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depicting beasts in various configurations are found on the other long face of the sarcophagus: in one, four ‘beasts’ are pseudo-mirrored across the vertical and horizontal axes of the panel, though there are differences in each beast's design. In the second panel, two long-necked animals cross necks and interlace their tongue/ears with the other beast's tail; similar motifs, where beasts cross legs, necks, or other body parts, can also be found in
Pictish sculpture. The rest of the space on the sarcophagus is filled with panels of median-incised interlace, some of which represent snakes, which a relatively common motif in Insular sculpture, thought to be a symbol of death and resurrection.
122:
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508:) than a horse. The stone has been damaged since it was illustrated in 1856, which records the rider's upper half, with probable sword and pony tail (the latter also seen on the Sun Stone, the Govan Sarcophagus and the Govan Warrior), and the tenon joint for the presumed cross-head. While the stone appears plain today, this is because it has been severely eroded and was also reused as an Early Modern grave cover with carved initials; hints of a panel of interlace are preserved under the horseman.
501:. The Sun Stone is heavily eroded, but it is decorated with a large boss from which emerge four snakes, arranged in such a way that it appears sun-like, above an angular interlace panel. On the other broad face, it is decorated with a cross, median-incised interlace, and a rider on one face. Though there is a tenon on top of the stone slab, some scholars have argued this was too small to have supported a (stone) cross-head and could indicate that the Sun Stone played an architectural function.
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pattern is not the same on either side. It is not continuous on either side. This is the only hogback at Govan with stopped-plait interlacing. The stopped plait on this hogback is characterized by a series of small, separated elements with pellet fillers. It also has a running ring-knot interlace with frets. On the other side, the sections of four-cord plait are stylistically reduced to a contoured diagonal bar crossed with a bar and four small pellets flanking it.
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early medieval period. The tegulation, seemingly designed to resemble wooden roof shingles or tiles, on this hogback is in good condition. Govan 5 has two end-beasts, one at either end. The beasts' faces and bodies are shown in profile with jaws gaping open, their legs intersecting along the base. This is the only known hogback with end-beasts in this position.
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revealed the foundations of a wall next to the south-east corner of the present building. Based on depth and method of construction, it is thought that these foundations, which consist of boulders placed in a trench with smaller stones used to create a level surface, supported an early medieval wooden church
516:
The recumbent cross-slabs take up the largest proportion of the Govan Stones collection; twenty-one of the originally recorded thirty-seven are on display, arranged around the interior walls of the church. Unfortunately, these monuments have received less attention relative to the others because they
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is much eroded, presumably largely due to its long exposure to the elements. The tegulation is distinctive, with concave sides. Despite the weathering, one end appears to have a dragon- or serpent-like beast that faces outwards from the end of the ridge. A matching design may have graced the opposite
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has, in a similar manner to Govan 3, been re-carved, particularly crudely, to look like a single beast. Govan 4 is also characterized by a single end-beast. Its head faces outward, an uncommon feature in hogbacks. The animal's four bent legs point toward its head. The roof ridges resemble a spine and
439:
has been re-carved at some point in its history, although likely still in the early medieval period. The re-carving appears designed to make the stone resemble a single beast. Originally, it may have looked similar to the
Brompton hogbacks, with large beasts gripping the ends of the stone. Govan 3 is
353:
The Govan
Sarcophagus is a monumental stone coffin with an ornately carved exterior; it was rediscovered when the church sexton was digging a grave in the south-east corner of the churchyard in December 1855, surrounded by roots from two elm trees. No human remains were found with the sarcophagus, so
241:
The presence of the five 'hogback' stones in Govan suggests the area was settled, or at least partly settled, by
Vikings or Scandinavian-influenced peoples. These large sandstone blocks, seemingly designed to resemble Scandinavian longhouses, were found exclusively in areas of northern Britain where
485:
The Govan Cross is often referred to as the
Jordanhill Cross because it was gifted to the residents of Jordanhill House at some point when one of the churches was being replaced, though there are conflicting accounts as to when this took place. It was brought back to Govan Old in 1928. The cross is
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has a pair of gripping beasts on the panels at both ends, although one end is very worn. Traces of Govan School interlace surround the panels, which may represent the backs of the beasts. There is a pronounced roughly circular depression in the centre top of this stone, which seems to post-date the
361:
The sarcophagus is supposed to have been dedicated to the patron saint of the church, St
Constantine. There is much debate over which Constantine is the patron, and whether it is Constantine of Strathclyde, but most scholars agree that the coffin most likely would have been dedicated to Constantine
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art that is thought to convey an association with royalty and power. The sarcophagus also shows an animal trampling another two creatures: a snake and what may be a wolf; the angular decoration of the triumphant animal has led many scholars to suggest that this is a ‘Lamb of God’ motif. Two panels
341:
The size of the graveyard and the sheer amount of early medieval sculpture suggest that the church was supported by royal patronage. Because the site has been in continual use since it was first established, it is difficult to tell what the original church looked like, but excavations in the 1990s
278:
It is believed that the site's earliest
Christian activity began sometime in the 5th or 6th century AD. Archaeological excavations in the 1990s uncovered two early Christian burials beneath the foundations of a later church; these burials were radiocarbon-dated between the 5th and 6th centuries AD
566:
The stone differs from the other early medieval carved stones in the collection in that it is lightly incised. Although damaged, it depicts what appears to be a warrior, with a small, circular shield held over the shoulder of a side-on human figure via a strap. The person appears to be carrying a
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While the cross-slabs vary in size, in shape and in the decorative motifs used, there are some features they share: they each exhibit a cross with an incised border, which consistently divides the stone into at least two panels. For each stone, there is a plain border that defines the edge of the
151:
Nevertheless, one of these 'lost' stones was rediscovered in 2019 by a fourteen-year-old schoolboy, Mark McGettigan, working as part of the ‘Stones 'n' Bones’ community archaeology and heritage programme. Two more recumbent gravestones were uncovered subsequently, prompting hopes that more of the
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is the smallest (2m in length), and probably oldest, of the Govan hogbacks. It was lent to the
British Museum in 2014. It has been dated to the early tenth century. It has two rows of tegulation with concave, contoured lines. It has a band of interlace beneath the rows of shingles. The interlace
269:
The sarcophagus was discovered in Govan Old's graveyard in 1855 when a grave was being dug to the south east of the church. Recognising their significance and to protect the stones from the elements, they were moved from the surrounding graveyard and placed on display within the church itself in
598:
In March 2019, ′Stones and Bones′ community archaeologists with a schoolboy named Mark McGettigan revealed long-lost medieval stone carvings. The stones were assumed to have been demolished by chance when the neighbouring
Harland & Wolff shipyard plaring shed was demolished in the 1970s.
233:
and
Partick, further up the river, gained great strategic importance as a new dynasty was established for the successor realm, known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde ('the valley of the Clyde'). Govan, already an ancient Christian site with burials dating back to AD 450-600, became an important
112:
Govan Old and the Govan Stones museum are open daily between April 1 and October 31 from 1pm-4pm. Operated by the Govan Heritage Trust charity, admission is free, although visitors can make donations and the museum's gift-shop raises money for the upkeep of the property and its collections.
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The ‘Inverted’ or ‘Upside Down’ cross is so named because it is currently displayed upside down next to the hogback stones in the (ecclesiastical) north transept. Though most of the details on the broad face of the cross facing the visitor has been damaged or eroded, the two side faces are
143:
Forty-five stones existed as late as the 1970s. However, fourteen 'recumbent gravestones' (funerary markers laid flat over the grave), which had not been taken into the church and were lying next to the east wall of the churchyard, were thought to have been destroyed when the neighbouring
602:
As Professor Stephen Driscoll noted, "This the most exciting discovery we have had at Govan in the last 20 years. The Govan Stones are a collection of international importance and these recovered stones reinforce the case for regarding Govan as a major early medieval centre of power."
373:
The coffin itself depicts Insular iconography, taking inspiration from different styles that were then popular in the Irish Sea Region. One face of the sarcophagus shows a hunting scene of a horseman chasing a stag, perhaps accompanied by a dog, a motif frequently used in
334:, which appears to mark the shift of political power from Dumbarton Rock further upstream to Govan. It is possible that a predecessor of the 12th-century royal estate at Partick and the now-destroyed Doomster Hill (which is thought to have functioned as a Viking-style '
606:
In September 2023, the discovery of the 'Govan Warrior' made national news across a range of media, including newspapers such as The Scotsman, The Herald and the Evening Times, British Archaeology magazine, and on the BBC Scotland news programme, The Nine.
610:
In January 2024, the Govan Early Medieval Podcast (GEMcast) began to feature the Govan Stones and the early medieval Kingdom of Strathclyde and its neighbours. In July 2024, Current Archaeology included the podcast in its What's On listings.
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end, but this has been removed, either accidentally, or as part of the process seen on Govan 3 and Govan 4, whereby the end-beasts were recarved or removed to make the hogback as a whole resemble a single large beast. It is 2.4m in length
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comparatively well-preserved. These are mostly decorated with median-incised interlace, though this also retains the only figural sculpture that can be interpreted as a biblical scene – possibly David being anointed by Samuel.
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Despite this early activity, it wasn't until the 9th and 10th centuries that Govan Old rose to prominence: indeed, there are few historical references to Govan in the interim, though there appears to be one reference included in
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staff, spear or sword that is resting on the left shoulder. Much of the face is destroyed, but appears to show a sharply-pointed beard and a pony tail, with the latter aspect known from other stones in the existing collection.
543:
In August 2017, the Govan Stones were voted Scotland's best 'hidden gem' in a nationwide competition, receiving more than two thousand votes in the nationwide poll. They have been described as of international significance.
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f. Kenneth (AD 862–878) or Donald f. Constantine (AD 889–900). Because of its highly decorated exterior, it is assumed that the coffin was meant to display the remains of the saint as a focal piece in the church.
319:(usually pre-emptively referred to as the Kingdom of Strathclyde, but which is more accurately described as ‘the kingdom of the Rock of the Clyde’) from the 6th century AD until the later 9th century AD.
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decorated with different variants of median-incised interlace, though its most notable feature is an eroded man on horseback that has lost much of its detail apart from the eyes of both horse and man.
1651:
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In September 2023, a previously undiscovered early medieval carved stone was discovered by Professor Stephen Driscoll during the re-excavation of an area Prof. Driscoll dug as part of the
186:. It features carvings of a Pictish-style stag hunting scene and various stylised animals. Carved from solid sandstone, the sarcophagus is the only one of its kind from pre-
105:
The carved stones come from the surrounding early medieval heart-shaped churchyard and include the Govan Sarcophagus, four upstanding crosses, five Anglo-Scandinavian style
293:, compiled sometime in the 12th century AD. In it, Simeon records the return of the Northumbrian army from 'Ovania' after attacking Dumbarton Rock (Alt Clut) in AD 756.
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While the earliest Govan hogback, known as Govan 2, is considered to date to the early 10th century, the later four hogbacks are thought to date to later in the 10th.
1044:"Reconnaissance excavations on Early Historic fortifications and other royal sites in Scotland, 1974-84: 4, Excavations at Alt Clut, Clyde Rock, Strathclyde, 1974-75"
1734:
478:. These would have been decorated on all four faces and, when whole, would have been part of a free-standing cross, probably in a form similar to the more intact
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monument. Finally, of the twenty-one recumbent cross-slabs on display, at least five show evidence for a regionally significant feature known as 'angle-knobs'.
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880:
1615:
Butler, Richard; Curran, Ross; O'Gorman, Kevin D. (1 September 2013). "Pro-Poor Tourism in a First World Urban Setting: Case Study of Glasgow Govan".
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world. My feeling is that this is meant to represent a lord's hall or a chieftain's hall." - Stephen Driscoll, Professor of Historical Archaeology at
753:
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Forsyth, Katherine (2000). "Evidence of a lost Pictish source in the Historia Regum Anglorum of Symeon of Durham". In Taylor, Simon (ed.).
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The excavations and surveys were undertaken by University of Glasgow Archaeology students, Clyde Archaeology and community volunteers.
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massive. It has a full-bodied, 3-dimensional end-beast with legs. This single animal straddles the monument from one end to the other.
214:, strategically located at the confluence of the Clyde and Leven rivers, in AD 870 after a four-month siege. This fortress, known as
1362:
326:; after this point, the kings of Clyde Rock are no longer discussed. In 872, the Annals of Ulster instead refer to the kingdom of
54:
1804:
1348:
338:' site or moot/meeting place, having been adapted from a possible Bronze-Age burial mound) played a part in this power shift.
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1422:
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Mac Lean, Douglas (1993). "Snake-Bosses and Redemption at Iona and in Pictland". In Spearman, Michael; Higgitt, John (eds.).
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affirmed the importance of the collection when they took one of the hogback stones to London as part of the exhibition
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Britain Magazine | The official magazine of Visit Britain | Best of British History, Royal Family, Travel and Culture
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163:(of a Viking-Age type originating in Anglo-Scandinavian Yorkshire), four standing crosses and twenty-one recumbents.
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109:, and a wide range of recumbent cross market slab burial monuments, all likely dating to the 9th-11th centuries AD.
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when iconoclasm was common practice. Today, the sarcophagus is on prominent display in the Govan Stones museum.
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shipyard plating shed was demolished in 1973, with the damaged early medieval stones being mistaken for debris.
1208:
1153:
982:
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or Alt Clud in the local Northern Brittonic (Cumbric) language, was the centre of an ancient kingdom of Clyde
1789:
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Due to its find location and apparent martial attributes, the figure has been nicknamed the "Govan Warrior".
1224:
Davidson Kelly, T.A. (1994). "The Govan collection in the context of local history". In Ritche, Anna (ed.).
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The carved stones are thought to have been created to commemorate the power and wealth of the rulers of the
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These tombstones are of particular importance to any future tourism development and hold great potential.
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Side of the Viking-Age Govan Sarcophagus, thought to depict a royal saint killed by Vikings in the 870s
257:"It underpins this idea that this British kingdom of Strathclyde has some strong connections with the
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The Cuddy Stane takes its name from its rider's steed, which appears more like a donkey ('cuddy' in
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stones – possibly as many as the fourteen originally thought destroyed – had survived.
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https://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2015/04/15/hogbacks-are-for-life-not-just-for-christmas/
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91:
31:
1735:"Glasgow teenager helps uncover gravestones from Middle Ages in archaeology dig at Govan church"
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it is thought that it was buried at an earlier date to protect the monument, perhaps during the
1349:
https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/archaeologyresearch/currentresearch/govanold/
1292:
Spearman, R.M. (1994). "The Govan sarcophagus: an enigmatic monument". In Ritchie, Anna (ed.).
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Macquarrie, Alan (1994). "The historical context of the Govan stones". In Ritchie, Anna (ed.).
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Two cross-shafts and two upright cross-slabs are also on display. The cross-shafts include the
331:
133:
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is an internationally-important museum collection of early-medieval carved stones displayed at
262:
1532:
Fisher, Ian (1994). "The Govan cross-shafts and early cross-slabs". In Ritchie, Anna (ed.).
1507:
Fisher, Ian (1994). "The Govan cross-shafts and early cross-slabs". In Ritchie, Anna (ed.).
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Vikings settled. Nowhere else are there hogback stones quite as large as the five in Govan.
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The centrepiece of the collection is the Govan Sarcophagus, which is thought to commemorate
592:
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8:
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Govan, carved sarcophagus with Old Parish Church, generally linked with Saint Constantine
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1926. Until that point, the stones had lain in the churchyard for over a thousand years.
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425:. All were discovered within the footprint of Govan Old's early medieval churchyard.
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have been differentially worn and liberally reused since at least the 17th century.
1624:
1451:
1387:
1058:
881:"Book review: 'Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age' by Tim Clarkson"
754:"Schoolboy discovers long-lost 1,000-year old stone monuments from ancient kingdom"
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829:
Maltby, Ingrid; Shearer, Steve; Driscoll, Chris; Tuckley, Sarah (25 March 2012).
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998:
Breeze, Andrew (1999). "Simeon of Durham's annal for 756 and Govan, Scotland".
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The Age of Migrating Ideas: Early Medieval Art in Northern Britain and Ireland
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Crosses and Upright Monuments in Strathclyde: Typology, Dating, and Purpose
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Crosses and Upright Monuments in Strathclyde: Typology, Dating, and Purpose
1171:
The Govan Hogbacks and the Multi-Cultural Society of Tenth-Century Scotland
1099:
Clancy, Thomas (2006). "Constantine, St. (of Govan)". In Koch, John (ed.).
1084:
Clancy, Thomas (2006). "Constantine, St. (of Govan)". In Koch, John (ed.).
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The stones have been dated back to the 9th–11th centuries, a period when
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1652:"Govan Stones: Historic Hogback Stone leaves Scotland for first time in"
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1590:(1994). "The Govan recumbent cross-slabs". In Ritchie, Anna (ed.).
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A side of the Govan Sarcophagus, with animal and interlace carvings
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805:"Glasgow, 866, 868 Govan Road, Govan Old Parish Church | Canmore"
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Popularity: British Museum Loan and Scotland's Hidden Gem
1684:"The Govan Stones: Scotland's best-kept medieval secret"
1614:
915:"The Govan Stones Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland"
944:"Scotland's top six historical 'hidden gems' revealed"
722:"Schoolboy finds lost piece of Glasgow's Govan Stones"
694:"Govan viking hogback gravestone stones where to stay"
1444:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1380:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1051:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
595:, recorded in summer 1996 and broadcast early 1997.
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region and the territories beyond. The contemporary
1019:
Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500-1297
210:tell us that Vikings destroyed the twin citadel at
1805:University of Glasgow Govan Old Archaeology Portal
1650:
1594:. Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. pp. 55–62.
493:The two upright cross-slabs include the so-called
465:
1148:. Glasgow: Friends of Govan Old. pp. 17–20.
912:
252:stones within the (ecclesiastical) north transept
1816:
1330:
1328:
1228:. Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. pp. 1–3.
576:
474:, also known as the 'Jordanhill' Cross, and the
1710:"Govan Stones dubbed Scotland's top hidden gem"
1561:. Glasgow: The Friends of Govan Old. p. 5.
1496:. Glasgow: The Friends of Govan Old. p. 3.
1536:. Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. p. 51.
1511:. Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. p. 49.
1321:. Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. p. 251.
1296:. Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. p. 43.
1223:
1118:. Alan Sutton publishing limited. p. 29.
1325:
1203:. Glasgow: Friends of Govan Old. p. 20.
1344:
1342:
1041:
977:. Glasgow: Friends of Govan Old. p. 8.
663:
229:, either killed or enslaved by the Vikings,
1335:https://sketchfab.com/GovanOldStones/models
1727:
1556:
1491:
1113:
779:"Happy to read all about the Govan Stones"
666:"The hidden Viking-Age treasures of Govan"
155:The remaining carved stones are the Govan
24:
1617:International Journal of Tourism Research
1339:
1101:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1086:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
591:dug in the graveyard of the Govan Old in
322:In AD 870, the Annals of Ulster record a
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1291:
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1138:
967:
857:Scottish place-names: Northern Brittonic
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1810:The Govan Stones 3D models on Sketchfab
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447:the rows of tegulation are like scales.
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1592:Govan and its early medieval sculpture
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1534:Govan and its early medieval sculpture
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1509:Govan and its early medieval sculpture
1506:
1294:Govan and its early medieval sculpture
1266:
1256:. Aberdeen: Spalding Club. p. 43.
1251:
1226:Govan and its early medieval sculpture
1116:Govan and its early medieval sculpture
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1083:
997:
941:
751:
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1021:. Four Courts Press. pp. 19–34.
937:
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716:
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625:
623:
405:in Govan Old are generally known as
631:"The Govan Stones | Get Into Govan"
13:
1708:Speirs, Kathleen (1 August 2017).
1438:Lang, James T (30 November 1975).
1374:Lang, James T (30 November 1975).
932:
899:
870:
387:There are five hogbacks at in the
30:The early medieval Govan Cross in
14:
1851:
1777:
1682:Coffey, Sally (30 January 2014).
1663:from the original on 18 June 2022
1574:The Sculptured Stones of Scotland
1271:. Glasgow: Friends of Govan Old.
1254:The Sculptured Stones of Scotland
1173:. Glasgow: Friends of Govan Old.
822:
711:
683:
648:
620:
382:
1783:
1042:Alcock, L; Alcock, E.A. (1990).
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482:, now housed at Paisley Museum.
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1701:
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1608:
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1565:
1550:
1525:
1500:
1485:
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1440:"Hogback monuments in Scotland"
1431:
1417:. Pinkstone Press. p. 16.
1406:
1376:"Hogback monuments in Scotland"
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1285:
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1217:
1187:
1162:
1132:
1107:
1092:
1077:
1035:
1010:
991:
961:
942:McCall, Chris (1 August 2017).
752:Rogers, James (29 March 2019).
476:Inverted (or Upside Down) Cross
466:Crosses and upright cross-slabs
1481:. Pinkstone Press. p. 16.
919:www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
848:
797:
771:
593:the fourth episode of series 4
116:
1:
1269:The Cult of Saint Constantine
664:Brocklehurst, Steven (2014).
614:
577:The Govan Stones in the Media
324:Viking raid on Dumbarton Rock
279:(AD 435-601 and AD 474-601).
238:centre for this new kingdom.
1830:Viking Age sites in Scotland
1267:Davies, John Reuben (2010).
7:
1737:. The Herald. 29 March 2019
1479:Govan and its carved stones
1415:Govan and its carved stones
540:(March 2014 to June 2014).
225:With the king of Alt Clut,
10:
1856:
1840:Archaeological collections
1576:. Aberdeen: Spalding Club.
1197:Govan from Cradle to Grave
1194:Driscoll, Stephen (2004).
1169:Crawford, Barbara (2005).
1142:Govan from Cradle to Grave
1139:Driscoll, Stephen (2004).
971:Govan from Cradle to Grave
968:Driscoll, Stephen (2004).
193:
1557:Macquarrie, Alan (2006).
1492:Macquarrie, Alan (2006).
1103:. ABC-Clio. p. 1819.
1088:. ABC-Clio. p. 1818.
835:www.thegovanstones.org.uk
48:
38:
23:
1456:10.9750/PSAS.105.206.235
1392:10.9750/psas.105.206.235
538:Vikings: Life and Legend
1063:10.9750/PSAS.120.95.149
913:Undiscovered Scotland.
393:Govan Old Parish Church
136:, which was part of Yr
92:Govan Old Parish Church
32:Govan Old Parish Church
1757:"Govan Early Medieval"
1477:Ritchie, Anna (1999).
1413:Ritchie, Anna (1999).
556:
370:
332:Kingdom of Strathclyde
330:, better known as the
300:
267:
253:
171:
134:Kingdom of Strathclyde
126:
1572:Stuart, John (1856).
1252:Stuart, John (1856).
585:archeology programme
555:
512:Recumbent cross-slabs
368:
349:The Govan Sarcophagus
311:as the centre of the
299:
255:
248:
169:
124:
1792:at Wikimedia Commons
635:www.getintogovan.com
356:Scottish Reformation
274:Creation of the site
190:, Northern Britain.
1659:. 27 January 2014.
563:programme in 1996.
140:('The Old North').
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785:. 13 February 2015
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1790:Govan Stones
1764:. Retrieved
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315:Kingdom of
202:raided the
157:Sarcophagus
117:Description
73: /
49:Coordinates
1819:Categories
1766:31 January
1210:0954532120
1155:0954532120
1057:: 95–149.
1006:: 133–137.
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814:17 October
615:References
391:museum at
138:Hen Ogledd
58:55°51′53″N
1719:6 October
1693:6 October
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588:Time Team
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561:Time Team
495:Sun Stone
401:The five
313:Brittonic
307:recorded
131:Brittonic
61:4°18′46″W
1661:Archived
758:Fox News
727:BBC News
670:BBC News
403:hogbacks
317:Alt Clud
216:Alt Clut
107:hogbacks
100:Scotland
39:Location
1761:Spotify
734:6 April
458:Govan 6
451:Govan 5
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423:Govan 6
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336:thing
231:Govan
204:Clyde
182:king
43:Govan
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1721:2017
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1633:ISSN
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