Africa, 1957–1960".
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noted that in the speech, Macmillan gave African people "some inspiration and hope".
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in the 1950s, since its average level of education was the highest in all of
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The year 1960 was rife with change. It had the surprising announcement by
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Today, the draft and the final copies of the speech are housed in
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The British Empire had begun its dissolution after the end of the
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was in government from 1945 to 1951, it had started a process of
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in 1996 that specifically recalled Macmillan's address. Also,
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The speech acquired its name from a quotation embedded in it:
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Watt, Nicholas; correspondent, political (19 October 2001).
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There was an extended backlash against the speech from the
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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in 1961 was followed by the country's departure from the
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by granting the empire's various colonies independence.
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1960 speech by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan
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1960: Macmillan speaks of 'wind of change' in Africa
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190:in visiting a number of British colonies. When the
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1086:"Tories cut Monday Club link over race policies"
304:was putting pressure on the United Kingdom; the
242:The speech is also commonly referred to as the "
3817:Speeches by Conservative Party (UK) politicians
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586:at the time of the speech, went on to regard:
3706:1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election
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362:had become a place of great promise for the
895:. BBC World Service. BBC. 25 February 2013.
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1294:"Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya"
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358:The British West African colony of the
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3513:Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton
2372:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
1328:Lowrance-Floyd, Emily (6 April 2012).
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978:. London: BBC. 3 February 1960
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816:The White Tribe of Africa
762:""Wind of Change" speech"
483:African National Congress
3620:Night of the Long Knives
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2006:International isolation
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1394:"Wind of Change" speech
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1292:Nissimi, Hilda (2006).
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273:tensions. However, the
62:more precise citations.
3554:Lady Dorothy Macmillan
2351:Attack on Kennedy Road
1962:Congress of the People
1553:South African Republic
1161:The Historical Journal
877:The Historical Journal
593:
470:
267:British prime minister
240:
215:
182:on 3 February 1960 in
173:British Prime Minister
164:
116:by rewriting it in an
3615:Wind of Change speech
2921:Natal Indian Congress
2641:Afrikaner Broederbond
2495:Afrikaner nationalism
2281:1994 general election
2252:Bophuthatswana crisis
2145:Church Street bombing
1925:Apartheid legislation
1918:1948 general election
1838:South Africa Act 1909
1633:Union of South Africa
1453:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1433:Political history of
628:Members of Parliament
588:
468:
322:Union of South Africa
235:
211:
151:
3752:1960 in South Africa
3721:Macmillan Publishers
3600:Macmillan government
2555:Greater South Africa
2393:2014 platinum strike
2259:Shell House massacre
2187:Transkei coup d'état
1992:Sharpeville massacre
1755:Battle of Blaauwberg
1748:Battle of Muizenberg
1700:Battle of Salt River
1483:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1211:University of Oxford
1030:www.sahistory.org.za
558:University of Oxford
514:White South Africans
493:the two world wars.
457:, a pressure group.
451:colonial possessions
331:The independence of
314:African nationalists
19:For other uses, see
3566:Lady Caroline Faber
3447:Democratic Alliance
2624:Civic and political
2488:Afrikaner Calvinism
2481:African nationalism
2330:African Renaissance
2020:UNSC Resolution 591
1941:Internal resistance
1842:National Convention
1810:Transvaal Civil War
1734:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1617:Orange River Colony
349:African nationalism
344:African nationalism
324:, a self-governing
202:, which formed the
2194:Ciskei coup d'état
2013:UN Resolution 1761
1978:Women's March 1956
1831:South African Wars
1817:Mineral Revolution
1390:, 3 February 2008.
1123:has generic name (
534:British Parliament
471:
447:Conservative Party
380:universal suffrage
368:Sub-Saharan Africa
333:British Somaliland
279:British government
263:Conservative Party
204:British government
200:Conservative Party
165:
161:Northern Transvaal
118:encyclopedic style
105:is written like a
3762:Cold War speeches
3734:
3733:
3560:Maurice Macmillan
3479:
3478:
3432:political parties
3425:
3424:
3402:Orde van die Dood
3019:Progressive Party
2725:Congress Alliance
2541:Cape Independence
2473:Political culture
2468:
2467:
2435:COVID-19 pandemic
2365:Marikana massacre
2201:Venda coup d'état
1955:Defiance Campaign
1545:Orange Free State
1475:Dutch Cape Colony
1232:"BBC On This Day"
1152:(December 2011).
1004:Independent.co.uk
146:
145:
138:
88:
87:
80:
3824:
3812:Harold Macmillan
3716:Earl of Stockton
3625:Beeching reports
3580:(brother-in-law)
3548:Daniel MacMillan
3527:Stockton-on-Tees
3506:
3499:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3336:Paramilitary and
3328:
3326:Umkosi Wezintaba
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3171:social movements
3169:Trade unions and
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2690:Boerestaat Party
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2621:
2620:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2461:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2180:Dakar Conference
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2101:Israeli alliance
2096:
2089:
2082:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2055:Sporting boycott
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2027:Academic boycott
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1884:Great Depression
1879:
1872:
1870:Maritz rebellion
1865:
1845:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1720:Dutch settlement
1702:
1695:
1693:Bantu migrations
1680:
1679:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1625:Transvaal Colony
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1593:Nieuwe Republiek
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1529:Natalia Republic
1524:
1516:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1498:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1493:
1491:
1488:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1396:. Analysis from
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1289:
1283:
1282:(login required)
1281:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1167:(4): 1087–1114.
1158:
1146:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
972:
966:
965:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
897:
896:
889:
880:
873:
862:
861:
853:
842:
841:
839:
837:
826:
820:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
786:
777:
776:
774:
772:
757:
748:
747:
745:
743:
727:
721:
720:
710:
695:British Politics
686:
680:
679:
677:
675:
664:
646:
641:
640:
639:
562:Bodleian Library
478:Hendrik Verwoerd
298:Second World War
261:, leader of the
259:Harold Macmillan
176:Harold Macmillan
153:Harold Macmillan
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
98:
97:
90:
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
58:this article by
49:inline citations
36:
35:
28:
3832:
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2989:
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2975:
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2954:
2947:
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2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2837:HNP (Herstigte)
2835:
2830:HNP (Herenigde)
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2648:Afrikaner Party
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2562:Honorary whites
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2454:
2447:
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2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2323:Soweto bombings
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2124:Soweto Uprising
2122:
2115:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2048:Tar Baby Option
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:Freedom Charter
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1848:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1569:Griqualand West
1567:
1561:Griqualand East
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1386:BBC News Online
1368:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1258:African Affairs
1254:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1156:
1147:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1052:"No going back"
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
995:
991:
981:
979:
974:
973:
969:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
904:
900:
891:
890:
883:
874:
865:
854:
845:
835:
833:
828:
827:
823:
813:
809:
799:
797:
788:
787:
780:
770:
768:
758:
751:
741:
739:
732:"No going back"
728:
724:
687:
683:
673:
671:
666:
665:
658:
653:
642:
637:
635:
624:
618:
570:
463:
412:
346:
318:Southern Africa
306:U.S. government
256:
248:Winds of Change
142:
131:
125:
122:
114:help improve it
111:
99:
95:
84:
73:
67:
64:
54:Please help to
53:
37:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
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3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:The Middle Way
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3662:(1958 cartoon)
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3635:Profumo affair
3632:
3630:Vassall affair
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3520:Constituencies
3517:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3395:Ossewabrandwag
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3138:Unionist Party
3134:
3127:
3120:
3117:Torch Commando
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2991:Orde Boerevolk
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2767:DP (1989–2000)
2763:
2760:DP (1973–1977)
2756:
2753:Dominion Party
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2634:Afrikaner Bond
2629:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2548:Day of the Vow
2544:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2470:
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2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2316:Floor crossing
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2231:Bisho massacre
2227:
2226:
2225:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2173:Operation Vula
2169:
2166:Rubicon speech
2162:
2159:Langa massacre
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1877:Rand Rebellion
1873:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1803:Boer Republics
1799:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1649:Bophuthatswana
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1609:Klein Vrystaat
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1494:
1479:
1471:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1378:
1367:
1366:External links
1364:
1361:
1360:
1345:
1315:
1284:
1245:
1223:
1194:
1130:
1076:
1042:
1017:
989:
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924:
913:. 23 July 2010
898:
881:
863:
858:History Review
843:
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807:
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722:
681:
655:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
620:Main article:
617:
614:
598:Lord Salisbury
569:
566:
538:Albert Luthuli
462:
459:
411:
408:
392:French Algeria
345:
342:
291:decolonisation
275:British Empire
255:
252:
196:decolonisation
169:Wind of Change
144:
143:
102:
100:
93:
86:
85:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3829:
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3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:1960 speeches
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
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3667:Never So Good
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3152:Workers Party
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3033:Radio Freedom
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2984:Oranjewerkers
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2117:Mafeje affair
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2105:
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2087:Durban Moment
2084:
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2080:Rivonia Trial
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2034:Disinvestment
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2017:
2014:
2010:
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1789:1820 Settlers
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1388:: On this day
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832:. Rooke Books
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518:Western world
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388:Belgian Congo
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372:Kwame Nkrumah
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302:United States
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126:November 2013
119:
115:
109:
108:
103:This article
101:
92:
91:
82:
79:
71:
68:February 2011
61:
57:
51:
50:
44:
39:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3698:
3673:
3670:(play, 2008)
3665:
3657:
3614:
3574:(son-in-law)
3572:Julian Amery
3470:
3430:Histories of
3131:United Party
3040:Reform Party
2977:Orangia Unie
2602:
2593:
2586:Swart gevaar
2584:
2568:
2524:
2515:
2456:
2358:Blikkiesdorp
1684:Pre-colonial
1537:Natal Colony
1521:Zulu Kingdom
1435:South Africa
1384:
1376:BBC Archives
1354:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1330:
1306:. Retrieved
1301:
1297:
1287:
1261:
1257:
1236:. Retrieved
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1164:
1160:
1121:|last2=
1101:. Retrieved
1090:The Guardian
1089:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1056:The Guardian
1055:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1002:
992:
980:. Retrieved
970:
937:
933:
927:
915:. Retrieved
901:
876:
860:(71): 12–17.
857:
834:. Retrieved
824:
815:
810:
798:. Retrieved
769:. Retrieved
765:
740:. Retrieved
736:The Guardian
735:
725:
701:(1): 46–63.
698:
694:
684:
672:. Retrieved
644:1960s portal
625:
610:
602:
594:
589:
580:Lord Kilmuir
571:
555:
546:
542:
526:Johannesburg
522:
510:
495:
491:
472:
440:
416:South Africa
413:
410:Consequences
396:Iain Macleod
385:
376:
357:
347:
330:
311:
295:
257:
247:
243:
241:
236:
216:
212:
208:
192:Labour Party
168:
166:
132:
123:
104:
74:
65:
46:
25:
3693:Birch Grove
2570:Rooi gevaar
2449:2021 unrest
2379:Nkandlagate
2208:Third Force
2069:Rugby union
1667:(1981–1994)
1659:(1979–1994)
1651:(1977–1994)
1643:(1976–1994)
1635:(1910–1961)
1627:(1902–1910)
1619:(1902–1910)
1611:(1886–1891)
1603:(1885–1887)
1595:(1884–1888)
1587:(1882–1885)
1579:(1882–1883)
1571:(1870–1873)
1563:(1861–1879)
1555:(1856–1902)
1547:(1854–1902)
1539:(1843–1910)
1531:(1839–1843)
1523:(1816–1897)
1515:(1795–1910)
1513:Cape Colony
1505: 1780
1490: 1780
1477:(1652–1806)
1467: 1220
1460: 1075
1338:15 February
1308:16 February
1264:(274): 15.
1238:16 February
1150:Dubow, Saul
1103:28 February
1069:28 February
1035:28 February
917:23 December
836:23 December
400:East Africa
353:Axis powers
312:Meanwhile,
157:Pietersburg
60:introducing
3741:Categories
3678:(TV, 2017)
3651:Depictions
3568:(daughter)
3381:Greyshirts
3145:Volksparty
2683:Black Sash
2344:Xenophobia
2337:Travelgate
2094:Border War
1898:Bantustans
1796:Great Trek
1741:Xhosa Wars
1601:Upingtonia
1585:Stellaland
766:Thought Co
651:References
605:copperbelt
591:suspicion.
550:Saul Dubow
485:(ANC) and
443:right wing
404:Tanganyika
360:Gold Coast
265:, was the
254:Background
227:Gold Coast
43:references
3675:The Crown
2604:Volkstaat
2595:Uitlander
2526:Boerehaat
2502:Anarchism
2309:Arms Deal
2272:apartheid
1932:Pass laws
1909:Apartheid
1854:1910–1948
1773:1815–1910
1711:1652–1815
1398:About.com
1189:145148670
1113:cite news
1098:0261-3077
1064:0261-3077
962:146228745
940:: 52–69.
717:1746-9198
544:content.
530:Cape Town
506:Cape Town
498:apartheid
420:formation
338:Caribbean
283:in Africa
231:apartheid
184:Cape Town
3659:Supermac
3472:Category
3374:Boeremag
2872:Jeugkrag
2823:Het Volk
2517:Baasskap
2459:incident
2062:Olympics
1641:Transkei
1444:polities
1442:Defunct
1181:41349633
1010:15 March
982:15 March
911:BBC News
800:12 April
794:Archived
771:15 March
742:15 March
674:15 March
553:other".
326:dominion
271:Cold War
250:(1966).
3686:Related
3532:Bromley
3277:SAAPAWU
2615:Defunct
2578:Slavery
1782:Mfecane
1304:(3): 25
1216:31 July
954:1042889
584:Cabinet
445:of the
422:of the
287:in Asia
178:to the
163:in 1960
112:Please
56:improve
3702:(1938)
3588:Career
3556:(wife)
3541:Family
3228:FOSATU
3082:SAYRCO
3054:SADECO
2970:Occupy
2509:Azania
2457:Lady R
2386:Racism
2215:CODESA
1676:Events
1665:Ciskei
1577:Goshen
1507:–1819)
1492:–1817)
1278:720177
1276:
1187:
1179:
1096:
1062:
960:
952:
715:
436:Canada
188:Africa
45:, but
3562:(son)
3409:PAGAD
3305:SATUC
3298:SARHU
3284:SACTU
3263:NURHS
3221:FNETU
3207:CTSWU
3200:CNETU
3193:BLATU
3075:SAYCO
2963:NUSAS
2844:IDASA
2655:AITUP
2270:Post-
1657:Venda
1374:from
1274:JSTOR
1234:. BBC
1185:S2CID
1177:JSTOR
1157:(PDF)
958:S2CID
950:JSTOR
502:Accra
432:India
244:Winds
223:Ghana
219:Accra
167:The "
3416:SANF
3346:APLA
3291:SAIF
3270:PAWE
3256:NEUM
3249:MUSA
3214:FCWU
3159:WOSA
3110:TNIP
3068:SASO
3061:SAIC
3047:SABP
2998:PAVN
2732:COSG
2711:CTEG
2704:CNIP
1340:2013
1310:2013
1240:2013
1218:2014
1125:help
1105:2024
1094:ISSN
1071:2024
1060:ISSN
1037:2024
1012:2018
984:2018
919:2016
838:2016
802:2024
773:2018
744:2018
713:ISSN
676:2018
528:and
434:and
390:and
285:and
3367:BBB
3360:AWB
3353:ARM
3319:UDF
3242:IWW
3235:ICU
3186:BCM
3179:APF
3124:UFP
3026:PRP
3005:PFP
2956:NRP
2949:NPP
2935:NNP
2928:NLP
2914:NCP
2865:ISL
2816:GNP
2788:ECC
2781:DSM
2774:DPP
2746:DLF
2718:COD
2697:CDA
2676:BPC
2669:AVF
2662:APO
1266:doi
1169:doi
942:doi
938:432
703:doi
560:'s
414:In
155:in
3743::
3388:MK
2942:NP
2907:NA
2858:IP
2851:ID
2802:FD
2795:FA
2739:CP
1502:c.
1487:c.
1464:c.
1457:c.
1383:,
1318:^
1300:.
1296:.
1272:.
1262:69
1260:.
1248:^
1209:.
1205:.
1183:.
1175:.
1165:54
1163:.
1159:.
1133:^
1117::
1115:}}
1111:{{
1092:.
1088:.
1058:.
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909:.
884:^
866:^
846:^
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781:^
764:.
752:^
734:.
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699:19
697:.
693:.
659:^
564:.
438:.
233::
221:,
159:,
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1268::
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1171::
1127:)
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124:(
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75:(
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66:(
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23:.
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