Black pepper - Knowledge

691: 49: 707: 1469: 946: 753: 676: 1817: 67: 391: 1558: 1674: 966: 1182: 926: 886: 1805: 846: 1405:, which sank in the summer of 1495. In 2021, archaeologists recovered more than 2000 peppercorns from the wreck, along with a variety of other spices and exotic foodstuffs including clove, ginger, saffron, and almond. The ship was carrying King Hans to a political summit at the time of its loss. The spices were likely intended for feasts at the summit, which would have included the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Councils of State. 866: 906: 1409: 1793: 733:

long, tied up to neighbouring trees or climbing frames at distances of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) apart; trees with rough bark are favoured over those with smooth bark, as the pepper plants climb rough bark more readily. Competing plants are cleared away, leaving only sufficient trees to provide shade and permit free ventilation. The roots are covered in leaf

1722:(7%), which give citrusy, woody, and floral notes. These scents are mostly missing in white pepper, as the fermentation and other processing removes the fruit layer (which also contains some of the spicy piperine). Other flavours also commonly develop in this process, some of which are described as off-flavours when in excess: Primarily 1253:

fruit or berry, its only desirable quality being a certain pungency; and yet it is for this that we import it all the way from India! Who was the first to make trial of it as an article of food? and who, I wonder, was the man that was not content to prepare himself by hunger only for the satisfying of a greedy appetite?

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or "foreign pepper". It does not appear to have been widely known at the time, failing to appear in a fourth-century work describing a wide variety of spices from beyond China's southern border, including long pepper. By the 12th century, however, black pepper had become a popular ingredient in the

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As pepper supplies into Europe increased, the price of pepper declined (though the total value of the import trade generally did not). Pepper, which in the early Middle Ages had been an item exclusively for the rich, started to become more of an everyday seasoning among those of more average means.

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A single stem bears 20 to 30 fruiting spikes. The harvest begins as soon as one or two fruits at the base of the spikes begin to turn red, and before the fruit is fully mature, and still hard; if allowed to ripen completely, the fruits lose pungency, and ultimately fall off and are lost. The spikes

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Pepper can be grown in soil that is neither too dry nor susceptible to flooding, moist, well-drained, and rich in organic matter. The vines do not do well over an altitude of 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level. The plants are propagated by cuttings about 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in)

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It is quite surprising that the use of pepper has come so much into fashion, seeing that in other substances which we use, it is sometimes their sweetness, and sometimes their appearance that has attracted our notice; whereas, pepper has nothing in it that can plead as a recommendation to either

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growing up to 4 m (13 ft) in height on supporting trees, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading vine, rooting readily where trailing stems touch the ground. The leaves are alternate, entire, 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) long and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in) across. The

1390:, affordable only to the wealthy, who certainly had unspoiled meat available, as well. In addition, people of the time certainly knew that eating spoiled food would make them sick. Similarly, the belief that pepper was widely used as a preservative is questionable; it is true that 652: 1452:

However, the Portuguese monopolized the spice trade for 150 years. Portuguese even became the lingua franca of the then known world. The spice trade made Portugal rich. However in the 17th century, the Portuguese lost most of their valuable Indian Ocean trade to the

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Dawid, Corinna; Henze, Andrea; Frank, Oliver; Glabasnia, Anneke; Rupp, Mathias; Büning, Kirsten; Orlikowski, Diana; Bader, Matthias; Hofmann, Thomas (2012). "Structural and Sensory Characterization of Key Pungent and Tingling Compounds from Black Pepper

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or grinders, which mechanically grind or crush whole peppercorns, are used for this as an alternative to pepper shakers that dispense ground pepper. Spice mills such as pepper mills were found in European kitchens as early as the 14th century, but the

1147:, Malaysia, and everywhere in Southeast Asia. These areas traded mainly with China, or used the pepper locally. Ports in the Malabar area also served as a stop-off point for much of the trade in other spices from farther east in the Indian Ocean. 1579:, chapter five, as one of the few medicines a monk is allowed to carry. Long pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used. Black pepper (or perhaps long pepper) was believed to cure several illnesses, such as 1538:): "... Messer Marco heard it stated by one of the Great Kaan's officers of customs that the quantity of pepper introduced daily for consumption into the city of Kinsay amounted to 43 loads, each load being equal to 223 lbs." 1444:

and spices". Though this first trip to India by way of the southern tip of Africa was only a modest success, the Portuguese quickly returned in greater numbers and eventually gained much greater control of trade on the Arabian Sea. The

664: 3135:"Aroma compound analysis of Piper nigrum and Piper guineense essential oils from Cameroon using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography, solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and olfactometry" 1394:, the compound that gives pepper its spiciness, has some antimicrobial properties, but at the concentrations present when pepper is used as a spice, the effect is small. Salt is a much more effective preservative, and 6460: 5596: 5331: 1685:

derived from both the outer fruit and the seed. Black pepper contains between 4.6 and 9.7% piperine by mass, and white pepper slightly more than that. Refined piperine, by weight, is about one percent as hot as the

1131:. Chili peppers—some of which, when dried, are similar in shape and taste to long pepper—were easier to grow in a variety of locations more convenient to Europe. Before the 16th century, pepper was being grown in 486:

as a substitute for black pepper, because black pepper would visibly stand out. However, white pepper lacks certain compounds present in the outer layer of the drupe, resulting in a different overall flavour.

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He does not state whether the 50 million was the actual amount of money which found its way to India or the total retail cost of the items in Rome, and, elsewhere, he cites a figure of 100 million sesterces.

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Red peppercorns usually consist of ripe peppercorn drupes preserved in brine and vinegar. Ripe red peppercorns can also be dried using the same colour-preserving techniques used to produce green pepper.

1046:. Global pepper production varies annually according to crop management, disease, and weather. Peppercorns are among the most widely traded spice in the world, accounting for 20% of all spice imports. 4753: 729:

flowers are small, produced on pendulous spikes 4 to 8 cm (1.6 to 3.1 in) long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening up to 7 to 15 cm (2.8 to 5.9 in) as the fruit matures.

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White pepper consists solely of the seed of the ripe fruit of the pepper plant, with the thin darker-coloured skin (flesh) of the fruit removed. This is usually accomplished by a process known as

1625:. Some sources say that piperine, a substance present in black pepper, irritates the nostrils, causing the sneezing. Few, if any, controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question. 2453: 1783:

Enhancing the flavour profile of peppercorns (including piperine and essential oils), prior to processing, has been attempted through the postharvest application of ultraviolet-C light (UV-C).

813:, with the wild source gradually decreasing as the quality and yield of the cultivated variety improved. No successful grafting of commercial pepper on wild pepper has been achieved to date. 2706:

Spices, which are used as integral ingredients in cuisine or added as flavouring agents to foods, are present in insufficient quantities for their antimicrobial properties to be significant.

1311:, included 3,000 pounds of pepper as part of the ransom he demanded from Rome when he besieged the city in the fifth century. After the fall of Rome, others took over the middle legs of the 463:; rubbing then removes what remains of the fruit, and the naked seed is dried. Sometimes the outer layer is removed from the seed through other mechanical, chemical, or biological methods. 435:

The pepper drupes can also be dried in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the pepper skin around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer containing

1756:, which can be detected in concentrations of 0.4 nanograms/l in water and in wine: rotundone is also present in marjoram, oregano, rosemary, basil, thyme, and geranium, as well as in some 1178:

Pepper (both long and black) was known in Greece at least as early as the fourth century BCE, though it was probably an uncommon and expensive item that only the very rich could afford.

1223:, and shipped from there to Italy and Rome. The rough geographical outlines of this same trade route would dominate the pepper trade into Europe for a millennium and a half to come. 6221: 1386:, pepper was often used to conceal the taste of partially rotten meat. No evidence supports this claim, and historians view it as highly unlikely; in the Middle Ages, pepper was a 2582: 2434: 2110: 530:. Their flavour has been described as "spicy and fresh", with a "bright aroma." They decay quickly if not dried or preserved, making them unsuitable for international shipping. 2662:

Dalby, p. 156; also Turner, pp. 108–109, though Turner does go on to discuss spices (not pepper specifically) being used to disguise the taste of partially spoiled wine or ale.

2328: 1207:, the early empire sent a fleet of around 120 ships on an annual trip to India and back. The fleet timed its travel across the Arabian Sea to take advantage of the predictable 439:. Once dry, the spice is called black peppercorn. After the peppercorns are dried, pepper powder for culinary uses is obtained by crushing the berries, which may also yield an 4985: 4746: 3055: 2847:

was long pepper goes back to the fourth century CE botanical writings of Ji Han; Hui-lin Li's 1979 translation of and commentary on Ji Han's work makes the case that it was

1465:(1580–1640), occupied by force almost all Portuguese interests in the area. The pepper ports of Malabar began to trade increasingly with the Dutch in the period 1661–1663.7 1763:

Pepper loses flavour and aroma through evaporation, so airtight storage helps preserve its spiciness longer. Pepper can also lose flavour when exposed to light, which can

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per pound, while that of white pepper is seven, and of black, four." Pliny also complains, "There is no year in which India does not drain the Roman Empire of 50 million

3404: 651: 1771:. Once ground, pepper's aromatics can evaporate quickly; most culinary sources recommend grinding whole peppercorns immediately before use for this reason. Handheld 4739: 1287: 3172:

Steinhaus, Martin; Schieberle, Peter (28 June 2005). "Role of the Fermentation Process in Off-odorant Formation in White Pepper: On-site Trial in Thailand".

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Siebert, Tracey E.; Wood, Claudia; Elsey, Gordon M.; Alan (2008). "Determination of Rotundone, the Pepper Aroma Impact Compound, in Grapes and Wine".

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Green pepper, like black pepper, is made from unripe drupes. Dried green peppercorns are treated in a way that retains the green colour, such as with

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in Kerala, famous for exporting black pepper and various other spices, gets mentioned in a number of classical historical sources for its trade with

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were common fare, especially in winter. However, pepper and other spices certainly played a role in improving the taste of long-preserved meats.

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for the first three years. The plants bear fruit from the fourth or fifth year, and then typically for seven years. The cuttings are usually

5601: 625:("mountain horopito") are another replacement for pepper. Several plants in the United States are also used as pepper substitutes, such as 1957:

National Geographic Complete Guide to Herbs and Spices: Remedies, Seasonings, and Ingredients to Improve Your Health and Enhance Your Life

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Archaeological evidence of pepper consumption in late medieval Northern Europe comes from excavations on the Danish-Norwegian flagship,

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and his expeditionary fleets returned with such a large amount of black pepper that the once-costly luxury became a common commodity.

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of the pepper plant. The drupes are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying. The heat ruptures

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or even currency. The taste for pepper (or the appreciation of its monetary value) was passed on to those who would see Rome fall.

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testifies to pepper's popularity in 13th-century China, when he relates what he is told of its consumption in the city of Kinsay (

1327:, who travelled east to India, as proof that "pepper was still being exported from India in the sixth century". By the end of the 6812: 6760: 5742: 5714: 3545: 1874: 1865: 5381: 3415: 1942:

Peppers, called the king of spices, are the dried berries of a tropical vine native to Kerala, which is India's major producer

7007: 6987: 6830: 5768: 5734: 3493: 3474: 3443: 3373: 3350: 3260: 3117: 3029: 2946: 2878: 2544: 2396: 2369: 1965: 1935: 6817: 4762: 1981: 7012: 6505: 5621: 5361: 4667: 286:, and is one of the most common spices added to cuisines around the world. Its spiciness is due to the chemical compound 2672:

H. J. D. Dorman; S. G. Deans (2000). "Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils".

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Processed peppercorns come in a variety of colours, any one of which may be used in food preparation, especially common

3538: 1899: 2502: 1193:, especially after Rome's conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE, open-ocean crossing of the Arabian Sea direct to Chera dynasty 741:, and the shoots are trimmed twice a year. On dry soils, the young plants require watering every other day during the 459:, where fully ripe red pepper berries are soaked in water for about a week so the flesh of the peppercorn softens and 7032: 7002: 4659: 3520: 2890: 2230:

Jaramillo, M. Alejandra; Manos (2001). "Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae)".

675: 235:(stonefruit) which is about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter (fresh and fully mature), dark red, and contains a 1561:"There's certainly too much pepper in that soup!". Alice said to herself, as well as she could for sneezing — 6843: 3093: 2027: 793:. Into the 19th century, the forests contained expansive wild pepper vines, as recorded by the Scottish physician 6786: 6583: 5896: 3285:

Collings, Emma R.; Alamar Gavidia, M. Carmen; Cools, Katherine; Redfern, Sally; Terry, Leon A. (February 2018).

1197:'s Malabar Coast was near routine. Details of this trading across the Indian Ocean have been passed down in the 6470: 5891: 5886: 5336: 1359: 1199: 6928: 1127:. In fact, the popularity of long pepper did not entirely decline until the discovery of the New World and of 48: 5871: 5866: 4813: 1870: 1797: 1496:

in the second century BCE, if poetic reports regarding an explorer named Tang Meng (唐蒙) are correct. Sent by

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Wilder Shores of Gastronomy: Twenty Years of the Best Food Writing from the Journal Petits Propos Culinaires

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Finlay, Robert (2008). "The Voyages of Zheng He: Ideology, State Power, and Maritime Trade in Ming China".

2720:"The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea" 2209: 17: 2143: 6661: 6656: 1998: 429: 278:

regions. Ground, dried, and cooked peppercorns have been used since antiquity, both for flavour and as a

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control. Once into the Mediterranean, the trade was largely monopolized by Italian powers, especially

6853: 6825: 2277: 2003: 1102:. Peppercorns were a much-prized trade good, often referred to as "black gold" and used as a form of 706: 5971: 5881: 5876: 5861: 5678: 5178: 4808: 4803: 4682: 4548: 4262: 2187: 2605:. Vol. III (New ed.). Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. p. 272f79. 761:

are collected and spread out to dry in the sun, then the peppercorns are stripped off the spikes.

595:("canelo" or "winter's bark") is used as a substitute for pepper in cold and temperate regions of 66: 6992: 6915: 6734: 6687: 6162: 5944: 3921: 2084: 2023: 2009: 1576: 1497: 1236: 396: 307: 3388: 3107: 2786: 7022: 6997: 6804: 6721: 6637: 6599: 6465: 6312: 6029: 5901: 5807: 5173: 4818: 3738: 3691: 3073:"Nutrition facts for black pepper, one tablespoon (6 g); USDA Nutrient Database, version SR-21" 2309:. Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2019 1809: 1468: 621: 3072: 3019: 2600: 1820: 1519:

In the third century CE, black pepper made its first definite appearance in Chinese texts, as

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leaves, but arguments have been made that it actually refers to pepper, either long or black.

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rituals shortly after his death in 1213 BCE. Little else is known about the use of pepper in

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province. The traditional view among historians is that "sauce-betel" is a sauce made from

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Black pepper was a well-known and widespread, if expensive, seasoning in the Roman Empire.

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granted Portugal exclusive rights to the half of the world where black pepper originated.

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The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of

1106:. The legacy of this trade remains in some Western legal systems that recognize the term " 752: 8: 6425: 6345: 6287: 6245: 6187: 5955: 5134: 4160: 4103: 4081: 3926: 1654: 1563: 634: 630: 349: 6902: 4267: 3287:"Effect of UV-C on the physiology and biochemical profile of fresh Piper nigrum berries" 2735: 1780:

used earlier for crushing pepper have remained a popular method for centuries, as well.

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to what is now south-west China, Tang Meng is said to have come across something called

1440:(who spoke Spanish and Italian) why they had come, his representative replied, "we seek 1230:

was now travelling a shorter trade route than long pepper, and the prices reflected it.

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Six variants of peppercorns (two types of white and two types of black, based on region)

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https://intracen.org/news-and-events/news/these-are-the-worlds-three-most-traded-spices

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since at least 2000 BCE. J. Innes Miller notes that while pepper was grown in southern

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was the world's largest producer and exporter of black peppercorns, producing 270,192

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Its exorbitant price during the Middle Ages – and the monopoly on the trade held by

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Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Spices: Modern Uses for Ancient Medicine

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cuisine of the wealthy and powerful, sometimes taking the place of China's native

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History of the Indian people. Life in ancient India in the age of the mantras

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U.S. Library of Congress Science Reference Services, "Everyday Mysteries",

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I season delicacies, the banquets of kings, and the luxuries of the table,

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Like many eastern spices, pepper was historically both a seasoning and a

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A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar

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Prof. George Menachery; Fr. Werner Chakkalakkal, CMI (10 January 2001).

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Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement

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Fresh, unpreserved green pepper drupes are used in some cuisines like

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Handheld pepper mills with black (left) and mixed (right) peppercorns

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became the first person to reach India by sailing around Africa (see

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resulted in wild pepper growing in more limited forest patches from

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Today, pepper accounts for one-fifth of the world's spice trade.

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tells us the prices in Rome around 77 CE: "Long pepper ... is 15

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Jirovetz, L; Buchbauer, G; Ngassoum, M. B.; Geissler, M (2002).

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Translation from Turner, p 94. The riddle's answer is of course

1567:(1865). Chapter VI: Pig and Pepper. Note the cook's pepper mill. 6700: 6322: 6298: 6256: 6156: 6084: 5923: 5905: 5763: 5724: 5719: 5497: 5483: 5228: 5144: 5039: 5030: 5020: 4999: 4962: 4933: 4928: 4867: 4859: 4845: 4822: 4494: 4449: 4389: 4346: 4287: 4232: 4195: 4115: 4110: 4071: 3968: 3958: 3879: 3841: 3781: 3771: 3645: 3633: 3623: 2329:"Karvy's special Reports — Seasonal Outlook Report Pepper" 2140: 1792: 1711: 1622: 1408: 1351: 1204: 1123:. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just 1095: 1075: 1023: 1019: 871: 810: 738: 571: 236: 1637:(6 grams) of ground black pepper contains moderate amounts of 1022:

or 36% of the world total (table). Other major producers were

6326: 6062: 6058: 6015: 5929: 5698: 5565: 5542: 5182: 5059: 4942: 4873: 4613: 4454: 4414: 4384: 4331: 4306: 4292: 4040: 4025: 3899: 3866: 3851: 3836: 3723: 3618: 3582: 2787:"Interim Report on Gribshunden (1495) Excavations: 2019–2021" 1695: 1694:. The outer fruit layer, left on black pepper, also contains 1607: 1513: 1493: 1160: 1099: 1087: 1039: 1031: 951: 911: 834: 790: 734: 596: 512: 417: 334: 283: 267: 232: 224: 216: 78: 2875:

The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition

2229: 1377:

Unless your bowels have been rattled by my gleaming marrow.

1331:, the central portions of the spice trade were firmly under 778:, it is most closely related to other Asian species such as 6261: 6095: 5840: 5786: 5747: 5438: 5401: 5269: 4351: 4066: 3696: 3686: 3567: 1646: 1472:

Pepper harvested for the European trade, from a manuscript

1320: 1168: 1132: 725: 303: 240: 208: 2671: 1742:(3,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydro-3α,8α-dimethyl-5α-(1-methylethenyl) 1504:

or "sauce-betel". He was told it came from the markets of

2170:. Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. Retrieved 2 December 2012. 806: 2977: 2385:

Aggarwal, Bharat B.; Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B. (2009).

1528:(the tongue-numbing dried fruit of an unrelated plant). 1373:

Both the sauces and the tenderized meats of the kitchen.

1211:

winds. Returning from India, the ships travelled up the

1155:

Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of

1070:, its most important source was India, particularly the 511:

peppercorns, also green, are unripe drupes preserved in

6146: 2474:"Pattanam richest Indo-Roman site on Indian Ocean rim." 1288:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

1215:, from where the cargo was carried overland or via the 478:. It finds occasional use in other cuisines in salads, 416:

Black pepper is produced from the still-green, unripe

290:, which is a different kind of spiciness from that of 3412:

An Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper

2334:. Karvy Comtrade Limited. 15 May 2008. Archived from 2032:. Madras: Srinivasa Varadachari & Co. p. 8. 2016: 1927:

Food Culture in India – Food culture around the world

603:, where it is easily found and readily available. In 4763: 3434:

McGee, Harold (2004). "Black Pepper and Relatives".

3206: 3109:

Sensory Evaluation of Food: Principles and Practices

2532: 2384: 1367:

I am black on the outside, clad in a wrinkled cover,

3398:. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). pp. 516–517. 3171: 2718:Larsson, Mikael; Foley, Brendan (26 January 2023). 2602:

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

3469:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 3–43. 3361: 2934: 2929: 1917: 1553:Traditional medicine, phytochemicals, and research 1226:With ships sailing directly to the Malabar coast, 3250: 2536:Ramses II, Egyptian Pharaoh, Warrior, and Builder 2499:Kodungallur – The Cradle of Christianity in India 2022: 1299:Pepper was so valuable that it was often used as 30:"Peppercorn" redirects here. For other uses, see 6979: 4504: 3438:(Revised ed.). Scribner. pp. 427–429. 2111:"Cleaner technology for white pepper production" 1993: 1991: 1989: 1375:But you will find in me no quality of any worth, 749:, selected both for yield and quality of fruit. 3106:Lawless, Harry T.; Heymann, Hildegarde (2010). 2565: 2563: 2275: 2178: 2176: 1738:(cheese). The aroma of pepper is attributed to 542: 3105: 1900:"What Are The Different Kinds of Peppercorns?" 1492:It is possible that black pepper was known in 710:Black pepper vine climbing on Jackfruit tree ( 619:, are sometimes used as pepper; the leaves of 4747: 3560: 3546: 3433: 3017: 2276:Manjunath Hegde, Bomnalli (19 October 2013). 1986: 1347:was funded in large part by the spice trade. 797:(also a botanist and geographer) in his book 298:. It is ubiquitous in the Western world as a 274:is extensively cultivated there and in other 3483: 3345:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2717: 2560: 2359: 2225: 2223: 2173: 1834:is a species in the family Primulaceae (the 3096:. Tis-gdv.de. Retrieved on 31 October 2012. 2578:From Bostock and Riley's 1855 translation. 2486: 2271: 2269: 1185:A Roman-era trade route from India to Italy 4761: 4754: 4740: 3553: 3539: 3174:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2985:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2432:"Artefacts from the lost Port of Muziris." 1960:. National Geographic Books. p. 236. 1930:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58. 1424:– was one of the inducements that led the 1058:and Southeast Asia, and has been known to 282:. Black pepper is the world's most traded 47: 3310: 2802: 2761: 2743: 2533:Stephanie Fitzgerald (8 September 2008). 2220: 2085:"Why Is Pepper Black? – Know Your Pantry" 3359: 2467: 2266: 1897: 1672: 1556: 1467: 1407: 1382:It is commonly believed that during the 1180: 751: 705: 466:Ground white pepper is commonly used in 389: 365:In the 16th century, people began using 223:), which is usually dried and used as a 3099: 2050: 1953: 1875:United States Department of Agriculture 1866:Germplasm Resources Information Network 1750:originally discovered in the tubers of 1681:Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from 1479:(The book of the marvels of Marco Polo) 1428:to seek a sea route to India. In 1498, 1294: 816: 56:Pepper plant with immature peppercorns 14: 6980: 3460: 3402: 3382: 3021:CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops 2902: 2598: 2422:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 80 2301: 2299: 2184:"Black Pepper Cultivation and Harvest" 1947: 1893: 1891: 1653:(18% DV), with trace amounts of other 6598: 6597: 4934:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) 4735: 3534: 3510: 3338: 3235: 2784: 2321: 1823:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject 1117:, the dried fruit of closely related 27:Ground fruit of the family Piperaceae 6854:f8bd5166-c528-4e28-8f9b-c00c5e3cbce2 3011: 2843:Dalby, pp. 74–75. The argument that 2391:. World Scientific. pp. 26–27. 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 1323:; Innes Miller cites the account of 1248:", and further moralizes on pepper: 1203:. According to the Greek geographer 6506:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 5622:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 5362:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 2872:; Cordier, Henri, Translation from 2539:. Compass Point Books. p. 88. 2420:The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire 2296: 2186:. Thompson Martinez. Archived from 1923: 1888: 1849: 1545:in the early 15th century, Admiral 1369:Yet within I bear a burning marrow. 24: 3486:Spice: The History of a Temptation 3291:Postharvest Biology and Technology 2785:Foley, Brendan (31 January 2024). 1898:Harrison, Paul (27 January 2016). 566:, plants from a different family ( 533: 306:and available on dining tables in 25: 7044: 3303:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.11.007 2905:Journal of the Historical Society 2070: 2053:"Where Do Peppercorns Come From?" 1575:. Pepper appears in the Buddhist 764:Black pepper is native either to 382:), which is not closely related. 251:(cooked and dried unripe fruit), 6929:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:682369-1 3053:Why does pepper make you sneeze? 3018:James A. Duke (16 August 1993). 2917:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2008.00250.x 2686:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x 1815: 1803: 1791: 1150: 1078:. The lost ancient port city of 964: 944: 924: 904: 884: 864: 844: 689: 674: 662: 650: 348:. The Greek likely derives from 65: 3331: 3278: 3244: 3200: 3165: 3126: 3087: 3065: 3045: 2971: 2962: 2923: 2896: 2863: 2854: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2778: 2711: 2674:Journal of Applied Microbiology 2665: 2656: 2643: 2630: 2617: 2592: 2572: 2526: 2517: 2444: 2425: 2412: 2378: 2353: 2202: 2153: 2133: 2121:from the original on 9 May 2008 2103: 2051:Higgins, Edward (25 May 2015). 1767:piperine into nearly tasteless 490: 450: 411: 394:Black, green, white, and pink ( 239:which encloses a single pepper 3917:Peppercorn (black/green/white) 2941:. Cambridge University Press. 2625:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 2495:"Cranganore: Past and Present" 2044: 1974: 1200:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1159:, placed there as part of the 1074:, in what is now the state of 822:Black pepper production, 2020 570:). As they are members of the 262:Black pepper is native to the 13: 1: 6580:Receptor/signaling modulators 4929:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) 3465:. In Prasad, Anshuman (ed.). 3368:. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. 3151:10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00376-x 3062:. Retrieved 12 November 2005. 2141:Using fresh green peppercorns 1871:Agricultural Research Service 1842: 1508:, an area in what is now the 1219:to the Nile River, barged to 7008:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 6988:Crops originating from India 2745:10.1371/journal.pone.0281010 2464:Frontline, 10–23 April 2010. 2360:Parthasarthy, V. A. (2008). 2150:. Retrieved 6 November 2005. 1924:Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). 1628: 543:Pink pepper and other plants 424:in the pepper, accelerating 385: 317: 7: 6208:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 5116:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 4986:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid 4814:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J2 3729:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm) 3139:Journal of Chromatography A 3112:. Springer. pp. 62–3. 2441:The Hindu. 3 December 2014. 1786: 669:Black and white peppercorns 302:, and is often paired with 32:Peppercorn (disambiguation) 10: 7049: 7013:Non-timber forest products 3251:Montagne, Prosper (2001). 3024:. CRC Press. p. 395. 2232:American Journal of Botany 1668: 1447:1494 Treaty of Tordesillas 1054:Black pepper is native to 1049: 29: 6606: 6573: 6376: 5849: 5838: 5818: 5795: 5784: 5756: 5707: 5696: 5574: 5410: 5399: 5324: 5278: 5267: 5207: 4786: 4775: 4693: 4652: 4375: 3865: 3651:Coriander leaf / Cilantro 3566: 3561:Culinary herbs and spices 3488:. London: Vintage Books. 3461:Prasad, Anshuman (2003). 2937:Buddhist Monastic Code II 2804:10.1163/16000390-09401052 2004:Oxford English Dictionary 1954:Hajeski, Nancy J (2016). 1621:Pepper is known to cause 1541:During the course of the 1189:By the time of the early 996: 785:Wild pepper grows in the 756:Single stem with flowers. 701: 362:shares the same meaning. 355:, meaning "long pepper". 345: 255:(dried unripe fruit), or 176: 169: 62:Scientific classification 60: 55: 46: 41: 7033:Plants described in 1753 7003:Medicinal plants of Asia 5193:Umbellularia californica 4549:Montreal steak seasoning 2599:Gibbon, Edward (1873) . 2146:4 September 2011 at the 2024:Srinivasa Iyengar, P. T. 1487: 1474:Livre des merveilles de 712:Artocarpus heterophyllus 696:Close-up of a peppercorn 617:relative of black pepper 564:Schinus terebinthifolius 6163:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine 5945:Andrographis paniculata 3511:Young, Gary K. (2001). 3403:Jaffee, Steven (2004). 3395:Encyclopædia Britannica 3360:Davidson, Alan (2002). 3255:. Hamlyn. p. 726. 3058:31 October 2022 at the 2479:13 January 2016 at the 2437:13 January 2016 at the 2278:"Meet the pepper queen" 2210:"Piper nigrum Linnaeus" 2166:5 December 2012 at the 2159:Katzer, Gernot (2006). 2115:The Hindu Business line 2010:Oxford University Press 1167:and how it reached the 801:(Volume III). However, 574:family, they may cause 558:, or its relative, the 397:Schinus terebinthifolia 247:, or more precisely as 6584:Ion channel modulators 6313:Tetrahydrocannabivarin 5808:Tripterygium wilfordii 5174:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol 4505: 3339:Dalby, Andrew (2002). 3253:Larousse Gastronomique 2483:The Hindu. 3 May 2009. 1678: 1568: 1480: 1417: 1380: 1265: 1186: 757: 718:The pepper plant is a 715: 622:Pseudowintera colorata 550:are the fruits of the 401: 6141:Lysophosphatidic acid 3484:Turner, Jack (2004). 3384:Holmes, Edward Morell 2585:23 March 2021 at the 1802:at Wikimedia Commons 1676: 1560: 1543:Ming treasure voyages 1471: 1436:); asked by Arabs in 1411: 1364: 1325:Cosmas Indicopleustes 1250: 1184: 755: 709: 582:, for persons with a 560:Brazilian pepper tree 393: 215:, cultivated for its 6521:Pregnenolone sulfate 6342:Euphorbia resinifera 6284:Euphorbia resinifera 6213:Phenylacetylrinvanil 6173:N-Oleoylethanolamide 6121:Homodihydrocapsaicin 5509:Pregnenolone sulfate 5372:Pregnenolone sulfate 5179:Thiopropanal S-oxide 5164:Tetrahydrocannabinol 4852:Allyl isothiocyanate 4400:Beau monde seasoning 3765:Limnophila aromatica 3513:Rome's Eastern Trade 2933:(30 November 1990). 2456:23 July 2021 at the 2284:. No. Bangalore 2012:. 1913. p. 663. 1573:traditional medicine 1358:, a seventh-century 1343:. The rise of these 1295:Postclassical Europe 1228:Malabar black pepper 817:Production and trade 552:Peruvian pepper tree 280:traditional medicine 259:(ripe fruit seeds). 6426:Cannabigerolic acid 6188:Nordihydrocapsaicin 6149:(acidic conditions) 4524:Jamaican jerk spice 4146:Japanese pricklyash 3436:On Food and Cooking 3209:J. Agric. Food Chem 2736:2023PLoSO..1881010L 2505:on 23 December 2013 2451:"Muziris, at last?" 2362:Chemistry of spices 1726:(pig manure-like), 1655:essential nutrients 1564:Alice in Wonderland 1360:Bishop of Sherborne 823: 772:. Within the genus 476:Portuguese cuisines 6389:Vernonia tweediana 5968:African blue basil 5940:Bisandrographolide 5526:Steviol glycosides 5479:Hydroxycitronellal 5225:Dehydroligustilide 5045:Angelica acutiloba 4959:Dehydroligustilide 4500:Herbes de Provence 4131:Grains of paradise 3994:Crushed red pepper 3708:Houttuynia cordata 3075:. Conde Nast. 2014 2931:Thanissaro Bhikkhu 2881:9 May 2008 at the 2791:Acta Archaeologica 2341:on 30 January 2018 2089:knowyourpantry.com 1828:False black pepper 1720:beta-caryophyllene 1716:alpha-phellandrene 1679: 1577:Samaññaphala Sutta 1569: 1481: 1418: 1217:Nile-Red Sea canal 1187: 821: 758: 716: 683:Kampot peppercorns 576:allergic reactions 402: 294:characteristic of 6975: 6974: 6875:Open Tree of Life 6600:Taxon identifiers 6591: 6590: 6569: 6568: 6501:Meclofenamic acid 6307:melegueta peppers 6178:Nonivamide (PAVA) 5914:melegueta peppers 5834: 5833: 5780: 5779: 5692: 5691: 5612:Meclofenamic acid 5535:Stevia rebaudiana 5395: 5394: 5357:Meclofenamic acid 5263: 5262: 5153:melegueta peppers 5126:Phenacyl chloride 5081:N-Methylmaleimide 5071:Methyl salicylate 5016:Hydrogen peroxide 4969:Diallyl disulfide 4831:melegueta peppers 4729: 4728: 4701:Chinese herbology 4579:Pumpkin pie spice 4559:Old Bay Seasoning 4519:Italian seasoning 4465:Five-spice powder 3767:(rice-paddy herb) 3610:Indian bay leaf ( 3495:978-0-375-70705-6 3476:978-1-4039-8229-2 3445:978-0-684-80001-1 3375:978-1-58008-417-8 3352:978-0-520-23674-5 3262:978-0-600-60235-4 3221:10.1021/jf800184t 3215:(10): 3745–3748. 3186:10.1021/jf050604s 3180:(15): 6056–6060. 3119:978-1-4419-6488-5 3031:978-0-8493-3620-1 2997:10.1021/jf300036a 2991:(11): 2884–2895. 2948:978-0-521-36708-0 2885:, Vol. 2, Dover. 2546:978-0-7565-3836-1 2460:R. Krishnakumar, 2418:J. Innes Miller, 2398:978-981-283-791-2 2371:978-1-84593-405-7 2117:. 27 March 2008. 2091:. 22 October 2021 1967:978-1-4262-1588-9 1937:978-0-313-32487-1 1796:Media related to 1778:mortar and pestle 1329:Early Middle Ages 1012: 1011: 1007: 369:to also mean the 231:. The fruit is a 193: 192: 16:(Redirected from 7040: 6968: 6967: 6955: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6932: 6931: 6919: 6918: 6906: 6905: 6893: 6892: 6883: 6882: 6870: 6869: 6857: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6834: 6833: 6821: 6820: 6808: 6807: 6795: 6794: 6782: 6781: 6769: 6768: 6756: 6755: 6743: 6742: 6730: 6729: 6717: 6716: 6704: 6703: 6691: 6690: 6678: 6677: 6665: 6664: 6652: 6651: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6595: 6594: 6436:Cannabigerovarin 6168:N-Oleoyldopamine 6074:Euodia ruticarpa 6040:Dihydrocapsaicin 5847: 5846: 5843: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5449:Cooling Agent 10 5408: 5407: 5404: 5276: 5275: 5272: 4794:4-Hydroxynonenal 4784: 4783: 4780: 4765: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4510: 4317:Tasmanian pepper 4298:Sichuan pepper ( 4253:Pomegranate seed 4067:Dill / Dill seed 3922:Brazilian pepper 3885:Alligator pepper 3639:garlic / Chinese 3555: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3507: 3480: 3457: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3414:. Archived from 3409: 3399: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3356: 3342:Dangerous Tastes 3325: 3324: 3314: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2940: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2900: 2894: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2747: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2596: 2590: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2501:. Archived from 2490: 2484: 2471: 2465: 2462:www.frontline.in 2448: 2442: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2273: 2264: 2263: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2190:on 9 August 2014 2180: 2171: 2157: 2151: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2081: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2057:Farmers' Almanac 2048: 2042: 2041: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1995: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1853: 1819: 1808:Data related to 1807: 1795: 1753:Cyperus rotundus 1734:(phenolic), and 1730:(horse manure), 1602:Pepper contains 1599:, among others. 1434:Age of Discovery 1396:salt-cured meats 1278:De re coquinaria 1263: 998: 970: 968: 967: 950: 948: 947: 930: 928: 927: 910: 908: 907: 890: 888: 887: 870: 868: 867: 850: 848: 847: 838: 824: 820: 795:Francis Buchanan 693: 678: 666: 654: 643:field pennycress 635:shepherd's purse 631:least pepperwort 627:field pepperwort 584:tree nut allergy 548:Pink peppercorns 432:during drying. 406:peppercorn sauce 347: 182: 70: 69: 51: 39: 38: 21: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7037: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6963: 6958: 6950: 6948: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6914: 6909: 6901: 6896: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6873: 6865: 6862:Observation.org 6860: 6852: 6850: 6842: 6837: 6829: 6824: 6816: 6811: 6803: 6798: 6790: 6785: 6777: 6772: 6764: 6759: 6751: 6746: 6738: 6733: 6725: 6720: 6712: 6707: 6699: 6694: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6668: 6660: 6655: 6647: 6645: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6565: 6556:Tolfenamic acid 6476:Flufenamic acid 6372: 6279:Resiniferatoxin 6272:Ruta graveolens 6035:Diacyl glycerol 5830: 5814: 5776: 5772: 5752: 5738: 5688: 5674:Tolfenamic acid 5667:Ruta graveolens 5607:Flufenamic acid 5570: 5519:Ruta graveolens 5430:(intracellular) 5391: 5387:Tolfenamic acid 5342:Flufenamic acid 5320: 5296:Diacyl glycerol 5259: 5203: 4889:Cannabichromene 4799:4-Oxo-2-nonenal 4771: 4760: 4730: 4725: 4689: 4648: 4624:Tandoori masala 4371: 4248:Peruvian pepper 4136:Grains of Selim 4121:Aromatic ginger 4054:Bunium persicum 3861: 3562: 3559: 3529: 3523: 3496: 3477: 3446: 3424: 3422: 3421:on 3 March 2016 3418: 3407: 3376: 3353: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3283: 3279: 3263: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3205: 3201: 3170: 3166: 3145:(1–2): 265–75. 3131: 3127: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3060:Wayback Machine 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3012: 2976: 2972: 2968:Turner, p. 160. 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2928: 2924: 2901: 2897: 2883:Wayback Machine 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2783: 2779: 2730:(1): e0281010. 2716: 2712: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2638:The Spice Trade 2635: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2597: 2593: 2587:Wayback Machine 2577: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2481:Wayback Machine 2472: 2468: 2458:Wayback Machine 2449: 2445: 2439:Wayback Machine 2430: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2274: 2267: 2244:10.2307/2657072 2228: 2221: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2168:Wayback Machine 2158: 2154: 2148:Wayback Machine 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2049: 2045: 2021: 2017: 1997: 1996: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1896: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1836:primrose family 1814:at Wikispecies 1789: 1746:-1(2H)-one), a 1671: 1631: 1555: 1490: 1412:A depiction of 1379: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1297: 1264: 1260:Natural History 1257: 1237:Natural History 1232:Pliny the Elder 1175:of South Asia. 1153: 1108:peppercorn rent 1104:commodity money 1052: 1008: 992: 978: 965: 963: 958: 945: 943: 938: 925: 923: 918: 905: 903: 898: 885: 883: 878: 865: 863: 858: 845: 843: 832: 831: 819: 704: 697: 694: 685: 679: 670: 667: 658: 655: 607:, the seeds of 545: 536: 534:Red peppercorns 493: 484:mashed potatoes 453: 414: 388: 320: 189: 184: 178: 165: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7046: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6993:Essential oils 6990: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6965:wfo-0000486494 6956: 6946: 6933: 6920: 6907: 6894: 6884: 6871: 6858: 6848: 6835: 6822: 6809: 6796: 6783: 6770: 6757: 6744: 6731: 6718: 6705: 6692: 6679: 6666: 6653: 6643: 6628: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6589: 6588: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6433: 6423: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6355: 6350: 6334: 6320: 6310: 6292: 6276: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6246:Dorrigo pepper 6239: 6225: 6218:Phorbol esters 6215: 6210: 6205: 6195: 6185: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6128: 6118: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6078: 6066: 6052: 6047: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6005: 5995: 5988:Cannabidivarin 5985: 5975: 5956:camphor laurel 5949: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5917: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5799: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5624: 5619: 5617:Mefenamic acid 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5539: 5523: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5310:St John's wort 5303: 5298: 5293: 5290:St John's wort 5282: 5280: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5176: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5138: 5135:Dorrigo pepper 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5093: 5083: 5078: 5068: 5063: 5056:Sichuan pepper 5049: 5033: 5028: 5026:Isothiocyanate 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4971: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4919:Cinnamaldehyde 4916: 4906: 4896: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4849: 4839: 4834: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4772: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4694:Related topics 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4554:Mulling spices 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4430:Cinnamon sugar 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4342:Voatsiperifery 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4047:Nigella sativa 4038: 4033: 4031:Coriander seed 4028: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3580: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3521: 3508: 3494: 3481: 3475: 3458: 3444: 3431: 3400: 3389:"Pepper" 3380: 3374: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3277: 3261: 3243: 3241:McGee, p. 428. 3234: 3199: 3164: 3125: 3118: 3098: 3086: 3064: 3044: 3030: 3010: 2970: 2961: 2947: 2922: 2895: 2862: 2853: 2836: 2834:Jaffee, p. 10. 2827: 2818: 2797:(1): 132–145. 2777: 2710: 2664: 2655: 2642: 2636:Innes Miller, 2629: 2616: 2591: 2571: 2559: 2545: 2525: 2516: 2485: 2466: 2443: 2424: 2411: 2397: 2377: 2370: 2352: 2320: 2295: 2265: 2219: 2214:Flora of China 2201: 2172: 2152: 2132: 2102: 2069: 2043: 2015: 1985: 1973: 1966: 1946: 1936: 1916: 1887: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1788: 1785: 1732:3-methylphenol 1728:4-methylphenol 1724:3-methylindole 1698:-contributing 1670: 1667: 1649:(10% DV), and 1630: 1627: 1604:phytochemicals 1554: 1551: 1526:Sichuan pepper 1489: 1486: 1365: 1307:, king of the 1296: 1293: 1255: 1195:southern India 1152: 1149: 1060:Indian cooking 1051: 1048: 1010: 1009: 1005:United Nations 997: 994: 993: 988: 986: 980: 979: 976: 974: 960: 959: 956: 954: 940: 939: 936: 934: 920: 919: 916: 914: 900: 899: 896: 894: 880: 879: 876: 874: 860: 859: 856: 854: 840: 839: 828: 818: 815: 766:Southeast Asia 703: 700: 699: 698: 695: 688: 686: 680: 673: 671: 668: 661: 659: 656: 649: 613:Piper excelsum 592:Drimys winteri 544: 541: 535: 532: 497:sulfur dioxide 492: 489: 480:light-coloured 452: 449: 413: 410: 387: 384: 319: 316: 272:Malabar pepper 211:in the family 191: 190: 185: 174: 173: 167: 166: 162:P. nigrum 159: 157: 153: 152: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 108: 107: 102: 95: 94: 89: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7045: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7023:Piper (plant) 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998:Indian spices 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6572: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536:Ruthenium red 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Niflumic acid 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6384:α-Spinasterol 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6111:Homocapsaicin 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6024:wild bergamot 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5972:camphor basil 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5837: 5827: 5826:Ruthenium red 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5695: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657:Ruthenium red 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637:Niflumic acid 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557:; indirectly) 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5464:Frescolat MGA 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Niflumic acid 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5256: 5255:Ruthenium red 5253: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066:Methylglyoxal 5064: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4939:Cuminaldehyde 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4594:Ras el hanout 4592: 4590: 4589:Quatre épices 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4529:Khmeli suneli 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Garlic powder 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410:Bouquet garni 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4176:Litsea cubeba 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Juniper berry 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3954:Celery powder 3952: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3759:Lemon verbena 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3524: 3522:0-415-24219-3 3518: 3515:. Routledge. 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2891:0-486-27587-6 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2860:Dalby, p. 77. 2857: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2831: 2825:Prasad, p. 3. 2822: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680:(2): 308–16. 2679: 2675: 2668: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2569:Young, p. 25. 2566: 2564: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2523:Dalby, p. 93. 2520: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2283: 2282:Deccan Herald 2279: 2272: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238:(4): 706–16. 2237: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1905: 1904:Food Republic 1901: 1894: 1892: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1837: 1833: 1832:Embelia ribes 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748:sesquiterpene 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692:chili peppers 1689: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1663:dietary fibre 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1463:Iberian Union 1460: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Vasco da Gama 1427: 1423: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356:Saint Aldhelm 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319:and then the 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1283:Edward Gibbon 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1173:Malabar Coast 1170: 1166: 1165:ancient Egypt 1162: 1161:mummification 1158: 1151:Ancient times 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:chili peppers 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Malabar Coast 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1006: 1002: 995: 991: 987: 985: 982: 981: 975: 973: 962: 961: 955: 953: 942: 941: 935: 933: 922: 921: 915: 913: 902: 901: 895: 893: 882: 881: 875: 873: 862: 861: 855: 853: 842: 841: 836: 829: 826: 825: 814: 812: 808: 804: 803:deforestation 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:Western Ghats 783: 781: 777: 776: 771: 767: 762: 754: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 730: 727: 724: 721: 713: 708: 692: 687: 684: 677: 672: 665: 660: 653: 648: 647: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568:Anacardiaceae 565: 561: 557: 556:Schinus molle 553: 549: 540: 531: 529: 528:Tamil cuisine 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:freeze-drying 502: 498: 488: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 448: 446: 442: 441:essential oil 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 409: 407: 400:) peppercorns 399: 398: 392: 383: 381: 380: 375: 372: 368: 363: 361: 358: 354: 351: 343: 339: 336: 332: 329: 326:derives from 325: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:chili peppers 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 264:Malabar Coast 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 202: 197: 188: 183: 181: 175: 172: 171:Binomial name 168: 164: 163: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92:Tracheophytes 90: 87: 84: 83: 80: 77: 74: 73: 68: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 42:Black pepper 40: 37: 33: 19: 7018:Pepper trade 6890:Piper_nigrum 6638:Piper nigrum 6608:Piper nigrum 6607: 6576: 6575: 6416:Cannabigerol 6387: 6340: 6282: 6270: 6232:black pepper 6231: 6192:chili pepper 6125:chili pepper 6115:chili pepper 6106:Hepoxilin B3 6101:Hepoxilin A3 6072: 6044:chili pepper 6002:chili pepper 5943: 5806: 5665: 5592:Clotrimazole 5533: 5517: 5469:Frescolat ML 5377:Progesterone 5286:Adhyperforin 5199:WIN 55,212-2 5192: 5043: 5011:Hepoxilin B3 5006:Hepoxilin A3 4977: 4909:Cannabigerol 4574:Powder-douce 4564:Panch phoron 4534:Lemon pepper 4470:Garam masala 4460:Fines herbes 4440:Curry powder 4420:Chaat masala 4299: 4278:Sarsaparilla 4238:Onion powder 4186:Mango-ginger 4052: 4045: 3979:Chili powder 3916: 3764: 3754:Lemon myrtle 3711: 3707: 3662: 3661:Vietnamese ( 3611: 3575: 3512: 3485: 3466: 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3416:the original 3411: 3393: 3363: 3341: 3332:Bibliography 3294: 3290: 3280: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3108: 3101: 3089: 3077:. Retrieved 3067: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3020: 3013: 2988: 2984: 2981:Piper nigrum 2980: 2973: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2936: 2925: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2849:Piper nigrum 2848: 2844: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2705: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2658: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2624: 2623:J. Norwich, 2619: 2601: 2594: 2574: 2550:. Retrieved 2535: 2528: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2503:the original 2498: 2488: 2469: 2461: 2446: 2427: 2419: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2387: 2380: 2364:. CABI Pub. 2361: 2355: 2343:. Retrieved 2336:the original 2323: 2311:. Retrieved 2286:. Retrieved 2281: 2235: 2231: 2213: 2204: 2192:. Retrieved 2188:the original 2155: 2135: 2123:. Retrieved 2114: 2105: 2093:. Retrieved 2088: 2060:. Retrieved 2056: 2046: 2028: 2018: 2002: 1976: 1956: 1949: 1941: 1926: 1919: 1907:. Retrieved 1903: 1878:. Retrieved 1864: 1859:Piper nigrum 1858: 1851: 1835: 1831: 1811:Piper nigrum 1810: 1799:Piper nigrum 1798: 1790: 1782: 1773:pepper mills 1769:isochavicine 1762: 1758:Shiraz wines 1751: 1736:butyric acid 1702:, including 1680: 1641:(13% of the 1632: 1620: 1616:pyrrolidines 1606:, including 1601: 1581:constipation 1570: 1562: 1540: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1501: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1451: 1419: 1400: 1381: 1366: 1354:authored by 1349: 1315:, first the 1298: 1286: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1259: 1251: 1235: 1225: 1198: 1191:Roman Empire 1188: 1177: 1154: 1124: 1120:Piper longum 1118: 1112: 1084:Roman Empire 1053: 1013: 989: 983: 798: 784: 779: 773: 763: 759: 731: 717: 711: 620: 612: 590: 589:The bark of 588: 578:, including 563: 555: 546: 537: 524:Thai cuisine 521: 494: 491:Green pepper 482:sauces, and 465: 454: 451:White pepper 434: 415: 412:Black pepper 403: 395: 377: 374:chili pepper 366: 364: 359: 352: 337: 330: 323: 321: 261: 257:white pepper 256: 253:green pepper 252: 249:black pepper 248: 244: 220: 201:Piper nigrum 200: 199: 196:Black pepper 195: 194: 180:Piper nigrum 179: 177: 161: 160: 148: 111: 98: 85: 36: 18:White pepper 6903:kew-2569664 6774:iNaturalist 6632:Wikispecies 6551:Tivanisiran 6456:Capsazepine 6368:Zucapsaicin 6236:long pepper 6202:Pacific yew 6091:GSK1016790A 5978:Cannabidiol 5964:camphorweed 5652:RQ-00203078 5647:PF-05105679 5587:Capsazepine 5352:GSK2293017A 5316:Substance P 5301:GSK1702934A 5250:PF-04745637 5189:Umbellulone 5110:Pacific yew 5096:Oleocanthal 5075:wintergreen 5036:Ligustilide 4899:Cannabidiol 4864:horseradish 4673:Bangladeshi 4604:Sharena sol 4599:Recado rojo 4584:Qâlat daqqa 4544:Mixed spice 4480:Garlic salt 4445:Doubanjiang 4181:Long pepper 4141:Horseradish 3959:Celery seed 3832:Sanshō leaf 3749:Lemon grass 3297:: 161–165. 2870:Yule, Henry 2580:Text online 1909:21 November 1643:daily value 1612:piperidines 1403:Gribshunden 1388:luxury item 1384:Middle Ages 1345:city-states 1313:spice trade 1157:Ramesses II 1115:long pepper 1092:Mesopotamia 639:horseradish 605:New Zealand 580:anaphylaxis 428:that cause 328:Old English 105:Angiosperms 6982:Categories 6898:Plant List 6446:Cannabinol 6346:pooissonii 6337:Tinyatoxin 6288:pooissonii 6252:Probenecid 6242:Polygodial 6198:Paclitaxel 6182:PAVA spray 6069:Evodiamine 6020:pepperwort 5935:Anandamide 5902:α-Sanshool 5850:Activators 5803:Triptolide 5796:Activators 5708:Activators 5684:TRPM4-IN-5 5602:Elismetrep 5530:stevioside 5458:eucalyptus 5454:Eucalyptol 5418:ADP-ribose 5411:Activators 5347:GSK417651A 5306:Hyperforin 5279:Activators 5159:Tear gases 5131:Polygodial 5121:PF-4840154 5106:Paclitaxel 4974:Dicentrine 4884:Bradykinin 4819:α-Sanshool 4787:Activators 4769:modulators 4711:Marination 4706:Herbal tea 4668:Australian 4664:By region 4639:Yuzu koshō 4629:Thuna paha 4569:Persillade 4322:Tonka bean 4258:Poppy seed 4166:Dried lime 4089:Fingerroot 4004:New Mexico 3912:Asafoetida 3744:Lemon balm 3702:Hoja santa 3682:Curry leaf 3425:27 October 3079:25 October 3037:29 January 2954:29 January 2911:(3): 337. 2552:29 January 2345:29 January 2288:22 January 2125:29 January 1843:References 1718:(9%), and 1704:germacrene 1635:tablespoon 1597:toothaches 1532:Marco Polo 1498:Emperor Wu 1476:Marco Polo 1442:Christians 1426:Portuguese 1301:collateral 1285:wrote, in 1221:Alexandria 1145:Madagascar 1056:South Asia 830:Production 789:region of 780:P. caninum 770:South Asia 743:dry season 681:Dried red 461:decomposes 445:extraction 437:melanoidin 422:cell walls 270:, and the 221:peppercorn 213:Piperaceae 138:Piperaceae 118:Magnoliids 6740:200005581 6727:200005581 6577:See also: 6561:TRPV3-74a 6546:SB-705498 6541:SB-366791 6491:Lanthanum 6486:HC-067047 6406:Asivatrep 6267:Rutamarin 6131:Incensole 6081:Gingerols 6050:Estradiol 6026:, others) 6008:Carvacrol 5998:Capsaicin 5892:13-oxoODE 5882:12S-HpETE 5862:5',6'-EET 5662:Rutamarin 5561:Thio-BCTC 5514:Rutamarin 5444:Coolact P 5235:HC-030031 5100:olive oil 4996:Gingerols 4809:12S-HpETE 4721:Spice rub 4716:Seasoning 4683:Pakistani 4514:Idli podi 4485:Gochujang 4435:Crab boil 4352:Yuzu zest 4283:Sassafras 4171:Liquorice 4077:Fenugreek 4014:Cultivars 2893:. p. 204. 2813:0065-101X 2754:1932-6203 2611:669186315 2038:613210854 1765:transform 1740:rotundone 1690:found in 1688:capsaicin 1651:manganese 1639:vitamin K 1629:Nutrition 1589:abscesses 1309:Visigoths 1246:sesterces 1171:from the 1036:Sri Lanka 1028:Indonesia 1014:In 2020, 932:Sri Lanka 892:Indonesia 747:cultivars 720:perennial 601:Argentina 386:Varieties 371:New World 350:Dravidian 322:The word 318:Etymology 300:seasoning 292:capsaicin 229:seasoning 206:flowering 156:Species: 128:Piperales 75:Kingdom: 6942:25000013 6937:Tropicos 6887:PalDat: 6805:11097708 6792:682369-1 6617:Wikidata 6511:NGD-8243 6496:Mavatrep 6481:GRC-6211 6450:cannabis 6440:cannabis 6430:cannabis 6420:cannabis 6401:AMG-9810 6377:Blockers 6358:Vanillin 6353:Tramadol 6317:cannabis 6295:Shogaols 6228:Piperine 5992:cannabis 5982:cannabis 5960:rosemary 5877:12S-HETE 5872:9-oxoODE 5819:Blockers 5769:PI(4,5)P 5757:Blockers 5735:PI(3,5)P 5642:Ononetin 5627:Nicotine 5575:Blockers 5551:fructose 5543:tastants 5489:Linalool 5474:Geraniol 5434:CIM-0216 5325:Blockers 5240:Nicotine 5215:A-967079 5208:Blockers 5168:cannabis 5141:Shogaols 5086:Nicotine 5052:Linalool 4991:Formalin 4953:turmeric 4949:Curcumin 4923:cinnamon 4913:cannabis 4903:cannabis 4893:cannabis 4879:ASP-7663 4837:Acrolein 4660:Culinary 4634:Vadouvan 4609:Shichimi 4507:Húng lìu 4327:Turmeric 4312:Tamarind 4161:Korarima 4094:Galangal 4062:Deulkkae 4021:Cinnamon 3999:Jalapeño 3989:Chipotle 3937:Cardamom 3890:Allspice 3857:Woodruff 3847:Tarragon 3812:Rosemary 3777:Marjoram 3739:Lavender 3734:Kkaennip 3672:Culantro 3656:Bolivian 3605:Bay leaf 3577:Angelica 3504:61213802 3454:56590708 3386:(1885). 3321:29398783 3271:47231315 3229:18461962 3194:16028995 3159:12462618 3056:Archived 3005:22352449 2879:Archived 2772:36701280 2724:PLOS ONE 2702:21788355 2694:10736000 2583:Archived 2477:Archived 2454:Archived 2435:Archived 2404:28 March 2313:25 March 2260:11302858 2164:Archived 2144:Archived 2119:Archived 2026:(1912). 1999:"Pepper" 1787:See also 1708:limonene 1700:terpenes 1683:piperine 1645:or DV), 1623:sneezing 1585:insomnia 1547:Zheng He 1536:Hangzhou 1457:and the 1392:piperine 1317:Persians 1256:— 1068:Malaysia 1064:Thailand 1044:Malaysia 999:Source: 972:Malaysia 827:Country 609:kawakawa 430:browning 379:Capsicum 357:Sanskrit 288:piperine 276:tropical 134:Family: 6826:MoBotPF 6753:3086357 6683:Ecocrop 6531:RN-9893 6526:RN-1734 6396:AMG-517 6362:vanilla 6331:oregano 6303:Sichuan 6281:(RTX) ( 6257:Protons 6220:(e.g., 6153:Menthol 6135:incense 6055:Eugenol 6012:oregano 5952:Camphor 5920:Allicin 5910:Sichuan 5897:20-HETE 5887:13-HODE 5730:ML2-SA1 5631:tobacco 5582:AMG-333 5555:sucrose 5547:glucose 5545:(e.g., 5528:(e.g., 5494:Menthol 5428:Calcium 5244:tobacco 5220:AM-0902 5149:Sichuan 5090:tobacco 4979:Lindera 4856:mustard 4842:Allicin 4827:Sichuan 4804:4,5-EET 4766:channel 4644:Za'atar 4539:Mitmita 4490:Harissa 4405:Berbere 4395:Baharat 4362:Zereshk 4357:Zedoary 4337:Vanilla 4300:huājiāo 4273:Saffron 4263:Radhuni 4243:Paprika 4228:Njangsa 4223:Nigella 4201:Mustard 4099:greater 4009:Tabasco 3984:Cayenne 3964:Charoli 3932:Caraway 3927:Camphor 3895:Amchoor 3807:Perilla 3802:Parsley 3797:Oregano 3792:Mitsuba 3787:Mugwort 3712:giấp cá 3692:Epazote 3663:rau răm 3629:Chervil 3312:5727672 3275:"Mill". 2845:jujiang 2763:9879437 2732:Bibcode 2640:, p. 83 2252:2657072 2139:Ochef, 1880:2 March 1744:azulene 1714:(10%), 1710:(10%), 1706:(11%), 1669:Flavour 1659:protein 1593:sunburn 1587:, oral 1510:Sichuan 1502:jujiang 1459:English 1438:Calicut 1414:Calicut 1333:Islamic 1273:Apicius 1258:Pliny, 1242:denarii 1213:Red Sea 1209:monsoon 1141:Sumatra 1080:Muziris 1066:and in 1050:History 1016:Vietnam 1003:of the 1001:FAOSTAT 990:747,644 877:114,749 857:270,192 852:Vietnam 517:vinegar 509:Pickled 501:canning 468:Chinese 457:retting 426:enzymes 376:(genus 360:pippali 353:pippali 308:shakers 204:) is a 144:Genus: 124:Order: 79:Plantae 7028:Spices 6952:447505 6949:uBio: 6911:PLANTS 6880:472526 6867:350920 6851:NZOR: 6831:285067 6701:596620 6662:486581 6649:114949 6646:APDB: 6623:Q43084 6471:DHEA-S 6323:Thymol 6299:ginger 6222:4α-PDD 6085:ginger 5924:garlic 5906:ginger 5867:9-HODE 5764:ML-SI3 5725:ML-SA1 5720:MK6-83 5541:Sweet 5504:PMD 38 5484:Icilin 5337:DHEA-S 5229:celery 5145:ginger 5040:celery 5031:JT-010 5021:Icilin 5000:ginger 4963:celery 4868:wasabi 4860:radish 4846:garlic 4823:ginger 4678:Indian 4495:Hawaij 4450:Douchi 4425:Chaunk 4390:Advieh 4385:Adjika 4377:Blends 4347:Wasabi 4288:Sesame 4233:Nutmeg 4196:Mahleb 4191:Mastic 4126:Golpar 4116:Ginger 4111:Garlic 4104:lesser 4072:Fennel 3969:Chenpi 3949:Cassia 3880:Ajwain 3875:Aonori 3867:Spices 3842:Sorrel 3827:Savory 3772:Lovage 3719:Hyssop 3646:Cicely 3634:Chives 3624:Borage 3612:tejpat 3519: 3502: 3492: 3473: 3452: 3442: 3372: 3349: 3319: 3309: 3269: 3259: 3227: 3192: 3157: 3116: 3094:Pepper 3028: 3003: 2983:L.)". 2945: 2889: 2811: 2770: 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4041:Cumin 4036:Cubeb 4026:Clove 3974:Chili 3942:black 3900:Anise 3852:Thyme 3837:Shiso 3724:Jimbu 3677:Cress 3619:Boldo 3598:Lemon 3583:Basil 3568:Herbs 3419:(PDF) 3408:(PDF) 2698:S2CID 2627:, 134 2339:(PDF) 2332:(PDF) 2248:JSTOR 2062:2 May 2006:(OED) 1696:aroma 1514:betel 1494:China 1488:China 1455:Dutch 1341:Genoa 1321:Arabs 1262:12.14 1137:Sunda 1125:piper 1100:Yemen 1088:Egypt 1040:China 1032:India 984:World 952:China 912:India 791:India 775:Piper 735:mulch 723:woody 615:), a 597:Chile 513:brine 503:, or 418:drupe 342:Greek 338:piper 335:Latin 331:pipor 312:mills 284:spice 268:India 237:stone 233:drupe 225:spice 219:(the 217:fruit 149:Piper 112:Clade 99:Clade 86:Clade 6924:POWO 6839:NCBI 6813:ITIS 6787:IPNI 6761:GRIN 6748:GBIF 6709:EPPO 6688:1714 6657:BOLD 6466:DHEA 6411:BCTC 6305:and 6262:RhTx 6157:mint 6145:Low 6096:Heat 6030:DHEA 5912:and 5841:TRPV 5787:TRPP 5748:SN-2 5679:TPPO 5498:mint 5439:Cold 5423:BCTC 5402:TRPM 5382:Pyr3 5270:TRPC 5151:and 4829:and 4778:TRPA 4367:Zest 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