742:
150:
555:
similarly marked items that he or she liked (or disliked) in the past. At the same time, the law helps assure a producer that it (and not an imitating competitor) will reap the financial, reputation-related rewards associated with a desirable product. The law thereby encourages the production of quality products and simultaneously discourages those who hope to sell inferior products by capitalizing on a consumer's inability quickly to evaluate the quality of an item offered for sale.
1615:
33:
821:. If the Trademark Examiner identifies problems with the applications, the applicant will be sent a "preliminary rejection." The applicant will then have 6 months to file a reply with arguments in favor of their trademark application. If the Trademark Examiner is persuaded by the reply arguments, the application will be granted registration. If not, a "final rejection" will be issued.
711:
Descriptive terms immediately describe the goods, or some important characteristic of the goods. Trademark law does not protect descriptive terms unless they achieve "secondary meaning" in the minds of consumers. That is, trademark rights accrue when the public comes to associate the descriptive term
622:
describes that universe in the broadest of terms. It says that trademarks "includ any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof." § 1127. Since human beings might use as a "symbol" or "device" almost anything at all that is capable of carrying meaning, this language, read literally,
871:
The benefits of federal trademark registration only accrue to marks listed on the "Principal
Register". To be eligible for the Principal Register, a mark must be recognized as a trademark, and not just a description of some goods or services. Eligible marks include (a) arbitrary or fanciful marks,
554:
In principle, trademark law, by preventing others from copying a source-identifying mark, reduces the customer's costs of shopping and making purchasing decisions, for it quickly and easily assures a potential customer that this item—the item with this mark—is made by the same producer as other
875:
The
Supplemental Register is for "descriptive" marks that have not yet become distinctive. Descriptive marks describe some quality of the goods or services they are used with. Descriptive marks may become distinctive (acquire "secondary meaning") through 5 years of use in commerce, or through
1022:
law, trademark protection does not have a set duration or definite expiration date. Trademark rights only expire when the owner stops using the mark in commerce. However, federal trademark registrations expire ten years after the registration date, unless renewed within one year prior to the
809:
Trademarks may be registered online. The USPTO charges a $ 275 fee for online trademark applications. The process takes about 6 months from initial application to final registration. It is a general practice to hire a trademark lawyer to file the application on behalf of the future owner.
912:
Trademark infringement is measured by the so-called "likelihood of confusion" test. A new trademark will infringe on an existing one if the new one is so similar to the original that consumers are likely to confuse the two marks, and mistakenly purchase from the wrong company.
732:
for a product or service cannot be trademarked. Granting trademark rights on a generic term-say "apple" for use on apple juice-puts other companies at an unfair competitive disadvantage. Every company has the right to describe its products and services using generic terms.
1062:
of goods. Otherwise, the responsibility is entirely on the mark owner to file suit in either state or federal civil court in order to restrict an infringing use. Failure to "police" a mark by stopping infringing uses can result in the loss of protection.
1026:
The U.S. Constitution specifically grants
Congress power over copyright and patent law, but not over trademark law. Instead, Congress' power to create federal trademark law is derived from the Commerce Clause. Therefore, there must be some degree of
698:
Suggestive trademarks are still broadly protected. These marks "suggest" something about the product or services they are used on. The suggestion is a subtle connotation, not an outright description of the product. An example is "Whirlpool"
669:
Where there is no logical relationship between the mark and the goods or services, trademark protection is at its strongest. Arbitrary and fanciful marks are considered inherently distinctive and are prima facie registrable. For example,
961:
Note that other factors may also be considered in determining whether a likelihood of confusion exists. "Even this extensive catalogue does not exhaust the possibilities—the court may have to take still other variables into account."
1009:
Trademark rights operate under a "use it or lose it" rule. In other words, the trademark owner must continuously use the mark in commerce or risk a finding of abandonment through nonuse (usually after three years of nonuse).
430:
by discouraging other businesses from adopting a name or logo that is "confusingly similar" to an existing trademark. The goal is to allow consumers to easily identify the producers of goods and services and avoid confusion.
1365:
646:
Some trademarks afford more potent rights than others. The closer the relationship between the mark and the goods, the weaker the mark. Trademarks are often separated into four categories of distinctiveness:
788:"Incontestability." After five years of unopposed registration, a trademark is eligible to become "incontestable." An incontestable mark cannot be attacked on the grounds that it is "merely descriptive."
445:
are given a higher degree of protection in federal courts than unregistered marks—both registered and unregistered trademarks are granted some degree of federal protection under the Lanham Act 43(a).
855:
intent to use ("ITU") the mark in commerce (§1(b) registration). An ITU application is a placeholder. It will not be allowed to register until the applicant actually begins using the mark in
797:
Enhanced remedies for infringement, including the possibility of triple damages and criminal penalties for counterfeiting (note that counterfeiting is a more culpable type of infringement)
880:
Secondary meaning is acquired when in the minds of the public, the primary significance of a product feature... is to identify the source of the product rather than the product itself.
1644:
892:
Trademarks may also be registered at the state level. State registrations are less potent than federal trademark registration. But federal registration requires use of the mark in
493:, the federal courts created the "Aunt Jemima Doctrine" which protects a trademark even when used to sell a different product (in this case, pancake syrup instead of pancake mix).
441:. Common law trademark rights are acquired automatically when a business uses a name or logo in commerce, and are enforceable in state courts. Marks registered with the
757:
gives a seller or producer the exclusive right to "register" a trademark, 15 U.S.C. § 1052, and to prevent his or her competitors from using that trademark, § 1114(1)."
606:
Trademark rights are acquired through use of a mark in the normal course of commerce. For example, by using a brand name or logo on a product or its retail packaging.
1629:
1749:
579:– Signifies common law trademark rights. Businesses automatically receive common law trademark rights by using a brand name or logo in the normal course of commerce.
1235:
986:. The law recognizes two fair use defenses: classic fair use, where the alleged infringer is using the mark to describe accurately an aspect of its products; and
1289:
1089:
1705:
1434:
830:. Once published, there is a 30-day opportunity for other companies to appeal the registration. If no appeal is filed, the registration is finally issued.
686:– are considered fanciful and receive strong trademark protection. Arbitrary marks include preexisting words used in an arbitrary way, such as "Apple" when
884:
Note that "generic" terms are ineligible for trademark protection altogether, and may not be registered on either the
Principal or Supplemental Registers.
214:
1942:
614:
A word, phrase, or logo can act as a trademark. But so can a slogan, a name, a scent, the shape of a product's container, and a series of musical notes.
765:
Trademark protection depends on use in commerce, not registration. Both registered and non-registered trademarks are eligible for protection under the
1871:
975:
409:
1818:
1659:
1172:
50:
97:
1932:
1407:
1339:
1201:
199:
69:
901:
531:
426:
is a word, phrase, or logo that identifies the source of goods or services. Trademark law protects a business' commercial identity or
1937:
1649:
513:
442:
1922:
1264:
1115:
76:
1491:
818:
317:
2104:
1326:
623:
is not restrictive. The courts and the Patent and
Trademark Office have authorized for use as a mark a particular shape (of a
2014:
1952:
275:
83:
2099:
2078:
1999:
1690:
332:
234:
833:
If the registration receives a final rejection from the
Trademark Examiner, the applicant may appeal the rejection to the
1927:
550:
Trademark law protects a company's goodwill, and helps consumers easily identify the source of the things they purchase.
402:
1222:
65:
983:
501:
589:– Signifies a registered trademark. The ® symbol may only be used on a trademark that has been examined, approved and
1401:
982:
defense to trademark infringement. Fair use in trademark law does not employ the same four-pronged analysis used in
116:
1285:
1564:
1544:
838:
834:
512:). The Lanham Act defines federal trademark protection and trademark registration rules. The Lanham Act grants the
364:
189:
17:
1947:
1833:
1083:
535:
465:
312:
1143:
872:(b) "suggestive" marks, and (c) descriptive marks that have achieved "secondary meaning" or "distinctiveness."
523:
395:
54:
519:
State law continues to add its own protection, complementing (and complicating) the federal trademark system.
2004:
1725:
1569:
1320:
849:
An application for registration may be based upon "actual use" in commerce (a §1(a) registration) or upon a
1813:
2009:
1994:
1968:
1534:
1484:
1072:
979:
584:
90:
990:, in which the trademark is being used to actually refer to the trademarked product or trademark owner.
2073:
1843:
1559:
1099:
826:
1675:
1514:
641:
219:
900:
level may be appropriate. State trademark registration is usually by filing an application with the
741:
1740:
1720:
800:
Right to have the U.S. Customs
Service prevent others from importing goods bearing infringing marks
1828:
1695:
224:
194:
184:
43:
1164:
2068:
2055:
2040:
1772:
1710:
1685:
1680:
1554:
1477:
837:. Likewise, if the application is opposed by a third party, the appeal will be reviewed by the
461:
295:
1391:
1193:
1715:
1589:
1438:
779:
The owner listed on the registration is presumed to be the true owner of the trademark rights
700:
141:
1803:
1757:
1700:
1654:
1549:
1429:
1059:
1039:
invalidated the first federal trademark law by finding that
Congress could not stretch the
679:
8:
1973:
1808:
1574:
1230:
1050:
law which provides for criminal penalties as well as civil damages, trademark law in the
1028:
987:
893:
856:
791:
285:
1457:
1260:
2035:
2030:
1856:
1793:
1604:
1519:
1105:
1036:
994:
539:
527:
369:
179:
159:
1441:
1851:
1524:
1397:
1077:
149:
1978:
1861:
1634:
1110:
1040:
794:– that is, infringers cannot claim that they were unaware of a registered trademark
574:
474:
469:
280:
813:
Once the application is filed, it sits in a queue for a few months. Eventually, a
769:. However, registration (on the "Principal Register") affords several advantages:
509:
505:
2050:
2045:
1876:
1866:
1639:
1599:
480:
290:
1798:
1594:
1579:
1539:
951:
624:
337:
300:
229:
174:
817:
Trademark
Examiner will examine the application according to the rules of the
2093:
1584:
1051:
675:
453:
359:
254:
522:
Recent developments in U.S. trademark law have included the adoption of the
1762:
1094:
729:
385:
354:
349:
322:
244:
204:
1261:"247 F. 407 (2nd Cir. 1917), 42, Aunt Jemima Mills Co. v. Rigney & Co"
863:—that is, determining which business first acquired the trademark rights.
1767:
1529:
971:
687:
488:
344:
270:
239:
479:
In 1881, Congress passed a new trademark act, this time pursuant to its
1823:
1032:
897:
766:
754:
631:), and even a particular scent (of plumeria blossoms on sewing thread).
628:
619:
565:
497:
472:
powers, however, the
Supreme Court struck down the 1870 statute in the
457:
438:
997:
as to source or sponsorship. Trademarks may also be lawfully used in
916:
The likelihood of confusion test turns on several factors, including:
896:. If a mark is only used in one particular state, registration at the
1500:
1135:
1047:
939:
851:
683:
423:
305:
249:
169:
824:
When an application is allowed, it moves on to "publication" in the
32:
1777:
970:
Consistent with the limited nature of trademark protection and the
381:
327:
164:
1001:, since in that case there is usually no likelihood of confusion.
782:
Presumption that the mark has not been "abandoned" through non-use
1055:
993:
These uses are still subject to the requirement that there be no
468:. This 1870 statute was purported to be an exercise of Congress'
1469:
516:("USPTO") administrative authority over trademark registration.
1897:
1019:
998:
209:
938:
Whether the defendant's attempt to register the trademark was
785:
Access to Federal Courts for litigating trademark infringement
1892:
1462:
907:
814:
750:
594:
427:
1902:
749:
Once acquired, trademark rights may be registered with the
1393:
Trademark: Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name
1378:
KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc.
958:. and are often referred to as the "Polaroid Factors".
866:
1223:"Approved February 20, 1905; CHAP. 692, P. L. 84 Stat"
1090:
List of United States Supreme Court trademark case law
876:
evidence of heavy advertising and market recognition.
1458:
Lanham Act at the Cornell Legal Information Institute
776:
A registered mark is presumed to be a valid trademark
460:
since colonial times, but it was not until 1870 that
483:
powers. Congress revised the Trademark Act in 1905.
923:
Degree of similarity between the two marks at issue
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2091:
950:This multi-factor test was articulated by Judge
1013:
844:
1396:(11th ed.). Berkeley: Nolo. p. 238.
1660:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
1485:
926:Similarity of the goods and services at issue
601:
403:
1340:Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World
1054:is almost entirely enforced through private
935:Quality of the defendant's goods or services
1058:. The exception is in the case of criminal
200:Integrated circuit layout design protection
1492:
1478:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
908:Infringement: likelihood of confusion test
532:Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
410:
396:
736:
664:
564:U.S. Trademark rights come in two types:
514:United States Patent and Trademark Office
456:law has protected trademarks under state
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1116:World Intellectual Property Organization
740:
1389:
1383:
1346:
1303:
819:Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure
609:
318:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
14:
2092:
1464:Trademark Law: An Open-Access Casebook
1157:
859:. The value of ITU is in establishing
804:
1473:
1286:"Aunt Jemima, what took you so long?"
920:Strength of the plaintiff's trademark
276:Artificial intelligence and copyright
867:Principal and Supplemental Registers
745:Registration for Apple Computer Logo
466:establish a federal trademark regime
235:Supplementary protection certificate
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
1928:International Trademark Association
1241:from the original on August 5, 2020
1031:present for a trademark to receive
651:Arbitrary and Fanciful (strongest)
24:
635:
25:
2116:
1499:
1451:
1410:from the original on 3 April 2023
1613:
839:Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
835:Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
443:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
365:Outline of intellectual property
190:Indigenous intellectual property
148:
31:
1948:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
1834:Protected designation of origin
1422:
1371:
1292:from the original on 2021-09-08
1267:from the original on 2021-09-08
1204:from the original on 2018-03-08
1175:from the original on 2018-03-08
1146:from the original on 2018-02-21
1084:Imperial Group v. Philip Morris
536:Trademark Dilution Revision Act
42:needs additional citations for
1332:
1329: (Supreme Court 1995).
1278:
1253:
1215:
1186:
1128:
887:
706:
524:Federal Trademark Dilution Act
13:
1:
2105:Trademark law by jurisdiction
1979:Unregistered trademark symbol
1814:Electronic registration marks
1321:Qualitex v. Jacobson Products
1121:
693:
496:In 1946, Congress passed the
491:Mills Co. v. Rigney & Co.
66:"United States trademark law"
1018:In contrast to copyright or
1014:Difference from similar laws
929:Evidence of actual confusion
845:Actual use vs. intent to use
7:
2100:United States trademark law
1969:Registered trademark symbol
1194:"Overview of Trademark Law"
1165:"Overview of Trademark Law"
1073:Concurrent use registration
1066:
773:Nationwide trademark rights
760:
435:United States trademark law
313:Idea–expression distinction
132:United States trademark law
10:
2121:
1560:Initial interest confusion
1343:537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976)
1100:Tea Rose-Rectanus doctrine
978:, U.S. law provides for a
827:Trademark Official Gazette
723:
639:
627:), a particular sound (of
602:Acquiring trademark rights
568:and federal registration.
559:
545:
448:
437:is mainly governed by the
2064:
2023:
1987:
1961:
1915:
1885:
1842:
1786:
1748:
1739:
1668:
1622:
1611:
1507:
1390:Fishman, Stephen (2016).
1368: (2nd Cir. 1961).
1102:(remote, good-faith user)
965:
642:Trademark distinctiveness
131:
932:Purchaser sophistication
660:Generic (no protection)
486:In the 1917 decision in
1829:Geographical indication
1004:
904:of the relevant state.
225:Plant genetic resources
195:Industrial design right
185:Geographical indication
2069:Category:Trademark law
2056:World Trademark Review
2041:Trademark infringement
1773:Unregistered trademark
1555:Functionality doctrine
1380:, 543 U.S. 111 (2004).
882:
746:
737:Trademark registration
665:Arbitrary and fanciful
633:
557:
296:Criticism of copyright
220:Plant breeders' rights
1804:Collective trademarks
1590:Reputation parasitism
1545:Coexistence agreement
1043:to cover trademarks.
878:
744:
616:
552:
142:Intellectual property
1809:Defensive trademarks
1758:Registered trademark
1655:Community Trade Mark
1605:Well-known trademark
1550:Confusing similarity
1430:The Trade-Mark Cases
1366:287 F.2d 492
1327:514 U.S. 159
701:for washing machines
654:Suggestive (medium)
618:The language of the
610:Trademarkable things
51:improve this article
2015:Washington Redskins
1974:Service mark symbol
1857:Hologram trademarks
1794:Certification marks
1575:Secondary liability
1565:Good faith doctrine
1361:Polaroid v. Polarad
1231:Library of Congress
1029:interstate commerce
988:nominative fair use
956:Polaroid v. Polarad
894:interstate commerce
857:interstate commerce
805:Application process
792:Constructive notice
657:Descriptive (weak)
464:first attempted to
286:Copyright abolition
2036:Trademark examiner
2031:Trademark attorney
1106:Trademark dilution
1037:U.S. Supreme Court
995:consumer confusion
974:guarantees of the
902:Secretary of State
747:
718:product in general
714:particular company
688:used for computers
629:NBC's three chimes
540:Trademark dilution
528:Trademark dilution
378:Higher categories:
370:Outline of patents
2087:
2086:
2079:WP:MOS/Trademarks
1911:
1910:
1862:Motion trademarks
1852:Colour trademarks
1525:Generic trademark
1288:. 3 August 2011.
1198:cyber.harvard.edu
1169:cyber.harvard.edu
1078:Generic trademark
420:
419:
136:
135:
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2112:
1877:Sound trademarks
1872:Shape trademarks
1867:Scent trademarks
1844:Non-conventional
1746:
1745:
1650:Singapore Treaty
1635:Madrid Agreement
1630:Paris Convention
1617:
1616:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1445:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1387:
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1375:
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1357:
1344:
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1257:
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1240:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1132:
1111:Trademark symbol
1041:Copyright Clause
1035:protection. The
716:rather than the
625:Coca-Cola bottle
475:Trade-Mark Cases
470:Copyright Clause
412:
405:
398:
281:Brand protection
215:Peasants' rights
152:
138:
137:
129:
128:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
18:US trademark law
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2060:
2051:Trademark troll
2046:Trademark share
2019:
1983:
1957:
1907:
1881:
1838:
1799:Chartered marks
1782:
1735:
1664:
1640:Madrid Protocol
1618:
1614:
1609:
1600:Parallel import
1515:Distinctiveness
1503:
1498:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1376:
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1359:
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1347:
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1304:
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1158:
1149:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1069:
1016:
1007:
976:First Amendment
968:
910:
890:
869:
847:
807:
763:
739:
726:
709:
696:
667:
644:
638:
636:Distinctiveness
612:
604:
588:
587:
578:
577:
562:
548:
481:Commerce Clause
451:
416:
380:
376:
291:Copyright troll
180:Farmers' rights
160:Authors' rights
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2118:
2108:
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2102:
2085:
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2076:
2071:
2065:
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2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Debian–Mozilla
1997:
1991:
1989:
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1981:
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1819:Font trademark
1816:
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1801:
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1726:United Kingdom
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1691:European Union
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1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Cybersquatting
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Nominative use
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1787:Non-standard
1763:Service mark
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1136:"Trademarks"
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49:Please help
44:verification
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2005:Stolichnaya
1824:Ghost marks
1768:Trade dress
1721:Philippines
1530:Passing off
1245:January 17,
972:free speech
888:State-level
707:Descriptive
489:Aunt Jemima
345:Orphan work
271:Abandonware
240:Trade dress
2094:Categories
1296:2021-09-08
1271:2021-09-08
1208:2018-02-25
1179:2018-02-25
1150:2018-02-25
1122:References
1033:Lanham Act
767:Lanham Act
755:Lanham Act
694:Suggestive
674:– such as
620:Lanham Act
591:registered
566:common law
534:, and the
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439:Lanham Act
77:newspapers
2074:Case laws
2010:Ugg boots
1995:Budweiser
1696:Hong Kong
1676:Australia
1414:2 October
1048:copyright
940:bona fide
852:bona fide
684:Starbucks
593:with the
424:trademark
306:Biopiracy
250:Trademark
170:Copyright
1988:Disputes
1778:Wordmark
1750:Standard
1623:Treaties
1570:Fair use
1520:Dilution
1508:Concepts
1408:Archived
1290:Archived
1265:Archived
1236:Archived
1202:Archived
1173:Archived
1144:Archived
1067:See also
1056:lawsuits
999:parodies
980:fair use
861:priority
761:Benefits
680:Polaroid
462:Congress
382:Property
328:Fair use
165:Copyleft
2024:Related
1962:Symbols
1886:Related
1706:Ireland
1669:Country
1046:Unlike
753:. "The
724:Generic
712:with a
560:Symbols
546:Purpose
449:History
91:scholar
1916:Bodies
1898:Emblem
1681:Canada
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966:Limits
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210:Patent
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1943:ICANN
1938:USPTO
1933:EUIPO
1893:Brand
1741:Types
1711:Japan
1701:India
1686:China
1645:TRIPS
1437:
1239:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
898:state
815:USPTO
751:USPTO
682:, or
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595:USPTO
428:brand
98:JSTOR
84:books
1953:CIPO
1923:WIPO
1903:Logo
1716:Oman
1439:U.S.
1416:2020
1398:ISBN
1247:2020
1005:Loss
728:The
510:1127
384:and
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