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perceives the shot not as a warning but a deliberate but failed attempt on their life, they may return with force. Other officers in the area may too perceive the warning shot as a deliberate shot and act in response. Verbally communicating the officer's intent to the target and other officers mitigates the risk of escalation.
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are very bright and would immediately gain the attention of a crew whose radio is non-functioning, or who might not have noticed radio transmissions. The objective of warning shots is to demonstrate the ability to shoot, and threaten the crew of the unresponsive aircraft that they will be shot down
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commented that warning shots give officers more wiggle room in the case of a threat, commenting "We're kind of entering into this new environment in use of force where everybody is trying to learn how to better de-escalate". Opponents of warning shots point towards the inherent risks, as well as
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off hard surfaces in unpredictable ways, whilst a shot in the air may travel far away and strike in an unpredictable place; both may cause danger to property and bystanders. In addition to these risks, a warning shot may have an escalating effect rather than a de-escalating one: if the target
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by allowing a final intermediate step and last chance at de-escalation before the application of deadly force in the use of force continuum. Research has shown that situations where warning shots were used had a largely de-escalating effect. Terry
Cunningham of the
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argue that the possibility of firing warning shots complicates the decision making process for police officers of whether to use deadly force. The situations that call for warning shots already warrant that lethal force be applied immediately.
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Warning shots may also be used by ground forces, to disperse crowds or to warn perceived threats to withdraw. Certain militaries mandate warning shots in attempt to de-escalate situations. For example, according to the
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279:, to demand some action of an unresponsive and presumed hostile aircraft; the most common demand would be for the aircraft to change course. The ostensible justification for firing shots is that
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As an analogy, a "warning shot" can be used to describe any action of declaration, especially a demonstration of power, intended or perceived as a last warning before hostile measures.
328:, as firing warning shots bring certain inherent risks. A key consideration for the officer to make before firing a warning shot is that a shot fired horizontal or at the ground may
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with intent to enact direct compliance and order to a hostile perpetrator or enemy forces. It is recognized as signalling intended confrontations on land, sea, and air.
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Whether warning shots should be used by law enforcement agencies is a point of debate. Proponents argue that the warning shots can prevent deaths and injuries in
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specifically forbid the use of lethal firearms to fire warning shots. Other agencies such as the
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to warn non-combatants of an impending bombing run to give them time to escape the area
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allow the use of warning shots in a cautious manner that does not endanger persons.
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Intentionally harmless artillery shot with intent to enact direct compliance
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During the 18th century, a warning shot (in nautical terms, often called a
430:"Navy-Contracted Vessel Fires Warning Shots on Fast Boats in Persian Gulf"
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dangerous situations. Such a shot is typically only used late in the
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487:"French Troops in Niger Fire Warning Shots to Disperse Crowd"
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firing warning shots at a non-compliant boat during training.
448:"A Russian submarine had a 'Crimson Tide' moment near Cuba"
152:" (nationality) had to be ascertained. According to the
512:"IDF Rules of Engagement in Occupied Territories"
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592:"Police warning shots may be in for a comeback"
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343:International Association of Chiefs of Police
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324:and analogous to the appliance of outright
243:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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148:) could be fired towards any ship whose "
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
351:Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department
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39:This article includes a list of general
567:Mulroy, D E; Santiago, J (April 1998).
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418:U.S. Coast Guard HITRON Jacksonville
241:adding citations to reliable sources
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617:United States Department of Justice
367:constabularies of England and Wales
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45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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590:Kaste, Martin (2017-03-28).
533:"Guidelines on use of force"
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355:National Police of Paraguay
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649:"Schieten door de politie"
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569:"Warning shots revisited"
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359:Lower Saxony State Police
181:opted to respond with a
631:"Discharge of firearms"
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284:if they do not comply.
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60:more precise citations.
322:use of force continuum
175:as a form of signaling
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540:Amnesty International
383:Israel Defense Forces
363:Dutch National Police
295:Israel Defense Forces
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669:Military terminology
237:improve this section
161:Cuban Missile Crisis
19:For other uses, see
635:College of Policing
299:rules of engagement
146:shot across the bow
637:. 23 October 2013.
493:. 27 November 2021
436:. 20 October 2022.
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318:de-escalate
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553:2020-02-06
497:2021-12-01
472:2021-12-01
405:References
365:, and the
197:Commodore
66:April 2009
41:references
224:does not
205:Air force
122:artillery
663:Category
434:Fox News
373:See also
330:ricochet
195:flotilla
124:shot or
110:military
519:Btselem
314:sidearm
245:removed
230:sources
167:on the
150:colours
126:gunshot
54:improve
114:police
43:, but
613:(PDF)
547:(PDF)
536:(PDF)
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353:and
288:Army
228:any
226:cite
193:and
179:B-59
171:B-59
140:Navy
135:Uses
112:and
98:USCG
596:NPR
239:by
108:In
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