3630:). The offender would thus be prevented from doing repentance and would not have the power to return from the offense, and the offender would die and be lost because of the offense. Maimonides read this to be what God said in Isaiah 6:10, "Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and their eyes weak, lest they see with their eyes and hear with their ears, and their hearts will understand, do repentance and be healed." Similarly, 2 Chronicles 36:16 reports, "They ridiculed the messengers of God, disdained His words and insulted His prophets until the anger of God rose upon the people, without possibility of healing." Maimonides interpreted these verses to teach that they sinned willingly and to such an egregious extent that they deserved to have repentance withheld from them. And thus because Pharaoh sinned on his own at the beginning, harming the Jews who lived in his land, as Exodus 1:10 reports him scheming, "Let us deal craftily with them," God issued the judgment that repentance would be withheld from Pharaoh until he received his punishment, and therefore God said in Exodus 14:4, "I will harden the heart of Pharaoh." Maimonides explained that God sent Moses to tell Pharaoh to send out the Jews and do repentance, when God had already told Moses that Pharaoh would refuse, because God sought to inform humanity that when God withholds repentance from a sinner, the sinner will not be able to repent. Maimonides made clear that God did not decree that Pharaoh harm the Jewish people; rather, Pharaoh sinned willifully on his own, and he thus deserved to have the privilege of repentance withheld from him.
1905:," which Philo equated with, "It is my nature to be, not to be described by name." But in order that human beings not be wholly without anything to call God, God allowed us to use the Name "Lord." God addressed this Name to mortal humans who have need of the Divine Name so that, if they cannot attain to the best thing, they may at least know the best possible Name. Philo noted that in Exodus 6:3, God speaks of the proper name of God never having been revealed to anyone. Philo suggested that God's statement in Exodus 6:3 meant that God had not revealed to them God's proper Name, but only that which could commonly be used. For Philo argued that God is so completely indescribable, that even those powers that minister to God do not announce God's proper Name to us. And thus after Jacob's wrestling match at the Jabok, Jacob asked the invisible master for a name, but Jacob's opponent did not tell him a proper name, saying that it was sufficient for Jacob to be taught ordinary explanations. But as for names that are the true symbols of things, we are taught not to seek them for the immortal.
2011:(as reported in Genesis 33:19). And still Jacob did not complain at God's ways. The Patriarchs did not ask God, as Moses did in Exodus 3:13, what God's name was. In contrast, at the commencement of God's commission of Moses, Moses inquired of God's name. And in Exodus 5:23, Moses told God, "For since I came to Pharaoh . . . he has dealt ill with this people; neither have You delivered Your people." On this account, the Midrash taught, God said in Exodus 6:4, "And I have also established my covenant with them," the Patriarchs, to give them the land, and they never complained of God's ways. And God said in Exodus 6:5, "I have heard the groaning of the children of Israel," because they did not complain against God. Although the Israelites of that generation did not conduct themselves righteously, yet God heard their cry on account of the covenant that God had made with the Patriarchs. Hence, it says in Exodus 6:6, "And I have remembered My covenant. Therefore, say to the children of Israel." The Midrash taught that the word "therefore" (
2180:: (1) In Genesis 44:8, Joseph's brothers told Joseph, "Behold, the money that we found in our sacks' mouths we brought back to you," and they thus reasoned, "how then should we steal?" (2) In Exodus 6:12, Moses told God, "Behold, the children of Israel have not hearkened to me," and reasoned that surely even more, "How then shall Pharaoh hear me?" (3) In Deuteronomy 31:27, Moses said to the Israelites, "Behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, you have been rebellious against the Lord," and reasoned that it would follow, "And how much more after my death?" (4) In Numbers 12:14, "the Lord said to Moses: ‘If her (Miriam's) father had but spit in her face,'" surely it would stand to reason, "‘Should she not hide in shame seven days?'" (5) In Jeremiah 12:5, the prophet asked, "If you have run with the footmen, and they have wearied you," is it not logical to conclude, "Then how can you contend with horses?" (6) In 1 Samuel 23:3, David's men said to him, "Behold, we are afraid here in
3653:) mentioned in Exodus 12:38 consisted entirely of Egyptian sorcerers and magicians, who sought to oppose God's works, as Exodus 7:11 reports, “And the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.” When they beheld the signs and the wonders that Moses performed, they came to Moses to be converted. God advised Moses not to accept them, but Moses argued that now that they had seen God's power, they desired to accept the Israelites’ Faith, and if they saw God's power every day, they would learn that there is no God like God. So Moses accepted them. Exodus 12:38 called them a “mixed multitude” because they consisted of all the grades of Egyptian magicians, at their head being Jannes and Jambres. During the day, these wizards practiced their enchantments, and after sunset, they made observations of the heavens until the middle of the ninth hour, which was called the “great evening” (
2221:(things uncircumcised) in the world: (1) uncircumcised ears (as in Jeremiah 6:10), (2) uncircumcised lips (as in Exodus 6:12), (3) uncircumcised hearts (as in Deuteronomy 10:16 and Jeremiah 9:26), (4) uncircumcised flesh (as in Genesis 17:14), and (5) uncircumcised trees (as in Leviticus 19:23). Rav Zeira taught that all the nations are uncircumcised in each of the first four ways, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in heart, in that their hearts do not allow them to do God's will. And Rav Zeira taught that in the future, God will take away from Israel the uncircumcision of their hearts, and they will not harden their stubborn hearts anymore before their Creator, as Ezekiel 36:26 says, "And I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you an heart of flesh," and Genesis 17:11 says, "And you shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin."
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Israelites from slavery was unprecedented and could only be explained by crediting God. Plaut suggested that there was “possibly or even likely” a historical kernel that the biblical tradition transposed into the moral religious realm. Thus Plaut noted that some claim that the bloodiness of the Nile was caused by special deposits that the river picked up from the mountains (hence the name "Red Nile” for one branch); that frogs accompanied a large-scale inundation; and that lice, gnats, and insects regularly infested the area. Plaut concluded that the plague stories teach: “Israel's redemption was the ultimate marvel, and it was caused by God. To bring it about, nature itself was harnessed, the drama of the plagues was unfolded, and the ground was laid for an experience that forever after was etched into the hearts of the people and their descendants.”
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199:)) within the open portion divisions. The first and second open portion divisions divide the first reading. The third open portion covers the balance of the first and part of the second readings. The fourth open portion covers the balance of the second reading. The fifth open portion divides the fourth reading. The sixth open portion covers the balance of the fourth, all of the fifth, and part of the sixth readings. The seventh open portion separates part of the sixth reading. The eighth open portion covers the balance of the sixth and part of the seventh readings. And the ninth open portion covers the balance of the seventh reading. Closed portion divisions separate the first and second readings, separate the second and third readings, and divide the fourth, fifth, and sixth readings.
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Solomon read in
Deuteronomy 17:17 that the reason of God's decree was "that his heart turn not away." The Midrash taught that Solomon thus thought to himself that he would multiply his wives but still not allow his heart to turn away. And the Midrash taught that Ecclesiastes 2:12 refers to Moses because Moses began to argue with God in Exodus 5:22, "Lord, why have you dealt ill with this people?" Because of this, the Midrash taught that at that point the wisdom and knowledge of Moses was only (in the words of Ecclesiastes 2:12) "madness and folly." The Midrash asked what right Moses had to question God's ways and in the words of Ecclesiastes 2:12, "that which had been already done" that God had revealed to him.
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by liberating the
Israelites from Egyptian slavery. Alter reported that some modern scholars, arguing from the absence of Egyptian evidence on any Hebrew slave population or any mention of an exodus, have raised doubts about whether the Hebrews were ever in Egypt. Alter concluded that the story is surely a schematization and simplification of complex historical processes. Alter viewed it quite likely that a sizeable segment of the Hebrew people remained in the high country of eastern Canaan and never went down to Egypt. Yet Alter also found it hard to imagine that the Israelites would have invented a story of national origins involving the humiliation of slavery without some kernel of historical memory.
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Moses asked God how he could possibly do so, when the lamb was as
Egyptian god. God replied that the Israelites would not depart from Egypt until they slaughtered the Egyptian gods before the Egyptians' eyes, so that God might teach them that their gods were really nothing at all. And thus God did so, for on the same night that God slew the Egyptian firstborn, the Israelites slaughtered their paschal lambs and ate them. When the Egyptians saw their firstborn slain and their gods slaughtered, they could do nothing, as Numbers 33:4 reports, "While the Egyptians were burying them whom the Lord had smitten among them, even all their firstborn; upon their gods also the Lord executed judgment."
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God waits, do not do so, then later, even when they do think of it, God distracts their hearts from penitence. Rabbi
Phinehas interpreted the words of Job 36:13, "And they who are godless in heart," to teach that those who begin by being godless in heart end up bringing upon themselves God's anger. And Rabbi Phinehas interpreted the words of Job 36:13, "They cry not for help when He binds them," to teach that though the godless wish later to return to God and to pray to God, they are no longer able, because God binds them and bars their way. Thus, after several plagues, Pharaoh wished to pray to God, but God told Moses in Exodus 8:16: "Before he goes out , stand before Pharaoh."
3319:) delivered themselves to the Fiery Furnace to sanctify the Divine Name in Daniel 3:8–30 because they deduced from Exodus 7:28 that the frogs of the plague, which had not been commanded to sanctify the Divine Name, nonetheless jumped into hot ovens at God's behest. So Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah reasoned that people, whom Leviticus 22:32 does command to sanctify the Divine Name, should be willing to bear hot ovens for that reason. Thaddeus of Rome deduced that the ovens into which the frogs jumped were hot from the proximity of the words "ovens" and "kneading troughs" in Exodus 7:28, reasoning that kneading troughs are found near ovens when ovens are hot.
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4027:—connoting heaviness, glory, wealth, and firmness—as a recurring theme in Exodus: Moses suffered from a heavy mouth in Exodus 4:10 and heavy arms in Exodus 17:12; Pharaoh had firmness of heart in Exodus 7:14; 8:11, 28; 9:7, 34; and 10:1; Pharaoh made Israel's labor heavy in Exodus 5:9; God in response sent heavy plagues in Exodus 8:20; 9:3, 18, 24; and 10:14, so that God might be glorified over Pharaoh in Exodus 14:4, 17, and 18; and the book culminates with the descent of God's fiery Glory, described as a “heavy cloud,” first upon Sinai and later upon the Tabernacle in Exodus 19:16; 24:16–17; 29:43; 33:18, 22; and 40:34–38.
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haughtily asked, "Who is the Lord that I should hearken to His voice?" and so, as Psalm 136:15 reports, God "overthrew
Pharaoh and his host." And the Midrash taught that the words, "but he that is of a lowly spirit shall attain to honor," apply to Moses, who in Exodus 8:5 (8:9 in the KJV), humbly asked Pharaoh, "Have this glory over me; at what time shall I entreat for you . . . that the frogs be destroyed," and was rewarded in Exodus 9:29 with the opportunity to say, "As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread forth my hands to the Lord the thunders shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail."
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3039:, as reported in Numbers 25). The Gemara explained that the real explanation was that Phinehas descended from both Joseph and Jethro. If Phinehas's mother's father descended from Joseph, then Phinehas's mother's mother descended from Jethro. And if Phinehas's mother's father descended from Jethro, then Phinehas's mother's mother descended from Joseph. The Gemara explained that Exodus 6:25 implies this dual explanation of "Putiel" when it says, "of the daughters of Putiel," because the plural "daughters" implies two lines of ancestry (from both Joseph and Jethro).
4256:, possibly as early as the second half of the 9th century BCE. Friedman agreed with Brueggemann in attributing Exodus 6:2–10 and 30 to the Priestly source who wrote in the 6th or 5th century BCE. But Friedman attributed Exodus 6:12–13 and 26–28 to a later Redactor (sometimes abbreviated R). And Friedman attributed the genealogy of Exodus 6:14–25 to the Book of Records or some other separate source document, from which Friedman postulates that the Redactor chose to use only the first section covering genealogies from Reuben to Levi, stopping at Aaron.
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things for them. God sent hail to destroy the
Egyptians' crops because the Egyptians had sent the Israelites into the fields to plow and sow. God brought the locusts to destroy the Egyptians' grain because the Egyptians had forced the Israelites to plant wheat and barley for them. God brought darkness because among the Israelites were transgressors who had Egyptian patrons and lived in affluence and honor in Egypt and did not want to leave Egypt, and so God brought darkness so that God could kill these transgressors without the Egyptians' seeing.
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proud, rebels, invents, cavils, overflows, devises, desires, goes astray, lusts, is refreshed, can be stolen, is humbled, is enticed, errs, trembles, is awakened, loves, hates, envies, is searched, is rent, meditates, is like a fire, is like a stone, turns in repentance, becomes hot, dies, melts, takes in words, is susceptible to fear, gives thanks, covets, becomes hard, makes merry, acts deceitfully, speaks from out of itself, loves bribes, writes words, plans, receives commandments, acts with pride, makes arrangements, and aggrandizes itself.
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105:42–44; the
Psalmist calls on God to remember him to favor God's people, to think of him at God's salvation, that he might behold the prosperity of God's people in Psalm 106:4–5; God remembered God's covenant and repented according to God's mercy to deliver the Israelites in the wake of their rebellion and iniquity in Psalm 106:4–5; the Psalmist calls on God to remember God's word to God's servant to give him hope in Psalm 119:49; God remembered us in our low estate to deliver us from our adversaries in Psalm 136:23–24;
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it contained blood, while the
Israelite would drink water from the same barrel. When the Egyptian asked the Israelite to give the Egyptian some water with the Israelite's own hand, it still became blood. Even if the Egyptian said to the Israelite that they should both drink from one vessel, the Israelite would drink water, but the Egyptian would drink blood. It was only when the Egyptian bought water from the Israelite for money that the Egyptian was able to drink water. And this is how the Israelites became rich.
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3209:) so as to prevent the Israelite women from having marital relations with their husbands. God brought frogs because the Egyptians had ordered the Israelites to bring them reptiles and creeping creatures (which were an abomination to the Israelites). God sent lice because the Egyptians had made the Israelites clean the dirty streets and marketplaces. God sent swarms of wild animals because the Egyptians had demanded that the Israelites catch
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3895:, as God's name, but this knowledge had hardly been more than a “customary appellation.” In Exodus 6, however, after his first trials and failures, Moses confronted God again, and this time God revealed the Name more fully, which is to say that Moses saw God more clearly than before, in a new light. Turning to the etymology of the Name, Plaut reported that the most widely accepted explanation connects the Name with the word
3281:
3480:) and came down for the sake of a man. The hailstones remained suspended for the sake of a man—this was Moses, of whom Numbers 12:3 says, "Now the man Moses was very meek," and Exodus 9:33 says, "And the thunder and hail ceased, and the rain poured not upon the earth." The hailstones came down for the sake of a man—this was Joshua, of whom Numbers 27:18 says, "Take Joshua the son of Nun, a man in whom there is spirit," and
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Exodus 11:8 reports that Moses told
Pharaoh that God said, "And all these your servants shall come down to Me." Moses did not say that Pharaoh would come down, only that Pharaoh's servants would do so. But Moses could well have said that Pharaoh himself would come down, for Exodus 12:30 reports, "Pharaoh arose at midnight." But Moses did not mention Pharaoh specifically so as to pay him respect.
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889:, and they did so. The magicians did the same. Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron to plead with God to remove the frogs and said he would let the Israelites go Moses asked Pharaoh when Moses should ask God, Pharaoh replied the next day, and Moses said that he would do so the next day, so that Pharaoh would know that there is none like God. The fourth reading ends here.
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bedchamber, and upon bed." The
Midrash taught that the frogs told the Egyptians that the coinage of their gods was abolished, and the Egyptians' own coinage—their ability to procreate—was also rendered invalid. The Midrash reasoned that as the word "destroyed" in Genesis 38:9 applied to checking procreation in the passage about
2000:, he found no plot of ground until he had purchased one; still, he did not murmur at God's ways. God said to Isaac in Genesis 26:3, "Sojourn in this land . . . for to you, and to your seed, I will give all these lands." Yet when Isaac sought water to drink, he found none; instead (as Genesis 26:20 reports), "The herdsmen of
3293:'s seed, as "he destroyed it on the ground," so the Midrash reasoned that Psalm 78:45 means to convey that the Egyptians' procreation was checked as well when it says, "frogs . . . destroyed them." And the Midrash deduced that the frogs spoke because Exodus 8:8 says, "concerning the frogs," and the words for "concerning,"
2015:) in Exodus 6:6 implies an oath, as it does in 1 Samuel 3:14, where God says, "And therefore I have sworn to the house of Eli." Thus, the Midrash taught that God swore to Moses that God would redeem the Israelites, so that Moses would have no reason to fear that the Attribute of Justice would retard their redemption.
4376:) plays a role in both the parashah and the haftarah: In the parashah, God turns Moses' rod into a monster; the haftarah describes Pharaoh as a monster. In both the parashah and the haftarah, God attacks the river and kills fish. In both the parashah and the haftarah, God's actions would cause the Egyptians to know (
3535:
3000:." As Exodus 6:23 states "the daughter of Amminadab," it is obvious that she was the sister of Nahshon. So Exodus 6:23 expressly states "the sister of Nahshon" to imply that he who takes a wife should inquire about the character of her brothers, because most children resemble the brothers of their mother.
3683:, however, read Exodus 8:15, “This is the finger of God,” to indicate that the magicians assessed that the plague was a natural disaster not caused by Moses and Aaron, for if the lice had resulted from the sorcery of Moses and Aaron, then the magicians would have been able to replicate it. Ibn Ezra and
4139:
Plaut reported that most moderns take the view that the plague stories are unacceptable as fact and must be deemed legendary and unhistorical. Plaut argued that it was a mistake to consider the stories literally rather than as “essentially interpretive and legendary”—asserting that the release of the
3399:
is how you shall make it." With the second finger, next to the little one, God smote the Egyptians with the ten plagues, as Exodus 8:15 (8:19 in the KJV) says, “The magicians said to Pharaoh, ‘This is the finger of God.’” With the middle finger, God wrote the Tablets of the Law, as Exodus 31:18 says,
3249:
Alternatively, a Midrash, reading the words "Pharaoh . . . goes out to the water" in Exodus 7:15, taught that only in the morning did Pharaoh go out to the water, because Pharaoh used to boast that he was a god and did not need to relieve himself. Therefore, Pharaoh used to go early in the morning to
2258:
A Midrash interpreted God's instructions to Moses and Aaron in Exodus 6:13, "and to Pharaoh, King of Egypt," to convey that God told Moses and Aaron that although God really ought to punish Pharaoh, God wanted Moses and Aaron to show Pharaoh the respect due to his regal position. And Moses did so, as
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cited the four promises of salvation in Exodus 6:6–7, (1) "I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians," (2) "I will deliver you from their bondage," (3) "I will redeem you with an outstretched arm," and (4) "I will take you to Me for a people," as one reason why Jews drink four cups
1983:
Reading the words, "And I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob," in Exodus 6:3, a Midrash taught that God thus told Moses that God longed for those who were gone and could not be replaced—the three Patriarchs. The Midrash said that God told Moses that many times, God had revealed God's Self to
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and Moses. The Midrash taught that Ecclesiastes 2:12 refers to Solomon, for God gave some commandments for kings, as it says in Deuteronomy 17:16–17: "Only he shall not multiply horses to himself . . . Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away; neither silver and gold."
1881:
Psalms 78:44–51 and 105:23–38 each recount differing arrangements of seven plagues. Psalm 78:44–51 recalls plagues of (1) blood, (2) flies, (3) frogs, (4) locusts, (5) hail, (6) livestock, and (7) firstborn, but not plagues of lice, boils, or darkness. Psalm 105:23–38 recalls plagues of (1) darkness,
3589:
Rashi noted that Exodus 6:3 does not say, "but My Name YHVH I did not inform them," but, "I did not become known." According to Rashi, the name YHVH indicates God's attribute of faithfulness, but as the Divine promises to the patriarchs were not fulfilled in their lifetimes, the meaning of name YHVH
3118:
told that Moses quoted God's words in Exodus 7:4 back to God after the sin of the Golden Calf. The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told that after the incident of the Golden Calf, God told Moses that the Israelites had forgotten God's might and had made an idol. Moses replied to God that while the Israelites
3110:
Rabbi Phinehas, the priest, son of Rabbi Hama, interpreted God's hardening of Pharaoh's heart (for example in Exodus 7:3) in light of Job 36:13, "But they who are godless in heart lay up anger; they cry not for help when He binds them." Rabbi Phinehas taught that if the godless, for whose repentance
2254:
A Midrash interpreted the words of Exodus 6:13, "And He gave them a charge concerning the children of Israel," to convey that God warned Moses and Aaron that the Israelites were obstinate, bad-tempered, and troublesome, and that in assuming leadership over the Israelites, Moses and Aaron must expect
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and wild animals against the Egyptians, but not Goshen, where the Israelites dwelt. Pharaoh told Moses and Aaron to go sacrifice to God within Egypt, but Moses insisted on going three days into the wilderness. Pharaoh agreed, in exchange for Moses' prayer to lift the plague. But when God removed the
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In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to tell Aaron to stretch his rod over the waters of Egypt and turn them into blood. Moses and Aaron did so, killing the marine life and rendering the water unusable. But when the Egyptian magicians did the same, Pharaoh's heart stiffened. Seven days
4259:
In the balance of the parashah, Friedman attributed Exodus 7:14–18, 20b–21, and 23–29; 8:3b–11a and 16–28; and 9:1–7 and 13–34; to the Elohist; Exodus 7:1–13, 19–20a, and 22; 8:1–3a and 12–15; and 9:8–12 to the Priestly source; and Exodus 8:11b and 9:35 to the Redactor. For a color-coded display of
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Alter noted that the idea in Exodus 6:7, “that I am the Lord your God Who takes you out from under the burdens of Egypt,” is emphasized repeatedly in the Torah and later books of the Bible. Alter called “the cornerstone of Israelite faith” that God had proven God's divinity and attachment to Israel
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read God to say in Exodus 6:3 that God appeared to the Patriarchs in God's form of El Shaddai, in which God performs hidden miracles that appear to the observer as part of the natural order. But God did not appear to them in God's form of YHVH, with which God performs open miracles that subvert the
3513:
Interpreting Exodus 9:34, "And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders had ceased, he sinned yet more," a Midrash taught that so it always is with the wicked: As long as they are in trouble, they humble themselves. But as soon as trouble passes, they return to their perversity.
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In Exodus 9:12, Pharaoh's heart is hardened. A Midrash catalogued the wide range of additional capabilities of the heart reported in the Hebrew Bible. The heart speaks, sees, hears, walks, falls, stands, rejoices, cries, is comforted, is troubled, grows faint, grieves, fears, can be broken, becomes
3265:
Rabbi Abin the Levite, the son of Rabbi Judah the Prince, taught that the Israelites became wealthy from the plague of blood. If an Egyptian and an Israelite were in a house where there was a barrel full of water, and the Egyptian went to fill a pitcher from the barrel, the Egyptian would find that
3261:
A Midrash cited Exodus 7:20 as one proof for the proposition that God does all things together: God puts to death and brings to life at the same time; God wounds and heals at the same time. And thus the Midrash noted, in Exodus 7:20, "all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood," and
2242:
Reading the words of Exodus 6:13, "And the Lord spoke to Moses and to Aaron and gave them a command concerning the children of Israel," Rabbi Samuel bar Rabbi Isaac asked about what matter God commanded the Israelites. Rabbi Samuel bar Rabbi Isaac taught that God gave them the commandment about the
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Reading God's statement in Exodus 7:3, "I will harden Pharaoh's heart," Ibn Ezra asked: If God hardened Pharaoh's heart, what was his transgression and what was his sin? Ibn Ezra answered that God granted people wisdom and implanted in their hearts the intelligence to receive power from on high to
3444:
A Midrash taught that when God perceived that Pharaoh did not relent after the first five plagues, God decided that even if Pharaoh now wished to repent, God would harden Pharaoh's heart to exact the whole punishment from him. Thus Exodus 9:12 reports that "the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh."
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so as to separate the Israelite men from their wives. God brought the pestilence upon the Egyptians' cattle because they had forced the Israelites to serve as shepherds so as to keep the Israelite men away from their wives. God sent boils because the Egyptians had demanded that the Israelites warm
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taught that a great miracle happened to that rod, for although it swallowed up all the rods that had been cast down, sufficient to make ten heaps, still the rod did not all become any thicker, and all who saw it recognized it as Aaron's rod. On this account, Aaron's rod became a symbol for all the
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imprisonment, and the Baraita deduced that the two events must therefore have occurred at the same time of year. The Baraita further deduced from the words, "Blow the horn on the new moon, on the covering day for our festival . . . He appointed it for Joseph for a testimony when he went forth," in
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Nachmanides, however, disagreed with Ibn Ezra's reading, arguing that a matter of chance is not called “the finger of God,” only a punishment from God is called that, as in 1 Samuel 12:15, “the hand of the Lord.” Further, Nachmanides noted that in the next plagues, Pharaoh no longer called on the
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Rabbi Nechunia, son of Hakkanah, taught that God killed Pharaoh, and then because of Pharaoh's repentance, delivered him from among the dead. Rabbi Nechunia deduced that Pharaoh had died from Exodus 9:15, in which God told Moses to tell Pharaoh, "For now I had put forth my hand, and smitten you."
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A Midrash interpreted the words of Exodus 8:22 (8:26 in the KJV), "Lo, if we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, will they not stone us?" to teach that the Egyptians saw the lamb as a god. Thus, when God told Moses to slay the paschal lamb (as reflected in Exodus 12:21),
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felt that the allocation of the Land of Israel "according to the names of the tribes of their fathers" in Numbers 26:55 meant that the allocation was with reference to those who left Egypt; perhaps, the Gemara supposed, it might have meant the 12 tribes and that the Land was to be divided into 12
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In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to stretch out his hand, and God sent thunder and hail, which struck down all exposed in Egypt, but did not strike Goshen. Pharaoh confessed his wrong, agreed to let the Israelites go, and asked Moses and Aaron to pray to end the hail. Moses told
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The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer taught that for every plague that God brought upon the Egyptians, the magicians also produced the plague, until God brought upon them the boils, and then the magicians were not able to stand to do likewise, as Exodus 9:11 says, "And the magicians could not stand before
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reasoned that as the phrase "the finger of God" in Exodus 8:15 (8:19 in the KJV) referred to 10 plagues, "the great hand" (translated "the great work") in Exodus 14:31 (in connection with the miracle of the Reed Sea) must refer to 50 plagues upon the Egyptians, and thus to a variety of cruel and
3358:
A Midrash interpreted the words of Proverbs 29:23, "A man's pride shall bring him low; but he that is of a lowly spirit shall attain to honor," to apply to Pharaoh and Moses, respectively. The Midrash taught that the words, "A man's pride shall bring him low," apply to Pharaoh, who in Exodus 5:2
2004:
strove with Isaac's herdsmen, saying: ‘The water is ours.'" Still Isaac did not murmur at God's ways. God said to Jacob in Genesis 28:13, "The land on which you lie, to you will I give it, and to your seed." Yet when he sought a place to pitch his tent, he found none until he purchased one for a
1339:
called on God to remember how short Ethan's life was in Psalm 89:48; God remembers that humans are but dust in Psalm 103:14; God remembers God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in Psalm 105:8–10; God remembers God's word to Abraham to deliver the Israelites to the Land of Israel in Psalm
980:
such as Egypt had never seen, and to instruct the Egyptians to bring their cattle in from the field so that they would not die. Those who feared God's word brought their slaves and livestock indoors, and those who did not fear God's word left them in the field. The eighth open portion ends here.
3195:
A Midrash noted that Exodus 7:13 reports that "Pharaoh's heart was hardened" without God's action, and that this was so for the first five plagues. As the first five plagues did not move Pharaoh to release the Israelites, God decreed that from then on, even if Pharaoh had agreed to release the
2139:
comes that only a small portion of Jews will find redemption, for Hosea 2:17 says, "And she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the days when she came up out of the land of Egypt," implying that circumstances upon the coming of the Messiah will be similar to those upon the
1945:
noted that God had already informed Moses that Pharaoh would not allow the Israelites to go, as in Exodus 3:19, God told Moses, "I know that the King of Egypt will not allow you to go," and in Exodus 4:19, God told Moses, "I will harden his heart." But Moses did not keep this in mind, but came
2208:
the castle,'" and it thus stands to reason, "‘What then have they done in the rest of the king's provinces?'" (10) In Ezekiel 15:5, God came to the prophet saying, "Behold, when it was whole, it was usable for no work," and thus surely it is logical to argue, "How much less, when the fire has
1010:) reading that concludes the parashah, Moses spread forth his hands to God, and the thunders and hail ceased, but when Pharaoh saw, he hardened his heart and did not let the Israelites go. The seventh reading, the ninth open portion, and the parashah end here with the end of chapter 9.
3996:
Sarna noted that Aaron, not Moses, turned his rod into a snake in Exodus 7:10. Sarna explained that Moses thus tacitly asserted his equal status with Pharaoh. Moses came to negotiate with Pharaoh as the representative of the people of Israel. Just as Pharaoh had his magicians, Moses had his
3288:
A Midrash taught that the frogs were the most grievous of the ten plagues. The Midrash taught that the frogs destroyed the Egyptians' bodies, as Psalm 78:45 says "frogs . . . destroyed them," and the frogs emasculated the Egyptians, as Exodus 7:28 says that the frogs would "come into . . .
4239:
reported that older source analysis saw Exodus 6:2–30 as an insertion by the Priestly source, addressed to a community in exile (or just out of exile), appealing to very old tradition to create a sense of structured, stable reality to give coherence, order, and legitimacy to communal life.
3992:
argued that the plagues concentrated within a period of about 12 months, based on the report of Exodus 7:7 that Moses was 80 years old when he first spoke with pharaoh and the report of Deuteronomy 34:7 that Moses was 120 years old when he died, after spending 40 years in the wilderness.
1946:
instead to doubt the wisdom of God's decree, and began to argue with God, saying in Exodus 5:22: "Lord, why have You dealt ill with this people?" For this reason, the Attribute of Justice sought to attack Moses, as Exodus 6:2 says: "And God spoke to Moses" (employing the name of God (
3174:
observed that it was a double miracle (as Aaron's serpent first became a rod again, and as a rod it swallowed up their serpents). When Pharaoh saw this, he was amazed and expressed his fear of what would happen if Moses now told the rod to swallow up Pharaoh and his throne. Rabbi
3506:
noted that while in Exodus 5:2, Pharaoh asked who God was, once God had smitten him, in Exodus 9:27 Pharaoh acknowledged that God was righteous. Citing this juxtaposition, the Pharisees complained against heretics who placed the name of earthly rulers above the name of God.
3390:
Reading “the finger of God” in Exodus 8:15 (8:19 in the KJV), Rabbi Ishmael said that each of the five fingers of God's right hand appertain to the mystery of Redemption. Rabbi Ishmael said that God showed the little finger of the hand to Noah, pointing out how to make the
3203:) used to say that Providence repays a person measure for measure. Thus, a Midrash taught that God sent the plagues against Pharaoh measure for measure. God changed the Egyptians' water into blood because the Egyptians prevented the Israelites from using the ritual bath (
1954:) indicative of God's Justice). But when God reflected that Moses only asked this because of Israel's suffering, God retracted and dealt with Moses according to the Attribute of Mercy, as Exodus 6:2 says: "And He said to him: ‘I am the Lord'" (employing the name of God (
3545:
taught that the phrase "I am the Lord" in Exodus 6:2 meant that God is faithful to recompense all those who followed God - faithful to punish when the phrase appears together with a punishment, and faithful to reward when the phrase appears together with a commandment.
2148:
equal portions? The Gemara noted that in Exodus 6:8, God told Moses to tell the Israelites who were about to leave Egypt, "And I will give it you for a heritage; I am the Lord," and that meant that the Land was the inheritance from the fathers of those who left Egypt.
2037:) to give them the land of Canaan," in Exodus 6:4. Rabbi Simai noted that Exodus 6:4 does not say "to give you" but "to give them," implying that God would give the land to the Patriarchs personally, and thus that God would resurrect them so as to fulfill the promise.
3997:
assistant, Aaron. Sarna noted that in the narratives of the Ten Plagues, Aaron acted only as long as the Egyptian magicians appeared present. After their ingenuity failed them and they faded from the story, Moses acted personally to bring about the remaining plagues.
10009:
3400:“And He gave to Moses, when He had made an end of communing with him . . . tables of stone, written with the finger of God.” With the index finger, God showed Moses what the children of Israel should give for the redemption of their souls, as Exodus 30:13 says, “
2232:
Reading Exodus 6:13, 7:8, and 9:8, a Midrash taught that in 18 verses, Scripture places Moses and Aaron (the instruments of Israel's deliverance) on an equal footing (reporting that God spoke to both of them alike), and thus there are 18 benedictions in the
3986:) means "interpreter of God." Spinoza read God's words to Moses in Exodus 7:1, "See, I have made you a god to Pharaoh, and Aaron your brother shall be your prophet," to imply that in interpreting the words of Moses to Pharaoh, Aaron would act as a prophet.
4153:
Sarna suggested that the biblical narrator might have construed the affliction of the Nile's waters and the plague of frogs as a kind of retribution for the pharaoh's decrees ordering the killing of male Israelites at birth and their drowning in the Nile.
4318:
Next, the Haggadah recounts the reasoning of Rabbi Jose the Galilean that as the phrase "the finger of God" in Exodus 8:15 referred to 10 plagues, "the great hand" (translated "the great work") in Exodus 14:31 must refer to 50 plagues upon the Egyptians.
4214:
Reading Exodus 9:20, "Whoever feared the Lord’s word," Alter wrote that whereas elsewhere, this idiom indicates piety (as in "God-fearing"), here it has been stripped down to its literal meaning of whoever was struck with terror by God's grim threat.
1996:, the Tetragrammaton). But still they did not criticize God's ways. To Abraham, God said in Genesis 13:17, "Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the breadth of it, for to you will I give it," yet when Abraham wanted to bury
959:
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to rise early and tell Pharaoh that God said, "Let My people go," or this time God would send all God's plagues upon Pharaoh and his people to demonstrate God's power. The sixth reading ends here,
916:
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to rise early and stand before Pharaoh as he came to the water and tell him that God said, "Let My people go," or else God would send swarms of insects and wild animals on Egypt, but not on
4149:
Collins argued that the plague stories show that Exodus is not only the story of the liberation of Israel, but also of the defeat and humiliation of the Egyptians, and thus involved “less than edifying” nationalistic, ethnic vengeance.
3887:, with Moses to establish the legitimacy of the priestly hierarchy. Acknowledging that this explanation does not address the text as it is now, Plaut presented the alternative explanation (which Plaut attributed to the Israeli scholar
3241:
4:14 that "the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, and . . . sets up over it the lowest of men." And Abitol the barber, citing Rav, deduced from the words "Pharaoh . . . goes out to the water" in Exodus 7:15 that this Pharaoh was a
1402:
As Exodus 7:7 notes that Moses was 80 years old when he spoke to Pharaoh, it would be 40 years later when Moses delivered his speech to the Israelites in Deuteronomy 31:2 and when he died, as reported in Deuteronomy 34:7, at age 120.
3342:
Rabbi Eleazar taught that when Exodus 8:2 (8:6 in the KJV) reports that "the frog came up, and covered the land of Egypt," it was initially just one frog, which bred prolifically and filled the land. The Tannaim disputed the matter.
3050:
Rabbi Simeon noted that in nearly every instance, the Torah mentioned Moses before Aaron, but Exodus 6:26 mentioned Aaron before Moses, teaching that the two were deemed equivalent. The Gemara taught that the use of the pronoun "he
3617:
Reading God's statement in Exodus 7:3 that "I will harden Pharaoh's heart," the report of Exodus 9:12 that "the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh," and similar statements in Exodus 4:21; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10; and 14:4, 8, and 17,
3374:
said that a spirit cannot even produce something the size of a camel, but a spirit can collect the elements of a larger object and thus produce the illusion of creating it, but a spirit cannot do even that with a smaller object.
3106:
The Tosefta cited Exodus 7:1, where the lesser Aaron spoke for the greater Moses, for the proposition that in synagogue reading, a minor may translate for an adult, but it is not honorable for an adult to translate for a minor.
3031:'s wife, as reported in Genesis 39). But the Gemara asked, did not the tribes sneer at Phinehas and question how a youth (Phinehas) whose mother's father crammed calves for idol-worship could kill the head of a tribe in Israel (
839:, so that the Egyptians would know that the Lord was God. Moses and Aaron did as God commanded. Moses was 80 years old, and Aaron 83 years old, when they spoke to Pharaoh. The third reading and the fourth open portion end here.
3661:, which means both “great multitude” and “great evening”). The lesser magicians then made observation after that until midnight. The Egyptians, who had great faith in the chief wizards, thus called them the “great evening” (
9698:, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.).
3386:
Rabbi Phinehas ben Hama reasoned that as the phrase "the finger of God" in Exodus 8:15 (8:19 in the KJV) referred to 10 plagues, "the hand of God" in Job 19:21 (in connection with Job's poverty) must refer to 50 plagues.
7874:
Jeremiah 7:23 (I will be your God and you will be my people); 11:4 (you will be my people, and I will be your God); 30:22 (you will be my people, and I will be your God); 31:33 (I will be their God, and they will be my
1314:
14:21; Jeremiah called on God to remember him and think of him, and avenge him of his persecutors in Jeremiah 15:15; God promises to remember God's covenant with the Israelites and establish an everlasting covenant in
1966:
2:12: "And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness and folly; for what can the man do who comes after the King? even that which has been already done." The Midrash taught that Ecclesiastes 2:12 refers to both
985:
Pharaoh that he would do so, and the hail would end so that Pharaoh would know that the earth is God's, but Moses knew that Pharaoh and his servants would not yet fear God. The hail had destroyed the flax and the
3927:
was a kind of “primitive sound,” an exclamation denoting awe, recognition, and affirmation: “Oh is the one!” or “Yah is the one!” or “Yah is!” or “Yah exists!” Finally, Plaut related yet another approach, seeing
3135:
people have corrupted themselves." Moses told God that the Israelites were indeed God's people, and God's inheritance, as Deuteronomy 9:29 reports Moses saying, "Yet they are Your people and Your inheritance."
912:
throughout the land, and they did so. The magicians tried to do the same, but they could not. The magicians told Pharaoh, "This is the finger of God!" But Pharaoh's heart stiffened. A closed portion ends here.
3150:
bar Abba that the words "with their enchantments" in Exodus 7:11 refer to sorcery without exogenous assistance, while the words "with their sorcery" in Exodus 7:22 refer to magic through the agency of demons.
3558:
taught that the word "only" was omitted from the statement "I did not make Myself known to them by My name YHVH" in Exodus 6:3, so that one should read Exodus 6:3 to say, "I did not make Myself known to them
4367:
Both the parashah and the haftarah describe God's instructions to a prophet to confront the Pharaoh of Egypt and bring on Israel's redemption. Both the parashah and the haftarah address God's judgments
4177:
Alter noted that the narrative preceding Exodus 8:15 repeatedly spoke of God's “hand” or “arm,” but Pharaoh's magicians appear to concede a lesser trace of divine action in mentioning God's “finger.”
3404:
they shall give . . . half a shekel for an offering to the Lord.” With the thumb and all the hand, God will in the future smite God's enemies (who Rabbi Ishmael identified as the children of Esau and
3863:, in Genesis, implying that the forefathers knew the Name. Plaut reports that Biblical scholars have attempted to solve this contradiction in various ways, many positing that Exodus 6 belongs to the
7903:
The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works
4174:(Shadal) wrote that although Pharaoh must have in his heart realized that the magicians were correct (and Moses was correct), Pharaoh carried on “business as usual,” as is the habit of atheists.
3622:
concluded that it is possible for a person to commit such a great sin, or so many sins, that God decrees that the punishment for these willing and knowing acts is the removal of the privilege of
2119:
A Baraita taught that Rabbi Simai deduced from the similarity of the phrases "And I will take you to me for a people" and "And I will bring you in to the land" in Exodus 6:7 that the Israelites'
1254:
to deliver her from childlessness in Genesis 30:22; Moses called on God to remember God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to deliver the Israelites from God's wrath after the incident of
1901:
read the words of Exodus 6:3, "I did not make Myself known to them by My name," to teach that no proper name can properly be assigned to God. Philo noted that God told Moses in Exodus 3:14, "
3370:
Rabbi Eleazar deduced from the magicians' recognition of "the finger of God" in Exodus 8:15 (8:19 in the KJV) that a demonic spirit cannot produce a creature less than a barleycorn in size.
1394:
and Bruce Wells noted that the Hebrew Bible also uses similar language for adoption, for example in 2 Samuel 7:14 (“I will be to him”), and thus one can say that God adopted the Israelites.
3677:
Rashi read the words of Pharaoh's magicians in Exodus 8:15, “This is the finger of God,” to indicate that they perceived that this plague was not the result of sorcery but the Omnipresent.
3711:
Saadia Gaon read the words, “He that feared the word of the Lord among the servants of Pharaoh,” in Exodus 9:20 to indicate that those servants of Pharaoh feared God's strength and power.
3499:
taught that one can surely draw the inference that if those who fear God on a particular occasion are saved from punishment, how much more will those who fear God all their life be saved.
866:
In the continuation of the reading, God began visiting ten plagues on Egypt. God told Moses to go to Pharaoh at his morning bath, demand of him to let the Israelites go to worship in the
4409:
The Standard Guide to the Jewish and Civil Calendars: A Parallel Jewish and Civil Calendar from 1899 to 2050 with Parashiyyot and Haftarot and Candle-Lighting Times for Selected Cities
3773:, and I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will deliver you from their bondage, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm, and with great judgments;
2188:?" (7) Also in Jeremiah 12:5, the prophet asked, "And if in a land of Peace where you are secure" you are overcome, is it not logical to ask, "How will you do in the thickets of the
2159:
A Midrash interpreted the words of Exodus 6:9, "they hearkened not to Moses for shortness of spirit," to indicated that it was difficult for the Israelites to abandon idol worship.
4100:) appear to share a common linguistic root. Plaut concluded that Israelites in Egypt likely occupied positions similar to, or because of familial ties were identified with, the
3445:
And the Midrash explained that the reference in Exodus 9:12, "as the Lord had spoken to Moses," referred to God's prediction in Exodus 7:3 that "I will harden Pharaoh's heart."
2064:. The Baraita noted that Exodus 6:6 uses the word "burden" to describe the end of the Israelites' bondage in Egypt, and Psalm 81:7 uses the word "burden" to describe the end of
828:
In the third reading, God instructed Moses to tell Pharaoh all that God would tell Moses, but Moses protested that he had a speech impediment. The third open portion ends here.
4326:
section quotes Exodus 9:3 to elucidate the term "a mighty hand" in Deuteronomy 26:8, interpreting the "mighty hand" to mean the plague of pestilence on the Egyptian livestock.
3691:) similarly read the magicians’ remark to indicate that the magicians thought that a natural disaster had caused the plague, because the magicians said, “This is the finger of
3322:
The Tosefta deduced from Exodus 1:8 that Pharaoh began to sin first before the people, and thus as indicated by Exodus 7:29 and 8:4, God struck him first and then the people.
4189:
the livestock of Egypt died,” but noting that Exodus 9:10 reports that boils subsequently struck the animals, Plaut concluded that Exodus 9:6 must be taken as hyperbole.
7931:
4146:
reported that some scholars have suggested that the plague stories contain a reminiscence of a mid-fourteenth century BCE epidemic referred to as “the Asiatic illness.”
3196:
Israelites, God would not accept it. Thus, starting with the sixth plague and thereafter (as Exodus 10:27 reports), the text says, "the Lord hardened Pharaoh's heart."
8623:
8615:
8619:
3955:
Sarna and Tigay noted that Exodus 6:7, “I will take you to Me for a people, and I will be to you a God,” prefigures the covenant that God would establish at Sinai.
3250:
the water (when no one else was there to witness that he relieved himself like other humans). God, therefore, told Moses to catch him just at this critical moment.
7979:
1335:
called on God to remember God's congregation to deliver them from their enemies in Psalm 74:2; God remembered that the Israelites were only human in Psalm 78:39;
952:
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to take handfuls of soot from the kiln and throw it toward the sky, so that it would become fine dust, causing
7927:
7996:, pages 29, 55, 69, 95, 100, 103, 116, 139, 215, 237, 242, 261, 322, 332, 342–43, 352, 359, 401, 407–08. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993.
7920:
9893:
7961:
7955:
3859:, who guarantees the covenant made with the ancestors, although they did not know God by this Name, but this contradicts the frequent occurrence of the name
3586:, but Moses filled it in when writing down the Torah. However, he disagrees with this, asking how Moses could dare to write a name that God had not uttered.
2116:, . . . even the poorest man in Israel must not eat until he reclines; and they (the overseers of charity) should give him not less than four cups of wine."
8910:
7259:
3419:
Pharaoh told Moses to have the people offer their sacrifices in Egypt. (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
3059:) that Aaron and Moses" in Exodus 6:26|HE,}} signifies that they were the same in their righteousness from the beginning to the end. Similar uses appear in
6835:
For more on medieval Jewish interpretation, see, e.g., Barry D. Walfish. "Medieval Jewish Interpretation," in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
5349:
For more on early nonrabbinic interpretation, see, e.g., Esther Eshel, "Early Nonrabbinic Interpretation," in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
4048:, people who had lost their status in the community from which they came, and who were not necessarily related except by common fate. Plaut wrote that the
3023:) calves for idol worship. The Gemara then provided an alternative explanation: Exodus 6:25 could mean that Phinehas descended from Joseph, who conquered (
7943:
9263:. "Three Ways to Look at the Ten Plagues: Were They Natural Disasters, A Demonstration of the Impotence of the Egyptian Gods or an Undoing of Creation?"
7973:
7937:
8169:
7967:
5571:
4261:
3778:
D: And I will take you to Me for a people, and I will be to you a God; and you shall know that I am the Lord your God, who brought you out from under
9311:“Three Ways to Look at the Ten Plagues:Were they natural disasters, a demonstration of the impotence of the Egyptian gods or an undoing of Creation?
8914:
8289:. Translated by W. David Nelson, pages 5–7, 9–11, 50–51, 54, 56, 78–79, 89, 93, 114, 117, 150, 209. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2006.
8061:
8050:
5238:
2196:
11:31 reasoned, "Behold, the righteous shall be requited in the earth," and does it not follow, "How much more the wicked and the sinner?" (9) In
10471:
10087:
9908:
9310:
7229:
2988:
Rava taught that he who wishes to take a wife should first inquire about the character of her brothers. For Exodus 6:23 reports, "And Aaron took
2123:
from Egypt occurred under circumstances like their entry into the Land of Israel. Rabbi Simai thus deduced that just as only two out of 600,000 (
7949:
1198:
reported that in Egyptian literature, a plague is called "the hand of God," while among Babylonians, the expression was the name of a sickness.
9444:
8210:, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 18, 24, 26–27, 30, 36, 44, 49. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2011–2019. And in, e.g.,
8702:
8259:
and Maurice Simon, volume 1, pages 14, 37–38, 144, 153, 296, 389, 392; volume 2, pages 754, 816, 853, 898, 929. London: Soncino Press, 1939.
3495:
Reading Exodus 9:20, “Those among Pharaoh’s courtiers who feared the Lord’s word brought their slaves and livestock indoors to safety,” the
242:
to let the Israelites go, but Moses complained that Pharaoh would not heed him, a man of impeded speech. The second open portion ends here.
8542:. Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 129–82. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996.
1242:
8:1; God promised to remember God's covenant not to destroy the Earth again by flood in Genesis 9:15–16; God remembered Abraham to deliver
4136:
1:9, but otherwise Israelites referred to themselves by their tribes (for example, Judah or Ephraim) or by their common ancestor, Israel.
3237:, said that the Pharaoh whom Moses addressed was a puny fellow, a cubit tall, with a beard as long as he was tall, embodying the words in
2131:) entered the Promised Land, so only two out of every 600,000 Israelites in Egypt participated in the Exodus, and the rest died in Egypt.
6875:, translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver (New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996), volume 2, page 129.
3907:, “he who indeed will (show himself to) be,” or “he who proves himself.” Plaut reported a different theory holds that the name was read
905:
In the fifth reading, the frogs departed, but Pharaoh became stubborn and did not let the Israelites leave. A closed portion ends here.
11114:
11057:
9694:
4199:) read the words, “He that feared,” in Exodus 9:20 to indicate that the Egyptians were fearful because of the sins they had committed.
4116:
was used only when the Israelites spoke of themselves to outsiders and when outsiders referred to them. Thus Genesis 14:13 calls Abram
3552:
read God's statement "and I appeared" in Exodus 6:3 to indicate that the Patriarchs received their prophesies in visions of the night.
1979:
The Egyptians made the Israelites work as slaves. (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
836:
125:
It is composed of 6,701 Hebrew letters, 1,748 Hebrew words, 121 verses, and 222 lines in a Torah Scroll, and is considered part of the
11052:
7371:
3464:
The hail killed all the people out in the open. (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
2228:
The Lord told Moses to go before Pharaoh again. (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
3832:, was the high god of the Canaanite pantheon (although the Hebrew word is also a common noun meaning “god”), and some scholars link
2033:
Rabbi Simai found evidence for the resurrection of the dead in the words, "And I also have established my covenant with them (the
11109:
8737:. Translated by Eliyahu Touger; edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 569–607. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000.
4205:
reported an interpretation that Exodus 9:20 indicated a test by Moses of how far the fear of God had spread among the Egyptians.
8580:
8273:
7528:. Translated by Eliyahu Touger; edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 601–02. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000.
3824:, in Exodus 6:3, also used five times in the Patriarchal Tales, is an archaic, evidently Canaanite combination of divine names.
3063:
1:27 to teach Abraham's enduring righteousness, in 1 Samuel 17:14 to teach David's enduring humility, in Genesis 36:43 to teach
10995:
10965:
4425:
2155:
Moses told the people what God had said. (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
8566:
896:
Aaron Struck the Ground with His Staff (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
1882:(2) blood, (3) frogs, (4) flies and lice, (5) hail, (6) locusts, and (7) firstborn, but not plagues of livestock or boils.
9554:
8198:: Pesachim 42b; Rosh Hashanah 20b; Megillah 13b; Chagigah 4a, 11a; Yevamot 63a; Sotah 10a, 28b; Sanhedrin 26b; Makkot 9a.
2250:
Moses and Aaron went before Pharaoh. (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
10985:
10960:
10464:
10080:
8555:
7859:
Genesis 17:1 (El Shaddai); 28:3 (El Shaddai); 35:11 (El Shaddai); 43:14 (El Shaddai); 48:3 (El Shaddai); 49:25 (Shaddai).
6972:
4244:, however, saw four sources in Exodus 6 alone. Friedman saw the opening verse of Exodus 6:1 to have been composed by the
4080:
or seminomads, they later settled, but were usually considered foreigners and maintaining their group identity. The term
1386:) in Leviticus 21:3; Numbers 30:7; Deuteronomy 24:4; Judges 14:20; 15:2; 2 Samuel 12:10; Jeremiah 3:1; Ezekiel 16:8; and
949:
with a pestilence, sparing the Israelites' livestock. But Pharaoh remained stubborn. The seventh open portion ends here.
2969:
A Midrash taught that Korah took issue with Moses in Numbers 16:1 because Moses had (as Numbers 3:30 reports) appointed
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8269:. Translated by Jacob Z. Lauterbach, volume 1, page 166. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1933, reissued 2004.
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8027:
7018:
5551:
8228:
8224:
3703:
magicians to do the same thing, indicating that the magicians had already conceded that the plagues were God's doing.
3257:
All the water turned into blood! (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
3143:
and the sorcerers,” to teach that Scripture calls nonbelievers “wise men” when they do something that requires skill.
231:. God instructed Moses to tell the Israelites that God would free them, make them God's people, and bring them to the
8476:. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 53–90. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994.
8420:. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
4104:. When non-Israelites repeatedly applied the term to the Israelites, the Israelites themselves began to use the name
942:
insects and wild animals, Pharaoh became stubborn again. The sixth open portion ends here with the end of chapter 8.
4211:
read Exodus 9:20 to indicate that some of Pharaoh's servants had become frightened of God's warning through Moses.
3460:
3448:
3183:
963:
9183:. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 74–111. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as
6859:, translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg (Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994), volume 2, page 54.
3415:
3362:
3253:
3131:
people." But Moses noted that once the Israelites had sinned, God told Moses (in Exodus 32:7), "Go, get down, for
2246:
2224:
2151:
1975:
1928:
1209:
892:
235:. But the Israelites would not listen because of their distress and hard labor. The first open portion ends here.
7059:, translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, page 132; Hezekiah ben Manoah,
3316:
1262:
9:27; God promises to "remember" God's covenant with Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham to deliver the Israelites and the
956:
on man and beast throughout Egypt, and he did so. But God stiffened Pharaoh's heart. A closed portion ends here.
9999:
8444:. Translated by Samuel Rosenblatt, pages 29, 116–17, 152, 154, 199, 411. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948.
2072:
Rabbi Nehemiah cited the use of the words "will bring you out" in Exodus 6:6 to demonstrate that using the word
10643:
10457:
10073:
9636:
9170:
7224:
2084:
brought forth" bread from the land. Rabbi Nehemiah thus read Exodus 6:6–7 to mean: "I am the Lord, the One Who
1270:
26:42–45; the Israelites were to blow upon their trumpets to be remembered and delivered from their enemies in
8285:
2:1–2, 5; 3:1; 15:4–5; 16:1, 4; 19:4; 21:4; 22:6; 26:3, 6; 35:1; 47:2. Land of Israel, 5th century. In, e.g.,
5278:
For more on inner-Biblical interpretation, see, e.g., Benjamin D. Sommer, "Inner-biblical Interpretation," in
3867:, which held that the Patriarchs knew God only as Elohim or El Shaddai, and that God first disclosed the Name
3452:
Pharaoh Changed His Mind (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
9368:
8808:. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 308–27. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997.
7127:
6901:
6868:
2045:
908:
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to have Aaron strike the dust with his rod, to turn it to
885:
As the reading continues, God told Moses to have Aaron hold his arm with the rod over the river and bring up
863:
to do the same, but Aaron's rod swallowed their rods. Pharaoh's heart stiffened. A closed portion ends here.
812:
10004:
9904:
9457:, pages 22, 30–31, 47, 59, 85, 95–96, 98, 100–01, 107, 164, 169. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
8517:
8513:
7719:
The Interlinear Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah, with an Interlinear Translation, Instructions and Comments
7702:
The Interlinear Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah, with an Interlinear Translation, Instructions and Comments
7685:
The Interlinear Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah, with an Interlinear Translation, Instructions and Comments
1962:) indicative of God's Mercy). The Midrash viewed the question of Moses in Exodus 5:22 as an application of
8588:
Mishneh Torah: Hilchot Chametz U'Matzah: The Laws of Chametz and Matzah: The Rambam's Text of the Haggadah
967:
Moses Before Pharaoh (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
9852:
9253:
9230:
8610:
8601:. Edited, annotated, and translated, with an introduction by Joseph I. Gorfinkle, pages 95–96. New York:
4249:
3366:
The plague of gnats (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
9974:
9358:
Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel
8790:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 895–920. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008.
8465:
8058:
8047:
6979:, translated by Eliyahu Touger (New York: Moznaim Publishing, 1990), pages 140–48; see also Maimonides,
1932:
God Answered Moses (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
10732:
9142:
8958:
8826:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 375–400. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000.
8723:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 815–54. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003.
8215:
7245:
9788:
9014:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 561–93. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012.
8751:. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 331–45. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001.
7263:, volume 69, issues 1–4 (1957): pages 84–103; volume 70, issue 1 (1958): pages 48–59; Nahum M. Sarna,
1213:
Egyptian Bondage (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
10980:
10719:
9710:
8829:
8682:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 382–99. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013.
8602:
8262:
8005:
7541:, pages 117–18. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1855, in, e.g., RareBooksClub.com, 2012.
6988:
5832:. Translated by Harry Freedman, volume 7, page 217. New York: American Biblical Encyclopedia Society.
5754:
1378:) in Genesis 4:19; 6:2; 11:29, and more than 70 other Biblical occurrences, and "to be (someone's)" (
9018:
8480:
3484:
10:11 says, "And it came to pass as they fled from before Israel, while they were at the descent of
3412:
5:9 says, “Let your hand be lifted up above your adversaries, and let all your enemies be cut off.”
10603:
9666:
9598:
9049:
8793:
8599:
The Eight Chapters of Maimonides on Ethics (Shemonah Perakim): A Psychological and Ethical Treatise
8282:
7005:, translated by Harry Sperling, Maurice Simon, and Paul P. Levertoff (London: Soncino Press, 1934).
6985:
The Eight Chapters of Maimonides on Ethics (Shemonah Perakim): A Psychological and Ethical Treatise
6004:
5424:
5266:
4315:, many Jews remove drops of wine from their cups for each of the ten plagues in Exodus 7:14–12:29.
4241:
2631:
2040:
2018:
807:
652:
10029:
10014:
7485:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, page 582. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012.
7067:, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk (Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013), volume 2, page 392.
6940:, translated by Charles B. Chavel (New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973), volume 2, pages 65–66.
10737:
9758:
Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption
9137:
8905:
8043:
5295:
3225:
2935:
2166:
1959:
1336:
8878:
7131:(Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994), volume 1, pages 734–35 (noting a similar chiastic structure).
5242:
Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement: 1986–1990
3468:
Exodus 9:13–34 sets forth the plague of hail. The Gemara told of the miracle of the hailstones (
10820:
10757:
9897:
9805:
9648:
9398:
9245:
9240:
9181:
The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses
8696:
Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 63–99. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973.
8256:
7878:
Ezekiel 20:5 (God lifted up God's hand); 36:28 (you will be my people, and I will be your God).
5821:
5547:
5333:
4232:
3115:
8651:
7383:, translated by Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2nd edition, 2001)).
1356:
1:8; and Nehemiah prayed to God to remember him to deliver him for good in Nehemiah 13:14–31.
10638:
10608:
9771:
9516:
9380:
9169:. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 76–122. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press,
9000:
8974:
8740:
7999:
7906:
7894:
5762:
5675:
4171:
4073:
3623:
3300:
3284:
The Plague of Frogs (illustration from the 1891 Bible encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nikiphor)
2065:
1341:
1243:
34:
10049:
8214:. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and
8108:
6987:, edited, annotated, and translated, with an introduction by Joseph I. Gorfinkle (New York:
5363:
4019:) are leading words throughout the book of Exodus that give it a sense of unity. Similarly,
3154:
1294:
1:11 and God remembered Hannah's prayer to deliver her from childlessness in 1 Samuel 1:19;
10860:
10727:
10096:
9819:
9662:
9658:
9549:
9289:
9038:. Translated by Zvi Faier, volume 4, pages 158–252. Israel: M.P. Press/Hillel Press, 1984.
8886:
8845:
8104:
8022:
6957:, translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, page 145.
6908:, translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, page 133.
6892:, translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, page 132.
6145:
5570:, and Jerusalem Talmud deals with the uncircumcision of trees based on Leviticus 19:23–25.
855:
In the fourth reading, God told how Aaron could cast down his rod and it would turn into a
75:
26:
9909:“Exodus in the Bible and the Egyptian Plagues: Can we make sense of the Biblical plagues?”
9334:
The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation
9113:
Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch
8965:
8500:. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 59–92. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8100:
7194:
The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation
5309:
The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation
3472:) of which Ezekiel 13:11, 13:13, and 38:22 speak. A Midrash taught that they were stones (
8:
11088:
10815:
10679:
10438:
10408:
10380:
10360:
10325:
10112:
9840:
8935:. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 499–533. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999.
8894:
8709:. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 volumes. London: Soncino Press, 1934.
8671:
8152:
8148:
8096:
8092:
7910:
7674:. Translated by Charles Wengrov, volume 1, page 93. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers, 1991.
7315:
6933:
6058:
5245:
3684:
3510:
The Mishnah echoed Exodus 9:31–32 by listing wheat, barley, and spelt as typical grains.
3348:
3330:
3171:
3060:
1352:
prayed to God to remember God's promise to Moses to deliver the Israelites from exile in
1259:
177:
9918:
7539:
A Historical and Critical Commentary on the Old Testament with a New Translation: Exodus
6917:
6848:
3273:, in the phrase "And the fish that were in the river died" in Exodus 7:21 that the word
171:) divisions (roughly equivalent to paragraphs, often abbreviated with the Hebrew letter
10898:
10805:
10532:
10388:
10282:
10272:
10262:
10224:
10054:
9363:
9202:
8955:
Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus
8938:
8011:
7993:
7196:, page 32; Jeffrey H. Tigay, “Exodus,” in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
7122:
5813:
5381:, "Classical Rabbinic Interpretation," in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
4304:
4236:
3731:
2034:
1517:
1247:
224:
9814:. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 61–107. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012.
9676:, pages 159–238. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
8772:. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 85–133. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015.
7042:. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, page 79. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
4170:
Reading the words of Pharaoh's magicians in Exodus 8:15, “This is the finger of God,”
3180:
miracles and wonders that were to be performed for Israel throughout the generations.
10868:
10845:
10835:
10648:
10502:
10345:
10254:
10194:
9781:
9776:
9767:
9746:
9576:
9542:
9372:. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 731–60. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.
9339:
9039:
5283:
4449:
4057:
3888:
3727:
3379:
3187:
The Rods of Moses and the Magicians Turned into Serpents (illustration from the 1728
1267:
842:
9961:
9870:
The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus
7723:
JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
7706:
JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
7689:
JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
7104:, translated by Samuel Rosenblatt (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948), page 29.
3229:
The Rod of Aaron Devours the Other Rods (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
1310:
called on God to remember God's covenant with the Israelites to not condemn them in
11083:
11078:
10704:
10674:
10355:
10117:
9848:
9690:
9523:
9474:
9319:
9279:
9219:. Edited by John I. Durham and J. Roy Porter, pages 48–75. London: SCM Press, 1970.
9194:
8918:
8531:
8435:
8207:
8195:
7095:
5758:
4277:
4253:
4053:
3575:
3549:
2193:
2104:
2092:
reported that the Rabbis of a Baraita, however, read Exodus 6:6–7 to mean: "When I
1391:
1353:
1311:
1194:
Reading the Egyptian magicians' words in Exodus 8:15, "This is the finger of God!"
860:
103:
10588:
9284:
Pharaoh's Counsellors: Job, Jethro, and Balaam in Rabbinic and Patristic Tradition
9057:
4380:) God. And in both the parashah and the haftarah, God proclaims, "I am the Lord."
1411:
The description of the 10 plagues exhibits patterns and progressions, as follows:
1298:
called on God to remember Hezekiah's faithfulness to deliver him from sickness in
10990:
10934:
10752:
10628:
10330:
10317:
10104:
9797:
9454:
9353:
9217:
Proclamation and Presence: Old Testament Essays in Honour of Gwynne Henton Davies
9162:
8924:
8761:
8726:
8712:
8562:. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, pages 140–48. New York: Moznaim Publishing, 1990.
8073:
8065:
8054:
8035:
7820:
7816:
7358:
6793:. Translated by Harry Freedman. New York: American Biblical Encyclopedia Society.
6721:
4192:
4143:
3864:
3496:
3086:
3042:
3036:
1332:
1316:
1291:
1271:
1239:
1019:
270:
266:
57:
9956:
9845:
Archaeology of the Bible: The Greatest Discoveries From Genesis to the Roman Era
8014:
16:12–16 (frogs); 17:17 (changing hearts to God's purpose). Late 1st century CE.
7812:
3871:, to Moses. According to this theory, the passages in Genesis that use the Name
11047:
11032:
10800:
10784:
10769:
10747:
10669:
10484:
10393:
10186:
9753:
9721:
9706:
9594:
9329:
9212:
6924:, translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 54–55.
6748:
6661:
6562:
6550:
6526:
6400:
6256:
6109:
6097:
5663:
5563:
5477:
5325:
5262:
4338:
4312:
4202:
3975:
3481:
3355:, and taught that one frog croaked for others, and they joined the first frog.
3308:
3238:
3176:
3032:
3016:
2197:
2181:
2109:
1902:
1890:
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources:
1359:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1263:
918:
232:
152:
147:
95:
65:
9994:
9989:
9227:“The Priestly Redaction and Interpretation of the Plague Narrative in Exodus.”
9072:, pages 87–91. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012.
9034:. Warsaw, 1874–80. In, e.g., Malbim: Rabbenu Meir Leibush ben Yechiel Michel.
8883:
Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash
7933:
On the Birth of Abel and the Sacrifices Offered by Him and by His Brother Cain
7836:
7808:
7788:
7777:
7773:
7750:
7738:
6814:
6697:
6673:
6649:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6589:
6514:
6478:
6463:
6451:
6439:
6364:
6352:
6328:
6316:
6292:
6268:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6172:
6148:
6121:
6085:
6073:
5651:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5616:
5604:
5600:
5584:
5212:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5126:
5114:
5089:
5064:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4929:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4794:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4708:
4683:
4671:
4586:
4558:
4520:
3325:
2096:
you out, I will do for you something that will show you that I am the One Who
181:)). Parashat Va'eira has seven further subdivisions, called "closed portion" (
11103:
10975:
10970:
10878:
10742:
10618:
10512:
10204:
9679:
9411:
9390:
9384:
9299:
9237:
Marvin H. Pope. “Mid Rock and Scrub, A Ugaritic Parallel to Exodus 7:19.” In
9085:
8986:
8900:
8811:
8657:
8550:
8521:
8503:
8447:
8221:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8080:
7832:
7804:
7792:
7761:
7734:
6968:
6802:
6736:
6724:
6709:
6685:
6601:
6577:
6565:
6538:
6502:
6490:
6427:
6415:
6412:
6388:
6376:
6340:
6304:
6280:
6196:
6184:
6160:
6133:
5643:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5489:
5411:
5407:
5394:
5291:
5052:
5027:
5015:
4855:
4830:
4818:
4806:
4659:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4223:
4133:
4020:
3409:
3392:
3094:
2162:
2061:
1387:
1195:
924:
274:
250:
119:
91:
8321:
5452:
5320:
Jeffrey H. Tigay, “Exodus,” in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
3883:. Adherents of this theory argue that in Exodus 6:3, the P school connected
3590:
was not made tangible to them (even as the name itself was used in speech).
3427:
11011:
10840:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10593:
10335:
10132:
10044:
9705:. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by
9645:
Unlocking the Torah Text: An In-Depth Journey into the Weekly Parsha: Shmot
9562:
9538:
9511:
9501:
9265:
9126:
9069:
8890:
8856:
8849:
8775:
8654:, pages 33, 58, 61, 224, 318, 359, 397. New York: Dover Publications, 1956.
7670:. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, 2 volumes. London: Soncino Press, 1967.
7555:
7298:
7241:
7025:. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, page 77.
6475:
5378:
5279:
4389:
4334:
4056:
during the 19th to 14th centuries B.C.E. who may originally have come from
3920:
3919: and frequently as a prefix or suffix to proper names. According to
3813:
2189:
2132:
1963:
1234:
to deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. Similarly, God remembered
831:
In the continuation of the reading, God placed Aaron in the role of Moses'
207:
156:
126:
9520:, page 294. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1995, 2004. (Moses and Pharaoh).
9092:. Translated with an introduction by Simon Kaplan; introductory essays by
9043:
8664:: A Homily on Education." First half of 13th century. In Marc Saperstein.
8369:
8365:
8361:
6016:
5741:
5712:
5517:
4038:), as in Exodus 7:16 and 9:1 and 13, came from the name of a group called
3762:
D: And moreover I have heard the groaning of the children of Israel, whom
3315:
Thaddeus of Rome taught that Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah (also known as
3158:
Aaron's Rod Changed to a Serpent (illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible)
11037:
10830:
10825:
10810:
10699:
10287:
9701:
Jhos Singer. “Uncircumcized Lips: Parashat Vaeira (Exodus 6:2–9:35).” In
9633:“‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.”
9621:
9260:
9222:
9132:
9118:
9093:
8430:
8393:
8357:
8353:
8333:
7436:
5913:
5892:
5879:
Midrash Tanhuma Va'eira 3; see also Exodus Rabbah 11:6 (discussed below).
5555:
5505:
5428:
4265:
4208:
4085:
4061:
4000:
3555:
3523:
3344:
3147:
1345:
1279:
1255:
10065:
9742:
9632:
9526:. "What's in a Name? Early Evidence of Devotion Exclusively to Yahweh."
9451:
Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series)
9304:
The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel
8528:
Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, pages 46, 86. New York: Schocken, 1964.
8474:
The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated
8454:. Translated by Simon M. Lehrman, volume 3. London: Soncino Press, 1939.
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8329:
7881:
Psalms 68:5 (name is the Lord); 78:44–51 (plagues); 105:23–38 (plagues).
7100:, Introductory treatise, chapter 6 (Baghdad, Babylonia, 933); in, e.g.,
7023:
The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated
6922:
The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated
6857:
The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated
5846:
5729:
5440:
3534:
2184:," and thus surely it stands to reason, "How much more then if we go to
1022:
of Torah reading read the parashah according to the following schedule:
846:
Water Is Changed into Blood (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
11073:
11042:
11016:
10774:
10714:
10573:
10413:
10307:
10147:
10122:
10019:
9628:, pages 40, 54, 205, 216–32, 376, 421, 425. New York: Free Press, 2007.
9226:
8957:. Compiled by Chaim Kramer; edited by Y. Hall, pages 56–63. Jerusalem:
8685:
8545:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8337:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8301:
8297:
8192:, pages 158–66, 249, 630, 1131. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
7985:
7366:
6760:
5973:
5774:
5493:
5464:
4088:
group as to a social or political group. Plaut reported that the words
3989:
3619:
3593:
3234:
3200:
2981:, and Korah was (as Exodus 6:21 reports) son of Uzziel's older brother
2978:
2120:
2060:
deduced from Exodus 6:6 that the Israelites' bondage in Egypt ended on
867:
228:
9640:, volume 126 (2007): 635–37. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Exodus Story”).
9612:
9205:, pages 1–28. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1982. Originally published in
8770:
Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus
8397:
8341:
8305:
7862:
Exodus 4:21; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10; 14:4, 8 (hardening Pharaoh's heart).
5952:
5858:
4235:
find evidence of three or even four separate sources in the parashah.
3891:) that Moses and the people had since patriarchal time known the Name
3840:, with a term for “mountain,” and others associate it with fertility.
3566:
3199:
It was taught in a Baraita that Rabbi Judah the Prince (or others say
2069:
Psalm 81:4–6 that Joseph went forth from the prison on Rosh Hashanah.
1331:
called upon God to remember God's compassion and mercy in Psalm 25:6;
1206:
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:
811:
Aaron Cast His Rod Before Pharaoh and It Became a Serpent (woodcut by
10893:
10883:
10764:
10527:
10517:
10219:
10209:
9927:
9865:
9763:
9725:
9176:
9145:, page 788. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Originally published as
8994:
8982:
8309:
8089:
7233:
5337:
4459:
4412:
4287:
4069:
4030:
Plaut reported that scholars generally agree that the term “Hebrew” (
3851:
Gunther Plaut noted the difficulty that Exodus 6:3–4 says that it is
3503:
3080:
2993:
2970:
2212:
1370:
to you a God,” are both used in connection with matrimony—"to take" (
1290:
prayed for God to remember her and deliver her from childlessness in
946:
262:
16:
Fourteenth portion in the annual Jewish cycle of weekly Torah reading
9943:
8870:
8349:
8345:
8076:, pages 72–74. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987.
5725:
3752:, as God Almighty, but by My name YHWH I made Me not known to them.
3347:
said that one frog filled the whole of Egypt by breeding. But Rabbi
3046:
Moses Speaks to Pharaoh (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
10913:
10908:
10903:
10850:
10779:
10653:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10428:
10423:
10403:
10292:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10162:
10152:
9732:
9336:, pages 30–48, 269. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
8946:
8721:
Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher
8590:. Translated by Eliyahu Touger. New York: Moznaim Publishing, 1988.
8251:; 82:3; 88:5; 92:7; 96, 97. Land of Israel, 5th century. In, e.g.,
8199:
8070:
The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition
8032:
The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition
8017:
5888:
5842:
5840:
5838:
4455:
4356:
4301:
3755:
C: And I have also established My covenant with them, to give them
3485:
3371:
3028:
3012:
2989:
2943:
2113:
1992:), and God had not made known to them that God's name is the Lord (
1349:
1307:
1295:
945:
As the reading continues with chapter 9, God struck the Egyptian's
495:
70:
10024:
9984:
9606:
Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems
9129:, pages 142–280. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992.
3759:
of Canaan, the land of their sojournings, wherein they sojourned.
3280:
10944:
10939:
10918:
10633:
10613:
10598:
10583:
10552:
10449:
10433:
10418:
10244:
10142:
10137:
10127:
9324:
A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus
9105:
9097:
8950:
8921:, pages 456, 474. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982.
8749:
Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah
8489:
8165:
8038:, page 716. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987.
5700:
5567:
4281:
4245:
3915:, a form that occurs several times independently in the Bible as
3880:
3680:
3578:
as saying that Abraham and Jacob literally did not know the Name
3405:
3352:
3218:
3123:
people," as in Exodus 7:4, God had said, "And I will bring forth
3004:
2997:
2144:
2136:
2057:
2007:
1968:
1942:
1918:
1344:
called on God to remember him to deliver him from God's wrath in
1223:
832:
474:
239:
114:
87:
61:
20:
10034:
9492:
9076:
8556:
Hilchot Teshuvah (The Laws of Repentance), chapter 3, halachah 3
7990:
The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition
7687:(Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005), page 51; Joseph Tabory,
7117:, (Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993), pages 115–18, reprinted as
6973:
Hilchot Teshuvah (The Laws of Repentance), chapter 3, halachah 3
5835:
3606:
add to their good or diminish the evil destined to befall them.
2044:
The Egyptians Afflicted the Israelites with Burdens (woodcut by
928:
The Plague of Flies (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
837:
harden Pharaoh's heart, so that God might show signs and marvels
804:
The second reading and a closed portion end with the genealogy.
10623:
10350:
10340:
10277:
10167:
10157:
10039:
9979:
9919:"The Problem of Reubenite Primacy: New Paradigms, New Answers."
9872:, pages 134–43. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
9573:
Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading
9426:
9061:
9027:
8837:
8801:
8508:
8469:
8293:
7357:, revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 396 (citing
7312:
Exodus 1–18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary
7294:
7001:
Zohar, part 2, page 191a (Spain, late 13th century); in, e.g.,
6852:
4129:
4040:
3978:
deduced from Exodus 7:1 that in Scripture, the word "prophet" (
3843:
3609:
3205:
3072:
3068:
2974:
2928:
2921:
2891:
2642:
2398:
2235:
2201:
2185:
2177:
2128:
2089:
1922:
1324:
1275:
1251:
1002:
986:
938:
770:
659:
488:
481:
202:
195:
160:
9894:"Pharaoh’s Administration Offers a Cautionary Tale for Today."
9879:, pages 44–46. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
9802:
Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons
9481:, pages 87–93. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002.
9346:, pages 114–77. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as
9234:, new series, volume 66, number 4 (April 1976): pages 193–211.
7691:(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2008), pages 94–95.
4392:(as it did in 2013 and 2017), the haftarah is Isaiah 66:1–24.
3139:
A Midrash read Exodus 7:11, “Then Pharaoh also called for the
10888:
10709:
10578:
10568:
10522:
10398:
10370:
10365:
10302:
10214:
9990:
American Jewish University—Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
9360:, page 14. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
9201:. Translated by Douglas W. Stott; edited and introduction by
9188:
9007:
8819:
8699:
8643:
8457:
7916:
7850:
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
7663:
7558:, page 275. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992.
7478:
6782:
4262:
the display of Exodus according to the Documentary Hypothesis
4121:
4077:
3642:
3542:
2982:
2913:
2905:
2898:
2620:
2597:
2217:
2124:
2001:
1997:
1914:
1898:
1328:
1231:
1227:
1222:
In Exodus 2:24 and 6:5–6, God remembered God's covenant with
994:
990:
909:
875:
856:
784:
777:
645:
638:
246:
220:
9862:, pages 85–89. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016.
9830:, pages 67–71. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015.
3431:
The Plague of Hail (illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible)
1013:
245:
In the continuation of the reading, God commanded Moses and
10297:
10267:
9883:
9828:
Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible
9530:, volume 20 (number 1) (February 2004): pages 34–43, 47–51.
9441:
Teaching Jewish Virtues: Sacred Sources and Arts Activities
9395:
The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman’s Commentary on the Torah
9115:, pages 42–45. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936.
8450:
5:14, 6:1–12:7, 23:9, 25:27, 28:4. 10th century. In, e.g.,
7409:, revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 396–97.
7344:, revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 106–07.
5476:
Jerusalem Talmud Pesachim 82b; see also Exodus Rabbah 6:4;
4112:. Plaut considered it possible that for some time the term
3563:
by My name YHVH," for God also used the Name "El Shaddai."
3290:
3243:
3214:
3210:
3076:
3064:
2305:
2205:
1320:
1235:
977:
953:
886:
871:
315:
238:
In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to tell
10059:
9296:, pages 59–62. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987.
9153:
5377:
For more on classical rabbinic interpretation, see, e.g.,
5311:(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), page 32.
4329:
3962:
10177:
9626:
How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now
9066:
The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet
8783:
8582:
Hilchot Chometz U'Matzah (The Laws of Chametz and Matzah)
8265:
Beshallah 7. Land of Israel, late 4th century. In, e.g.,
6991:, 1912; reprinted by Forgotten Books, 2012), pages 95–96.
4157:
2985:, and thus had a claim to leadership prior to Elizaphan.
2204:
the queen: ‘The Jews have slain and destroyed 500 men in
976:
In the seventh reading, God instructed Moses to threaten
109:
9608:, page 76. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007.
9545:, pages 115–22. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
9436:, volume 2, pages 261–354. New York: Anchor Bible, 1998.
8678:. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach.
8540:
Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot)
8498:
Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation
7063:(France, circa 1240); in, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach,
7057:
Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot)
7040:
Rashbam’s Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation
6955:
Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot)
6906:
Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot)
6890:
Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot)
6873:
Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot)
5226:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
5201:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
5140:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
5103:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
5078:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
5041:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
5004:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4943:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4918:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4869:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4844:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4783:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4722:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4697:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4648:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4575:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4547:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4534:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
4509:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3932:, as having developed from a cultic name connected with
3633:
3003:
The Gemara asked whether the words in Exodus 6:25, "And
9934:, pages 106–59. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021.
9703:
Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible
9469:
Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies
9377:
In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah
8885:. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 125–31.
8668:, pages 113–23. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
8560:
Mishneh Torah: Hilchot Teshuvah: The Laws of Repentance
8218:. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009.
7511:. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 390.
7422:, revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 397.
7396:, revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 396.
7331:, revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 347.
7183:. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 395.
7170:. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 394.
7157:. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, page 393.
7084:
translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 86–87.
6977:
Mishneh Torah: Hilchot Teshuvah: The Laws of Repentance
3075:'s enduring wickedness, in 2 Chronicles 28:22 to teach
1908:
9860:
Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible
9686:, pages 83–88. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009.
9508:, pages 339–64. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
9506:
The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary
9488:, volume 19 (number 4) (August 2003): pages 48–54, 63.
9406:
God's Mailbox: More Stories About Stories in the Bible
9272:
John E. Currid. "Why Did God Harden Pharaoh's Heart?"
9251:
Robert R. Wilson, "The Hardening of Pharaoh's Heart."
9239:
Biblical and Near Eastern Studies: Essays in Honor of
8844:. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 1, pages 80–130.
7569:
The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary
7496:
The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary
7211:
The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary
7142:
The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary
3269:
The Gemara deduced from the use of the word for fish,
2088:
you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians." The
1885:
1362:
noted that the first two verbs in Exodus 6:7, “I will
859:, and Aaron did so before Pharaoh. Pharaoh caused his
9423:
Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities
9306:, pages 4, 8, 66. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990.
5574:; Tosefta Orlah 1:1–8; Jerusalem Talmud Orlah 1a–42a.
4291:
14th century German illuminated Haggadah for Passover
2255:
that the Israelites would curse and even stone them.
1186:
The parashah has parallels in these ancient sources:
137:
In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the "portion" (
122:, generally in January, or rarely, in late December.
9823:, volume 25 (number 21) (January 26, 2015): page 47.
9684:
Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion
8981:. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 63–106.
8788:
Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba
7901:. 2nd century BCE. Translated by R.G. Robertson. In
7125:, "The Book of Exodus," in Leander E. Keck, editor,
3517:
9408:, pages 36–43. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996.
9102:
Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums
7597:, pages 4, 128. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003.
5686:
5684:
5239:"A Complete Triennial Cycle for Reading the Torah,"
3719:The parashah is discussed in these modern sources:
3079:'s enduring wickedness, and in Esther 1:1 to teach
3055:)" in an introduction, as in the words "These are (
1201:
253:. The first reading and a closed portion end here.
9724:, volume 1, pages 181–98. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
9718:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary
9575:Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 94–99. Jerusalem:
8212:The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary
8002:9:14–18. 1st century. (hardening Pharaoh's heart).
7260:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
7144:, page 339. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
6983:, chapter 8 (Egypt, late 12th century); in, e.g.,
5330:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary
3476:) which remained suspended for the sake of a man (
2112:. And thus the Mishnah taught that "On the eve of
2100:you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians."
9462:The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus
9090:Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism
8597:, chapter 8. Egypt. Late 12th century. In, e.g.,
7668:The Commandments: Sefer Ha-Mitzvoth of Maimonides
4569:
4567:
4411:(West Orange, New Jersey): Behrman House, 1986);
3791:, concerning which I lifted up My hand to give it
3067:'s enduring wickedness, in Numbers 26:9 to teach
971:
932:
11101:
9471:, pages 451–57. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002.
9100:: Scholars Press, 1995. Originally published as
7584:. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, page 733.
7463:Exploring Exodus: The Origins of Biblical Israel
7379:(Amsterdam, 1670), 6; in, e.g., Baruch Spinoza,
7278:Exploring Exodus: The Origins of Biblical Israel
7265:Exploring Exodus: The Origins of Biblical Israel
5681:
3903:, “one who causes to be.” Another form could be
2076:in the blessing over bread would mean that God "
850:
823:
256:
189:) divisions (abbreviated with the Hebrew letter
9591:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
9421:Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden.
9294:Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture
9276:, volume 9 (number 6) (November/December 1983).
9215:. "The Revelation of the Divine Name YHVH." In
8747:. Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama.
8008:3:8–9. Rome, 67 CE. (magicians opposing Moses).
7509:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7450:Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: Third Edition
7433:Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: Third Edition
7420:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7407:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7394:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7355:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7342:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7329:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7181:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7168:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7155:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
6855:, France, late 11th century); in, e.g., Rashi,
5259:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
3297:, may also be read, "because of the words of."
2080:bring forth" bread from the land—not that God "
9812:Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot
8694:Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah.
8472:, France, late 11th century. In, e.g., Rashi.
7082:Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah,
6069:
6067:
6027:
6025:
4564:
3899:, "to be", a causative form of which could be
3307:(Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah) (painting by
1319:16:60; God remembers the cry of the humble in
900:
227:, and acknowledged hearing the moaning of the
214:
10465:
10081:
9760:, pages 41–68. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010.
9586:, page 78. New York: Morgan Road Books, 2006.
9404:Marc Gellman. "The Pharaoh and the Frog." In
8881:, Poland, 1900. In Avraham Yehoshua Heschel.
8524:, Spain, 1130–1140. In, e.g., Jehuda Halevi.
7580:Walter Brueggemann. “The Book of Exodus.” In
6938:Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah
4362:
3875:, and the passages in Exodus 3 that refer to
3007:Aaron's son took him one of the daughters of
163:), Parashat Va'eira has nine "open portion" (
9750:, volume 60 (number 4) (2010): pages 662–63.
9484:Bernhard Lang. "Why God Has So Many Names."
9096:, page 39. New York: Ungar, 1972. Reprinted
8989:, 2nd edition 1999. Originally published as
8526:Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel.
7868:Deuteronomy 2:30; 15:7 (hardening of heart).
5427:, Tractate Sanya, chapter 2, paragraph 3:1 (
4128:,” when asked his identity by non-Israelite
4068:followed distinct occupations, particularly
3940:—“El who creates”—and that in time the Name
3769:E: Therefore say to the children of Israel:
9924:, volume 139, number 1 (2020): pages 27–45.
9418:, pages 131–39. New York: UAHC Press, 1996.
9257:, volume 41 (number 1) (1979): pages 18–36.
8824:Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah
8646:, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides.
8605:, 1912. Reprinted by Forgotten Books, 2012.
7939:That the Worse Is Wont To Attack the Better
6064:
6022:
4248:(sometimes abbreviated E) who wrote in the
3714:
3011:to wife" did not convey that Eleazar's son
2140:Israelites' entry into the Land of Israel.
1984:Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as God Almighty (
937:In the sixth reading, God loosed swarms of
11058:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm
10472:
10458:
10088:
10074:
10000:The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash
9695:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
9691:“Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel.”
9464:, pages 81–131. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
9326:, pages 17–24. New York: UAHC Press, 1991.
9244:. Edited by Gary A. Tuttle, pages 146–50.
9149:. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
8768:. Italy, between 1492 and 1509. In, e.g.,
8202:, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g.,
8184:. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g.,
7267:(New York: Schocken Books, 1996), page 70.
4383:
3734:in God's speech to Moses in Exodus 6:2–8:
3246:who went to the water to perform sorcery.
882:passed. The fifth open portion ends here.
223:, identified God's Self as the God of the
11053:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
10095:
9877:The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary
9604:Suzanne A. Brody. "The highest form." In
9447:: A.R.E. Publishing, 1999. (Exodus 9:30).
9010:, 1871. In, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto.
8666:Jewish Preaching, 1200–1800: An Anthology
7988:, Egypt, early 1st century CE. In, e.g.,
7884:Nehemiah 9:15 (God lifted up God's hand).
7865:Numbers 14:30 (God lifted up God's hand).
7481:, 1871, in, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto.
7372:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
4388:When the parashah coincides with Shabbat
4359:for the parashah is Ezekiel 28:25–29:21.
4260:verses according to this hypothesis, see
3737:And God spoke to Moses, and said to him:
3488:, that the Lord cast down great stones."
3146:Rabbi Aivu bar Nagri said in the name of
3119:had not yet sinned, God had called them "
1018:Jews who read the Torah according to the
1014:Readings according to the triennial cycle
10055:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
9882:
9787:
9731:
9611:
9548:
9491:
9191:: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981.
9152:
9075:
9017:
8964:
8873:, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as
8855:
8565:
8496:. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g.,
8479:
8272:
8079:
7240:, translated by Samuel Shirley, page 9 (
7038:. Troyes, early 12th century, in, e.g.,
6007:26:6; see also Exodus Rabbah 5:14, 23:9.
6003:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshallah 7;
4372:) against Pharaoh and Egypt. A monster (
4328:
4286:
4222:
4156:
4052:were a class of people who lived in the
3961:
3842:
3800:; and I will give it you for a heritage:
3632:
3608:
3565:
3533:
3459:
3447:
3426:
3414:
3361:
3324:
3299:
3279:
3252:
3224:
3182:
3153:
3085:
3041:
2245:
2223:
2150:
2135:taught that it will also be so when the
2039:
2017:
1974:
1927:
1208:
962:
923:
891:
841:
806:
261:The second reading interjects a partial
201:
25:
9975:Academy for Jewish Religion, California
9957:Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation
8822:, circa 1593. In, e.g., Moshe Alshich.
8719:. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g.,
7672:Sefer HaHinnuch: The Book of Education
6791:Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation
5830:Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation
5431:said that "therefore" implies an oath).
4218:
4185:Reading the report of Exodus 9:6 that “
3329:The Plague of Frogs (1670 engraving by
1406:
1181:
835:, to speak to Pharaoh. God intended to
11102:
9569:, pages 245–49. New York: Crown, 2005.
8991:Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert
8705:. Spain, late 13th century. In, e.g.,
7945:On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile
6902:Ibn Ezra Second Commentary, Exodus 6:3
6869:Ibn Ezra Second Commentary, Exodus 6:3
6785:, 13th century, in Menahem M. Kasher.
5324:, page 108; Bruce Wells, "Exodus," in
4448:The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear
3277:applies to fish both large and small.
2023:The Israelites' Cruel Bondage in Egypt
1278:called on God to deliver him from the
98:. It constitutes Exodus 6:2–9:35. The
10453:
10069:
9980:Academy for Jewish Religion, New York
9932:Founding God's Nation: Reading Exodus
8931:. Venice, 1742. In Chayim ben Attar.
8440:. Baghdad, Babylonia, 933. In, e.g.,
8159:
5742:Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 109b–10a
4227:Diagram of the Documentary Hypothesis
4180:
4165:
4084:referred not so much to an ethnic or
3970:
3766:; and I have remembered My covenant.
3722:
3706:
3672:
3600:
3529:
3395:, as in Genesis 6:15, God says, "And
3337:
3262:later, the blood became water again.
3101:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2816:
2814:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2524:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2243:freeing of slaves in Exodus 21:2–11.
1936:
1893:
796:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
739:
737:
735:
709:
707:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
658:
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
589:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
421:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
321:
319:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
288:
282:
206:Moses (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by
141:) is divided into seven readings, or
9375:Judith S. Antonelli. "Elisheva." In
9123:The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus
8933:Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah
8745:Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac)
8586:. Egypt, circa 1170–1180. In, e.g.,
8558:. Egypt. Circa 1170–1180. In, e.g.,
8416:. Babylonia, 6th century. In, e.g.,
7888:
7552:The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus
7257:Greta Hort, “The Plagues of Egypt,”
7121:(Lambda Publishers, 2010); see also
6975:(Egypt, circa 1170–1180); in, e.g.,
1909:In classical rabbinic interpretation
10986:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai
9817:Ari Kahn. “Lessons in Leadership.”
9800:. "Building a Noble Community." In
9209:, pages 179–209. J.C.B. Mohr, 1953.
8917:. England, 1651. Reprint edited by
8877:. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn.
8735:Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
8692:. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g.,
7666:, Egypt, 1170–1180, in Maimonides.
7526:Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
7236:, 1670), in, e.g., Baruch Spinoza,
7080:(Jerusalem, circa 1270); in, e.g.,
6936:(Jerusalem, circa 1270); in, e.g.,
6772:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, chapter 43.
6031:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, chapter 48.
5804:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, chapter 45.
5453:Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 11b
5288:The Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
5224:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
5199:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
5138:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
5101:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
5076:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
5039:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
5002:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4941:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4916:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4867:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4842:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4781:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4720:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4695:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4646:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4573:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4545:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4532:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4507:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
4446:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3695:,” and not, “This is the finger of
3645:taught that the “mixed multitude” (
3522:The parashah is discussed in these
3435:
1913:The parashah is discussed in these
1886:In early nonrabbinic interpretation
1397:
1217:
1189:
219:In the first reading, God spoke to
74:, in Exodus 6:3) is the fourteenth
13:
10479:
9942:
9479:The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot
9467:Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss.
9269:, volume 6 (number 3) (June 1980).
9167:A Commentary on the Book of Exodus
8287:Mekhilta de-Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai
7871:Joshua 11:20 (hardening of heart).
7845:
7439:: Fortress Press, 2018), page 109.
5757:Pisha 6:1:2 (attributing to Rabbi
5676:Jerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah 20b
3798:to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob
3750:to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob
277:, including Moses and his family.
14:
11126:
11115:Weekly Torah readings from Exodus
9938:
9835:The Exodus You Almost Passed Over
9348:New Studies in the Weekly Parasha
8786:, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g.,
7981:On Dreams, That They Are God-Sent
7520:Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim).
7119:New Studies in the Weekly Parasha
6017:Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 116a
5765:4:13 (attributing to the Rabbis).
5713:Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 110a
5518:Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 117b
4295:
4064:, and later spread to Egypt. The
3518:In medieval Jewish interpretation
1250:in Genesis 19:29; God remembered
1238:to deliver him from the flood in
10176:
9962:Hear the parashah read in Hebrew
9068:. Translated and interpreted by
8733:. Early 14th century. In, e.g.,
8442:The Book of Beliefs and Opinions
7826:
7798:
7782:
7767:
7755:
7744:
7728:
7711:
7694:
7677:
7652:
7639:
7626:
7613:
7600:
7587:
7574:
7561:
7544:
7531:
7524:. Early 14th century, in, e.g.,
7514:
7501:
7488:
7474:Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal).
7468:
7455:
7442:
7425:
7412:
7399:
7386:
7375:(London, 1748); Baruch Spinoza,
7347:
7334:
7321:
7304:
7283:
7270:
7251:
7216:
7203:
7186:
7173:
7160:
7147:
7134:
7107:
7102:The Book of Beliefs and Opinions
7087:
7070:
7045:
7028:
7008:
6995:
6960:
6943:
6927:
6911:
6895:
6878:
6862:
6842:
6829:
6820:
6808:
6796:
6775:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6715:
6703:
6691:
6679:
6667:
6655:
6643:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6583:
6571:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6421:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6370:
6358:
6346:
6334:
6322:
6310:
6298:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6214:
6202:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6154:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6052:
6043:
6034:
6010:
5997:
5988:
5979:
5967:
5958:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5914:Babylonian Talmud Moed Katan 18a
5907:
5898:
5893:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 100a
5882:
5873:
5864:
5852:
5807:
5506:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 111a
3351:chastised Akiva for dabbling in
2209:devoured it, and it is singed?"
2165:cited Exodus 6:12 as one of ten
1202:In inner-biblical interpretation
112:read it the fourteenth Sabbath (
9967:
9784:, 2011. (plagues plot element).
9655:The Torah: A Women's Commentary
9533:Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In
8806:Sforno: Commentary on the Torah
7978:2:13; 3:20–21; 22:125; 37:207;
7647:The Bible with Sources Revealed
7634:The Bible with Sources Revealed
7621:The Bible with Sources Revealed
7608:The Bible with Sources Revealed
7595:The Bible with Sources Revealed
7198:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
6837:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
5847:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 67b
5798:
5789:
5780:
5768:
5753:Tosefta Keritot 4:15; see also
5747:
5735:
5730:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 82b
5718:
5706:
5693:
5669:
5657:
5577:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5483:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5441:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 90b
5434:
5417:
5400:
5388:
5383:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
5371:
5356:
5351:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
5343:
5322:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
5314:
5301:
5272:
5251:
5231:
5218:
5206:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5132:
5120:
5108:
5095:
5083:
5070:
5058:
5046:
5033:
5021:
5009:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4935:
4923:
4910:
4898:
4886:
4874:
4861:
4849:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4714:
4702:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4552:
4539:
4271:
3317:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego
3305:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego
921:. The fifth reading ends here.
249:to bring the Israelites out of
11110:Weekly Torah readings in Tevet
9922:Journal of Biblical Literature
9637:Journal of Biblical Literature
9344:New Studies in Shemot (Exodus)
9207:Geschichte und Altes Testament
9125:. London, 1940. Translated by
9032:The Torah and the Commandments
8780:Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh)
8186:The Mishnah: A New Translation
7704:, pages 51–52; Joseph Tabory,
7645:See Richard Elliott Friedman.
7632:See Richard Elliott Friedman.
7619:See Richard Elliott Friedman.
7606:See Richard Elliott Friedman.
7593:See Richard Elliott Friedman.
7554:. London, 1940. Translated by
7381:Theological-Political Treatise
7238:Theological-Political Treatise
7115:New Studies in Shemot (Exodus)
6761:Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 54b
6019:; see also Exodus Rabbah 23:9.
5974:Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 53b
5775:Babylonian Talmud Megillah 11a
5494:Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 99b
5465:Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 38a
5368:, chapter 2, paragraphs 11–13.
5237:See, e.g., Richard Eisenberg,
4526:
4514:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4440:
4418:
4401:
4076:. Although at first they were
3787:C: And I will bring you in to
3091:Moses and Aaron before Pharaoh
1366:you to Me for a people, and I
972:Seventh reading—Exodus 9:17–35
933:Sixth reading—Exodus 8:19–9:16
878:. A closed portion ends here.
874:with his rod and turn it into
1:
9286:. Brown Judaic Studies, 1983.
7377:Theologico-Political Treatise
7225:Theologico-Political Treatise
5953:Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 51b
5859:Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 97a
5828:, 7, 43. Jerusalem, 1927, in
5744:; see also Exodus Rabbah 7:5.
4231:Some scholars who follow the
3764:the Egyptians keep in bondage
3441:Moses because of the boils."
2046:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
851:Fourth reading—Exodus 7:8–8:6
824:Third reading—Exodus 6:29–7:7
813:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
257:Second reading—Exodus 6:14–28
9905:Biblical Archaeology Society
9901:. January 11, 2018, page 19.
9875:Steven Levy and Sarah Levy.
9593:. Revised edition edited by
9316:, volume 6, number 3 (1990).
9064:, before 1906. Excerpted in
8595:The Eight Chapters on Ethics
7365:(Macmillan, 1934), page 98;
6981:The Eight Chapters on Ethics
5423:Exodus Rabbah 6:4; see also
5340:, 2009), volume 1, page 185.
5261:, revised edition edited by
4350:
4276:According to Maimonides and
3780:the burdens of the Egyptians
3162:Reading the words, "Aaron's
2025:(illustration from the 1728
1917:sources from the era of the
1739:וְהִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה
1619:וְהִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה
870:, and have Aaron strike the
7:
10005:Jewish Theological Seminary
9597:, pages 379–404. New York:
9369:The New Interpreter's Bible
9366:. “The Book of Exodus.” In
9254:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
9231:The Jewish Quarterly Review
8852:/Feldheim Publishers, 2002.
8648:The Guide for the Perplexed
8611:The Guide for the Perplexed
8424:
7963:On the Migration of Abraham
7957:On the Confusion of Tongues
7853:
7582:The New Interpreter's Bible
7318:, 1998), volume 2, page 36.
7128:The New Interpreter's Bible
5904:Midrash Tanhuma Va'eira 14.
5726:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 43a
4345:
4120:vis-a-vis an outsider, and
3816:wrote that the designation
901:Fifth reading—Exodus 8:7–18
215:First reading—Exodus 6:2–13
132:
10:
11131:
9804:, pages 80–85. Jerusalem:
9716:Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In
9665:, pages 311–54. New York:
9647:, pages 37–65. Jerusalem:
9460:Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg.
9429:: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997.
9397:, pages 102–04. New York:
9350:. Lambda Publishers, 2010.
9111:Alexander Alan Steinbach.
8959:Breslov Research Institute
8865:Avraham Yehoshua Heschel.
8680:Chizkuni: Torah Commentary
8538:. France, 1153. In, e.g.,
7984:2:28:189; 39:259; 42:277.
7922:Allegorical Interpretation
7721:, page 49; Joseph Tabory,
7246:Hackett Publishing Company
7065:Chizkuni: Torah Commentary
6871:(France, 1153); in, e.g.,
5891:(Rabbi Judah the Prince);
5889:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 8b
4363:Connection to the Parashah
3233:Abitol the barber, citing
3027:) his passions (resisting
60:for "and I appeared," the
18:
11066:
11025:
11004:
10981:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
10953:
10927:
10859:
10793:
10720:Pillars of fire and cloud
10662:
10561:
10495:
10379:
10316:
10253:
10185:
10174:
10103:
9837:. Aleph Beta Press, 2016.
9743:“Crying Out About Frogs.”
9711:New York University Press
9709:, pages 80–84. New York:
9555:photo©ErlingMandelmann.ch
8867:Commentaries on the Torah
8830:Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz
8755:
8603:Columbia University Press
8267:Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael
8263:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
8068:. Circa 93–94. In, e.g.,
8030:. Circa 75 CE. In, e.g.,
7363:Judaism as a Civilisation
6989:Columbia University Press
5755:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
4426:"Torah Stats for Shemoth"
4093:
4031:
4012:
4004:
3979:
3916:
3852:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3730:identified the following
3662:
3654:
3646:
3579:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2718:
2716:
2692:
2690:
2666:
2664:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2448:
2446:
2355:
2353:
2143:The Gemara asked why the
1993:
1985:
1955:
1947:
1779:
1738:
1719:
1659:
1618:
1593:
1530:
1466:
1379:
1371:
1007:
761:
759:
757:
751:
749:
747:
733:
729:
727:
725:
719:
717:
715:
681:
679:
621:
619:
617:
611:
609:
607:
601:
599:
597:
587:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
529:
527:
453:
451:
449:
443:
441:
439:
433:
431:
429:
419:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
357:
355:
190:
182:
172:
164:
142:
102:tells of the first seven
79:
53:
10050:Union for Reform Judaism
9950:
9599:Union for Reform Judaism
9050:Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter
9005:Commentary on the Torah.
8794:Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno
8283:Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon
7717:Menachem Davis, editor,
7700:Menachem Davis, editor,
7683:Menachem Davis, editor,
7476:Commentary on the Torah.
6005:Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon
5425:Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon
5267:Union for Reform Judaism
4395:
4333:Ezekiel (1510 fresco by
4322:And the haggadah in the
4242:Richard Elliott Friedman
4108:, which they pronounced
3715:In modern interpretation
3083:'s enduring wickedness.
2200:9:12, "The king said to
1246:from the destruction of
19:Not to be confused with
9780:, season 2, episode 1.
9689:Rebecca G.S. Idestrom.
9567:Zipporah, Wife of Moses
9445:Springfield, New Jersey
9416:The Haftarah Commentary
9147:Joseph und seine Brüder
9138:Joseph and His Brothers
9036:Commentary on the Torah
8816:Commentary on the Torah
8798:Commentary on the Torah
8766:Commentary on the Torah
8731:Commentary on the Torah
8717:Commentary on the Torah
8690:Commentary on the Torah
8584:, chapter 7, halachah 7
8536:Commentary on the Torah
8494:Commentary on the Torah
8253:Midrash Rabbah: Genesis
8044:Antiquities of the Jews
7537:Moritz Markus Kalisch.
7291:The Five Books of Moses
7078:Commentary on the Torah
7053:Commentary on the Torah
7036:Commentary on the Torah
6951:Commentary on the Torah
6886:Commentary on the Torah
5550:, chapter 29; see also
5298:, 2014), pages 1835–41.
5296:Oxford University Press
5248:, 2001), pages 383–418.
4384:On Shabbat Rosh Chodesh
1049:2025, 2028, 2031 . . .
1046:2024, 2027, 2030 . . .
1043:2023, 2026, 2029 . . .
997:, which ripened later.
10821:Stations of the Exodus
10030:Reconstructing Judaism
9947:
9898:Washington Jewish Week
9888:
9806:Gefen Publishing House
9793:
9737:
9649:Gefen Publishing House
9617:
9584:Kabbalah: A Love Story
9558:
9535:The Jewish Study Bible
9497:
9246:Grand Rapids, Michigan
9241:William Sanford La Sor
9158:
9081:
9023:
8979:The Pentateuch: Exodus
8970:
8861:
8571:
8485:
8452:Midrash Rabbah: Exodus
8438:(Beliefs and Opinions)
8278:
8155:. Arabia, 7th century.
8085:
7975:On the Change of Names
7909:, page 814. New York:
7179:See W. Gunther Plaut.
7166:See W. Gunther Plaut.
7098:(Beliefs and Opinions)
6789:. Jerusalem, 1927, in
5786:Tosefta Megillah 3:21.
5558:counted four kinds of
5548:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer
5365:On the Change of Names
5334:Grand Rapids, Michigan
4342:
4292:
4233:Documentary Hypothesis
4228:
4162:
4060:, became prominent in
4011:) and “stubbornness” (
3967:
3879:, are assigned to the
3848:
3638:
3614:
3571:
3539:
3465:
3453:
3432:
3420:
3367:
3334:
3312:
3285:
3258:
3230:
3192:
3159:
3116:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer
3098:
3047:
2251:
2229:
2215:counted five kinds of
2156:
2053:
2030:
1980:
1933:
1214:
968:
929:
897:
847:
820:
211:
94:and the second in the
38:
10996:In Antebellum America
10961:Sources and parallels
10609:High Priest of Israel
10097:Weekly Torah Portions
10025:Pardes from Jerusalem
9946:
9886:
9791:
9772:A Tale of Two Audreys
9735:
9615:
9552:
9517:Dreams from My Father
9495:
9381:Northvale, New Jersey
9171:The Hebrew University
9156:
9079:
9021:
9001:Samuel David Luzzatto
8975:Samson Raphael Hirsch
8968:
8859:
8741:Isaac ben Moses Arama
8569:
8483:
8276:
8083:
7969:On Flight and Finding
7907:James H. Charlesworth
7895:Ezekiel the Tragedian
7248:, 2nd edition, 2001).
5572:Mishnah Orlah 1:1–3:9
5490:Mishnah Pesachim 10:1
4462:, 2008), pages 31–57.
4332:
4290:
4252:, in the land of the
4226:
4203:Moritz Markus Kalisch
4172:Samuel David Luzzatto
4160:
3965:
3846:
3636:
3612:
3569:
3537:
3463:
3451:
3430:
3418:
3365:
3328:
3303:
3283:
3256:
3228:
3186:
3157:
3089:
3045:
2249:
2227:
2154:
2043:
2021:
1978:
1931:
1743:stand before Pharaoh
1735:early in the morning
1623:stand before Pharaoh
1615:early in the morning
1608:(8:20–32 in the KJV)
1564:(8:16–19 in the KJV)
1212:
966:
927:
895:
845:
810:
205:
29:
10015:MyJewishLearning.com
9820:The Jerusalem Report
9674:Commentary on Exodus
9659:Tamara Cohn Eskenazi
9432:William H.C. Propp.
9197:. "I Am Yahweh." In
9108:: Gustav Fock, 1919.
8887:Southfield, Michigan
8846:Southfield, Michigan
8023:The Wars of the Jews
7610:, pages 4–5, 128–29.
7522:Rimze Ba'al ha-Turim
7369:, “Of Miracles,” in
7310:William H.C. Propp,
5994:Numbers Rabbah 13:3.
5964:Exodus Rabbah 15:27.
5861:; Exodus Rabbah 9:7.
5763:Song of Songs Rabbah
5538:Genesis Rabbah 92:7.
4460:Mesorah Publications
4219:In critical analysis
4023:identified the root
4003:noted that “glory” (
2050:Die Bibel in Bildern
1407:Exodus chapters 7–12
1258:in Exodus 32:13 and
1182:In ancient parallels
817:Die Bibel in Bildern
76:weekly Torah portion
11089:Zipporah at the inn
10851:Yam Suph (Reed Sea)
10680:Ark of the Covenant
10040:Tanach Study Center
10035:Sephardic Institute
9917:Andrew Tobolowsky.
9912:Bible History Daily
9853:National Geographic
9841:Jean-Pierre Isbouts
9672:Thomas B. Dozeman.
9399:G. P. Putnam's Sons
9185:La Voix de la Thora
8895:Feldheim Publishers
8672:Hezekiah ben Manoah
8652:Michael Friedländer
8630:; part 3, chapters
8614:, part 1, chapters
7936:3:9; 12:51; 19:69;
7021:, in, e.g., Rashi.
6920:; in, e.g., Rashi,
6826:Exodus Rabbah 12:7.
6815:Mishnah Shavuot 5:3
6803:Mishnah Yadayim 4:8
6059:Ecclesiastes Rabbah
6049:Exodus Rabbah 11:6.
6040:Exodus Rabbah 16:3.
5985:Tosefta Sotah 4:12.
5943:Exodus Rabbah 9:10.
5934:Exodus Rabbah 28:4.
5820:. 11th century, in
5795:Exodus Rabbah 11:1.
5552:Genesis Rabbah 46:5
5246:Rabbinical Assembly
3948:, ousting the Name
3685:Hezekiah ben Manoah
3349:Eleazar ben Azariah
3189:Figures de la Bible
3170:," in Exodus 7:12,
3166:swallowed up their
2027:Figures de la Bible
10966:Textual variations
10806:Massah and Meribah
10724:Priestly clothing
10644:Pharaoh's daughter
10060:Yeshiva University
9948:
9889:
9794:
9741:Berel Dov Lerner.
9738:
9631:Kenton L. Sparks.
9618:
9589:W. Gunther Plaut.
9582:Lawrence Kushner.
9559:
9498:
9364:Walter Brueggemann
9203:Walter Brueggemann
9159:
9082:
9024:
8971:
8953:, before 1811. In
8939:Nachman of Breslov
8862:
8840:, 1602. In, e.g.,
8804:, 1567. In, e.g.,
8626:; part 2, chapter
8572:
8486:
8279:
8160:Classical rabbinic
8086:
8064:2012-08-09 at the
8053:2007-02-11 at the
7994:Charles Duke Yonge
7623:, pages 5, 128–29.
7507:W. Gunther Plaut.
7418:W. Gunther Plaut,
7405:W. Gunther Plaut,
7392:W. Gunther Plaut,
7359:Mordecai M. Kaplan
7353:W. Gunther Plaut,
7340:W. Gunther Plaut,
7327:W. Gunther Plaut.
7301:, 1995), page 245.
7153:W. Gunther Plaut.
7123:Walter Brueggemann
7113:Nehama Leibowitz,
7051:Abraham ibn Ezra.
6949:Abraham ibn Ezra,
6934:Ramban, Exodus 6:2
6884:Abraham ibn Ezra,
6749:2 Chronicles 25:19
5925:Exodus Rabbah 9:8.
5870:Exodus Rabbah 9:7.
5814:Tobiah ben Eliezer
5690:Exodus Rabbah 7:3.
5529:Exodus Rabbah 6:5.
5269:, 2006), page 388.
5257:W. Gunther Plaut,
4343:
4293:
4237:Walter Brueggemann
4229:
4163:
3968:
3952:from preeminence.
3849:
3748:B: And I appeared
3732:chiastic structure
3639:
3615:
3572:
3540:
3466:
3454:
3433:
3421:
3368:
3335:
3313:
3286:
3259:
3231:
3193:
3160:
3099:
3048:
2992:, the daughter of
2252:
2230:
2157:
2054:
2031:
1981:
1934:
1485:לֵךְ אֶל-פַּרְעֹה
1337:Ethan the Ezrahite
1323:to avenge them in
1248:Sodom and Gomorrah
1215:
969:
930:
898:
848:
821:
212:
39:
33:(1823 painting by
31:The Seventh Plague
11097:
11096:
10846:Wilderness of Sin
10836:Battle of Refidim
10733:golden head plate
10649:Shiphrah and Puah
10447:
10446:
9914:, March 31, 2020.
9782:Entertainment One
9747:Vetus Testamentum
9577:Urim Publications
9543:Marc Zvi Brettler
9248:: Eerdmans, 1978.
8842:Kli Yakar: Shemos
8729:(Baal Ha-Turim).
8322:Rosh Hashanah 11b
8204:Talmud Yerushalmi
7889:Early nonrabbinic
7448:John J. Collins,
7431:John J. Collins,
6918:Rashi, Exodus 6:3
6849:Rashi, Exodus 6:2
6839:, pages 1891–915.
6781:Midrash HaGadol.
6269:Deuteronomy 29:18
6209:Deuteronomy 28:67
6173:Deuteronomy 15:10
6074:Ecclesiastes 1:16
5822:Menahem M. Kasher
5284:Marc Zvi Brettler
4413:"Parashat Vaera,"
4284:in the parashah.
3889:Yehezkel Kaufmann
3380:Jose the Galilean
2977:as prince of the
2967:
2966:
1879:
1878:
1784:Go in to Pharaoh
1780:בֹּא אֶל-פַּרְעֹה
1664:Go in to Pharaoh
1660:בֹּא אֶל-פַּרְעֹה
1535:Go in to Pharaoh
1531:בֹּא אֶל-פַּרְעֹה
1514:Exodus 7:26–8:11
1461:Pharaoh's Heart?
1179:
1178:
802:
801:
11122:
11084:Ten Commandments
11079:Plagues of Egypt
10954:Textual analysis
10705:Incense offering
10675:Ark of bulrushes
10474:
10467:
10460:
10451:
10450:
10439:V'Zot HaBerachah
10180:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10067:
10066:
9858:Jonathan Sacks.
9849:Washington, D.C.
9847:, pages 105–07.
9826:Jonathan Sacks.
9595:David E.S. Stern
9524:Jeffrey H. Tigay
9475:Michael Fishbane
9443:, pages 332–46.
9412:W. Gunther Plaut
9379:, pages 146–53.
9340:Nehama Leibowitz
9320:Harvey J. Fields
9280:Judith R. Baskin
9195:Walther Zimmerli
9141:. Translated by
9012:Torah Commentary
8919:C. B. Macpherson
8875:Chanukat HaTorah
8650:. Translated by
8532:Abraham ibn Ezra
8436:Emunoth ve-Deoth
8255:. Translated by
8208:Chaim Malinowitz
8196:Jerusalem Talmud
8188:. Translated by
8072:. Translated by
8034:. Translated by
7992:. Translated by
7840:
7830:
7824:
7802:
7796:
7786:
7780:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7732:
7726:
7715:
7709:
7698:
7692:
7681:
7675:
7656:
7650:
7643:
7637:
7630:
7624:
7617:
7611:
7604:
7598:
7591:
7585:
7578:
7572:
7565:
7559:
7548:
7542:
7535:
7529:
7518:
7512:
7505:
7499:
7492:
7486:
7483:Torah Commentary
7472:
7466:
7461:Nahum M. Sarna,
7459:
7453:
7446:
7440:
7429:
7423:
7416:
7410:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7384:
7351:
7345:
7338:
7332:
7325:
7319:
7308:
7302:
7287:
7281:
7276:Nahum M. Sarna,
7274:
7268:
7255:
7249:
7222:Baruch Spinoza,
7220:
7214:
7207:
7201:
7192:Nahum M. Sarna,
7190:
7184:
7177:
7171:
7164:
7158:
7151:
7145:
7138:
7132:
7111:
7105:
7096:Emunoth ve-Deoth
7091:
7085:
7074:
7068:
7049:
7043:
7032:
7026:
7012:
7006:
6999:
6993:
6964:
6958:
6947:
6941:
6931:
6925:
6915:
6909:
6899:
6893:
6882:
6876:
6866:
6860:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6539:Deuteronomy 19:6
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6233:Deuteronomy 8:14
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6185:Deuteronomy 20:3
6182:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5833:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5759:Judah the Prince
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5581:
5575:
5566:in the Mishnah,
5562:). And Tractate
5545:
5539:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5487:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5421:
5415:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5385:, pages 1859–78.
5375:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5353:, pages 1841–59.
5347:
5341:
5318:
5312:
5307:Nahum M. Sarna,
5305:
5299:
5276:
5270:
5263:David E.S. Stern
5255:
5249:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4422:
4416:
4405:
4278:Sefer ha-Chinuch
4254:Tribe of Ephraim
4181:Exodus chapter 9
4166:Exodus chapter 8
4095:
4054:Fertile Crescent
4033:
4014:
4006:
3981:
3971:Exodus chapter 7
3918:
3854:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3728:Neḥama Leibowitz
3723:Exodus chapter 6
3707:Exodus chapter 9
3673:Exodus chapter 8
3664:
3656:
3648:
3601:Exodus chapter 7
3581:
3576:Jeshua ben Judah
3574:Ibn Ezra quotes
3550:Abraham ibn Ezra
3530:Exodus chapter 6
3526:Jewish sources:
3436:Exodus chapter 9
3383:strange deaths.
3338:Exodus chapter 8
3102:Exodus chapter 7
3019:, who fattened (
2996:, the sister of
2262:
2261:
2176:recorded in the
2105:Jerusalem Talmud
1995:
1987:
1957:
1949:
1937:Exodus chapter 6
1894:Exodus chapter 6
1848:Exodus 11:1–10;
1811:Exodus 10:21–29
1781:
1740:
1661:
1620:
1532:
1414:
1413:
1398:Exodus chapter 7
1381:
1373:
1218:Exodus chapter 6
1190:Exodus chapter 8
1025:
1024:
1009:
280:
279:
192:
184:
174:
166:
144:
104:Plagues of Egypt
86:) in the annual
81:
55:
11130:
11129:
11125:
11124:
11123:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11093:
11062:
11021:
11000:
10991:Song of the Sea
10949:
10923:
10855:
10789:
10658:
10629:Nadab and Abihu
10557:
10491:
10490:
10478:
10448:
10443:
10375:
10312:
10249:
10181:
10172:
10099:
10094:
10064:
9970:
9953:
9941:
9833:David Fohrman.
9798:Shmuel Herzfeld
9663:Andrea L. Weiss
9643:Shmuel Goldin.
9455:Athalya Brenner
9439:Susan Freeman.
9425:, pages 94–99.
9354:Aaron Wildavsky
9290:Pinchas H. Peli
9163:Umberto Cassuto
8925:Chaim ibn Attar
8762:Isaac Abravanel
8758:
8727:Jacob ben Asher
8713:Bahya ben Asher
8427:
8162:
8074:William Whiston
8066:Wayback Machine
8055:Wayback Machine
8036:William Whiston
7930:14:43; 60:172;
7891:
7856:
7848:
7846:Further reading
7843:
7831:
7827:
7803:
7799:
7787:
7783:
7772:
7768:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7745:
7733:
7729:
7716:
7712:
7699:
7695:
7682:
7678:
7657:
7653:
7649:, pages 130–35.
7644:
7640:
7631:
7627:
7618:
7614:
7605:
7601:
7592:
7588:
7579:
7575:
7566:
7562:
7549:
7545:
7536:
7532:
7519:
7515:
7506:
7502:
7493:
7489:
7473:
7469:
7460:
7456:
7447:
7443:
7430:
7426:
7417:
7413:
7404:
7400:
7391:
7387:
7352:
7348:
7339:
7335:
7326:
7322:
7309:
7305:
7299:Word Publishing
7288:
7284:
7275:
7271:
7256:
7252:
7221:
7217:
7213:, pages 340–41.
7208:
7204:
7191:
7187:
7178:
7174:
7165:
7161:
7152:
7148:
7139:
7135:
7112:
7108:
7092:
7088:
7075:
7071:
7050:
7046:
7033:
7029:
7013:
7009:
7000:
6996:
6965:
6961:
6948:
6944:
6932:
6928:
6916:
6912:
6900:
6896:
6883:
6879:
6867:
6863:
6847:
6843:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6821:
6813:
6809:
6801:
6797:
6787:Torah Sheleimah
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6720:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6672:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6584:
6578:Deuteronomy 6:6
6576:
6572:
6561:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6440:Leviticus 19:17
6438:
6434:
6428:Deuteronomy 6:5
6426:
6422:
6411:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6365:Leviticus 26:41
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6171:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6096:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6065:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5845:
5836:
5826:Torah Sheleimah
5812:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5752:
5748:
5740:
5736:
5723:
5719:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5582:
5578:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5422:
5418:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5376:
5372:
5361:
5357:
5348:
5344:
5319:
5315:
5306:
5302:
5277:
5273:
5256:
5252:
5244:(New York: The
5236:
5232:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5075:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4940:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4795:Exodus 7:26–8:2
4793:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4452:: Shemos/Exodus
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4386:
4365:
4353:
4348:
4311:section of the
4298:
4280:, there are no
4274:
4221:
4193:Jacob ben Asher
4183:
4168:
4144:John J. Collins
4124:says, "I am an
3973:
3944:split off from
3911:, a version of
3865:Priestly source
3725:
3717:
3709:
3675:
3603:
3597:natural order.
3532:
3520:
3497:Midrash HaGadol
3438:
3340:
3177:Jose bar Hanina
3104:
3015:descended from
2108:of wine at the
1939:
1911:
1896:
1888:
1770:Exodus 10:1–20
1729:Exodus 9:13–35
1606:Exodus 8:16–28
1562:Exodus 8:12–15
1516:(8:1–15 in the
1482:in the morning
1476:Exodus 7:14–25
1409:
1400:
1256:the Golden Calf
1220:
1204:
1192:
1184:
1020:triennial cycle
1016:
974:
935:
903:
853:
826:
259:
217:
135:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11128:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11070:
11068:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11048:Eye for an eye
11045:
11040:
11035:
11033:I Am that I Am
11029:
11027:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11014:
11008:
11006:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10957:
10955:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10931:
10929:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10865:
10863:
10861:Torah readings
10857:
10856:
10854:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10797:
10795:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10787:
10785:Temple menorah
10782:
10777:
10772:
10770:Staff of Moses
10767:
10762:
10761:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10666:
10664:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10565:
10563:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10499:
10497:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10485:Book of Exodus
10480:
10477:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10454:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10385:
10383:
10377:
10376:
10374:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10322:
10320:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10259:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10191:
10189:
10183:
10182:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10109:
10107:
10101:
10100:
10093:
10092:
10085:
10078:
10070:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10020:Orthodox Union
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9964:
9959:
9952:
9949:
9940:
9939:External links
9937:
9936:
9935:
9925:
9915:
9902:
9892:Bill Dauster.
9881:
9880:
9873:
9863:
9856:
9838:
9831:
9824:
9815:
9809:
9786:
9785:
9761:
9754:Jonathan Sacks
9751:
9730:
9729:
9722:John H. Walton
9714:
9707:Judith Plaskow
9699:
9687:
9677:
9670:
9652:
9641:
9629:
9622:James L. Kugel
9610:
9609:
9602:
9587:
9580:
9570:
9547:
9546:
9531:
9521:
9509:
9490:
9489:
9482:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9448:
9437:
9430:
9419:
9409:
9402:
9388:
9373:
9361:
9351:
9337:
9330:Nahum M. Sarna
9327:
9317:
9307:
9297:
9287:
9277:
9270:
9258:
9249:
9235:
9220:
9213:Roland de Vaux
9210:
9192:
9174:
9151:
9150:
9130:
9116:
9109:
9074:
9073:
9047:
9016:
9015:
8998:
8963:
8962:
8936:
8922:
8898:
8854:
8853:
8827:
8809:
8791:
8773:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8738:
8724:
8710:
8697:
8683:
8669:
8655:
8606:
8591:
8564:
8563:
8543:
8529:
8501:
8478:
8477:
8455:
8445:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8358:Bava Batra 91a
8354:Bava Kamma 80b
8290:
8271:
8270:
8260:
8257:Harry Freedman
8222:Genesis Rabbah
8219:
8216:Edward Goldman
8193:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8078:
8077:
8039:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7972:3:18; 23:124;
7951:On Drunkenness
7914:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7855:
7852:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7825:
7797:
7793:Ezekiel 29:4–5
7789:Exodus 7:20–21
7781:
7774:Exodus 7:17–19
7766:
7754:
7743:
7727:
7710:
7693:
7676:
7651:
7638:
7625:
7612:
7599:
7586:
7573:
7567:Robert Alter.
7560:
7543:
7530:
7513:
7500:
7494:Robert Alter.
7487:
7467:
7454:
7441:
7424:
7411:
7398:
7385:
7346:
7333:
7320:
7303:
7282:
7269:
7250:
7215:
7209:Robert Alter.
7202:
7185:
7172:
7159:
7146:
7140:Robert Alter.
7133:
7106:
7086:
7069:
7044:
7027:
7007:
6994:
6959:
6942:
6926:
6910:
6894:
6877:
6861:
6841:
6828:
6819:
6807:
6795:
6774:
6765:
6753:
6741:
6729:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6674:Jeremiah 22:17
6666:
6654:
6650:Proverbs 12:20
6642:
6630:
6626:Proverbs 28:14
6618:
6606:
6594:
6590:Jeremiah 32:40
6582:
6570:
6555:
6551:1 Samuel 25:37
6543:
6531:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6468:
6464:Jeremiah 17:10
6456:
6452:Proverbs 23:17
6444:
6432:
6420:
6405:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6357:
6345:
6333:
6321:
6309:
6297:
6293:Proverbs 19:21
6285:
6273:
6261:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6213:
6201:
6189:
6177:
6165:
6153:
6138:
6126:
6114:
6110:1 Samuel 17:32
6102:
6090:
6078:
6063:
6051:
6042:
6033:
6021:
6009:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5966:
5957:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5918:
5906:
5897:
5881:
5872:
5863:
5851:
5834:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5767:
5746:
5734:
5717:
5705:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5664:Numbers Rabbah
5656:
5576:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5482:
5478:Genesis Rabbah
5469:
5457:
5445:
5433:
5416:
5399:
5387:
5370:
5355:
5342:
5326:John H. Walton
5313:
5300:
5271:
5250:
5230:
5217:
5213:Exodus 9:33–35
5205:
5203:, pages 56–57.
5192:
5188:Exodus 9:31–32
5180:
5176:Exodus 9:29–30
5168:
5164:Exodus 9:27–28
5156:
5152:Exodus 9:22–26
5144:
5131:
5127:Exodus 9:20–21
5119:
5115:Exodus 9:17–19
5107:
5094:
5090:Exodus 9:13–16
5082:
5069:
5057:
5045:
5032:
5020:
5008:
4995:
4991:Exodus 8:27–28
4983:
4971:
4967:Exodus 8:21–23
4959:
4955:Exodus 8:19–20
4947:
4934:
4930:Exodus 8:16–18
4922:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4881:Exodus 8:12–13
4873:
4860:
4848:
4835:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4774:
4762:
4758:Exodus 7:22–23
4750:
4746:Exodus 7:20–21
4738:
4726:
4713:
4709:Exodus 7:14–18
4701:
4688:
4676:
4672:Exodus 7:11–12
4664:
4652:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4587:Exodus 6:29–30
4579:
4563:
4559:Exodus 6:14–25
4551:
4549:, pages 34–35.
4538:
4525:
4521:Exodus 6:10–12
4513:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4439:
4417:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4385:
4382:
4364:
4361:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4339:Sistine Chapel
4297:
4296:In the liturgy
4294:
4273:
4270:
4220:
4217:
4182:
4179:
4167:
4164:
4092:and “Hebrew” (
4074:administrators
3976:Baruch Spinoza
3972:
3969:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3674:
3671:
3602:
3599:
3531:
3528:
3519:
3516:
3470:avnei elgavish
3437:
3434:
3339:
3336:
3331:Gerard Jollain
3309:Simeon Solomon
3103:
3100:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2110:Passover seder
2048:from the 1860
1960:Tetragrammaton
1938:
1935:
1910:
1907:
1903:I Am that I Am
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:passive voice
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:Exodus 9:8–12
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:passive voice
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:gnats or lice
1557:
1553:
1552:
1551:passive voice
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1503:passive voice
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:Go to Pharaoh
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1264:Land of Israel
1219:
1216:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1012:
989:, but not the
973:
970:
934:
931:
902:
899:
852:
849:
825:
822:
815:from the 1860
800:
798:
797:
794:
792:
791:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
765:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
591:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
501:
499:
498:
493:
491:
486:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
457:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
423:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:
320:
318:
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:
258:
255:
216:
213:
153:Masoretic Text
134:
131:
96:Book of Exodus
68:speaks in the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11127:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11105:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11071:
11069:
11065:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11003:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10976:Exodus Rabbah
10974:
10972:
10971:Covenant Code
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10952:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10926:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10862:
10858:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10792:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10759:
10758:undergarments
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10665:
10661:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10564:
10560:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10487:
10486:
10482:
10481:
10475:
10470:
10468:
10463:
10461:
10456:
10455:
10452:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10382:
10378:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10315:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10252:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10184:
10179:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10091:
10086:
10084:
10079:
10077:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9972:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9954:
9945:
9933:
9929:
9926:
9923:
9920:
9916:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9890:
9885:
9878:
9874:
9871:
9867:
9864:
9861:
9857:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9816:
9813:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9790:
9783:
9779:
9778:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9762:
9759:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9685:
9681:
9680:Reuven Hammer
9678:
9675:
9671:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9614:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9556:
9551:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9510:
9507:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9487:
9483:
9480:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9466:
9463:
9459:
9456:
9452:
9449:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9391:Ellen Frankel
9389:
9386:
9385:Jason Aronson
9382:
9378:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9362:
9359:
9355:
9352:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9312:
9309:Ziony Zevit.
9308:
9305:
9301:
9300:Mark S. Smith
9298:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9247:
9243:
9242:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9148:
9144:
9143:John E. Woods
9140:
9139:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9117:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9086:Hermann Cohen
9084:
9083:
9078:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9058:Góra Kalwaria
9055:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9013:
9009:
9006:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8987:Judaica Press
8984:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8901:Thomas Hobbes
8899:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8812:Moshe Alshich
8810:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8660:. "Sermon on
8659:
8658:Jacob Anatoli
8656:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8583:
8578:
8577:Mishneh Torah
8574:
8573:
8568:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8551:Mishneh Torah
8547:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8448:Exodus Rabbah
8446:
8443:
8439:
8437:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8374:Sanhedrin 12a
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8330:Moed Katan 6a
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8268:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8190:Jacob Neusner
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8174:Pesachim 10:1
8171:
8170:Orlah 1:1–3:9
8167:
8164:
8163:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7970:
7965:
7964:
7960:9:29; 20:94;
7959:
7958:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7851:
7838:
7837:Ezekiel 29:21
7834:
7829:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7809:Ezekiel 28:26
7806:
7801:
7794:
7790:
7785:
7779:
7778:Ezekiel 29:10
7775:
7770:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7747:
7740:
7739:Ezekiel 28:26
7736:
7731:
7724:
7720:
7714:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7660:Mishneh Torah
7655:
7648:
7642:
7635:
7629:
7622:
7616:
7609:
7603:
7596:
7590:
7583:
7577:
7570:
7564:
7557:
7553:
7550:Benno Jacob.
7547:
7540:
7534:
7527:
7523:
7517:
7510:
7504:
7497:
7491:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7471:
7464:
7458:
7451:
7445:
7438:
7434:
7428:
7421:
7415:
7408:
7402:
7395:
7389:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7343:
7337:
7330:
7324:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7289:Everett Fox,
7286:
7279:
7273:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7206:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7182:
7176:
7169:
7163:
7156:
7150:
7143:
7137:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7103:
7099:
7097:
7093:Saadia Gaon.
7090:
7083:
7079:
7076:Nachmanides,
7073:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7011:
7004:
6998:
6992:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6969:Mishneh Torah
6963:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6823:
6816:
6811:
6804:
6799:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6769:
6762:
6757:
6750:
6745:
6738:
6737:Proverbs 16:1
6733:
6726:
6723:
6718:
6711:
6710:Proverbs 10:8
6706:
6699:
6698:Proverbs 6:18
6694:
6687:
6682:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6662:1 Samuel 1:13
6658:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6627:
6622:
6615:
6614:Proverbs 6:25
6610:
6603:
6598:
6591:
6586:
6579:
6574:
6567:
6564:
6559:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6535:
6528:
6527:2 Kings 23:25
6523:
6516:
6515:Ezekiel 36:26
6511:
6504:
6503:Jeremiah 20:9
6499:
6492:
6487:
6480:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6441:
6436:
6429:
6424:
6417:
6414:
6413:Song of Songs
6409:
6402:
6401:1 Samuel 4:13
6397:
6390:
6385:
6378:
6373:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6353:Genesis 31:20
6349:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6329:Numbers 15:39
6325:
6318:
6317:Proverbs 7:25
6313:
6306:
6301:
6294:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6270:
6265:
6258:
6257:1 Kings 12:33
6253:
6246:
6245:Jeremiah 5:23
6241:
6234:
6229:
6222:
6217:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6135:
6130:
6123:
6122:Ezekiel 22:14
6118:
6111:
6106:
6099:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6068:
6060:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6028:
6026:
6018:
6013:
6006:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5975:
5970:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5940:
5931:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5901:
5895:(Rabbi Meir).
5894:
5890:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5860:
5855:
5848:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5801:
5792:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5687:
5685:
5677:
5672:
5665:
5660:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5535:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5396:
5395:Exodus Rabbah
5391:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5346:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5310:
5304:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5234:
5227:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5196:
5189:
5184:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5141:
5135:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5079:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5053:Exodus 9:8–10
5049:
5042:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4894:
4889:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4857:
4856:Exodus 8:7–11
4852:
4845:
4839:
4832:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4723:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4698:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4660:Exodus 7:9–10
4656:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4443:
4427:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4360:
4358:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:Baal Ha-Turim
4194:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:William Propp
4018:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3807:I am the Lord
3804:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3771:I am the Lord
3768:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:I am the Lord
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3172:Rabbi Eleazar
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3095:Benjamin West
3093:(painting by
3092:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2633:
2622:
2599:
2585:
2582:
2570:
2568:
2556:
2554:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2496:
2494:
2470:
2468:
2455:
2453:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2362:
2360:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:kal va-chomer
2169:
2164:
2163:Rabbi Ishmael
2160:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:Rosh Hashanah
2059:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1958:, the
1953:
1944:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:Exodus 9:1–7
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:Who Hardened
1458:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:Introduction
1437:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1392:Jeffrey Tigay
1389:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1196:Gunther Plaut
1187:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1011:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
982:
979:
965:
961:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
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10685:Asherah pole
10507:
10483:
10336:Behaalotecha
10199:
10133:Chayei Sarah
10045:TheTorah.com
10010:Mechon Hadar
9968:Commentaries
9931:
9928:Leon R. Kass
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9673:
9657:. Edited by
9654:
9644:
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9605:
9590:
9583:
9572:
9566:
9563:Marek Halter
9539:Adele Berlin
9537:. Edited by
9534:
9528:Bible Review
9527:
9515:
9512:Barack Obama
9505:
9502:Robert Alter
9486:Bible Review
9485:
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9468:
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9453:. Edited by
9450:
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9122:
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9070:Arthur Green
9065:
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9004:
8997:, 1867–1878.
8990:
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8929:Ohr ha-Chaim
8928:
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8891:Targum Press
8882:
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8850:Targum Press
8841:
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8776:Abraham Saba
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8608:Maimonides.
8598:
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8593:Maimonides.
8587:
8581:
8576:
8575:Maimonides.
8559:
8549:
8539:
8535:
8525:
8507:
8504:Judah Halevi
8497:
8493:
8484:Judah Halevi
8473:
8461:
8451:
8441:
8434:
8418:Talmud Bavli
8417:
8414:Bekhorot 41a
8410:Chullin 134a
8402:Menachot 68b
8338:Chagigah 13b
8326:Megillah 11a
8314:Pesachim 53b
8298:Berakhot 38a
8286:
8266:
8252:
8211:
8206:. Edited by
8203:
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7911:Anchor Bible
7905:. Edited by
7902:
7898:
7849:
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7769:
7762:Ezekiel 29:3
7757:
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7654:
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7607:
7602:
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7568:
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6962:
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5408:Genesis 17:1
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5379:Yaakov Elman
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4484:Exodus 6:6–8
4479:
4472:Exodus 6:2–4
4467:
4447:
4442:
4432:September 3,
4430:. Retrieved
4428:. Aklah, Inc
4420:
4408:
4407:Fred Reiss,
4403:
4390:Rosh Chodesh
4387:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4354:
4335:Michelangelo
4323:
4321:
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4300:Reading the
4299:
4282:commandments
4275:
4272:Commandments
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3814:Robert Alter
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3052:
3049:
3035:, Prince of
3024:
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3008:
3002:
2987:
2968:
2942:
2912:
2257:
2253:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2216:
2211:
2178:Hebrew Bible
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2142:
2118:
2102:
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2055:
2049:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1982:
1964:Ecclesiastes
1951:
1940:
1912:
1897:
1889:
1880:
1849:
1783:
1742:
1663:
1622:
1607:
1602:wild beasts
1601:
1563:
1534:
1515:
1486:
1460:
1454:
1453:Did Pharaoh
1448:
1435:Time Warned
1430:
1410:
1401:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1221:
1205:
1193:
1185:
1017:
1001:
999:
983:
975:
958:
951:
944:
936:
915:
907:
904:
884:
880:
865:
854:
830:
827:
816:
803:
260:
244:
237:
218:
208:James Tissot
194:
186:
176:
168:
157:Hebrew Bible
146:
138:
136:
127:Hebrew Bible
124:
113:
108:
99:
83:
69:
49:
45:
41:
40:
30:
11038:Baal-zephon
11005:Manuscripts
10831:Pi-Ramesses
10826:Pi-HaHiroth
10816:Mount Sinai
10811:Mount Horeb
10728:breastplate
10700:Golden calf
10670:Aaron's rod
10394:Va'etchanan
10381:Deuteronomy
10288:Acharei Mot
9434:Exodus 1–18
9261:Ziony Zevit
9223:Ziony Zevit
9199:I Am Yahweh
9133:Thomas Mann
9119:Benno Jacob
9094:Leo Strauss
8686:Nachmanides
8431:Saadia Gaon
8398:Shevuot 35b
8342:Nedarim 51b
8306:Shabbat 97a
8292:Babylonian
8182:Yadayim 4:8
8178:Shevuot 5:3
7751:Exodus 7:15
7636:, page 129.
7498:, page 354.
7452:, page 116.
7437:Minneapolis
7314:(New York:
7200:, page 108.
6602:Psalm 111:1
6389:Isaiah 21:4
6221:Psalm 51:19
6197:Genesis 6:6
6161:Isaiah 40:2
6086:1 Kings 3:9
5728:; see also
5625:Numbers 2:1
5585:Exodus 6:13
5556:Rabbi Akiva
5429:Rabbi Akiva
5286:, editors,
5265:(New York:
5065:Exodus 9:12
4979:Exodus 8:24
4905:Exodus 8:15
4893:Exodus 8:14
4770:Exodus 7:25
4734:Exodus 7:19
4684:Exodus 7:13
4266:Wikiversity
4209:Benno Jacob
4070:mercenaries
4062:Mesopotamia
4001:Everett Fox
3938:El du Yahwi
3881:J tradition
3818:אֵל שַׁדָּי
3570:Nachmanides
3556:Saadia Gaon
3345:Rabbi Akiva
3148:Rabbi Hiyya
2973:the son of
2174:) arguments
2094:shall bring
1986:אֵל שַׁדָּי
1447:Israelites
1360:Nahum Sarna
1280:Philistines
1260:Deuteronomy
35:John Martin
11104:Categories
11074:The Exodus
11043:El Shaddai
11017:Papyrus 18
10775:Tabernacle
10715:Mercy seat
10574:Israelites
10414:Ki Teitzei
10308:Bechukotai
10148:Vayishlach
10123:Lech-Lecha
9995:Chabad.org
9054:Sefat Emet
9003:(Shadal).
8570:Maimonides
8546:Maimonides
8466:Exodus 6–9
8462:Commentary
8310:Eruvin 83b
8109:17:101–102
8041:Josephus.
8012:Revelation
7986:Alexandria
7966:15:83–85;
7942:12:38–39;
7833:Exodus 6:2
7805:Exodus 7:5
7735:Exodus 7:4
7725:, page 94.
7708:, page 95.
7465:, page 79.
7367:David Hume
7280:, page 67.
7016:Commentary
6491:Psalm 49:4
6305:Psalm 21:3
6281:Psalm 45:2
6134:Psalm 16:9
5818:Lekach Tov
5328:, editor,
5228:, page 57.
5142:, page 54.
5105:, page 53.
5080:, page 52.
5043:, page 51.
5028:Exodus 9:7
5006:, page 50.
4945:, page 48.
4920:, page 47.
4871:, page 46.
4846:, page 45.
4819:Exodus 8:4
4807:Exodus 8:3
4785:, page 43.
4724:, page 41.
4699:, page 40.
4650:, page 39.
4635:Exodus 7:7
4623:Exodus 7:6
4577:, page 37.
4536:, page 34.
4511:, page 33.
4496:Exodus 6:9
4086:linguistic
4013:כָּבֵד לֵב
3990:Greta Hort
3936:, perhaps
3822:El Shaddai
3624:repentance
3620:Maimonides
3613:Maimonides
3594:Nahmanides
3486:Beth-Horon
3478:al gav ish
3201:Rabbi Meir
3061:Chronicles
2979:Kohathites
2168:a fortiori
2086:will bring
2035:Patriarchs
1850:12:29–32;
1845:firstborn
1647:livestock
1449:Shielded?
1429:Was There
1063:8:16–9:35
868:wilderness
229:Israelites
225:Patriarchs
62:first word
10894:Mishpatim
10884:Beshalach
10765:Showbread
10255:Leviticus
10220:Mishpatim
10210:Beshalach
9866:Shai Held
9764:Sam Ernst
9726:Zondervan
9667:URJ Press
9177:Elie Munk
9044:187452464
8995:Frankfurt
8983:Gateshead
8943:Teachings
8906:Leviathan
8834:Kli Yakar
8707:The Zohar
8703:2:22a–32a
8346:Sotah 11b
8093:7:103–126
8006:2 Timothy
7234:Amsterdam
7230:chapter 1
7034:Rashbam.
7003:The Zohar
5338:Zondervan
4378:ve-yade'u
4351:Generally
4307:, in the
4096:,
4034:,
4017:kaved lev
4015:,
4007:,
3982:,
3855:,
3836:,
3828:,
3820:,
3665:,
3663:רַב עֵרֶב
3657:,
3655:רַב עֵרֶב
3649:,
3647:רַב עֵרֶב
3582:,
3504:Pharisees
3081:Ahasuerus
2994:Amminadab
2971:Elizaphan
2213:Rav Zeira
1990:El Shadai
1988:,
1950:,
1808:darkness
1600:flies or
1455:Concede?
1431:Warning?
1384:h-y-h le-
1382:,
1374:,
1302:20:3 and
1268:Leviticus
1155:6:29–7:7
1060:7:8–8:15
947:livestock
861:magicians
263:genealogy
193: (
185:,
175: (
167:,
151:. In the
145:,
90:cycle of
82:,
80:פָּרָשָׁה
10935:Priestly
10914:Vayakhel
10909:Ki Tissa
10904:Tetzaveh
10780:Tefillin
10654:Zipporah
10496:Chapters
10429:Vayelech
10424:Nitzavim
10409:Shofetim
10361:Pinechas
10326:Bemidbar
10293:Kedoshim
10240:Vayakhel
10235:Ki Tissa
10230:Tetzaveh
10163:Vayigash
10153:Vayeshev
10113:Bereshit
9985:Aish.com
9792:Herzfeld
9768:Jim Dunn
9553:Halter (
8947:Bratslav
8879:Piotrkow
8425:Medieval
8362:109b–10a
8200:Tiberias
8153:79:15–24
8149:73:15–16
8145:51:38–39
8141:43:46–54
8133:40:23-27
8125:28:36–39
8121:26:10–51
8117:23:45–48
8113:20:42–73
8105:11:96–97
8101:10:75–83
8062:Archived
8051:Archived
8018:Josephus
7954:26:101;
7875:people).
7854:Biblical
5703:Korah 1.
5699:Midrash
5292:New York
4456:Brooklyn
4370:shefatim
4357:haftarah
4346:Haftarah
4305:Haggadah
4302:Passover
4161:Luzzatto
3789:the land
3757:the land
3697:the Lord
3667:erev rav
3659:erev rav
3651:erev rav
3628:teshuvah
3524:medieval
3372:Rav Papa
3295:al debar
3219:leopards
3141:wise men
3029:Potiphar
3013:Phinehas
2990:Elisheva
2944:Elzaphan
2194:Proverbs
2114:Passover
2066:Joseph's
2005:hundred
1948:אֱלֹהִים
1921:and the
1915:rabbinic
1857:unknown
1782:
1776:unknown
1767:locusts
1741:
1680:Pharaoh
1662:
1656:unknown
1639:Pharaoh
1621:
1533:
1527:unknown
1354:Nehemiah
1350:Nehemiah
1312:Jeremiah
1308:Jeremiah
1296:Hezekiah
1292:1 Samuel
1175:9:33–35
1172:8:12–15
1161:9:27–35
1158:8:12–15
1147:9:22–26
1141:6:26–28
1133:9:17–21
1127:6:20–25
1116:7:26–29
1113:6:14–19
1102:7:19–25
1099:6:10–13
1091:8:24–28
1088:7:14–18
1077:8:16–23
1057:6:2–7:7
1054:Reading
993:and the
496:Jochebed
169:petuchah
139:parashah
133:Readings
118:) after
100:parashah
84:parashah
71:parashah
56:—
11026:Phrases
10945:Elohist
10940:Jahwist
10928:Sources
10919:Pekudei
10899:Terumah
10874:Va'eira
10663:Objects
10639:Pharaoh
10634:Oholiab
10614:Ithamar
10599:Gershom
10589:Eliezer
10584:Bezalel
10434:Haazinu
10419:Ki Tavo
10389:Devarim
10318:Numbers
10283:Metzora
10273:Shemini
10263:Vayikra
10245:Pekudei
10225:Terumah
10200:Va'eira
10143:Vayetze
10138:Toledot
10128:Vayeira
10105:Genesis
9907:Staff.
9855:, 2016.
9808:, 2012.
9728:, 2009.
9713:, 2009.
9669:, 2008.
9651:, 2008.
9601:, 2006.
9579:, 2005.
9401:, 1996.
9387:, 1995.
9173:, 1967.
9157:Cassuto
9106:Leipzig
9098:Atlanta
9060:(Ger),
9046:(1982).
8961:, 2011.
8951:Ukraine
8897:, 2004.
8676:Hizkuni
8662:Wa-'Era
8490:Rashbam
8166:Mishnah
8097:130–135
7948:22:76;
7926:13:40;
7913:, 1985.
7899:Exagōgē
7061:Hizkuni
7019:on 8:15
7014:Rashi,
6722:Obadiah
5701:Tanhuma
5568:Tosefta
5362:Philo,
4450:Chumash
4415:Hebcal.
4337:in the
4246:Elohist
4130:sailors
4005:כְּבוֹד
3966:Spinoza
3838:Shaddai
3834:שַׁדָּי
3689:Hizkuni
3681:Rashbam
3406:Ishmael
3353:aggadah
3127:hosts,
3025:pitpeit
3005:Eleazar
2998:Nahshon
2936:Mishael
2206:Shushan
2192:?" (8)
2145:Tannaim
2137:Messiah
2098:brought
2074:hamotzi
2058:Baraita
2013:lachein
2008:kesitah
1969:Solomon
1943:Midrash
1919:Mishnah
1594:Second
1426:Verses
1423:Plague
1420:Number
1368:will be
1348:14:13;
1317:Ezekiel
1300:2 Kings
1286:16:28;
1272:Numbers
1240:Genesis
1224:Abraham
1166:Maftir
1144:8:7–11
1119:9:8–16
1074:7:8–13
1036:Year 3
1033:Year 2
1030:Year 1
1000:In the
939:insects
833:prophet
475:Gershon
240:Pharaoh
187:setumah
155:of the
115:Shabbat
54:וָאֵרָא
42:Va'eira
21:Vayeira
11067:Events
10869:Shemot
10794:Places
10753:turban
10624:Miriam
10604:Jethro
10562:People
10351:Chukat
10346:Korach
10341:Shlach
10278:Tazria
10195:Shemot
10187:Exodus
10168:Vaychi
10158:Miketz
9774:." In
9427:Denver
9062:Poland
9042:
9028:Malbim
9022:Malbim
8969:Hirsch
8871:Cracow
8860:Hobbes
8838:Lublin
8802:Venice
8756:Modern
8522:Toledo
8509:Kuzari
8470:Troyes
8294:Talmud
8277:Talmud
8090:Qur'an
8084:Qur'an
8059:2:14:4
8048:2:13:3
8000:Romans
7295:Dallas
6853:Troyes
6563:Joshua
4374:tannin
4106:Habiru
4102:Habiru
4094:עִברִי
4090:Habiru
4082:Habiru
4078:nomads
4066:Habiru
4058:Arabia
4050:Habiru
4041:Habiru
4032:עִברִי
3980:נָבִיא
3905:Yahuah
3901:Yahveh
3853:יְהוָה
3580:יְהוָה
3482:Joshua
3474:avanim
3408:), as
3378:Rabbi
3239:Daniel
3217:, and
3206:mikveh
3073:Abiram
3069:Dathan
3037:Simeon
3021:piteim
3017:Jethro
3009:Putiel
2975:Uzziel
2951:Sithri
2929:Zichri
2922:Nepheg
2892:Miriam
2643:Uzziel
2632:Hebron
2399:Kohath
2236:Amidah
2202:Esther
2198:Esther
2190:Jordan
2186:Keilah
2129:Joshua
2121:Exodus
2090:Gemara
1994:יְהוָה
1956:יְהוָה
1952:Elohim
1923:Talmud
1823:Moses
1788:Moses
1747:Moses
1720:Third
1703:Moses
1688:boils
1577:Aaron
1539:Aaron
1511:frogs
1491:Aaron
1473:blood
1467:First
1441:Actor
1417:Cycle
1376:l-k-ch
1327:9:13;
1306:38:3;
1304:Isaiah
1288:Hannah
1284:Judges
1276:Samson
1274:10:9;
1252:Rachel
1230:, and
1169:7:5–7
1130:8:1–6
1105:9:1–7
1085:6:6–9
1071:6:2–5
1003:maftir
987:barley
919:Goshen
771:Miriam
660:Uzziel
653:Hebron
489:Merari
482:Kohath
273:, and
271:Simeon
267:Reuben
196:samekh
161:Tanakh
148:aliyot
88:Jewish
58:Hebrew
46:Va'era
10889:Yitro
10801:Egypt
10748:tunic
10710:Manna
10619:Marah
10579:Aaron
10569:Moses
10553:38–40
10548:35–38
10543:30–34
10538:27–30
10533:25–27
10528:21–24
10523:18–20
10518:13–17
10513:10–13
10404:Re'eh
10399:Eikev
10371:Masei
10366:Matot
10356:Balak
10303:Behar
10215:Yitro
10118:Noach
9951:Texts
9777:Haven
9736:Sacks
9616:kugel
9496:Obama
9189:Paris
9080:Cohen
9008:Padua
8820:Safed
8700:Zohar
8644:Cairo
8458:Rashi
8129:29:39
8028:5:9:4
7917:Philo
7664:Cairo
7479:Padua
6783:Yemen
6061:1:36.
5652:20:23
5648:20:12
5640:16:20
5636:14:26
5617:14:33
5605:12:50
5601:12:43
5564:Orlah
5560:orlah
5480:88:5.
4396:Notes
4324:magid
4313:Seder
4309:magid
4250:north
4195:(the
4134:Jonah
4122:Jonah
4046:Apiru
4009:kevod
3942:Yahwi
3909:Yahuh
3897:hayah
3847:Plaut
3643:Zohar
3637:Zohar
3543:Rashi
3538:Rashi
3410:Micah
3275:dagah
3271:dagah
3244:magus
3215:lions
3211:bears
3033:Zimri
2983:Izhar
2914:Korah
2906:Moses
2899:Aaron
2621:Izhar
2598:Amram
2218:orlah
2182:Judah
2125:Caleb
2002:Gerar
1998:Sarah
1899:Philo
1860:none
1820:none
1817:none
1726:hail
1700:none
1697:none
1574:none
1571:none
1444:Rod?
1390:3:3.
1388:Hosea
1380:היה ל
1333:Asaph
1329:David
1325:Psalm
1232:Jacob
1228:Isaac
1008:מפטיר
995:spelt
991:wheat
954:boils
887:frogs
876:blood
857:snake
785:Moses
778:Aaron
646:Izhar
639:Amram
251:Egypt
247:Aaron
221:Moses
183:סתומה
165:פתוחה
143:עליות
64:that
50:Vaera
48:, or
10841:Shur
10743:sash
10738:robe
10594:Elim
10331:Naso
10298:Emor
10268:Tzav
9887:Kass
9766:and
9661:and
9541:and
9040:OCLC
8911:3:36
8514:1:25
8394:111a
8370:117b
8366:116a
8245:46:1
8241:37:3
8237:19:7
8233:18:5
8225:1:15
6479:2:13
6476:Joel
6149:2:18
5724:See
5666:2:1.
5644:19:1
5633:4:17
5621:15:1
5613:13:1
5609:11:1
5597:12:1
5583:See
5412:48:3
5410:and
5406:See
5397:6:1.
5282:and
4434:2023
4355:The
4126:Ivri
4118:Ivri
4114:Ivri
4110:Ivri
4098:Ivri
4072:and
4036:Ivri
3984:navi
3930:YHVH
3925:Yahu
3917:יהרא
3913:Yehu
3893:YHVH
3885:YHVH
3877:YHVH
3873:YHVH
3869:YHVH
3861:YHVH
3857:YHVH
3741:A: "
3641:The
3584:YHVH
3561:only
3502:The
3402:This
3397:this
3291:Onan
3168:rods
3133:your
3114:The
3077:Ahaz
3071:and
3065:Esau
2306:Levi
2133:Rava
2127:and
2103:The
2078:will
1875:God
1872:yes
1869:yes
1863:God
1854:yes
1835:God
1832:yes
1829:yes
1826:yes
1800:God
1797:yes
1791:yes
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1756:yes
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1732:yes
1715:God
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1668:God
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1636:yes
1633:yes
1627:God
1612:yes
1580:yes
1548:yes
1542:yes
1524:yes
1494:yes
1479:yes
1364:take
1321:Zion
1236:Noah
978:hail
910:lice
872:Nile
316:Levi
275:Levi
110:Jews
10508:6–9
10503:1–6
9770:. "
8784:Fez
8518:2:2
8406:84a
8390:90b
8386:82b
8382:67b
8378:58b
8350:43a
8334:18a
8318:99b
8302:54b
8229:5:7
6725:1:3
6566:7:5
6416:5:2
5761:);
5629:4:1
5593:9:8
5589:7:8
4264:at
4187:all
4132:in
4044:or
4025:kvd
3826:אֵל
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3699:.”
3693:God
3669:).
3393:Ark
3235:Rav
3164:rod
2082:has
1866:no
1842:10
1814:no
1794:no
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1712:no
1709:no
1706:no
1694:no
1677:no
1671:no
1630:no
1586:no
1583:no
1568:no
1545:no
1518:KJV
1500:no
1497:no
1372:לקח
1346:Job
1342:Job
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