2620:
terminal in order to stimulate corona and spark discharges (sometimes called streamers) into the surrounding air. Tuning can then be adjusted so as to achieve the longest streamers at a given power level, corresponding to a frequency match between the primary and secondary coil. Capacitive "loading" by the streamers tends to lower the resonant frequency of a Tesla coil operating under full power. A toroidal topload is often preferred to other shapes, such as a sphere. A toroid with a major diameter that is much larger than the secondary diameter provides improved shaping of the electric field at the topload. This provides better protection of the secondary winding (from damaging streamer strikes) than a sphere of similar diameter. And, a toroid permits fairly independent control of topload capacitance versus spark breakout voltage. A toroid's capacitance is mainly a function of its major diameter, while the spark breakout voltage is mainly a function of its minor diameter. A grid dip oscillator (GDO) is sometimes used to help facilitate initial tuning and aid in design. The resonant frequency of the secondary can be difficult to determine except by using a GDO or other experimental method, whereas the physical properties of the primary more closely represent lumped approximations of RF tank design. In this schema the secondary is built somewhat arbitrarily in imitation of other successful designs, or entirely so with supplies on hand, its resonant frequency is measured and the primary designed to suit.
2248:) that has a large number of turns on a relatively small coil form. The bottom of the driver's secondary winding is connected to ground. The opposite end is connected to the bottom of the extra coil through an insulated conductor that is sometimes called the transmission line. Since the transmission line operates at relatively high RF voltages, it is typically made of 1" diameter metal tubing to reduce corona losses. Since the third coil is located some distance away from the driver, it is not magnetically coupled to it. RF energy is instead directly coupled from the output of the driver into the bottom of the third coil, causing it to "ring up" to very high voltages. The combination of the two-coil driver and third coil resonator adds another degree of freedom to the system, making tuning considerably more complex than that of a 2-coil system. The transient response for multiple resonance networks (of which the Tesla magnifier is a sub-set) has only recently been solved. It is now known that a variety of useful tuning "modes" are available, and in most operating modes the extra coil will ring at a different frequency than the master oscillator.
2690:
electrical discharge. In a spark gap Tesla coil, the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50β500 times per second, depending on the frequency of the input line voltage. At these rates, previously-formed leader channels do not get a chance to fully cool down between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse. Repetitive pulsing causes the discharges to grow until the average energy available from the Tesla coil during each pulse balances the average energy being lost in the discharges (mostly as heat). At this point,
2699:
purplish-blue in colour. High-voltage, high-energy discharges create thicker discharges with fewer branches, are pale and luminous, almost white, and are much longer than low-energy discharges, because of increased ionisation. A strong smell of ozone and nitrogen oxides will occur in the area. The important factors for maximum discharge length appear to be voltage, energy, and still air of low to moderate humidity. There are comparatively few scientific studies about the initiation and growth of pulsed lower-frequency RF discharges, so some aspects of Tesla coil air discharges are not as well understood when compared to DC, power-frequency AC, HV impulse, and lightning discharges.
2033:
1691:
2933:. Although skin effect limits currents of Tesla coil frequencies to the outer fraction of a millimeter in metal conductors, the skin depth of the current in body tissue is much deeper due to its higher resistivity. The depth of penetration of currents of Tesla frequency (0.1 β 1 MHz) in human tissues is roughly 24β72 centimeters (9β28 inches). Since even the deepest tissues are closer than this to the surface, skin effect has little influence on the path of the current through the body; it tends to take the path of minimum
5952:
2187:
29:
2849:'s membrane by the imposed voltage to trigger the nerve cell to depolarize and transmit an impulse. At radio frequencies, there is insufficient time during a half-cycle for enough ions to cross the membrane before the alternating voltage reverses. The danger is that since no pain is felt, experimenters often assume the currents are harmless. Teachers and hobbyists demonstrating small Tesla coils often impress their audience by touching the high-voltage terminal or allowing the streamer arcs to pass through their body.
530:
1893:: This is not a separate type of excitation, but a modification to the solid state primary circuit to create a Tesla coil which can be played like a musical instrument, with its high-voltage discharges reproducing simple musical tones. The drive voltage pulses applied to the primary are modulated at an audio rate by a solid state "interrupter" circuit, causing the arc discharge from the high-voltage terminal to emit sounds. Only tones and simple chords have been produced so far; the coil cannot function as a
2018:
513:
184:
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and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance to ground. Energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles, until most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred to the secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of the toroid's RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding the toroid begins to undergo
2179:
2369:
the secondary coil. This configuration illustrates operation of the secondary as a pumped resonator. The primary 'induces' alternating voltage into the bottom-most portion of the secondary, providing regular 'pushes' (similar to providing properly timed pushes to a playground swing). Additional energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary inductance and top-load capacitance during each "push", and secondary output voltage builds (called 'ring-up'). An electronic
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216:
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1791:: These use a spark gap consisting of electrodes around the periphery of a wheel rotated at high speed by a motor, which create sparks when they pass by a stationary electrode. Tesla used this type on his big coils, and they are used today on large entertainment coils. The rapid separation speed of the electrodes quenches the spark quickly, allowing "first notch" quenching, making possible higher voltages. The wheel is usually driven by a
2412:
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1775:: This is the most common type, which was described in detail in the previous section. It is used in most entertainment coils. An AC voltage from a high-voltage supply transformer charges a capacitor, which discharges through the spark gap. The spark rate is not adjustable but is determined by the 50 or 60 Hz line frequency. Multiple sparks may occur on each half-cycle, so the pulses of output voltage may not be equally-spaced.
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2550:
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2686:. The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair-like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish 'haze' at the ends of the more luminous leaders. The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive.
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and the coupling coefficient is only 0.05 to 0.2. This means that only 5% to 20% of the magnetic field of the primary coil passes through the secondary when it is open circuited. The loose coupling slows the exchange of energy between the primary and secondary coils, which allows the oscillating energy to stay in the secondary circuit longer before it returns to the primary and begins dissipating in the spark.
2805:
the outside of the apparatus. At low pressures, air is more easily ionized and thus conducts electricity better than atmospheric-pressure air. Therefore, the discharge travels through any pin hole immediately below it, producing a corona discharge inside the evacuated space which illuminates the hole, indicating points that need to be annealed or reblown before they can be used in an experiment.
1859:
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1781:: Commercial and industrial circuits often apply a DC voltage from a power supply to charge the capacitor, and use high-voltage pulses generated by an oscillator applied to a triggering electrode to trigger the spark. This allows control of the spark rate and exciting voltage. Commercial spark gaps are often enclosed in an insulating gas atmosphere such as
2941:, carefully controlled RF current of Tesla frequencies was used for decades for deep tissue warming, including heating internal organs such as the lungs. Modern shortwave diathermy machines use a higher frequency of 27 MHz, which would have a correspondingly smaller skin depth, yet these frequencies are still able to penetrate deep body tissues.
554:. This type is used in modern coils designed for entertainment. The primary winding is located near the bottom, low potential end of the secondary, to minimize arcs between the windings. Since the ground (Earth) serves as the return path for the high voltage, streamer arcs from the terminal tend to jump to any nearby grounded object.
2873:. The amount of heating depends on the current density, which depends on the power output of the Tesla coil and the cross-sectional area of the path the current takes through the body to ground. Particularly if it passes through narrow structures such as blood vessels or joints it may raise the local tissue temperature to
1838:: In this circuit the primary does not have a resonant capacitor and so is not a double-tuned circuit; only the secondary is. The current to the primary from the switching transistors excites resonance in the secondary tuned circuit. Single tuned SSTCs are simpler, but the single resonant circuit usually has a lower
1725:, increasing the voltage threshold at which air discharges such as corona and brush discharges occur. Suppressing premature air breakdown and energy loss allows the voltage to build to higher values on the peaks of the waveform, creating longer, more spectacular streamers when air discharges finally occur.
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at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer. Earlier oil-insulated Tesla coils needed large and long insulators at their high-voltage terminals to prevent discharge in air. Later Tesla
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Scientists working with high-vacuum systems test for the presence of tiny pin holes in the apparatus (especially a newly blown piece of glassware) using high-voltage discharges produced by a small handheld Tesla coil. When the system is evacuated the high-voltage electrode of the coil is played over
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In a dual resonant solid-state Tesla coil (DRSSTC), the electronic switching of the solid-state Tesla coil is combined with the resonant primary circuit of a spark-gap Tesla coil. The resonant primary circuit is formed by connecting a capacitor in series with the primary winding of the coil, so that
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to switch the primary current. Vacuum tube coils typically operate with plate voltages between 1500 and 6000 volts, while most spark gap coils operate with primary voltages of 6,000 to 25,000 volts. The primary winding of a traditional transistor Tesla coil is wound around only the bottom portion of
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of the air, about 30 kV per centimeter. Since the electric field is greatest at sharp points and edges, air discharges start at these points on the high-voltage terminal. The voltage on the high-voltage terminal cannot increase above the air breakdown voltage, because additional electric charge
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Tesla experimented with these, and many other, circuit configurations (see right). The Tesla coil primary winding, spark gap and tank capacitor are connected in series. In each circuit, the AC supply transformer charges the tank capacitor until its voltage is sufficient to break down the spark gap.
2856:. This is often avoided by allowing the arcs to strike a piece of metal held in the hand, or a thimble on a finger, instead. The current passes from the metal into the person's hand through a wide enough surface area to avoid causing burns. Often no sensation is felt, or just a warmth or tingling.
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When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates an oscillating magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer
2619:
The primary coil's resonant frequency is tuned to that of the secondary, by using low-power oscillations, then increasing the power (and retuning if necessary) until the system operates properly at maximum power. While tuning, a small projection (called a "breakout bump") is often added to the top
2397:
or MOSFETs, due to their superior power handling characteristics. A current-limiting circuit is usually used to limit maximum primary tank current (which must be switched by the IGBTs) to a safe level. Performance of a DRSSTC can be comparable to a medium-power spark-gap Tesla coil, and efficiency
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circuit to switch pulses of voltage from a DC power supply through the primary winding. They provide pulsed excitation without the disadvantages of a spark gap: the loud noise, high temperatures, and poor efficiency. The voltage, frequency, and excitation waveform can be finely controllable. SSTCs
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is close to unity 0.95 β 1.0, which means almost all the magnetic field of the primary winding passes through the secondary. The Tesla transformer in contrast is "loosely coupled", the primary winding is larger in diameter and spaced apart from the secondary, so the mutual inductance is lower
1992:
circuits: These are circuits with three coils, based on Tesla's "magnifying transmitter" circuit which he began experimenting with sometime before 1898 and installed in his
Colorado Springs lab 1899β1900, and patented in 1902. They consist of a two coil air-core step-up transformer similar to the
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The secondary current creates a magnetic field that induces voltage back in the primary coil, and over a number of additional cycles the energy is transferred back to the primary, causing the oscillating voltage in the secondary to decrease ("ring down"). This process repeats, the energy shifting
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primary current from the supply transformer to reach the output terminal. If a person is connected to the output terminal at the time, either by touching it or allowing arcs from the terminal to strike the person's body, then the high primary current could pass through the conductive ionized air
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between turns that weaken and eventually destroy the transformer's insulation. Experienced Tesla coil builders almost exclusively use the top circuit, often augmenting it with low pass filters (resistor and capacitor (RC) networks) between the supply transformer and spark gap to help protect the
2347:
Tesla coils do not use a primary spark gap. Instead, the transistor(s) or vacuum tube(s) provide the switching or amplifying function necessary to generate RF power for the primary circuit. Solid-state Tesla coils use the lowest primary operating voltage, typically between 155 and 800 volts, and
2222:
plus a terminal capacitance or "top load". In Tesla's more advanced (magnifier) design, a third coil is added. The secondary LC circuit is composed of a tightly coupled air-core transformer secondary coil driving the bottom of a separate third coil helical resonator. Modern 2-coil systems use a
1993:
Tesla transformer, with the secondary connected to a third coil not magnetically coupled to the others, called the "extra" or "resonator" coil, which is series-fed and resonates with its own capacitance. The output is taken from the free end of this coil. The presence of three energy-storing
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The primary break rate of sparking Tesla coils is slow compared to the resonant frequency of the resonator-topload assembly. When the switch closes, energy is transferred from the primary LC circuit to the resonator where the voltage rings up over a short period of time up culminating in the
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This entire cycle takes place very rapidly, the oscillations dying out in a time of the order of a millisecond. Each spark across the spark gap produces a pulse of damped sinusoidal high voltage at the output terminal of the coil. Each pulse dies out before the next spark occurs, so the coil
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project, and are homemade by a large worldwide community of hobbyists. Builders of Tesla coils as a hobby are called "coilers". They attend "coiling" conventions where they display their home-made Tesla coils and other high-voltage devices. Low-power Tesla coils are also sometimes used as a
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If the top electrode is large and smooth enough, the electric field at its surface may never get high enough even at the peak voltage to cause air breakdown, and air discharges will not occur. Some entertainment coils have a sharp "spark point" projecting from the torus to start discharges.
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However, in the typical circuit, the spark gap's short circuiting action prevents high-frequency oscillations from 'backing up' into the supply transformer. In the alternate circuit, high amplitude high-frequency oscillations that appear across the capacitor also are applied to the supply
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envelope and repetitive pulsing seem to be ideally suited to creating long, branching discharges that are considerably longer than would be otherwise expected by output voltage considerations alone. High-voltage, low-energy discharges create filamentary multibranched discharges which are
667:. Depending on how the spark gap is set, usually one or two sparks occur at the peak of each half-cycle of the mains current, so there are more than a hundred sparks per second. Thus the spark at the spark gap appears continuous, as do the high-voltage streamers from the top of the coil.
535:
Bipolar coil, used in the early 20th century. There are two high-voltage output terminals, each connected to one end of the secondary, with a spark gap between them. The primary is 12 turns of heavy wire, which is located at the midpoint of the secondary to discourage arcs between the
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An erroneous explanation for the absence of electric shock that has persisted among Tesla coil hobbyists is that the high-frequency currents travel through the body close to the surface, and thus do not penetrate to vital organs or nerves, due to an electromagnetic phenomenon called
1861:
1865:
1864:
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2038:
Steps in Tesla's development of the Tesla transformer around 1891: (1) Closed-core transformers used at low frequencies, (2β7) rearranging windings for lower losses, (8) removed iron core, (9) partial core, (10β11) final conical Tesla transformer, (12β13) Tesla coil circuits and
2324:
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The gap suddenly fires, allowing the charged tank capacitor to discharge into the primary winding. Once the gap fires, the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical. Experiments have shown that neither circuit offers any marked performance advantage over the other.
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2555:
Typical circuit configuration. Here, the spark gap shorts the high frequency across the first transformer that is supplied by alternating current. An inductance, not shown, protects the transformer. This design is favoured when a relatively fragile neon sign transformer is
2326:
2885:(SAR) in tissue of 4 W/kg in limbs and 0.8 W/kg average over the body. Even low power Tesla coils could exceed these limits, and it is generally impossible to determine the threshold current where bodily injury begins. Being struck by arcs from a high power
2649:
In coils that produce air discharges, such as those built for entertainment, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The process is similar to charging or discharging a
897:
2611:. A normal (low Short-circuit inductance) high-voltage transformer must use an external limiter (sometimes called a ballast) to limit current. NSTs are designed to have high Short-circuit inductance to limit their short circuit current to a safe level.
1678:
pumped into the terminal from the secondary winding just escapes into the air. The output voltage of open-air Tesla coils is limited to a few million volts by air breakdown, but higher voltages can be achieved by coils immersed in pressurized tanks of
2867:. In addition, the RF current heats the tissues it passes through. Carefully controlled Tesla coil currents, applied directly to the skin by electrodes, were used in the early 20th century for deep body tissue heating in the medical field of longwave
2236:
coils spread their electric fields over larger distances to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air. Most modern Tesla coils also use toroid-shaped output terminals. These are often fabricated from
1863:
2243:
A more complex version of a Tesla coil, termed a "magnifier" by Tesla, uses a more tightly coupled air-core resonance "driver" transformer (or "master oscillator") and a smaller, remotely located output coil (called the "extra coil" or simply the
560:: Neither end of the secondary winding is grounded, and both are brought out to high-voltage terminals. The primary winding is located at the center of the secondary coil, equidistant between the two high potential terminals, to discourage arcing.
639:. Current flows rapidly back and forth through the secondary coil between its ends. Because of the small capacitance, the oscillating voltage across the secondary coil which appears on the output terminal is much larger than the primary voltage.
2327:
2093:, New York. Although Tesla patented many similar circuits during this period, this was the first that contained all the elements of the Tesla coil: high-voltage primary transformer, capacitor, spark gap, and air core "oscillation transformer".
646:
When the current through the spark gap is no longer sufficient to keep the air in the gap ionized, the spark stops ("quenches"), terminating the current in the primary circuit. The oscillating current in the secondary may continue for some
627:, so as the oscillating voltage in the secondary increases in amplitude ("ring up") the oscillations in the primary decrease to zero. Although the ends of the secondary coil are open, it also acts as a tuned circuit due to the capacitance
2673:
As the secondary coil's energy (and output voltage) continue to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very electrically conductive "root" of hotter
1012:
1578:
2586:). It is therefore adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge (
2570:
Alternative circuit configuration. With the capacitor in parallel to the first transformer and the spark gap in series to the Tesla-coil primary, the AC supply transformer must be capable of withstanding high voltages at high
2837:(RF) discharges from the output terminal of a Tesla coil pose a unique hazard not found in other high-voltage equipment: when passed through the body they often do not cause the painful sensation and muscle contraction of
643:
rapidly back and forth between the primary and secondary tuned circuits. The oscillating currents in the primary and secondary gradually die out due to energy dissipated as heat in the spark gap and resistance of the coil.
428:
consists of many turns (hundreds to thousands) of fine wire on a hollow cylindrical form inside the primary. The secondary is not connected to an actual capacitor, but it also functions as an LC circuit, the inductance of
1648:
The above peak voltage is only achieved in coils in which air discharges do not occur; in coils which produce sparks, like entertainment coils, the peak voltage on the terminal is limited to the voltage at which the air
518:
Unipolar coil design widely used in modern coils. The primary is the flat red spiral winding at bottom, the secondary is the vertical cylindrical coil wound with fine red wire. The high-voltage terminal is the aluminum
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to close the primary circuit, exciting oscillations in the resonant transformer. Spark gaps have disadvantages due to the high primary currents they must handle. They produce a very loud noise while operating, noxious
1273:
During the "ring up" this energy is transferred to the secondary circuit. Although some is lost as heat in the spark and other resistances, in modern coils, over 85% of the energy ends up in the secondary. At the peak
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are often used as active devices instead of transistors because they are more robust and tolerant of overloads. In general, continuous excitation produces lower output voltages from a given input power than pulsed
174:
Originally, Tesla coils used fixed spark gaps or rotary spark gaps to provide intermittent excitation of the resonant circuit; more recently, electronic devices are used to provide the switching action required.
1978:, consisting of a primary winding to which current pulses are applied, and a secondary winding that produces the high voltage, invented by Tesla in 1891. The term "Tesla coil" normally refers to these circuits.
479:
Ordinary transformers are designed to be "tightly coupled". Both the primary and secondary are wound tightly around the iron core. Due to the iron core and close proximity of the windings, they have a high
2841:, as lower frequency AC or DC currents do. The nervous system is insensitive to currents with frequencies over 10β20 kHz. It is thought that the reason for this is that a certain minimum number of
2658:. Tesla coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high-voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called
1112:
In a resonant transformer the high voltage is produced by resonance; the output voltage is not proportional to the turns ratio, as in an ordinary transformer. It can be calculated approximately from
2859:
However this does not mean the current is harmless. Even a small Tesla coil produces many times the electrical energy necessary to stop the heart, if the frequency happens to be low enough to cause
2240:
or flexible aluminum ducting. The toroidal shape helps to control the high electric field near the top of the secondary by directing sparks outward and away from the primary and secondary windings.
2682:, that projects outward from the toroid. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, its properties are similar to an
1713:
with the secondary winding. Although the "toroid" increases the secondary capacitance, which tends to reduce the peak voltage, its main effect is that its large-diameter curved surface reduces the
2081:
invented the Tesla coil circuit independently at the same time Tesla did. Tesla patented his Tesla coil circuit April 25, 1891. and first publicly demonstrated it May 20, 1891, in his lecture "
623:. Over a number of cycles, the energy in the primary circuit is transferred to the secondary. The total energy in the tuned circuits is limited to the energy originally stored in the capacitor
1422:
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up, which then discharges in a spark through the spark gap, creating a brief pulse of oscillating current in the primary circuit which excites a high oscillating voltage across the secondary:
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output which can be sent to the Tesla coil via a fiber optic interface.An extensive outdoor musical concert has demonstrated using Tesla coils during the
Engineering Open House (EOH) at the
2325:
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Another reported hazard of this practice is that arcs from the high-voltage terminal often strike the primary winding of the coil. This momentarily creates a conductive path for the lethal
1862:
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secondary winding is connected across the primary tuned circuit. It might seem that the transformer would be a leakage path for the RF current, damping the oscillations. However its large
503:, it is often made of copper tubing or strip with a large surface area to reduce resistance, and its turns are spaced apart, which reduces proximity effect losses and arcing between turns.
376:, oscillation transformer, or radio-frequency (RF) transformer, functions differently from ordinary transformers used in AC power circuits. While an ordinary transformer is designed to
1643:
604:. The current flows rapidly back and forth between the plates of the capacitor through the coil, generating radio frequency oscillating current in the primary circuit at the circuit's
1852:) in the primary circuit a DC power supply charges the capacitor, and in place of the spark gap semiconductor switches complete the circuit between the capacitor and the primary coil.
1079:
2881:
safety standards for RF current in the body in the Tesla coil frequency range of 0.1β1 MHz specify a maximum current density of 0.2 mA per square centimeter and a maximum
2632:
A small, later-type Tesla coil in operation: The output is giving 43-centimetre (17 in) sparks. The diameter of the secondary is 8 cm (3.1 in). The power source is a
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762:
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with a resonant frequency near that of the secondary circuit. Because of the additional resonant circuit, one manual and one adaptive tuning adjustment are necessary. Also, an
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Tesla coils can also be used to generate sounds, including music, by modulating the system's effective "break rate" (i.e., the rate and duration of high power RF bursts) via
1745:
Tesla coil circuits can be classified by the type of "excitation" they use, what type of circuit is used to apply current to the primary winding of the resonant transformer:
1467:
4989:
1795:, so the sparks are synchronized with the AC line frequency, the spark occurring at the same point on the AC waveform on each cycle, so the primary pulses are repeatable.
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a spark starts, reducing the spark gap resistance to a very low value. This completes the primary circuit and current from the capacitor flows through the primary coil
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1929:, which applies a pulse of current to the primary winding each cycle of the RF current, exciting a continuous oscillation. The primary tuned circuit serves as the
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transformers (NSTs). Regardless of which configuration is used, the HV transformer must be of a type that self-limits its secondary current by means of internal
2662:
regions). Although the space charge regions around the toroid are invisible, they play a profound role in the appearance and location of Tesla coil discharges.
5388:" (Current state of the art in rigorously describing Tesla coil secondary behavior through theoretical analysis, simulation and testing of results in practice)
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devices. Today, their main usage is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used as leak detectors for high-vacuum systems.
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2194:
Modern high-voltage enthusiasts usually build Tesla coils similar to some of Tesla's "later" 2-coil air-core designs. These typically consist of a primary
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is reached, and the discharges have reached their maximum length for the Tesla coil's output power level. The unique combination of a rising high-voltage
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and becomes conductive. As the output voltage increases during each voltage pulse, it reaches the point where the air next to the high-voltage terminal
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3622:(Thesis). Thesis for Licentiate Degree. Electrical and Communications Engineering Dept., Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 2β6
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The
Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla: With Special Reference to His Work in Polyphase Currents and High Potential Lighting, 2nd Ed
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1645:. Since the capacitance of the secondary coil is very small compared to the primary capacitor, the primary voltage is stepped up to a high value.
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4647:
2915:
This theory is false. RF current does tend to flow on the surface of conductors due to skin effect, but the depth to which it penetrates, called
4783:
4840:
4695:
2398:(as measured by spark length versus input power) can be significantly greater than a spark-gap Tesla coil operating at the same input power.
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attached to the secondary terminal of the coil. Its large surface area suppresses premature air breakdown and arc discharges, increasing the
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scientists used the field of a Tesla coil to remotely align tiny carbon nanotubes into a circuit, a process they dubbed "teslaphoresis".
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to the growing resonance in the secondary, and this is the only tuning consideration beyond the initial choice of a reasonable top-load.
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and electronics fairs, and are used to demonstrate principles of high-frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges.
6553:
6546:
5710:
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2086:
294:, to step the AC mains voltage up to a high enough voltage to jump the spark gap. Typical voltages are between 5 and 30 kilovolts (kV).
280:, most Tesla coils have a pulsed output; the high voltage consists of a rapid string of pulses of radio frequency alternating current.
5215:
3320:
1997:
gives this circuit more complicated resonant behavior. It is the subject of research, but has been used in few practical applications.
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1088:(RF) range, usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz. However, because of the impulsive nature of the spark they produce broadband
663:, not a continuous sinusoidal voltage. The high voltage from the supply transformer that charges the capacitor is a 50 or 60 Hz
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sculpture, the world's largest Tesla coil. Builder Eric Orr is visible sitting inside the hollow spherical high-voltage electrode.
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211:. Tesla coils are used for entertainment at science museums and public events, and for special effects in movies and television.
6335:
6216:
5193:
2654:, except that a Tesla coil uses AC instead of DC. The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a
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is the voltage at which the spark gap breaks down, which is usually close to the peak output voltage of the supply transformer
445:
metal electrode attached to the high-voltage terminal. The primary and secondary circuits are tuned so that they have the same
4911:
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at the resonant frequency, so it acts as an open circuit to the oscillating current. If the supply transformer has inadequate
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losses. The primary carries very high currents. Since high-frequency current mostly flows on the surface of conductors due to
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Generally the secondary is not adjustable, so the primary circuit is tuned, usually by a moveable tap on the primary coil L
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A large Tesla coil of more modern design often operates at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (millions of
2488:
468:
to increase the magnetic coupling between the coils. However at high frequencies an iron core causes energy losses due to
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5246:"An experimental study of diathermy: IV. Evidence for the penetration of high frequency currents through the living body"
496:
121:
electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled
2393:
of the switching bridge, to improve peak power capabilities; similarly, IGBTs are more popular in this application than
5173:
5163:
5076:
5026:
4999:
4921:
4823:
4604:
4536:
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4260:
4114:
3720:
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3454:
2353:
1361:
1207:
3583:
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data and a control unit. The actual MIDI data is interpreted by a microcontroller which converts the MIDI data into a
2223:
single secondary coil. The top of the secondary is then connected to a topload terminal, which forms one 'plate' of a
2083:
Experiments with
Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination
892:{\displaystyle f_{1}={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{1}C_{1}}}}}\qquad \qquad f_{2}={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{2}C_{2}}}}}\,}
6524:
6476:
6406:
4793:
4657:
3710:
3528:
2603:
supply transformer. This is especially important when using transformers with fragile high-voltage windings, such as
2459:
2309:
2146:
2066:
4051:
2441:
2291:
6620:
1765:
gas, and high temperatures which may require a cooling system. The energy dissipated in the spark also reduces the
488:
4594:
1848:: The circuit is similar to the double tuned spark excited circuit, except in place of the AC supply transformer (
1832:
are used in most commercial, industrial, and research applications as well as higher quality entertainment coils.
6416:
6298:
4710:"Teslaphoresis lends the ability to massively scale up force fields to move matter remotely - Innovation Toronto"
3679:(Thesis). Thesis. Physics Dept., UniversitΓ© Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. pp. 20β22. Archived from
2926:
6595:
6086:
5936:
5756:
2707:
Today, although small Tesla coils are used as leak detectors in scientific high-vacuum systems and igniters in
2437:
2287:
2128:
1586:
276:
range, usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz. Although some oscillator-driven coils generate a continuous
1842:
and so stores less energy and produces lower voltages than double resonant circuits, other things being equal.
6600:
6457:
1023:
620:
4390:
6452:
6437:
6377:
6241:
5995:
5864:
3195:
2950:
2769:, New Zealand. Another very large Tesla coil, designed and built by Syd Klinge, is shown every year at the
1093:
453:; during each spark the stored energy rapidly oscillates back and forth between the primary and secondary.
5301:
4459:. Jeff Behary, Bellingham, Washington, USA. Reproduced by permission of The American Philosophical Society
4301:
3444:
363:
6615:
6000:
5884:
5829:
5824:
4765:
2852:
If the arcs from the high-voltage terminal strike the bare skin, they can cause deep-seated burns called
2433:
2394:
2357:
2283:
2124:
357:
243:
5421:
5158:
It is apparent that the skin effect becomes significant for humans...at frequencies greater than 10 MHz.
738:
709:
6468:
6325:
6293:
6268:
6209:
5973:
5375:
3697:
1914:
1874:
1808:
246:
to produce high voltages at low currents. Tesla's original circuits and most modern coils use a simple
152:
2032:
6288:
5951:
2007:
1430:
456:
The peculiar design of the coil is dictated by the need to achieve low resistive energy losses (high
5695:
2937:
to ground, and can easily pass through the core of the body. In the medical therapy called longwave
550:: One end of the secondary winding is connected to a single high-voltage terminal, the other end is
6462:
5978:
4688:
2882:
2860:
2608:
2422:
2272:
1108:
Large coil producing 3.5 meter (10 foot) streamer arcs, indicating a potential of millions of volts
683:
380:
energy efficiently from primary to secondary winding, the resonant transformer is also designed to
5018:
Wireless Power
Transfer Algorithms, Technologies and Applications in Ad Hoc Communication Networks
2792:
used a Tesla coil in her song "Thunderbolt" as the main instrument in the song. The musical group
2049:
Electrical oscillation and resonant air-core transformer circuits had been explored before Tesla.
6610:
6447:
6076:
5983:
5929:
3211:
3206:
2587:
2426:
2276:
2117:
1116:. At the beginning of the cycle, when the spark starts, all of the energy in the primary circuit
4452:
698:
To produce the largest output voltage, the primary and secondary tuned circuits are adjusted to
6539:
6051:
6017:
5924:
3974:
3882:
3860:
3838:
3680:
2781:
2074:
2023:
1870:
1113:
1007:{\displaystyle f={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{1}C_{1}}}}}={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{2}C_{2}}}}}\,}
4526:
4509:
4266:
4167:
4026:
6508:
6411:
6315:
6202:
6034:
6012:
5990:
5879:
5869:
5467:
Cullen, A. L.; Dobson, J. (1963). "The Corona
Breakdown of Aerials in Air at Low Pressures".
5093:
4858:"Science teacher arrested after allegedly using Tesla coil to 'brand' pupils by searing skin"
4421:
3350:
3290:
3185:
1926:
1897:, reproducing complex music or voice sounds. The sound output is controlled by a keyboard or
1828:
1705:-shaped metal electrode on the high-voltage terminal. The electrode serves as one plate of a
632:
438:
262:
239:
156:
82:
4344:
1737:
The term "Tesla coil" is applied to a number of high-voltage resonant transformer circuits.
5804:
5665:
5624:
5595:
5517:
5476:
2934:
2757:
2724:
2667:
2655:
2228:
1975:
1956:
1910:
1650:
1331:
1304:
1277:
1173:
1146:
1119:
679:
551:
373:
329:
99:
4681:
3756:
1937:. Unlike the previous circuits which generate a pulsed output, they generate a continuous
8:
6492:
6484:
6432:
6401:
6163:
6081:
6071:
6027:
6022:
6007:
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2331:
Demonstration of the Nevada
Lightning Laboratory 1:12 scale prototype twin Tesla Coil at
2090:
1782:
1674:
687:
277:
160:
144:
118:
5669:
5628:
5599:
5521:
5480:
5469:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
4168:"Some experiments in Tesla's laboratory with currents of high frequencies and pressures"
1573:{\displaystyle V_{2}=V_{1}{\sqrt {C_{1} \over C_{2}}}=V_{1}{\sqrt {L_{2} \over L_{1}}}.}
283:
The common spark-excited Tesla coil circuit, shown below, consists of these components:
6330:
6173:
6091:
6061:
6056:
6039:
5894:
5874:
5844:
5571:
5492:
5293:
5270:
5245:
4364:
4360:
4243:
4222:
3406:
2739:
Since they are simple enough for an amateur to make, Tesla coils are a popular student
2163:
1885:
1714:
1690:
1666:
703:
605:
450:
446:
407:
consisting of a relatively few turns of heavy copper wire or tubing, is connected to a
272:
to several million volts for large coils. The alternating current output is in the low
208:
4940:
Atkinson, Chip; Phillips, Ed; Rzeszotarski, Mark S.; Stephens, R.W. (August 4, 1996).
2499:
6531:
6500:
5960:
5859:
5683:
5640:
5496:
5307:
5275:
5221:
5169:
5072:
5022:
4995:
4917:
4819:
4789:
4653:
4600:
4532:
4256:
4214:
3716:
3534:
3484:
3450:
3356:
3326:
3296:
2751:
The current world's largest Tesla coil is a 130,000-watt unit built by Greg Leyh and
1934:
1792:
593:
481:
422:
4572:
4368:
4226:
3410:
2495:
223:
is not an actual capacitor but represents the capacitance of the secondary windings
6559:
6258:
6158:
5673:
5632:
5603:
5567:
5525:
5484:
5402:
5297:
5265:
5257:
4941:
4356:
4206:
4092:
3712:
Practical
Transformer Handbook: for Electronics, Radio and Communications Engineers
3396:
3263:
2675:
2642:
2599:
2171:
2050:
1658:
200:
137:
111:
5319:
4034:
2590:) may break out and damage or destroy the coil wire, supports, or nearby objects.
569:
The circuit operates in a rapidly repeating cycle in which the supply transformer
28:
6516:
6278:
6263:
5968:
5919:
5899:
5889:
5729:
5702:
5366:
5357:
5348:
3985:
3893:
3871:
3849:
3236:
2834:
2814:
2695:
1695:
1679:
1662:
1583:
The second formula above is derived from the first using the resonance condition
1469:. Substituting into this equation and simplifying, the peak secondary voltage is
1085:
529:
401:
305:
273:
236:
204:
188:
133:
5538:
RF Coils, Helical
Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes
4085:
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications
1301:) of the secondary sinusoidal voltage waveform, all the energy in the secondary
250:
to excite oscillations in the tuned transformer. More sophisticated designs use
6569:
6127:
6122:
6112:
5834:
5814:
5799:
5586:
Reed, J. L. (1988). "Greater voltage gain for Tesla transformer accelerators".
4733:
2838:
2733:
2679:
2237:
2219:
2017:
1718:
1670:
615:
of the primary winding induces an oscillating current in the secondary winding
612:
199:
and conduct electricity, allowing electricity to leak into the air in colorful
192:
183:
164:
148:
141:
4013:
3385:"Tesla's High Voltage and High Frequency Generators with Oscillatory Circuits"
3162:
3149:
3136:
3123:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3014:
3006:
2186:
1694:
Solid state DRSSTC Tesla coil with pointed wire attached to toroid to produce
512:
6589:
6310:
6305:
6137:
5724:
5393:
4621:
4494:
4218:
3813:
3032:
2864:
2078:
2040:
1710:
465:
393:
122:
4552:
de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M. "Generalized Multiple LC Resonance Networks".
4210:
2218:; and the secondary LC circuit, a series-resonant circuit consisting of the
6564:
6251:
6225:
5941:
5687:
5644:
5488:
5279:
4477:
3996:
3959:
3907:
3647:
3614:
3572:
3180:
2877:
levels, "cooking" internal organs or causing other injuries. International
2874:
2740:
2683:
2659:
2215:
2195:
2070:
2062:
2058:
1994:
1930:
635:
between the turns of the coil plus the capacitance of the toroid electrode
469:
103:
68:
3203: β Resonant transformer circuit, invented in 1893 by Paul Marie Oudin
2178:
128:
Tesla used these circuits to conduct innovative experiments in electrical
6320:
6246:
6107:
5909:
5849:
5779:
5261:
3401:
3384:
2922:
2908:
2796:
uses modulated Tesla coils and a man in a chain-link suit to play music.
2765:
and currently residing in a private sculpture park at Kakanui Point near
2708:
2386:
2344:
2332:
2203:
1942:
1894:
1722:
1089:
769:
660:
500:
397:
385:
288:
259:
78:
5438:"The development of high frequency currents for practical Application".
5113:
4197:
Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency".
2026:
1889 spark-excited resonant transformer, a predecessor to the Tesla coil
460:) at high frequencies, which results in the largest secondary voltages:
6574:
6117:
5809:
4057:. Dept. of Engineering and Computer Science, Univ. of Central Florida.
3200:
2917:
2846:
2762:
2628:
2583:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2340:
2199:
2159:
2131: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2054:
1906:
1816:
1654:
765:
675:
473:
389:
251:
196:
168:
5678:
5653:
5636:
5607:
5529:
4884:
4096:
650:
The current from the supply transformer begins charging the capacitor
495:
Each winding is also limited to a single layer of wire, which reduces
6273:
5748:
5558:
Hartley, R. V. L. (1936). "Oscillations with Non-linear Reactances".
5367:
Electronic gadgets for the evil genius: 21 build-it-yourself projects
3923:
2938:
2930:
2869:
2825:
2793:
2651:
2604:
2540:
2349:
2245:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2167:
1938:
1898:
1812:
1757:
1706:
699:
664:
415:
408:
315:
298:
255:
247:
215:
115:
86:
42:
34:
5703:
High Frequency Apparatus: Its Construction and Practical Application
5015:
Nikoletseas, Sotiris; Yang, Yuanyuan; Georgiadis, Apostolos (2016).
4939:
4842:
High Frequency Apparatus: Its Construction and Practical Application
4696:"Rice University scientists take key step to create a 'force field'"
2411:
2261:
2106:
6168:
5854:
4083:
de Queiroz, A.C.M. (February 2002). "Multiple resonance networks".
2766:
2752:
2370:
2232:
1960:
1839:
1766:
1017:
Thus the condition for resonance between primary and secondary is:
457:
396:), storing oscillating electrical energy, analogously to the way a
344:
269:
129:
54:
38:
4913:
National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 10th Ed
4324:. Vol. 33. The Encyclopaedia Britannica Co. 1903. p. 426
3192:, an inventor and showman who worked with high-voltage electricity
2789:
6178:
5904:
4910:
Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. (2013).
107:
4303:
The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy and Telephony, 2nd Ed
16:
Electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla
6194:
5743:
4622:"Lab Snapshots by Marek Ples: Miniature Solid State Tesla Coil"
2878:
2719:
2564:
2549:
2361:
1820:
1702:
442:
3352:
High Vacuum Techniques for Chemical Syntheses and Measurements
2373:
circuit is usually used to adaptively synchronize the primary
1769:
and the output voltage. Tesla's coils were all spark-excited.
6345:
5794:
2638:
1974:
circuits: Virtually all present Tesla coils use the two coil
1762:
906:, until it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary:
520:
441:
between the windings of the coil, and the capacitance of the
340:
58:
5376:
Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped-Element Circuit Theory
4355:(4). U.S.: American Telephone & Telegraph Co.: 415β433.
3530:
Physics Demonstrations: A Sourcebook for Teachers of Physics
2711:, their main use is entertainment and educational displays.
1785:, reducing the length and thus the energy loss in the spark.
1721:) at the high-voltage terminal; it functions similarly to a
1104:
6183:
5547:". Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. EE/COPE.
5384:
4246:; Mailloux, Robert; Oliner, Arthur A.; et al. (2006).
3573:"The Classic Tesla Coil: A dual-tuned resonant transformer"
3214: β Electrical transmission without physical connection
2777:
2579:
2511:
2365:
1955:
Tesla circuits can also be classified by how many resonant
1902:
1824:
1685:
690:
are placed in its secondary leads to block the RF current.
368:
The specialized transformer used in the Tesla coil circuit
3775:
2503:
1096:, interfering with nearby radio and television reception.
6153:
5198:. US Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 3.15β3.16.
5014:
4178:(13). New York: Electrical Review Publishing Co.: 193β197
2897:
path, through the body to ground, causing electrocution.
2842:
1917:). These are mainly built as novelties for entertainment.
227:, plus the capacitance to ground of the toroid electrode
6364:
The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla
5552:
The Tesla high frequency coil, its construction and uses
5370:. TAB electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pages 137β202.
5358:
The Tesla high frequency coil, its construction and uses
5165:
Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields
4115:"Apparatus for obtaining high frequencies and pressures"
4052:"Designing high-gain triple resonant Tesla transformers"
2507:
5054:(2). New York: The Popular Science Publishing Co.: 192.
4426:
Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of Society of Arts
1092:, and without shielding can be a significant source of
5550:
Haller, George Francis, and Elmer Tiling Cunningham, "
5349:
The theory, design and construction of induction coils
2755:, part of a 38-foot-tall (12 m) sculpture titled
742:
713:
5696:"Tuning the triple resonance Tesla pulse transformer"
4972:
The Ultimate Tesla Coil Design and Construction Guide
4432:(1). Boston: Massachusetts Inst. of Technology: 50β59
3322:
The Ultimate Tesla Coil Design and Construction Guide
3038:
Apparatus for amplifying electromagnetic signal-waves
1589:
1478:
1433:
1364:
1334:
1307:
1280:
1210:
1176:
1149:
1122:
1026:
915:
781:
741:
712:
268:
Tesla coils can produce output voltages from 50
5582:". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition.
5292:
4909:
4242:
3190:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3040:". (Filed January 23, 1901; Issued December 2, 1902)
2863:. A minor misadjustment of the coil could result in
1701:
Most Tesla coil designs have a smooth spherical- or
1084:
The resonant frequency of Tesla coils is in the low
5114:"The skin effect protects us from Tesla coil zaps?"
4306:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 581β582.
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3170:". (Filed October 29, 2004; Issued August 23, 2005)
1669:break out from the terminal. This happens when the
195:causes the air around the high-voltage terminal to
53:Application in educational demonstrations, novelty
6264:Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor
5580:Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them
4480:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
4125:(2). London: The Electrician Publishing Co.: 40β41
4017:, filed January 18, 1902; granted December 1, 1914
3999:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3962:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3910:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3650:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3616:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
1637:
1572:
1461:
1416:
1347:
1320:
1293:
1262:
1189:
1162:
1135:
1073:
1006:
891:
756:
727:
592:When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the
163:until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as
5615:Reed, J. L. (2012). "Tesla transformer damping".
3325:. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1.
3066:". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued October 27, 1936).
2348:drive the primary winding using either a single,
1709:, with the Earth as the other plate, forming the
1417:{\displaystyle W_{2}={1 \over 2}C_{2}V_{2}^{2}\,}
1263:{\displaystyle W_{1}={1 \over 2}C_{1}V_{1}^{2}\,}
6587:
6385:My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
5161:
4666:
4486:
4413:
4286:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 93β95.
3729:
3288:
3079:". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued December 7, 1937)
2829:Boy allowing arc from Tesla coil to strike hand.
155:. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in
37:, the National Science and Technology center in
5355:Haller, G. F., & Cunningham, E. T. (1910).
4788:(2nd ed.). New Africa Books. p. 136.
4554:International Symposium on Circuits and Systems
3924:"Tesla Coils β Frequently Asked Questions"
3807:
3805:
3282:
3168:Multifrequency electro-magnetic field generator
3131:". (Filed August 11, 1925; Issued July 3, 1928)
2799:
2231:"). The primary LC circuit is tuned so that it
1933:of the oscillator, and the circuit resembles a
1836:Single resonant solid state Tesla coil (SRSSTC)
153:transmission of electrical energy without wires
5243:
5195:Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation
4310:
3930:. oneTesla Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2012
3533:. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. pp. 192β195.
3103:Method of receiving high-frequency oscillation
3053:". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued August 2, 1938)
2714:
2401:
335:Optionally, a capacitive electrode (top load)
6210:
5764:
5244:Christie, R. V.; Binger, Cal (October 1927).
4845:. USA: Everyday Mechanics Company. p. 6.
4649:Serious Fun: The Life and Times of Alan Gibbs
4498:, filed April 25, 1891; granted June 23, 1891
4005:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3903:
3901:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3476:
1846:Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla Coil (DRSSTC)
364:Transformer types Β§ Resonant transformer
5466:
5192:Elder, Joe Allen; Cahill, Daniel F. (1984).
4514:. The Electrical Engineer. pp. 145β197.
4014:Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy
3802:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3008:Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy
2974:", U.S. Patent No. 514,168, February 6, 1894
2732:Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at
321:that acts as a switch in the primary circuit
5554:". New York, D. Van Nostrand company, 1910.
5325:May 17, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive
5306:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 286, 84.
5239:
5237:
5191:
5071:. New Age International, Ltd. p. 305.
5008:
4983:
4981:
4965:
4963:
4935:
4933:
4811:
4444:
4382:
4040:May 17, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3483:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 167.
3442:
2440:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2290:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6554:The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century
6547:Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla
6217:
6203:
5771:
5757:
5506:Triple Resonance Pulse Transformer Circuit
5346:Armagnat, H., & Kenyon, O. A. (1908).
5162:Barnes, Frank S.; Greenebaum, Ben (2006).
5095:Diathermy in Medical and Surgical Practice
4759:
4757:
4755:
4471:
4295:
4293:
4238:
4236:
4108:
4106:
4082:
4076:
3990:
3942:
3898:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3634:
3355:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
3314:
3312:
3295:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 75.
3002:", U.S. Patent No. 725,605, April 14, 1903
2995:", U.S. Patent No. 723,188, March 17, 1903
2967:". U.S. Patent No. 433,702, August 5, 1890
2965:Electrical Transformer Or Induction Device
2531:
2087:American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1925:: In these the transformer is driven by a
1614:
1610:
1448:
1444:
400:stores vibrational mechanical energy. The
332:, which generates the high output voltage.
187:Homemade Tesla coil in operation, showing
27:
5677:
5503:
5269:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5187:
5185:
5152:
5150:
5107:
5105:
5085:
5041:
5035:
4882:
4876:
4818:. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 45β46.
4766:Electrotherapy and Light Therapy, 5th Ed.
4645:
4639:
4586:
4401:(8). New York: W. J. Johnson Co.: 116β117
4342:
4336:
4255:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 268β270.
4159:
4144:
4142:
4140:
3698:The Zeus Tesla Coil, HazardousPhysics.com
3612:
3601:
3571:Anderson, Barton B. (November 24, 2000).
3522:
3520:
3400:
3389:Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering
3255:
2460:Learn how and when to remove this message
2310:Learn how and when to remove this message
2227:, the other 'plate' being the earth (or "
2147:Learn how and when to remove this message
2096:
1638:{\displaystyle L_{1}C_{1}\;=\;L_{2}C_{2}}
1413:
1259:
1070:
1003:
888:
449:, so they exchange energy, acting like a
6067:Rotary variable differential transformer
6047:Linear variable differential transformer
5733:) is being considered for deletion. See
5545:Synthesis of Multiple Resonance Networks
5234:
5091:
4978:
4960:
4930:
4855:
4849:
4807:
4805:
4777:
4775:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4592:
4564:
4545:
4531:. Wilder Publications. pp. 68β107.
4391:"Induction by high potential discharges"
3968:
3916:
3876:
3854:
3832:
3708:
3702:
3570:
3547:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3344:
3342:
3261:
2824:
2771:Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
2718:
2627:
2321:
2185:
2177:
2158:
1857:
1689:
1103:
693:
339:in the form of a smooth metal sphere or
214:
182:
5557:
5132:
5064:
5058:
4752:
4501:
4492:U.S. Patent No. 454,622, Nikola Tesla,
4450:
4419:
4388:
4299:
4290:
4233:
4196:
4190:
4112:
4103:
4020:
3811:
3781:
3754:
3669:
3656:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3318:
3309:
2981:", Patent No. 593,138, November 2, 1897
2786:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
2598:transformer's winding. This can induce
2489:instructions, advice, or how-to content
1355:between the ends of the secondary coil
1074:{\displaystyle L_{1}C_{1}=L_{2}C_{2}\,}
706:of the primary and secondary circuits,
543:The output circuit can have two forms:
351:
6588:
6336:Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing
5778:
5654:"Conduction-coupled Tesla transformer"
5397:". Tesla Memorial Society of New York.
5286:
5213:
5202:
5182:
5147:
5111:
5102:
4987:
4838:
4832:
4570:
4551:
4507:
4279:
4273:
4155:. New York: Rebman Co. pp. 41β42.
4148:
4137:
3526:
3382:
3348:
2988:", Patent No. 685,958 November 5, 1901
2972:Means for Generating Electric Currents
2077:built a resonant transformer in 1889.
476:, so it is not used in the Tesla coil.
384:electrical energy. Each winding has a
6198:
5752:
4994:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 57.
4991:Electrical Safety Engineering, 3rd Ed
4903:
4812:Kalsi, Aman; Balani, Nikhail (2016).
4802:
4781:
4772:
4731:
4716:
4652:. Penguin Random House. p. 219.
4524:
4518:
4345:"The History of Electrical Resonance"
4165:
3497:
3417:
3339:
3262:Eldridge, Stephen (January 7, 2024).
3230:
3228:
2206:) circuit composed of a high-voltage
242:that drives an air-core double-tuned
6443:Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
5820:Condition monitoring of transformers
5709:numerous academic IEEE publications
5651:
5614:
5585:
5250:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
4619:
4389:Thomson, Elihu (February 20, 1892).
4049:
4043:
4011:US Patent No. 1119732, Nikola Tesla
3463:
3446:Advances in High Voltage Engineering
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
2471:
2438:adding citations to reliable sources
2405:
2288:adding citations to reliable sources
2255:
2251:
2129:adding citations to reliable sources
2100:
581:Current from the supply transformer
464:Ordinary power transformers have an
304:that forms a tuned circuit with the
106:in 1891. It is used to produce high-
5915:Toroidal inductors and transformers
4916:. Taylor and Francis. p. 357.
4785:Principles of Surgical Patient Care
4422:"High Frequency Electric Induction"
4113:Thomson, Elihu (November 3, 1899).
3477:Naidu, M. S.; Kamaraju, V. (2013).
3234:
2900:
2498:so that it is more encyclopedic or
2057:were invented beginning in 1826 by
1143:is stored in the primary capacitor
265:to drive the resonant transformer.
13:
6344:
5572:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1936.tb03559.x
5385:Tesla Secondary Simulation Project
5332:
5098:. P. B. Hoeber Co. pp. 23β24.
4891:. Don Klipstein's personal website
4864:. London, UK: Evening Standard Ltd
4674:"Lightning On Demand, Brisbane CA"
4620:Ples, Marek (September 14, 2021).
4508:Martin, Thomas Cummerford (1894).
4453:"Letter to Frederick Finch Strong"
4361:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1941.tb03608.x
4343:Blanchard, Julian (October 1941).
4280:Pierce, George Washington (1910).
4064:from the original on March 4, 2016
3225:
3142:Antenna near field coupling system
2986:Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy
2944:
2889:Tesla coil is likely to be fatal.
1950:
1913:of the exciting voltage) and PFM (
757:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle f_{2}}
728:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle f_{1}}
564:
14:
6632:
6371:Colorado Springs Notes, 1899β1900
5737:to help reach a consensus. βΊ
5716:
5217:Electricity, Magnetism, and Light
5042:Robberson, Elbert (August 1954).
4740:. Stefan Kluge's personal website
4457:The Electrotherapy Museum website
4322:Encyclopaedia Britannica, 10th Ed
4283:Principles of Wireless Telegraphy
3820:. Richard Burnett private website
3790:. Richard Burnett private website
3763:. Richard Burnett private website
3613:Denicolai, Marco (May 30, 2001).
3589:from the original on May 21, 2005
3383:CvetiΔ, Jovan M. (October 2016).
3369:
3235:Uth, Robert (December 12, 2000).
2623:
1901:applied to the circuit through a
1099:
523:at the top of the secondary coil.
433:resonates with stray capacitance
6224:
5950:
5658:Review of Scientific Instruments
5617:Review of Scientific Instruments
5588:Review of Scientific Instruments
5543:de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., "
5536:Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "
5510:Review of Scientific Instruments
5373:Corum, Kenneth L. and James F. "
5068:Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
4948:. Bart Anderson personal website
4815:Physics for the Anaesthetic Viva
4451:Thomson, Elihu (July 23, 1906).
4166:Tesla, Nikola (March 29, 1899).
4149:Strong, Frederick Finch (1908).
3443:Haddad, A.; Warne, D.F. (2004).
3289:Dommermuth-Costa, Carol (1994).
2820:
2808:
2563:
2548:
2476:
2410:
2260:
2105:
2031:
2016:
528:
511:
5706:. Everyday Mechanics Co., 1916.
5361:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co.
5338:Operation and other information
5220:. Academic Press. p. 620.
5138:Strong, Frederick Finch (1908)
4942:"Tesla Coil Safety Information"
4885:"Tesla Coil Hazards and Safety"
4839:Curtis, Thomas Stanley (1916).
4613:
3292:Nikola Tesla: A Spark of Genius
3268:Encyclopaedia Britannica online
2929:of the material as well as the
2702:
2381:the combination forms a series
2116:needs additional citations for
1909:techniques have been used: AM (
1462:{\displaystyle W_{2}\;=\;W_{1}}
835:
834:
6525:Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror
6087:Variable-frequency transformer
5937:Transformer utilization factor
5447:"Boundless space: A bus bar".
5021:. Springer. pp. 166β167.
4596:Practical Transformer Handbook
4571:de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M.
4300:Fleming, John Ambrose (1910).
3270:. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc
2670:, forming a corona discharge.
2389:is usually used to reduce the
1686:Top load or "toroid" electrode
573:charges the primary capacitor
388:across it and functions as an
1:
6477:Tesla β Lightning in His Hand
6458:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport
5722:
5560:Bell System Technical Journal
5403:Tesla Coil Information Center
4856:Marshall, Tom (May 7, 2015).
4573:"Designing a Tesla Magnifier"
4420:Thomson, Elihu (April 1893).
4349:Bell System Technical Journal
3814:"Tesla Coil Components, P. 2"
3757:"Operation of the Tesla Coil"
3670:Gerekos, Christopher (2012).
3218:
2582:, equivalent to thousands of
2174:filaments from a 'Tesla coil'
1827:, triggered by a solid state
1805:Solid State Tesla Coil (SSTC)
1740:
1328:is stored in the capacitance
219:Unipolar Tesla coil circuit.
6438:Nikola Tesla Memorial Center
6378:Fragments of Olympian Gossip
5996:Energy efficient transformer
5451:. Vol. 32, no. 19.
4050:Reed, John Randolph (2000).
3818:Richie's Tesla Coil Web Page
3788:Richie's Tesla Coil Web Page
3761:Richie's Tesla Coil Web Page
3715:. Newnes. pp. 103β114.
3582:. Terry Blake, 3rd webpage.
3196:List of Nikola Tesla patents
2951:List of Nikola Tesla patents
2800:Vacuum system leak detectors
2395:bipolar junction transistors
654:again and the cycle repeats.
178:
157:spark-gap radio transmitters
100:resonant transformer circuit
7:
6299:Resonant inductive coupling
6001:Amorphous metal transformer
5885:Resonant inductive coupling
5825:Electrical insulation paper
5442:. Vol. 32, no. 8.
5168:. CRC Press. pp. xix.
5112:Beatty, William J. (2012).
5044:"How to build a Tesla coil"
4988:Cooper, W. Fordham (2013).
4495:SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING
3174:
2715:Education and entertainment
2402:Practical aspects of design
2190:Tesla coil in terrarium (I)
1875:Niagara Parks Power Station
1873:performed on a tesla coil,
1809:power semiconductor devices
1754:Spark Gap Tesla Coil (SGTC)
1427:Assuming no energy losses,
358:Resonant inductive coupling
328:, an air-core double-tuned
10:
6637:
6606:Inventions by Nikola Tesla
6469:The Secret of Nikola Tesla
6326:Three-phase electric power
6269:Tesla Experimental Station
5504:Bieniosek, F. M. (1990). "
5417:Later-type circuit diagram
5413:early-type circuit diagram
5120:. Science Hobbyist webpage
5118:Debunking Some Tesla Myths
3527:Sprott, Julien C. (2006).
3241:Tesla: Master of Lightning
3121:Gerhard Freiherr Du Prel,
2948:
2773:in Coachella, California.
2005:
2001:
1915:pulse-frequency modulation
1779:Static triggered spark gap
621:Faraday's law of induction
361:
355:
191:from the toroid. The high
123:resonant electric circuits
6425:
6394:
6355:
6342:
6232:
6146:
6100:
5959:
5948:
5787:
5214:Saslow, Wayne M. (2002).
5092:Saberton, Claude (1920).
4738:Stefan's Tesla coil pages
4593:Gottlieb, Irving (1998).
4528:The Nikola Tesla Treasury
3709:Gottlieb, Irving (1998).
3188: β American inventor
3090:Wireless receiving system
2614:
2008:History of the Tesla coil
74:
64:
49:
26:
5979:Distribution transformer
5735:templates for discussion
5700:Curtis, Thomas Stanley,
4646:Goldsmith, Paul (2010).
3812:Burnett, Richie (2008).
3782:Burnett, Richie (2008).
3755:Burnett, Richie (2008).
3480:High Voltage Engineering
3155:Toroidal helical antenna
2861:ventricular fibrillation
2845:must be driven across a
2744:high-voltage source for
2609:short-circuit inductance
1732:
764:, are determined by the
684:short-circuit inductance
311:of the Tesla transformer
6621:19th-century inventions
6448:IEEE Nikola Tesla Award
6077:Solid-state transformer
5984:Pad-mounted transformer
5930:Transformer oil testing
5411:Magnifying Transmitter
5364:Iannini, R. E. (2003).
5141:High Frequency Currents
5065:Sarwate, V. V. (1993).
4883:Klipstein, Don (2005).
4599:. Newnes. p. 551.
4211:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874
4152:High Frequency Currents
3912:, Ch.3, Sec. 3β5, p. 22
3319:Tilbury, Mitch (2007).
3212:Wireless power transfer
3207:Van de Graaff generator
2788:. The Icelandic artist
2532:High voltage production
670:The supply transformer
437:, the sum of the stray
6540:Tesla: Man Out of Time
6349:
6052:Parametric transformer
6018:Instrument transformer
5974:Buckβboost transformer
5925:Dissolved gas analysis
5623:(7): 076101β076101β3.
5489:10.1098/rspa.1963.0035
5300:; et al. (2006).
4969:Tilbury, Mitch (2007)
4732:Kluge, Stefan (2009).
4525:Tesla, Nikola (2007).
4199:Electrical Engineering
3984:June 23, 2007, at the
3892:June 23, 2007, at the
3870:June 23, 2007, at the
3848:June 23, 2007, at the
3784:"Coupling Coefficient"
3349:Plesch, P. H. (2005).
3129:High-frequency circuit
2979:Electrical Transformer
2830:
2729:
2646:
2336:
2191:
2183:
2182:Tesla coil (discharge)
2175:
2097:Modern-day Tesla coils
1878:
1698:
1639:
1574:
1463:
1418:
1349:
1322:
1295:
1264:
1191:
1164:
1137:
1114:conservation of energy
1109:
1075:
1008:
893:
758:
729:
659:generates a string of
585:charges the capacitor
287:A high-voltage supply
263:electronic oscillators
232:
212:
6596:Electric transformers
6509:The Tesla World Light
6453:Tesla Satellite Award
6412:World Wireless System
6407:Westinghouse Electric
6348:
6035:Isolation transformer
6013:Grounding transformer
5991:Delta-wye transformer
5870:Pressure relief valve
4889:Don's Tesla Coil Page
4782:Mieny, C. J. (2003).
4027:Sarkar et al. (2006)
3186:Henry Leroy Transtrom
3163:U.S. patent 6,933,819
3150:U.S. patent 6,218,998
3137:U.S. patent 3,278,937
3124:U.S. patent 1,675,882
3111:U.S. patent 1,424,065
3098:U.S. patent 1,342,885
3085:U.S. patent 1,113,149
3072:U.S. patent 2,101,674
3059:U.S. patent 2,059,186
3046:U.S. patent 2,125,804
3015:U.S. patent 1,119,732
2883:power absorption rate
2828:
2722:
2631:
2330:
2189:
2181:
2162:
1869:
1693:
1673:strength exceeds the
1640:
1575:
1464:
1419:
1350:
1348:{\displaystyle C_{2}}
1323:
1321:{\displaystyle W_{2}}
1296:
1294:{\displaystyle V_{2}}
1265:
1192:
1190:{\displaystyle V_{1}}
1165:
1163:{\displaystyle C_{1}}
1138:
1136:{\displaystyle W_{1}}
1107:
1076:
1009:
894:
759:
730:
702:with each other. The
694:Oscillation frequency
678:gives it a very high
633:parasitic capacitance
439:parasitic capacitance
362:Further information:
356:Further information:
218:
186:
102:designed by inventor
83:electromagnetic field
6601:Electrical breakdown
5652:Reed, J. L. (2015).
5449:The Electrical World
5440:The Electrical World
5296:; Mailloux, Robert;
5262:10.1084/jem.46.5.715
4678:The Electrum Project
4205:(8). IEEE: 355β357.
3449:. IET. p. 605.
3402:10.2298/SJEE1603301C
3012:, January 18, 1902,
2935:electrical impedance
2668:dielectric breakdown
2656:displacement current
2434:improve this section
2284:improve this section
2125:improve this article
1976:resonant transformer
1911:amplitude modulation
1587:
1476:
1431:
1362:
1332:
1305:
1278:
1208:
1174:
1147:
1120:
1024:
913:
779:
739:
710:
704:resonant frequencies
489:coupling coefficient
374:resonant transformer
352:Resonant transformer
330:resonant transformer
244:resonant transformer
6527:" (2020 TV episode)
6493:Tower to the People
6433:Nikola Tesla Museum
6402:War of the currents
6164:Mitsubishi Electric
6082:Trigger transformer
6072:Scott-T transformer
6028:Voltage transformer
6023:Current transformer
6008:Flyback transformer
5840:Induction regulator
5670:2015RScI...86c5113R
5629:2012RScI...83g6101R
5600:1988RScI...59.2300R
5522:1990RScI...61.1717B
5481:1963RSPSA.271..551C
5409:Cooper, John. F., "
5352:. New York: McGraw.
5303:History of Wireless
4249:History of Wireless
4029:History of Wireless
3033:U.S. patent 714,832
3000:System of Signaling
2993:Method of Signaling
2746:Kirlian photography
2692:dynamic equilibrium
2496:rewrite the content
1927:feedback oscillator
1783:sulfur hexafluoride
1756:: This type uses a
1675:dielectric strength
1412:
1258:
392:(resonant circuit,
347:and output voltage.
278:alternating current
161:wireless telegraphy
145:alternating current
119:alternating-current
23:
6616:1891 introductions
6496:(2015 documentary)
6417:In popular culture
6350:
6331:Wardenclyffe Tower
6316:Tesla's oscillator
6174:Schneider Electric
6092:Zigzag transformer
6062:Rotary transformer
6057:Planar transformer
6040:Austin transformer
5895:Short-circuit test
5875:Quadrature booster
5845:Leakage inductance
5458:Other publications
5382:Nicholson, Paul, "
3686:on October 1, 2015
3108:Armstrong, E. H.,
3095:Armstrong, E. H.,
3082:Armstrong, E. H.,
3056:William W. Brown,
3018:, December 1, 1914
2831:
2730:
2647:
2337:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2164:Electric discharge
1891:musical Tesla coil
1886:Singing Tesla coil
1879:
1715:potential gradient
1699:
1635:
1570:
1459:
1414:
1398:
1345:
1318:
1291:
1260:
1244:
1187:
1160:
1133:
1110:
1071:
1004:
889:
754:
753:
725:
724:
686:, radio frequency
606:resonant frequency
589:to a high voltage.
451:coupled oscillator
447:resonant frequency
235:A Tesla coil is a
233:
213:
21:
6583:
6582:
6192:
6191:
5860:Open-circuit test
5679:10.1063/1.4915940
5637:10.1063/1.4732811
5608:10.1063/1.1139953
5530:10.1063/1.1141138
5475:(1347): 551β564.
5391:Vujovic, Ljubo, "
5313:978-0-471-78301-5
5298:Oliner, Arthur A.
5227:978-0-08-050521-3
4712:. April 18, 2016.
4698:. April 14, 2016.
4684:on July 27, 2011.
4478:Denicolai, 2001,
4172:Electrical Review
4097:10.1109/81.983871
3997:Denicolai, 2001,
3964:, Ch.2, pp. 11β17
3960:Denicolai, 2001,
3908:Denicolai, 2001,
3648:Denicolai, 2001,
3362:978-0-521-67547-5
3332:978-0-07-149737-4
3302:978-0-8225-4920-8
3116:Signalling system
3064:Antenna structure
2921:, depends on the
2833:The high-voltage
2600:corona discharges
2529:
2528:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2252:Primary switching
2157:
2156:
2149:
2051:Resonant circuits
1935:radio transmitter
1867:
1793:synchronous motor
1565:
1564:
1526:
1525:
1386:
1232:
1201:, this energy is
1001:
998:
959:
956:
886:
883:
832:
829:
772:in each circuit:
631:, the sum of the
596:of the spark gap
594:breakdown voltage
482:mutual inductance
382:temporarily store
201:corona discharges
98:is an electrical
92:
91:
6628:
6463:New Yorker Hotel
6259:Polyphase system
6219:
6212:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6159:General Electric
5954:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5691:
5681:
5648:
5611:
5578:Norrie, H. S., "
5575:
5533:
5516:(6): 1717β1719.
5500:
5452:
5443:
5429:Electrical World
5400:Hickman, Bert, "
5326:
5317:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5211:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4862:Evening Standard
4853:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4779:
4770:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4729:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4680:. Archived from
4670:
4664:
4663:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4560:. IEEE: 519β522.
4549:
4543:
4542:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4499:
4490:
4484:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4395:Electrical World
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4269:on May 17, 2016.
4265:. Archived from
4254:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4024:
4018:
4009:
4003:
3994:
3988:
3972:
3966:
3957:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3928:oneTesla website
3920:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3880:
3874:
3858:
3852:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3752:
3727:
3726:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3667:
3654:
3652:, Ch.2, pp. 8β10
3645:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3577:
3568:
3545:
3544:
3524:
3495:
3494:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3440:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3232:
3191:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3134:Leydorf, G. F.,
3126:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3069:Robert B. Dome,
3061:
3048:
3035:
3017:
2901:Skin-effect myth
2895:
2888:
2887:(> 1000 Watt)
2641:
2635:
2567:
2552:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2414:
2406:
2329:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2264:
2256:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2109:
2101:
2091:Columbia College
2035:
2020:
1963:) they contain:
1868:
1789:Rotary spark gap
1773:Static spark gap
1663:brush discharges
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1442:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
987:
986:
977:
965:
960:
958:
957:
955:
954:
945:
944:
935:
923:
898:
896:
895:
890:
887:
885:
884:
882:
881:
872:
871:
862:
850:
845:
844:
833:
831:
830:
828:
827:
818:
817:
808:
796:
791:
790:
763:
761:
760:
755:
752:
751:
734:
732:
731:
726:
723:
722:
611:The oscillating
532:
515:
497:proximity effect
205:brush discharges
189:brush discharges
138:X-ray generation
31:
24:
20:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6565:SI derived unit
6517:The Current War
6421:
6390:
6351:
6340:
6279:Telegeodynamics
6234:
6228:
6223:
6193:
6188:
6142:
6096:
5969:Autotransformer
5955:
5946:
5920:Transformer oil
5900:Stacking factor
5890:Severity factor
5783:
5777:
5738:
5719:
5714:
5455:
5446:
5437:
5426:
5335:
5333:Further reading
5330:
5329:
5314:
5291:
5287:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5212:
5203:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5155:
5148:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5110:
5103:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5063:
5059:
5048:Popular Science
5040:
5036:
5029:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4986:
4979:
4968:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4854:
4850:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4780:
4773:
4762:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4730:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4626:weirdscience.eu
4618:
4614:
4607:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4506:
4502:
4491:
4487:
4482:, Ch.1, pp. 1β6
4476:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4298:
4291:
4278:
4274:
4263:
4252:
4241:
4234:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4164:
4160:
4147:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4119:The Electrician
4111:
4104:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4025:
4021:
4010:
4006:
3995:
3991:
3986:Wayback Machine
3975:Gerekos, 2012,
3973:
3969:
3958:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3906:
3899:
3894:Wayback Machine
3883:Gerekos, 2012,
3881:
3877:
3872:Wayback Machine
3861:Gerekos, 2012,
3859:
3855:
3850:Wayback Machine
3839:Gerekos, 2012,
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3753:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3696:, reprinted on
3689:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3657:
3646:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3575:
3569:
3548:
3541:
3525:
3498:
3491:
3475:
3464:
3457:
3441:
3418:
3381:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3189:
3177:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3023:Others' patents
3013:
2956:Tesla's patents
2953:
2947:
2945:Related patents
2903:
2893:
2886:
2835:radio frequency
2823:
2815:Rice University
2811:
2802:
2734:science museums
2717:
2705:
2696:radio frequency
2643:current-limited
2636:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2493:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2431:
2415:
2404:
2356:arrangement of
2322:
2316:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2281:
2265:
2254:
2198:, a series LC (
2153:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2110:
2099:
2067:William Thomson
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2024:Henry Rowland's
2021:
2010:
2004:
1986:triple-resonant
1972:double-resonant
1953:
1951:Number of coils
1923:Continuous wave
1905:interface. Two
1871:Star Wars theme
1858:
1743:
1735:
1696:brush discharge
1688:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1086:radio frequency
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
992:
988:
982:
978:
976:
969:
964:
950:
946:
940:
936:
934:
927:
922:
914:
911:
910:
905:
877:
873:
867:
863:
861:
854:
849:
840:
836:
823:
819:
813:
809:
807:
800:
795:
786:
782:
780:
777:
776:
747:
743:
740:
737:
736:
718:
714:
711:
708:
707:
696:
567:
565:Operation cycle
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
533:
525:
524:
516:
366:
360:
354:
324:The Tesla coil
306:primary winding
274:radio frequency
237:radio frequency
181:
134:phosphorescence
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6634:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6611:Power supplies
6608:
6603:
6598:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6294:Wireless power
6291:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6199:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6128:Repeating coil
6125:
6123:Polyphase coil
6120:
6115:
6113:Induction coil
6110:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5835:High-leg delta
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5815:Circle diagram
5812:
5807:
5802:
5800:Buchholz relay
5797:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5776:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5718:
5717:External links
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5698:
5692:
5649:
5612:
5583:
5576:
5566:(3): 424β440.
5555:
5548:
5541:
5540:". IEEE, 2001.
5534:
5501:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5444:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5422:Tesla-Coil.com
5407:
5398:
5389:
5380:
5371:
5362:
5353:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5312:
5285:
5256:(5): 715β734.
5233:
5226:
5201:
5181:
5175:978-1420009460
5174:
5146:
5131:
5101:
5084:
5078:978-8122404685
5077:
5057:
5034:
5028:978-3319468105
5027:
5007:
5001:978-1483161495
5000:
4977:
4959:
4929:
4923:978-1136034091
4922:
4902:
4875:
4848:
4831:
4825:978-1107498334
4824:
4801:
4794:
4771:
4763:KovΓ‘cs (1945)
4751:
4715:
4701:
4687:
4665:
4658:
4638:
4612:
4606:978-0080514567
4605:
4585:
4563:
4544:
4538:978-1934451892
4537:
4517:
4500:
4485:
4470:
4443:
4412:
4381:
4335:
4309:
4289:
4272:
4262:978-0471783015
4261:
4232:
4189:
4158:
4136:
4102:
4091:(2): 240β244.
4075:
4042:
4019:
4004:
4001:, Ch. 2, p. 10
3989:
3977:The Tesla Coil
3967:
3941:
3915:
3897:
3885:The Tesla Coil
3875:
3863:The Tesla Coil
3853:
3841:The Tesla Coil
3831:
3801:
3774:
3728:
3722:978-0080514567
3721:
3701:
3673:The Tesla Coil
3655:
3633:
3600:
3546:
3540:978-0299215804
3539:
3496:
3490:978-1259062896
3489:
3462:
3456:978-0852961582
3455:
3416:
3395:(3): 301β333.
3368:
3361:
3338:
3331:
3308:
3301:
3281:
3254:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3158:
3147:Van Voorhies,
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2946:
2943:
2902:
2899:
2839:electric shock
2822:
2819:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2716:
2713:
2704:
2701:
2625:
2624:Air discharges
2622:
2616:
2613:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2318:
2317:
2268:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2220:secondary coil
2155:
2154:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:Main article:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1979:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1941:output. Power
1920:
1919:
1918:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1719:electric field
1687:
1684:
1680:insulating oil
1671:electric field
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1342:
1338:
1315:
1311:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1184:
1180:
1157:
1153:
1130:
1126:
1101:
1100:Output voltage
1098:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1015:
1014:
995:
991:
985:
981:
975:
972:
968:
963:
953:
949:
943:
939:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
903:
900:
899:
880:
876:
870:
866:
860:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
826:
822:
816:
812:
806:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
750:
746:
721:
717:
695:
692:
656:
655:
648:
644:
640:
613:magnetic field
609:
590:
566:
563:
562:
561:
555:
534:
527:
526:
517:
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
505:
504:
493:
477:
423:secondary coil
353:
350:
349:
348:
333:
322:
312:
295:
193:electric field
180:
177:
165:electrotherapy
149:electrotherapy
142:high-frequency
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
51:
47:
46:
33:Tesla coil at
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6633:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6490:
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6486:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6474:
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6470:
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6464:
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6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6347:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6311:Tesla turbine
6309:
6307:
6306:Radio control
6304:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:Manufacturers
6145:
6139:
6138:Trembler coil
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
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5818:
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5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5762:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5697:
5694:Reed, J. L.,
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5664:(3): 035113.
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
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5553:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5324:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5294:Sarkar, T. K.
5289:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5144:, pp. 222β223
5143:
5142:
5135:
5124:September 15,
5119:
5115:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4984:
4982:
4974:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4952:September 13,
4947:
4946:Classic Tesla
4943:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4906:
4895:September 15,
4890:
4886:
4879:
4868:September 23,
4863:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4795:9781869280055
4791:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4776:
4769:, pp. 205β206
4768:
4767:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4739:
4735:
4734:"Safety page"
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4661:
4659:9781869799304
4655:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4474:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4323:
4319:
4318:"Transformer"
4313:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4244:Sarkar, T. K.
4239:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:, pp. 279β280
4030:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3806:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3682:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3618:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3164:
3160:Gene Koonce,
3159:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:J. S. Stone,
3029:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2865:electrocution
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2821:Health issues
2818:
2816:
2809:Teslaphoresis
2806:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2566:
2551:
2542:
2523:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2485:This section
2483:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2461:
2453:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2419:This section
2417:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2314:
2311:
2303:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2269:This section
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2114:This section
2112:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:" before the
2084:
2080:
2079:Elihu Thomson
2076:
2075:Henry Rowland
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2041:Elihu Thomson
2034:
2025:
2019:
2009:
1996:
1995:tank circuits
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:Spark-excited
1748:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:tuned circuit
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:streamer arcs
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1313:
1309:
1286:
1282:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1182:
1178:
1155:
1151:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
979:
973:
970:
966:
961:
951:
947:
941:
937:
931:
928:
924:
919:
916:
909:
908:
907:
878:
874:
868:
864:
858:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
824:
820:
814:
810:
804:
801:
797:
792:
787:
783:
775:
774:
773:
771:
767:
748:
744:
719:
715:
705:
701:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
579:
578:
576:
572:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
545:
544:
531:
522:
514:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
478:
475:
471:
470:eddy currents
467:
463:
462:
461:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
424:
420:
417:
413:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
394:tuned circuit
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
359:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
285:
284:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
230:
226:
222:
217:
210:
209:streamer arcs
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
176:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
88:
84:
80:
77:
75:Related items
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
6570:Lunar crater
6552:
6545:
6538:
6530:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6485:The Prestige
6483:
6480:(2003 opera)
6475:
6467:
6383:
6369:
6362:
6283:
6252:plasma globe
6226:Nikola Tesla
6132:
5942:Vector group
5728:
5701:
5661:
5657:
5620:
5616:
5594:(10): 2300.
5591:
5587:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5472:
5468:
5448:
5439:
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5117:
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4861:
4851:
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4764:
4744:September 6,
4742:. Retrieved
4737:
4704:
4690:
4682:the original
4677:
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4648:
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4629:. Retrieved
4625:
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4566:
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4456:
4446:
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4434:. Retrieved
4429:
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4403:. Retrieved
4398:
4394:
4384:
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4352:
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4321:
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4282:
4275:
4267:the original
4248:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4182:November 30,
4180:. Retrieved
4175:
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3927:
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3817:
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3787:
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3760:
3711:
3704:
3688:. Retrieved
3681:the original
3672:
3649:
3624:. Retrieved
3615:
3591:. Retrieved
3579:
3529:
3479:
3445:
3392:
3388:
3351:
3321:
3291:
3284:
3274:February 10,
3272:. Retrieved
3267:
3264:"Tesla coil"
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3240:
3237:"Tesla coil"
3181:Faraday cage
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3063:
3050:
3037:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2927:permeability
2916:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2891:
2875:hyperthermic
2868:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2832:
2812:
2803:
2775:
2756:
2750:
2741:science fair
2738:
2731:
2723:
2706:
2703:Applications
2688:
2684:electric arc
2672:
2664:
2660:space charge
2648:
2618:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2571:frequencies.
2517:
2494:Please help
2486:
2456:
2447:
2432:Please help
2420:
2383:tank circuit
2379:
2338:
2306:
2297:
2282:Please help
2270:
2242:
2216:primary coil
2196:tank circuit
2193:
2166:showing the
2143:
2134:
2123:Please help
2118:verification
2115:
2082:
2071:Oliver Lodge
2063:Joseph Henry
2059:Felix Savary
2048:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1943:vacuum tubes
1931:tank circuit
1922:
1890:
1884:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1807:: These use
1804:
1800:
1788:
1778:
1772:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1700:
1647:
1582:
1472:
1426:
1272:
1198:
1111:
1083:
1016:
901:
697:
671:
669:
661:damped waves
657:
651:
636:
628:
624:
616:
601:
597:
586:
582:
574:
570:
568:
557:
547:
542:
484:
455:
434:
430:
425:
418:
414:through the
411:
404:
402:primary coil
381:
377:
369:
367:
336:
325:
318:
308:
301:
291:
282:
267:
258:switches or
234:
228:
224:
220:
173:
127:
104:Nikola Tesla
95:
93:
69:Nikola Tesla
18:
6535:(2020 film)
6520:(2019 film)
6512:(2017 film)
6504:(2016 film)
6488:(2006 film)
6472:(1980 film)
6321:Tesla valve
6247:Plasma lamp
6108:Hybrid coil
5910:Tap changer
5850:Magnet wire
5780:Transformer
5723:βΉ The
3979:, pp. 1, 23
3887:, pp. 19β20
3865:, pp. 15β18
3843:, pp. 38β42
3580:Tesla Coils
3043:A. Nickle,
2923:resistivity
2909:skin effect
2894:50 or 60 Hz
2709:arc welders
2678:, called a
2539:Tesla coil
2504:Wikiversity
2450:August 2015
2387:interrupter
2358:transistors
2354:full-bridge
2350:half-bridge
2345:vacuum tube
2333:Maker Faire
2300:August 2015
2204:capacitance
2137:August 2015
2055:Leyden jars
1946:excitation.
1895:loudspeaker
1817:transistors
1723:corona ring
1651:breaks down
1090:radio noise
770:capacitance
501:skin effect
398:tuning fork
386:capacitance
372:, called a
289:transformer
260:vacuum tube
147:phenomena,
79:Transformer
6590:Categories
6284:Tesla coil
6235:inventions
6233:Career and
6133:Tesla coil
6118:Oudin coil
5810:Center tap
5740:Tesla coil
5394:Tesla Coil
4463:August 20,
3219:References
3201:Oudin coil
2949:See also:
2918:skin depth
2847:nerve cell
2763:Alan Gibbs
2584:horsepower
2541:schematics
2512:Wikivoyage
2391:duty cycle
2375:oscillator
2341:transistor
2238:spun metal
2200:inductance
1982:Three coil
1907:modulation
1829:oscillator
1813:thyristors
1811:, usually
1741:Excitation
766:inductance
676:inductance
474:hysteresis
390:LC circuit
252:transistor
240:oscillator
169:violet ray
151:, and the
96:Tesla coil
22:Tesla coil
6274:Teleforce
5497:109593995
4578:April 12,
4374:March 29,
4219:0095-9197
4068:August 2,
3934:August 2,
3243:. PBS.org
2939:diathermy
2931:frequency
2870:diathermy
2813:In 2016,
2794:ArcAttack
2761:owned by
2652:capacitor
2634:10 000 V,
2605:neon sign
2520:June 2018
2508:Wikibooks
2487:contains
2421:does not
2271:does not
2246:resonator
2233:resonates
2225:capacitor
2212:spark gap
2208:capacitor
2168:lightning
1990:magnifier
1961:inductors
1939:sine wave
1899:MIDI file
1758:spark gap
1707:capacitor
974:π
932:π
859:π
805:π
700:resonance
680:impedance
665:sine wave
466:iron core
416:spark gap
409:capacitor
316:spark gap
299:capacitor
270:kilovolts
256:thyristor
248:spark gap
179:Operation
116:frequency
87:resonance
43:Australia
35:Questacon
6575:Asteroid
6356:Writings
6169:ProlecGE
5880:Resolver
5865:Polarity
5855:Metadyne
5725:template
5688:25832281
5645:22852736
5323:Archived
5280:19869368
4369:51669988
4227:51671246
4059:Archived
4038:Archived
3982:Archived
3890:Archived
3868:Archived
3846:Archived
3824:July 24,
3794:April 4,
3767:July 24,
3690:July 27,
3626:July 26,
3593:July 26,
3584:Archived
3411:55561957
3175:See also
3144:". 1966.
3118:". 1922.
3105:". 1922.
3092:". 1914.
2854:RF burns
2767:Auckland
2758:Electrum
2753:Eric Orr
2725:Electrum
2371:feedback
1968:Two coil
1840:Q factor
1819:such as
1801:Switched
1767:Q factor
1703:toroidal
552:grounded
548:Unipolar
458:Q factor
443:toroidal
378:transfer
345:Q factor
326:(L1, L2)
130:lighting
65:Inventor
55:lighting
39:Canberra
6426:Related
6289:history
6242:Patents
6179:Siemens
5905:Synchro
5830:Growler
5805:Bushing
5727:below (
5666:Bibcode
5625:Bibcode
5596:Bibcode
5518:Bibcode
5477:Bibcode
5320:archive
5271:2131316
4631:July 3,
4035:archive
3247:May 20,
3077:Antenna
3051:Antenna
2645:supply.
2442:removed
2427:sources
2362:MOSFETs
2339:Modern
2292:removed
2277:sources
2002:History
1821:MOSFETs
1655:ionizes
558:Bipolar
370:(L1,L2)
114:, high-
112:current
108:voltage
5788:Topics
5782:topics
5744:Curlie
5730:Curlie
5686:
5643:
5495:
5310:
5278:
5268:
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4328:May 1,
4259:
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4129:May 1,
3719:
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3409:
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2879:ICNIRP
2680:leader
2676:plasma
2615:Tuning
2502:it to
2229:ground
2214:, and
2172:plasma
2170:-like
2073:. and
2069:, and
2053:using
1877:, 2024
1665:, and
1659:corona
688:chokes
536:coils.
487:, the
421:. The
197:ionize
110:, low-
6532:Tesla
6501:Tesla
6395:Other
6101:Coils
5961:Types
5795:Balun
5493:S2CID
4365:S2CID
4253:(PDF)
4223:S2CID
4062:(PDF)
4055:(PDF)
3684:(PDF)
3677:(PDF)
3620:(PDF)
3587:(PDF)
3576:(PDF)
3407:S2CID
2790:BjΓΆrk
2588:spark
2580:watts
2556:used.
2510:, or
2366:IGBTs
2364:, or
2352:, or
1988:, or
1957:coils
1825:IGBTs
1763:ozone
1733:Types
1170:. If
647:time.
619:, by
521:torus
341:torus
59:music
6560:Boat
6184:TBEA
5684:PMID
5641:PMID
5308:ISBN
5276:PMID
5222:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5126:2017
5073:ISBN
5023:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4954:2017
4918:ISBN
4897:2017
4870:2017
4820:ISBN
4790:ISBN
4746:2017
4654:ISBN
4633:2023
4601:ISBN
4580:2015
4533:ISBN
4465:2015
4438:2015
4407:2015
4376:2011
4330:2015
4257:ISBN
4215:ISSN
4184:2015
4131:2015
4070:2015
3936:2015
3826:2015
3796:2017
3769:2015
3717:ISBN
3692:2015
3628:2015
3595:2015
3535:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3451:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3327:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3276:2024
3249:2008
2925:and
2843:ions
2778:MIDI
2500:move
2425:any
2423:cite
2335:2008
2275:any
2273:cite
1903:MIDI
1657:and
768:and
735:and
629:(C2)
617:(L2)
602:(L1)
598:(SG)
587:(C1)
575:(C1)
472:and
435:(C2)
431:(L2)
426:(L2)
419:(SG)
412:(C1)
405:(L1)
319:(SG)
302:(C1)
207:and
167:and
159:for
50:Uses
6154:ABB
5742:at
5674:doi
5633:doi
5604:doi
5568:doi
5526:doi
5508:".
5485:doi
5473:271
5420:".
5266:PMC
5258:doi
5052:165
4357:doi
4207:doi
4093:doi
3397:doi
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3127:, "
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2782:PWM
2637:60
2436:by
2343:or
2286:by
2127:by
2089:at
1970:or
1889:or
1823:or
1815:or
1803:or
1752:or
1094:RFI
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583:(T)
571:(T)
485:(M)
337:(E)
292:(T)
254:or
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625:C1
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