223:
173:
205:
189:
20:
1798:
222:
368:
AlluĂ©, Ethel; Cáceres, Isabel; ExpĂłsito, Isabel; Canals, Antoni; RodrĂguez, Anna; Rosell, Jordi; BermĂşdez de Castro, JosĂ© MarĂa; Carbonell, Eudald (2015). "Celtis remains from the Lower
Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain)".
1628:
1633:
522:
Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007).
204:
172:
84:(also called the "kernel"). The hardened endocarp which constitutes the pyrene provides a protective physical barrier around the seed, shielding it from
1766:
1684:
188:
1500:
154:
of the endocarp. The biomineralisation of pyrenes during the life of the plant can aid the preservation of fruit remains in
409:"Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies"
1690:
478:
Messager, Erwan; Badou, Aïcha; Fröhlich, François; Deniaux, Brigitte; Lordkipanidze, David; Voinchet, Pierre (2010).
585:
1024:
479:
1505:
955:
38:
This article is about fruitstones. For the organelle within the chloroplast of some algae and hornworts, see
1674:
1261:
776:
1756:
1510:
1490:
1640:
461:
1778:
1623:
673:
19:
50:
43:
1822:
1608:
1532:
1337:
1773:
1495:
1392:
1347:
1019:
578:
535:
494:
378:
230:
995:
8:
1665:
1210:
112:
539:
498:
382:
1603:
1468:
1246:
938:
724:
620:
551:
510:
443:
408:
212:
1761:
610:
605:
514:
448:
430:
151:
73:
27:, illustrating the layers of both the fruit and the seed; the pyrene is the hardened
555:
1547:
1453:
1448:
1402:
1295:
1280:
1241:
1166:
1007:
931:
828:
770:
543:
523:
502:
438:
420:
386:
143:
1342:
1827:
1801:
1783:
1645:
1474:
1424:
1412:
1374:
1310:
1137:
1105:
1066:
1039:
868:
863:
754:
690:
571:
1695:
1660:
1613:
1595:
1559:
1315:
1142:
1120:
1086:
1061:
1044:
1034:
1029:
911:
729:
714:
668:
663:
131:
547:
506:
390:
1816:
1731:
1479:
1397:
1369:
1332:
1300:
1236:
1205:
1156:
1056:
858:
841:
764:
744:
685:
680:
628:
434:
139:
116:
425:
1726:
1716:
1618:
1327:
836:
803:
452:
1542:
1527:
1522:
1458:
1320:
1100:
1071:
970:
965:
813:
653:
648:
633:
256:
155:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1537:
1220:
1215:
1151:
943:
790:
749:
643:
345:
120:
130:, provides a structure within secondary cell walls which supports the
1679:
1576:
1305:
1110:
1091:
1002:
926:
846:
798:
739:
719:
658:
333:
147:
135:
89:
1721:
1711:
1655:
1650:
1417:
1290:
1266:
1183:
853:
638:
100:
85:
77:
69:
39:
28:
906:
901:
818:
808:
480:"Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation"
400:
The Kew Plant
Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms
321:
103:
are typically polypyrenous drupes, containing multiple pyrenes.
95:
While many drupes are monopyrenous, containing only one pyrene,
64:(commonly called a "pit" or "stone") is the fruitstone within a
1359:
1251:
1171:
1125:
1115:
1014:
990:
985:
980:
975:
594:
235:
123:
111:
The hardening of the endocarp of a developing drupe occurs via
76:
of the endocarp or lining of the fruit. It consists of a hard
1583:
1517:
1439:
1407:
1364:
1256:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1176:
1161:
1130:
1051:
709:
700:
311:
309:
307:
195:
179:
65:
24:
477:
351:
280:
1434:
1429:
1081:
921:
896:
891:
875:
734:
127:
96:
81:
32:
367:
339:
304:
1354:
916:
563:
182:, a monopyrenous drupe, cut to reveal the pyrene inside
99:-type fruit with a hard, stony (rather than leathery)
521:
471:
The
Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms
327:
292:
142:; together these polymers provide the endocarp with
397:
286:
1814:
268:
406:
315:
579:
462:"A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin"
402:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.
242:pyrenes is variable between individual fruits
1685:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
487:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
23:Diagram of a typical drupe, in this case a
586:
572:
524:"Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae"
468:
298:
442:
424:
407:Dardick, Chris; Callahan, Ann M. (2014).
210:Pyrenes extracted from a single fruit of
1629:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
198:dissected to reveal a single seed inside
18:
1815:
150:. Further hardening occurs during the
567:
459:
274:
398:Beentje, H.; Williamson, J. (2010).
16:Pit or stone within a drupe or fruit
13:
42:. For other uses of "pyrene", see
14:
1839:
1634:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
371:Journal of Archaeological Science
238:inside; the number of locules in
1797:
1796:
221:
203:
187:
171:
528:Plant Systematics and Evolution
360:
287:Beentje & Williamson (2010)
80:tissue surrounding one or more
106:
1:
473:. Cambridge University Press.
469:Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001).
316:Dardick & Callahan (2014)
262:
1675:History of plant systematics
1262:Thorns, spines, and prickles
464:. Missouri Botanical Garden.
7:
250:
10:
1844:
1491:Alternation of generations
593:
413:Frontiers in Plant Science
234:revealing 10 seed-bearing
161:
48:
37:
1792:
1740:
1704:
1641:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1604:Biological classification
1594:
1467:
1383:
1279:
1229:
954:
884:
827:
789:
763:
699:
619:
601:
548:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9
507:10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1
391:10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016
1501:Evolutionary development
299:Hickey & King (2001)
49:Not to be confused with
1152:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
426:10.3389/fpls.2014.00284
44:Pyrene (disambiguation)
1767:by author abbreviation
1691:Plant taxonomy systems
1609:Botanical nomenclature
352:Messager et al. (2010)
216:, a polypyrenous drupe
35:
1774:Botanical expeditions
228:X-ray of a pyrene of
22:
1506:Evolutionary history
1496:Double fertilization
1348:Cellular respiration
460:Eckel, P.M. (2011).
328:Potter et al. (2007)
231:Elaeocarpus ganitrus
725:Non-vascular plants
540:2007PSyEv.266....5P
499:2010ArAnS...2...25M
383:2015JArSc..53..570A
340:Allué et al. (2015)
178:Cross-section of a
113:secondary cell wall
31:which encloses the
1230:Surface structures
1025:Flower development
213:Crataegus punctata
36:
1810:
1809:
1449:Herbaceous plants
1275:
1274:
152:biomineralisation
1835:
1800:
1799:
1779:Individual trees
1454:Secondary growth
1425:Succulent plants
1413:Prostrate shrubs
1296:Apical dominance
1281:Plant physiology
1242:Epicuticular wax
787:
786:
780:
771:Plant morphology
588:
581:
574:
565:
564:
559:
518:
484:
474:
465:
456:
446:
428:
403:
394:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
225:
207:
191:
175:
144:tensile strength
126:, also found in
72:produced by the
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1788:
1757:Botanical terms
1750:
1736:
1700:
1646:Citrus taxonomy
1624:Author citation
1590:
1484:
1463:
1385:
1379:
1375:Turgor pressure
1283:
1271:
1225:
1040:Floral symmetry
958:
950:
880:
869:Vascular bundle
864:Vascular tissue
823:
783:
774:
773:
759:
730:Vascular plants
695:
691:Plant pathology
615:
597:
592:
562:
482:
363:
358:
350:
346:
338:
334:
326:
322:
314:
305:
297:
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273:
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183:
176:
164:
109:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:Related topics
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1696:Taxonomic rank
1693:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Botanical name
1606:
1600:
1598:
1596:Plant taxonomy
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1572:Megasporangium
1569:
1568:
1567:
1560:Microsporangia
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1398:Cushion plants
1389:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1333:Plant hormones
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1316:Photosynthesis
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Floral formula
1032:
1030:Floral diagram
1027:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
993:
983:
973:
968:
962:
960:
959:(incl. Flower)
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
935:
934:
929:
919:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
886:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
872:
871:
861:
859:Storage organs
856:
851:
850:
849:
839:
833:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
795:
793:
784:
782:
781:
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
745:Spermatophytes
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
715:Archaeplastida
712:
706:
704:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
677:
676:
669:Phytogeography
666:
664:Phytochemistry
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
623:
621:Subdisciplines
617:
616:
614:
613:
608:
602:
599:
598:
591:
590:
583:
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568:
561:
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364:
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202:
200:
193:
186:
184:
177:
170:
167:
166:
165:
163:
160:
156:archaeological
132:polymerisation
115:formation and
108:
105:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1840:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Plant anatomy
1821:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1732:Phytochemical
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
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1703:
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1536:
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1521:
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1512:
1509:
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1499:
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1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
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1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Transpiration
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
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1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
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1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
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1286:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
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1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:Inflorescence
1155:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
957:
953:
945:
942:
940:
937:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
883:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:Ground tissue
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
792:
788:
785:
778:
772:
769:
768:
766:
765:Plant anatomy
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
705:
702:
698:
692:
689:
687:
686:Plant ecology
684:
682:
681:Plant anatomy
679:
675:
672:
671:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Archaeobotany
627:
626:
624:
622:
618:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
600:
596:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
569:
566:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:(1–2): 5–43.
533:
529:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
476:
472:
467:
463:
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
427:
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418:
414:
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405:
401:
396:
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388:
384:
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376:
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366:
365:
353:
348:
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336:
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312:
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308:
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288:
283:
276:
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267:
258:
255:
254:
241:
237:
233:
232:
224:
219:
215:
214:
206:
201:
197:
190:
185:
181:
174:
169:
168:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:hemicellulose
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
117:lignification
114:
104:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1727:Horticulture
1717:Floriculture
1619:Correct name
1469:Reproduction
1459:Woody plants
1384:Plant growth
1343:Gas Exchange
1328:Phytomelanin
1206:Plant embryo
1076:
956:Reproductive
804:Phragmoplast
531:
527:
493:(1): 25–34.
490:
486:
470:
416:
412:
399:
374:
370:
361:Bibliography
347:
335:
323:
294:
282:
275:Eckel (2011)
270:
239:
229:
211:
194:Pyrene of a
110:
94:
74:ossification
61:
57:
55:
1543:Pollen tube
1538:Pollinators
1528:Pollination
1523:Germination
1338:Respiration
1321:Chlorophyll
1167:Pedicellate
1101:Gametophyte
1020:Aestivation
971:Antheridium
966:Archegonium
814:Plasmodesma
791:Plant cells
654:Paleobotany
649:Ethnobotany
634:Astrobotany
377:: 570–577.
257:Nut (fruit)
240:E. ganitrus
107:Development
1817:Categories
1565:Microspore
1555:Sporangium
1533:Artificial
1221:Sporophyte
1216:Sporophyll
1211:Receptacle
1106:Gynandrium
976:Androecium
885:Vegetative
755:Angiosperm
750:Gymnosperm
644:Dendrology
263:References
158:findings.
121:biopolymer
1762:Botanists
1680:Herbarium
1577:Megaspore
1475:Evolution
1418:Subshrubs
1386:and habit
1311:Nutrition
1306:Cellulose
1301:Bulk flow
1284:Materials
1247:Epidermis
1111:Gynoecium
1092:Endosperm
1087:Dispersal
1003:Staminode
939:Sessility
927:Cataphyll
847:Mesophyll
799:Cell wall
740:Lycophyte
720:Bryophyte
674:Geobotany
659:Phycology
515:128691588
435:1664-462X
148:stiffness
136:cellulose
90:herbivory
86:pathogens
1802:Category
1722:Forestry
1712:Agronomy
1705:Practice
1656:Cultivar
1651:Cultigen
1511:timeline
1403:Rosettes
1291:Aleurone
1267:Trichome
1184:Perianth
996:Filament
854:Meristem
777:glossary
639:Bryology
556:16578516
453:25009543
251:See also
101:endocarp
78:endocarp
70:drupelet
40:pyrenoid
29:endocarp
1480:Ecology
1237:Cuticle
1067:Capsule
1057:Anatomy
1008:Tapetum
932:Petiole
907:Rhizome
902:Rhizoid
829:Tissues
819:Vacuole
809:Plastid
611:Outline
606:History
536:Bibcode
495:Bibcode
444:4070412
419:: 284.
379:Bibcode
236:locules
162:Gallery
1828:Drupes
1784:Plants
1687:(IAPT)
1440:Lianas
1408:Shrubs
1360:Starch
1252:Nectar
1172:Raceme
1138:Stigma
1126:Locule
1116:Carpel
1077:Pyrena
1015:Flower
991:Anther
986:Stamen
981:Pollen
703:groups
595:Botany
554:
513:
451:
441:
433:
124:lignin
119:. The
62:pyrene
58:pyrena
51:Pirene
1744:Lists
1661:Group
1584:Spore
1518:Flora
1435:Vines
1430:Trees
1393:Habit
1365:Sugar
1257:Stoma
1199:Sepal
1194:Petal
1189:Tepal
1177:Umbel
1162:Bract
1143:Style
1131:Ovule
1121:Ovary
1062:Berry
1052:Fruit
1045:Whorl
912:Shoot
710:Algae
701:Plant
552:S2CID
511:S2CID
483:(PDF)
196:peach
180:peach
82:seeds
66:drupe
25:peach
1666:Grex
1548:Self
1082:Seed
944:Stem
922:Leaf
897:Root
892:Bulb
876:Wood
837:Cork
735:Fern
449:PMID
431:ISSN
146:and
138:and
128:wood
97:pome
88:and
33:seed
1355:Sap
1072:Nut
917:Bud
544:doi
532:266
503:doi
439:PMC
421:doi
387:doi
134:of
68:or
60:or
1819::
550:.
542:.
530:.
526:.
509:.
501:.
489:.
485:.
447:.
437:.
429:.
415:.
411:.
385:.
375:53
373:.
306:^
92:.
56:A
779:)
775:(
587:e
580:t
573:v
558:.
546::
538::
517:.
505::
497::
491:2
455:.
423::
417:5
393:.
389::
381::
354:.
342:.
330:.
318:.
301:.
289:.
277:.
53:.
46:.
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