711:) about 40 kilometres (25 mi) inland. Te Kooti's fighting force amounted to around 150 to 160 warriors although only 40 to 50 of them had firearms. The Ringatū narrowly avoided being intercepted by Biggs and his men, who arrived at Whareongaonga too late to stop them. On discovering he had missed Te Kooti, Biggs marched his 70-strong force to Paparatu via a more direct route through open country, intending to cut off his quarry as they crossed the Arai Stream. He and his men reached Paparatu on 18 July where Biggs left Westrupp in command and returned to Tūranga to organise a resupply. On the morning of 20 July, the government forces sighted Te Kooti's followers and moved onto two hills overlooking their route forward. Te Kooti split his armed men into two parties, one of which mounted intermittent attacks to the front as a diversion while the other worked its way around to the rear. This took several hours but at 4:00pm, the rearwards party attacked Westrupp's force, killing two Europeans and forcing a retreat. Te Kooti seized food, arms and ammunition and 80 horses.
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government land if he stayed away from
Gisborne. Although cordial, Te Kooti told the officials that he was determined to return. As a token of his peaceful intentions he surrendered a small revolver that he normally carried. The government shipped troops and artillery to Gisborne to form a military force of 377 under Major Porter in early 1889. Rumours of threats continued until the force went to Waioeka Pa and found Te Kooti drunk with 4 of his wives and some 400 supporters, who were arrested. He was bound over to keep the peace but as he could not afford the fine or bond he was taken to Mt Eden jail in Auckland where he was persuaded by the Ladies Temperance Movement to take the pledge against drinking alcohol and imprisoned for a short time before being released. Te Kooti wrote a letter of apology to the government explaining that his recent conduct had been caused by drink.
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1515:, seizing arms and gunpowder and capturing more than 170 men, women and children, intending to hold them ransom to gain more male fighters for his force. He retreated to Maraetahi in the Waioeka gorge, where just over a year earlier he had established a small village, complete with acres of maize and other crops. Te Kooti remained undisturbed there for a month until the arrival on March 25 of forces led by both Ropata—picking their way up the boulder-strewn Waioeka River from the north—and Te Keepa, who was marching down the river from the south. An hour-long firefight erupted before the village and nearby Raipawa pā were taken. About 300 occupants were taken prisoner, all but 87 of them being Whakatohea prisoners, and about 19 taken captive were executed in the riverbed by tomahawk or gun. Te Kooti managed to flee with about 20 men.
1483:, where Te Kooti sought a truce directly with Te Mamaku and local Arawa, and asked local Māori for permission for his party—240 men and 100 women—to cross their land towards Ruatāhuna in the Urewera. Gilbert Mair, who arrived soon after with a contingent of Arawa fighters, was angered by the request, which was being considered by local chiefs, and ordered his men to pursue Te Kooti. Following just 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) behind, Mair's force began a 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) chase that turned into a series of running battles, engaging the rearguard of Te Kooti's forces before being halted by an ambush. Two of Te Kooti's two key fighters, Peka Mākarini and Timoti Hakopa died in that engagement and as night fell, Te Kooti and about 200 with him plunged into the bush, moving rapidly southeast through the night beyond
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constabulary and militia came south from
Cambridge and Lieutenant-Colonel James Fraser with 90 constabulary and 150 Arawa moved to block Te Kooti's retreat to the Urewera. Another 210 Arawa were also on the march to join McDonnell. Against those 1200 men, Te Kooti may have had as few as 100 men. Te Kooti slipped out of Tapapa as the force arrived, and on 24 January the government forces seized and burned the deserted village. Early the next morning Te Kooti launched a surprise raid on the military camp, with each side losing about four men before Te Kooti was driven off. Although Te Keepa managed to recapture about 100 of the horses Te Kooti had been using, the government party lost the trail of the skilled guerrilla fighter.
428:, from where he had escaped with almost 200 Māori prisoners of war and their families. Te Kooti desired to be left in peace but two weeks after their return to the mainland, members of his party found themselves being pursued by a force of militia, government troops and Māori volunteers. Te Kooti's force routed them in an ambush, seizing arms, ammunition, food and horses. The engagement was the first in what became a four-year guerrilla war, involving more than 30 expeditions by colonial and Māori troops against Te Kooti's dwindling number of warriors. Although initially fighting defensively against pursuing government forces, Te Kooti went on the offensive from November 1868, starting with a raid on
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The chiefs were also concerned that the supplies of the communities were being drained by massive hui leading to the people being ill-prepared to face winter. Chiefs complained that Te Kooti was forcing his adherents to raise money for him by selling family crops and animals. School teachers and native officers sent report to the government that this was resulting in children being malnourished. Te Kooti, conscious of his age, decided to return to
Poverty Bay. This alarmed the government and the people of Poverty Bay. In February a telegram signed by a number of Ngāti Porou chiefs went to parliament saying they would rise up if Te Kooti did not turn back.
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the hand and severed a finger. It was his third injury in battle, after sustaining an ankle injury at
Puketapu and a shoulder wound at Ngatapa. In what turned out to be the last major battle of the New Zealand Wars, between 37 and 52 of Te Kooti's force were killed—a sixth of his fighting force—and more than 20 women and children taken prisoner at Te Pōrere. The government loss was four killed and four wounded. Within days Horonuku, who had been sheltering in the bush after escaping, surrendered. Belich noted: "Te Porere was Te Kooti's last stand in a prepared position, and his last attempt at anything other than raid, ambush and the evasion of pursuit."
55:
64:
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1173:, the expected centre of resistance. The first column was to start from Wairoa in the south and cross Lake Waikaremoana; this force was led by Lieutenant Colonel J. L. Herrick. The second, under Lieutenant-Colonel St John, was from Ōpōtiki in the north, pushing up the Whakatāne River. The third was led by Whitmore and this would move up the Rangitaiki River and enter the Urewera from the west. The invasion force outnumbered the total population of the Urewera and involved about 1300 troops: 620 constabulary, 95 militia and 500
813:. As a result, about 30 Tūhoe warriors joined the Ringatū at Puketapu. This increased the number of fighting men in the Ringatū to around 250, but several still lacked firearms. Te Kooti pondered his next move, a trek into the Waikato region. Accordingly he sought Tāwhiao's assent to enter the King Country and also asked Tūhoe chiefs permission to enter their land. While Tūhoe deferred their decision, Tāwhiao sent an outright rejection, warning the Ringatū would be repelled if they encroached on his territory.
117:
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844:, such that by 25 October, its garrison numbered about 700 men. It was then discovered that it was a false alarm. About 500 men set out from Wairoa for Puketapu under the command of Major Charles Lambert. They found it empty and returned to Wairoa on 6 November. As a precaution, Biggs, still considering an attack possible, posted scouts on the routes into the area coming from the south. He considered this the likely direction of Te Kooti's approach.
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1464:, who promised that no military movement would occur while the two negotiated. But when Pollen returned to Auckland to pass on Te Kooti's proposal, he was rebuked by Fox, who ordered the agent to cease interfering in the military campaign. Fox wrote to Pollen that Te Kooti was "a midnight murderer of defenceless women and helpless children ... a man of atrocious cruelty and outrage" who was "repudiated and abhorred by the bulk of his people".
164:
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1267:, a senior adviser to the King, had invited Te Kooti to Te Kuiti, but on the proviso that he came in peace. Te Kooti's response was one of defiance, warning that he was coming to "assume himself the authority which he coming directly from God was entitled to". His chief aim for the visit was simple: to rouse Tāwhiao's support for renewed war against the government and wrest back the confiscated land. Accompanied by
968:, standing 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level and surrounded by cliffs on three sides and dense bush on the side facing any opposing force. Te Kooti had hastily begun strengthening its defences with earthworks. On 4 December Ropata, with as few as 150 men, gained some ground in a rush on the pā, but was forced to abandon the assault a day later and return to Tūranga, short of gunpowder and men.
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dominion" by the King within his borders. Premier Fox, who was desperately trying to cut military expenditure, strongly opposed proposals for Māori self-government under the Māori king, as urged by Bowen and former Chief
Justice Sir William Martin, but the formation of a more robust pan-Māori alliance could have become a tipping point to create a system of separate Māori rule in their territory.
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almost perpendicular face on vines woven to form a rope or ladder. Ngāti Porou set off in immediate pursuit and flushed out 130 male prisoners from the bush and gorges below. They were marched up the hill to the pā and executed. Around 135 women and children were spared execution, with most taken by Ngāti Porou as their own prisoners. About 20 male prisoners were kept to be put on trial.
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586:. The prisoners were treated roughly by their guards and the harsh climate resulted in a number of deaths. During his confinement on the Chathams, Te Kooti began to have visions, following a period of illness. From these, he began to develop his own religion, which combined aspects of Christianity, drawn from the Old and New Testaments, and Māori beliefs. He called it
927:, now numbering 700, promptly attacked with the Ngāti Porou at the centre of the assault. However most of Te Kooti's force had already escaped out the back of Makaretu, leaving behind a rearguard, most of whom were killed. Among the dead was Nama. Two prisoners were taken and Ropata ordered them to be executed. The leader of the Napier contingent of Ngāti Kahungunu,
606:. Te Kooti had ordered that no one be harmed but one guard was killed in the uprising by a prisoner seeking vengeance for harsh treatment. A total of 298 people—163 men, 64 women and 71 children—sailed out of the Chatham Islands for mainland New Zealand. Te Kooti and his Ringatū followers arrived at a secluded cove at Whareongaonga, about halfway between Tūranga and
44:
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lake to where Te Kooti was sheltering. This venture continued until 8 July when
Herrick, advised of Te Kooti's departure from the Urewera, scuttled his boats and returned south. The cost of the expedition, some £40,000 to £60,000, was an embarrassment to the government although Whitmore would subsequently claim it was a success. His
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with
Gascoyne in pursuit of Te Kooti. They were joined by 100 Ngāti Rongowhakaata and a small contingent of Armed Constabulary. They headed inland to cut off Te Kooti's passage to the Urewera Ranges; on 20 November two of his men were spotted and killed near Patutahi and the tracks of the rest were picked up. The chasing
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fulfilled, Tāwhiao had renounced armed conflict and declared 1867–68 as the "year of the lamb" and "year of peace"; in April 1869 he had issued another proclamation that "the slaying of man by man is to cease". Though there were radical elements in the
Kingitanga movement who favoured a resumption of war, including
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traverse, making progress slow. On 5 August at Waihau, the
Poverty Bay militia that were part of Whitmore's force refused to advance any further on the grounds they had reached the boundary of their district; Whitmore's harsh treatment of them may have also been a factor. With the militia went their allied
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and Ōpōtiki. An observer noted 1,000 people gathered to hear him and the resident magistrate commented that for once Te Kooti was sober. Te Kooti was still far from popular with all Maori and was accused by chiefs of practicing makutu (black magic) to kill senior chiefs who he had previously opposed him.
1336:, Te Kooti and his followers left Te Kuiti and returned to Taupō, settling briefly at its southern end on 18 August before launching a Taupō campaign that took him to the brink of defeat. News of his return prompted the formation near Taupō of a 700-strong government force, with all but about 100 of them
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On 14 February 1872, Preece and his Te Arawa were at the junction of the Waiau and
Mangaone Streams, where they found a camp that had just been occupied by Te Kooti. They then spotted a group of people climbing the cliff on the opposite side of the flooded stream. One of them was Te Kooti. Shots were
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with 250 to 300 fighters for what eventuated as a disastrous attack. After striking from the densely forested hills of Te Ponanga saddle south of Tokaanu, they were driven back by a joint force of Henare Tomoana's Ngāti Kahungunu and Hohepa Tamamutu's Tuwharetoa. Te Kooti dug in at nearby Te Ponanga,
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or King's territory—an area the government considered too dangerous to attack, for fear of reviving Kingitanga aggression. At this point Rewi separated from Te Kooti and returned to the Waikato, unimpressed by Te Kooti's performance in battle and angered by the slaughter at Rotoaira on 7 September of
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A meeting between Te Kooti and Tāwhiao, had it taken place, would have been a confrontation of two prophets and leaders who had taken diametrically opposed positions on further war with the government. While Te Kooti viewed warfare as the means by which his vision of the return of their land would be
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by this time and Whitmore's men withdrew from the Urewera within a week. As justification, they blamed the caution of the Arawa. Herrick's expedition meanwhile pushed on, finally reaching Onepoto, at Lake Waikaremoana's south, on 24 May, and labored at building boats to cross to the north side of the
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The government losses were 11 men killed; five Armed Constabulary and six Ngāti Porou. Te Kooti's losses were far higher; having already lost 60 or so of his Ringatū warriors killed or taken prisoner at Makaretu, another 130, around half of his total fighting force, were killed at Ngatapa or executed
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Wilson, killing him, a servant and three of his four children and fatally wounding his wife. The attackers moved on to other homes, slaughtering the families of other settlers who had fought with the militia forces and setting fire to their houses. Many of the killings were followed by the singing of
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directed that a message be sent to Te Kooti at Puketapu stating that if the prisoners surrendered themselves and their arms, no further proceedings would be taken against them and land would be found for them to live on. Catholic missionary Father Euloge Reignier was chosen to act as the emissary and
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In May 2013, at the tangi of MP Parekura Horomia, the Tūhoe iwi, who had initially supported Te Kooti and the rebel Hau Hau movement in their 19th century war against the government, gave a gift to Ngāti Porou to end nearly 150 years of bitterness between the tribes. Ngāti Porou had provided many of
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Chiefs were concerned that groups such as Ngāti Awa and Ngāti Pūkeko would hand over the land to Te Kooti without any authority. The chiefs wrote to parliament to complain that Te Kooti was claiming mana over their land and instructing that the land should not be bought before the Native Land Court.
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On 22 September 1871, Captains Mair and Preece started from Fort Galatea on another Urewera expedition. The Arawa forces unexpectedly came upon Te Kooti's camp, which was taken after a brief skirmish. Wi Heretaunga was captured. He was believed to a participant in the murders of Captain James Wilson
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Within days McDonnell was relieved of his command and McLean, as Native Minister, announced that from 11 February Māori would control all the expeditions into the Urewera, with no European involvement. There would be no daily pay for soldiers; instead they would compete for £5,000 reward offered for
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Fox continued preparations for a large-scale confrontation and within days substantial forces were closing in on Tapapa: McDonnell and 250 men approached from Tokaanu up the eastern side of Lake Taupō; Te Keepa, Topia and 370 Wanganuis moved up the west side; Lieutenant-Colonel William Moule and 135
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and possibly Tāwhiao himself, moderates continued to warn the King that the Ringatū had little chance of success. Te Kooti had been angered by Tāwhiao's refusal the previous November to send reinforcements during their campaigns near Tūranga and had then threatened that if he remained aloof he would
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was looted and later burned. Whitmore continued on to Ruatāhuna, rendezvousing with St John's column on 7 May; the latter had attacked a kāinga at Omaruoteane, killing three men. The two commanders spent the next few days systematically destroying all settlements, crops and livestock in Ruatāhuna in
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where he had heard of the events of Rauporoa, came across mounted Ringatū pursuing Ngāti Pūkeko who had fled Rauporoa. The Ringatū rejoined the rest of Te Kooti's men and then turned and made to attack William Mair's Ōpōtiki party, which then withdrew to Whakatāne. On 13 March he was joined there by
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Desperate for arms and ammunition, Te Kooti led a second lightning raid on Tūranga on 12 December, killing some locals but failing to secure the supplies they needed. The raid galvanised Whitmore, who had arrived at Tūranga with his Armed Constabulary the previous week, to renew his campaign against
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As a result of the massacre, the government were now determined to deal with Te Kooti, placing a bounty for his capture and bringing back Whitmore's Armed Constabulary to the region. A party of 200 Ngāti Kahungunu from Napier had arrived at Tūranga and along with 140 warriors already there, departed
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were allowed to leave, it did not eventuate for the remaining prisoners and they grew increasingly frustrated at their confinement. By this time Te Kooti had ascended to a leadership role among the prisoners and held significant influence. On 4 July 1868 Te Kooti led a carefully planned and executed
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were fighting reluctantly and Te Kooti's brother was among the Hauhau at Waerenga-a-Hika. Te Kooti was accused of being a spy and was arrested after the siege ended. Allegations were made by the Rongowhakaata chief Pāora Parau that Te Kooti had provided gunpowder to the Hauhau. He was released after
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However Te Kooti remained unrepentant and belligerent. He went about armed with a revolver and threatened to take his gang back to Poverty Bay. He travelled extensively holding meetings to spread the Ringatū message. He was often accompanied by large groups of supporters to places such as Whakatāne
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was carried out. When in camp Te Kooti usually slept some distance away from his followers. This habit had saved him at Maraetahi and it did so again. He was almost killed but another man intercepted the bullet. He fired one shot and fled, naked, into the bush, and the hunt continued. At the end of
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declared that in revenge for earlier killings by Te Kooti of several kinsmen and a priest in the Taupō district, he would start his own search for the Ringatū leader from the east, while Te Keepa (Major Kemp) would comb the forest from Taupō in the west. Topia's campaign against Te Kooti and his 30
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Contrary to the expectation of their pursuers, who believed that Te Kooti and his remaining Ringatū followers would attempt to return to Puketapu, they retreated to the northeast to the outskirts of the Urewera mountains. Basing themselves at Maraetahi, near Oponae, about 40 kilometres (25 mi)
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of Ngāti Kahungunu managed to cross further downstream and fire on the reverse side of the island, which allowed the main body of Whitmore's force to withdraw. Five men were killed and six wounded, three of whom later died of their wounds. Ringatū casualties were two men killed and nine wounded, Te
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Westrupp's men encountered Whitmore's advancing column the next day. Despite Whitmore's attempt to dissuade them, they refused to join his force and instead continued on back to Poverty Bay. The Wairoa force, commanded by Captain W. Richardson, was ordered to move against Te Kooti in order to delay
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in the parapets had been built without allowing warriors to depress their gun barrels and aim at targets below. As the fight raged, Captain John St George—who had fought since 1865 against Pai Marire and Ringatū forces—was killed while leading his force on a charge, and a bullet struck Te Kooti in
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Te Kooti's latest series of raids saw his numbers increase and he gained significant amount of supplies, although little ammunition. It also prompted the evacuation to Auckland of most European women and children in the Bay of Plenty. Urged by Henry Clarke, in charge of Native Affairs at Tauranga,
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The survivors fled to the safety of the redoubt at Tūranga. The next day, Lieutenant Frederick Gascoyne of the Colonial Defence Force, who was one of the scouts watching the southern routes to Wairoa, took command at the redoubt having seen Te Kooti's men pillaging Matawhero when making his way to
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was split into several smaller contingents and struck several properties in the area. The party led by Te Kooti surrounded Biggs' home at Matawhero where he, his wife, their baby and servants were fatally shot, clubbed and bayoneted. Another party, led by Nama, attacked the family of Captain James
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who refused to fight, attacked Te Kooti at Te Koneke on 24 July. It was a halfhearted affair and after the Ringatū warriors began to flank Richardson's 75 or so men, the government forces withdrew and returned to Wairoa. Richardson claimed to have inflicted several casualties on Te Kooti's men but
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was sent by Biggs to seek the surrender of the escapees but Te Kooti refused. Having been held for over two years without trial, he did not trust the Government. He made it clear he did not wish to fight but would do so if he and his followers were forced to defend themselves or were hindered from
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and the start of Te Kooti's War, resulted in the deaths of proportionately more Māori than in any other district during the New Zealand Wars. It condemned the "illegal imprisonment" on the Chatham Islands of a quarter of the East Coast region's adult male population and said the loss in war of an
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Eventually in 1891 the government gave him an area of land at Wainui, at Ōhiwa Harbour in the Bay of Plenty, where a marae for the Ringatū church was later established. In February 1893 Te Kooti was injured in an accident involving the cart in which he was travelling to Ōhiwa Harbour. Although he
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This was the end of the involvement of the Whanganui contingent in the pursuit of Te Kooti. Te Keepa and his men had been on the march for three months. They were operating far from their own territory, fighting on behalf of the Government against an enemy who had never threatened his own people.
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gorge, from January through to March, he had a dialogue with Tūhoe leaders who, stung by recent confiscations of their tribal land near Ohiwa, debated amongst themselves whether to support Te Kooti. On 2 March, he came to an agreement to defend the Urewera with Tūhoe support. In the meantime, his
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and its 500 occupants, and cutting off their water supply. A high rocky precipice on the north side of Ngatapa, considered far too steep for use as an escape route, was left unguarded. Heavy rain fell as the siege continued and Te Kooti abandoned his outer defences in the early hours of 5 January
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At Ruakituri Gorge, downstream from Puketapu, on 8 August, Whitmore's column caught up with Te Kooti's force. The column was strung out along the gorge on account of the difficult terrain and exposed to fire from Te Kooti's men, some of whom had positioned themselves on an island mid-stream. Some
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entered to find mostly several women and children, most of them Te Kooti's prisoners, plus some wounded warriors; the latter were promptly killed. At least 190 occupants of Ngatapa had descended from the unguarded steep rock outcrop, lowering themselves more than 20 metres (66 ft) down the
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were fended off and in doing so, one of the leaders of the Ngāti Kahungunu, Hamuora Tairoa, was killed. They dug in on a ridge about 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) from Makaretu and waited for supplies of ammunition to be brought forward. However, Te Kooti sent a small raiding party to attack the
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The government was keen to keep the peace. The Minister of Defence was concerned that Te Kooti had been directly threatened by his old adversaries Ropata and the Ngāti Porou. The Prime Minister arranged a meeting in Auckland between himself, Te Kooti and the Native Minister where he was offered
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of the Armed Constabulary gathered a party of around 160 men but by the time they arrived at Rauporoa in the afternoon of 11 March, it had been abandoned. Te Kooti's men could be seen in the distance, but Mair declined to pursue as his forces appeared outnumbered; he estimated that the Ringatū
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Whitmore's column, now reinforced with men of the Armed Constabulary and numbering around 200 men, followed Te Kooti's tracks, having set out from Tūranga on 31 July, from where they had been transported via ship from Napier. The weather was poor and swelled the local rivers which they had to
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advocated granting "a separate principality" for Tāwhiao as a means of attaining peace, while the British government similarly urged the colonial government to "cede the lands conquered by the Queen's troops" and surrender "the Queen's sovereignty" in those areas, while recognising "absolute
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and its co-opted crew were allowed to leave after the ship was unloaded of its cargo and passengers and sailed for Wellington. In the meantime, the presence of the escaped prisoners became known to the residents of Poverty Bay. The Government also became aware of the situation, which was of
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and Whitmore and his men were withdrawn in early September from the East Coast and sent to deal with the threat this presented. The government, eager to free further resources for use against Tītokowaru, seized the moment to offer Te Kooti a peace agreement. In mid-October Defence Minister
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a day later. He sought Firth's help in achieving a truce with the government. He told him he would not surrender to the authorities, but said: "I am weary of fighting, and desire to live quietly at Tapapa. If I am let alone I will never fight more, and will not hurt man, woman or child."
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the soldiers who tracked down the guerilla leader in the late 1860s and had numerous conflicts with Tūhoe Hau Hau. During one conflict 120 Tūhoe Hau Hau were captured and killed. Tūhoe leader Tu Waaka said he did not want successive generations to be encumbered by the events of the past.
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They felt they had done enough and wanted to go home. McLean arranged their return to Whanganui. He also promised Ngāti Porou the Government would relinquish its claim to land on the East Cape. This incentivised Ropata to raise yet another contingent of Ngāti Porou to pursue Te Kooti.
1279:) and that the Waikato were his visitors. At an assembly attended by 200 Waikato Māori, Te Kooti urged them to hold the land and keep up the fighting. But though Te Kooti remained there for 15 days, with the village in a heightened state of tension as he continued to challenge the
1344:, which was camped at Tauranga-Taupō. But although Te Kooti took their horses and much of their equipment, he was forced to retreat under heavy fire. Three of his force were killed and several wounded. They then retreated to Moerangi, inside the relative security of the
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an attempt to drive the Tūhoe people to starvation. The mission faltered on 12 May when, after a brief clash with Te Kooti's advance guard, the Arawa fighters refused to advance beyond Ruatāhuna. Some of the government forces, including Whitmore, were afflicted with
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who had earlier refused to give him refuge or assistance, then arrived on 10 June at Tauranga, at the southern end of Lake Taupō, occupying the settlement for more than a week before moving to Moerangi, southwest of the lake, taking more prisoners as he travelled.
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of Ngāti Kahungunu, and was well supplied with ammunition, the securing of which was Te Kooti's objective. His 150-strong force swept through Mohaka, killing many men, women and children and some nearby colonists before moving to their primary targets, Te Huki
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negotiator, but was prevented from reaching Te Kooti and instead passed the message on via Pai Mārire warriors. If Te Kooti did receive the offer, he rejected it, suspicious of the government's intentions and aware that its scouts had reconnoitered Puketapu.
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the government instructed Whitmore to mount an invasion of the Urewera to deny Te Kooti a base for operations into the Bay of Plenty and the East Cape. By now, Te Kooti's attacks on the Māori population in the East Cape area had pushed the various affected
1030:, to the immediate south of Ohiwa Harbour and quickly gained its possession. He stayed for a few days, recruiting warriors and also ordering a surveyor, Robert Pitcairn, working nearby at Ohiwa, be killed. He then moved west and besieged a Ngāti Pūkeko
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At the end of December 1869 to the first week of January 1870 both Te Keepa and Topia and their combined force of 600 came close to capturing Te Kooti—again with a fighting force of about 90 and 200 women and children—in the upper Whanganui River near
482:, many of the later conflicts were due to the rise of prophetic Māori leaders and religious movements which threatened the autonomy of the government. These movements also subverted tribalism so often were met with hostility by the leaders of many
837:. This was false, and was a deception mounted by Te Kooti. He instead intended to raid Poverty Bay. To his followers he proclaimed: "God would give the Tūranganui country, and all the best places of the Europeans, back to him and his people".
590:, or the Upraised Hand. He held services where he used phosphorus and legerdemain to create the illusion of flames being emitted from his hands. Even when placed in solitary confinement, he escaped at night to preach to his fellow detainees.
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s fortifications, collecting supplies, and receiving reinforcements. The succession of victories over the previous few weeks attracted more recruits to Te Kooti's cause, including Ngāti Kohatu chief Korohina Te Rakiroa and some of his men.
870:, and nearby Matawhero, was home to about 150 European settlers and 500 Māori. Many of the men responsible for Te Kooti's exile to the Chatham Islands lived in the area. From Patutahi, on the night of 9 November, Te Kooti led a 100-strong
1311:, the sole remaining British regiment in New Zealand. Yet Binney has speculated that history could well have turned had Tāwhiao decided to join Te Kooti's campaign. In official correspondence between Auckland and London in 1869, Governor
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of inland Wairoa, Te Waru Tamatea, a Pai Mārire convert, and Nama, both of Ngāti Kahungunu. With them came about 50 of their men. Te Kooti solicited for more followers to support his movement, dispatching messengers to tribes at
1340:: Ngāti Kahungunu (230 men), Wanganui (160), Ngāti Tuwharetoa (130) and Arawa (50). On 10 September 1869 Te Kooti's force of about 280 mounted a pre-emptive strike against a 120-man mounted Ngāti Kahungunu contingent, led by
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the town. This left Te Kooti in control of the area. He remained in the district until 17 November, collecting supplies and taking around 300 Māori prisoners of which between 20 and 40 were executed. He also had a local
1394:—better known to Pākehā as Major Kemp—quickly took the outer trenches, then stormed the redoubt, discovering a fatal design flaw hindered the ability of those inside to effectively maintain fire on an attack force: the
883:, which concluded: "They who seek my life will be destroyed ... they will be given over to the sword and become food for jackals." Around 30 settlers, mostly younger men in the militia, were killed as well as 37 Māori.
1526:
leading a taua (war party) of Arawa, ranged through the Urewera Mountains, subjugating the Tūhoe and forcing them to hand over any fugitives they were sheltering. One welcome catch who fell into Ropata's hands was
1504:
Te Kooti's capture. The pursuit was instead led by both Te Keepa with his Whanganui warriors, and Ropata and his Ngāti Porou. Two columns of Te Arawa warriors would also be involved and Mair was to accompany them.
1283:
of the king, Tāwhiao refused to emerge from his home to meet him. The Kingitanga movement eventually decided to support Te Kooti, although not in outright hostilities—as well as a place of sanctuary inland on the
1575:. Te Kooti showed his gratitude the following month by rescuing a surveyor, Wilson Hursthouse, who had been taken prisoner, stripped and chained up by disciples of Te Whiti o Rongomai, a prophet from Parihaka.
737:
Kooti among them, but in his reports back to the government, Whitmore overstated Ringatū losses. The outcome of the pursuit of Te Kooti was an embarrassment for the government and the commitment of some of the
1090:
refused to move in the dark so the encirclement was incomplete. Te Kooti and his followers slipped out during the night and retreated into the Urewera. When the Mairs entered the next morning on realising the
1646:
was released based on events in Te Kooti's War. It was first banned by the censors office because of 'disturbing realism' but later cleared for release after it was proved the events depicted were based on
1487:
before emerging in the Urewera, and under the protection of the Tūhoe. As a result of the events of 7 February, Te Kooti lost considerable mana as well as at least 11 of his men. Mair was later awarded the
972:
Te Kooti, which he had decided just two days earlier to abandon after false reports that Te Kooti had quit Ngatapa and retired inland. He amassed a 600-man force—250 Europeans in the Armed Constabulary, 60
1432:
1217:
and took Te Kooti's vanguard to be who they were waiting for. Once Te Kooti's men entered the encampment they killed nine militia while five others escaped. Te Kooti gained all their arms and supplies.
912:
depot that was the expected source of the supplies of ammunition and this proved successful. They routed the small garrison at the depot and plundered 16,000 rounds of ammunition for Te Kooti's forces.
562:, the local magistrate and militia commander. Fresh allegations had been made that he had provided covert assistance to a key leader of the Hauhau. However, the charges against him were probably false.
1359:
but lost seven in battle, including Wi Piro, a close relative who had been prominent in all the Ringatū raids. The heads of his wounded warriors were severed by members of the government force.
1213:, on 7 June. The militia were an escort party for Colonel St. John, who was scouting potential positions for forts and had gone on ahead. The militia at Opepe were expecting to be joined by some
1415:
met Rewi Maniapoto, Tāmati Ngāpora and other Kingitanga chiefs, demanding that they surrender Te Kooti. Rewi refused, declaring that he would provide a sanctuary for Te Kooti within the
518:. He desired to become a preacher but soon fell out with the Whakatō Anglican mission where he had been baptised in 1852. He gained a reputation for lawlessness and philandering in the
1022:
Te Kooti went on the offensive a few days later, seeking to acquire weapons, ammunition and other supplies by raiding the area around Ohiwa Harbour and Whakatāne. He marched to the
462:
In modern times, much of the actions that occurred during Te Kooti's War, particularly in the early stages of the conflict, have been condemned as an abuse of law and human rights.
1382:, bound with layers of fern. The structure was designed for a fixed battle, a style of conflict that Te Kooti had previously avoided. Government forces, under the command of Major
895:. He then marched his followers and remaining prisoners inland to Makaretu, about 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Tūranga. The position was not favourable; a flat area next to the
1162:
resolved to shift the main colonial force to the east coast and by 20 April Whitmore and 600 Armed Constabulary were in Ōpōtiki, preparing for the formidable task of invading the
976:
led by European officers and over 300 Ngāti Porou led by Ropata and Hotene Porourangi—at Ngatapa on 31 December and launched the attack the following day, quickly encircling the
728:. These departures reduced the column to around 120 men. The adverse weather also affected the progress of Te Kooti's followers, which included women and children, to Paparatu.
1428:
immediate followers gained the approval of Tāwhiao, who now reversed his oath to sheath the sword, and the Whanganui chief sent out almost 400 scouts in search of his quarry.
907:
reached Makaretu on 23 November and having more than double the number of Te Kooti's men they promptly attacked across the flat area, which Te Kooti met with his warriors. The
582:
On the Chatham Islands, around 300 prisoners were kept in poor conditions, forced to build their own housing and cultivate their food, while the Government worked towards the
1158:
News of the March raids near Whakatāne had already reached Whitmore in Taranaki, who by then was abandoning his pursuit of Tītokowaru. Whitmore and Native Affairs Minister
923:
and Hotene Porourangi arrived. The Ngāti Porou were allied to the government and keen to enhance their interests by helping deal with the threat presented by Te Kooti. The
432:, in which selected European settlers, their families, and Māori opponents were murdered. The attack prompted another pursuit by government forces, one that included the
3386:
1205:
Te Kooti and his party, about 150 warriors and some women, headed for Taupō. On the way he launched a raid on an encampment of militia cavalry from the Bay of Plenty at
670:
Biggs scrambled to assemble a force with which to confront Te Kooti at Whareongaonga—his militia volunteers, the Mounted Rifles under Captain Charles Westrupp, and some
1188:
around noon on 6 May. Six defenders were killed and 50 prisoners, most of them women and children, were taken. The former were given to the Arawa contingent while the
570:
also noted that many in Poverty Bay preferred Te Kooti be out of the way. Despite the likely untruth of the allegations, Te Kooti was deported, without trial, to the
1202:
strategy had achieved its aim; in late May Tūhoe chiefs turned on Te Kooti and demanded he leave their territory and early the following month he left for Taupō.
1042:; it was taken on 11 March and Te Kooti ordered Guerren's wife, a Māori, be executed by her sister. Whakatāne itself was looted by one of Te Kooti's detachments.
1078:
were coerced, forcibly or otherwise, to joining his Ringatū. The Mairs followed along the Rangitaiki and at dusk the next day caught up with Te Kooti at Tauaroa
821:
In early October, anger was roused in Poverty Bay when it was discovered that followers of Te Kooti had murdered some Ngāti Kahungunu leaders at Whataroa on the
295:
1591:
resumed his journey he succumbed to his injuries on 17 April 1893. Originally buried at Maromahue, Waiotahe, his followers later removed and hid his remains.
1407:
Te Kooti and his followers—men, women and children—separated and scattered after the Te Pōrere defeat, many of them finding shelter in bushland in the upper
715:
their passage, while Whitmore took his men back to Napier to await his Armed Constabulary reinforcements. Richardson's party, depleted by at least 50 of the
1131:
of Ngāti Kahungunu arrived to help the defenders. Once again Te Kooti retreated to the Tūhoe heartland, the attack having killed 65 locals, mostly Māori.
1229:
Early in July Te Kooti and his followers and prisoners, a group of possibly more than 800, set off for Tokangamutu, the temporary residence of Māori king
698:, the commander of the Armed Constabulary and in overall charge of the pursuit of Te Kooti, would later be joined by 50 men of the Armed Constabulary.
1548:
the year, Ropata and his men withdrew from the Urewera and went home, ending the Ngāti Porou pursuit of Te Kooti. Only Te Arawa remained in the field.
539:, the followers of which being known as Hauhau, was spreading among the Ngāti Maru in the East Cape. Te Kooti stayed clear of the faith and during the
1479:, ambushed a 236-strong force led by Fraser, killing three or four, before vanishing again as they headed south. Four days later they appeared beside
1119:
on the coast. Te Huki was besieged overnight before being taken the next morning when Te Kooti proposed peace under a white flag. Once access to the
1299:
said the development heightened "the probability of a combined attack on the settled districts in the neighbourhood of Auckland" and both Houses of
981:
1869 after Te Arawa and Ngāti Porou fighters climbed the rock face and kept up heavy fire, while others in Whitmore's force provided covering fire.
1123:
was gained, its 26 occupants were killed. The raid netted Te Kooti enough ammunition to assault Hiruharama, but an attempted siege of the bigger
1001:. However, at least some of the executed were likely to have been Māori captured by Te Kooti in his raids in Poverty Bay rather than Ringatū.
761:
1608:
estimated 43 per cent of the male population, many through acts of "lawless brutality", was a stain on New Zealand's history and character.
1378:. The redoubt was built in the form of a European fortification, about 20 metres square, with 3 metre-high walls built of sod and
1552:
fired at the party but they missed and Te Kooti and his followers slipped away. These were the last shots fired in the New Zealand Wars.
192:
1295:
News of Te Kooti's presence in Te Kuiti, and the prospect of the two Māori leaders forming an alliance, alarmed the government. Premier
847:
488:(tribes) as well. Te Kooti's War was the last of these later wars, which involved the final field engagements of the New Zealand Wars.
288:
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mountains with the twin aims of capturing Te Kooti and destroying all Tūhoe settlements, and thereby their ability to shelter him.
931:, refused to allow it and withdrew his 250 men from the pursuit. Te Kooti in the meantime had moved with his followers to Ngatapa
753:
Resuming their trek, the Ringatū reached Puketapu a few days later. They would remain here for over two months, strengthening the
1328:
Captain John St George of the Hawkes Bay squadron of the Colonial Defence Force, who was killed during the storming of Te Pōrere.
741:
involved was questioned by some of the colonials. Nevertheless, Whitmore favourably noted the performance of the Ngāti Kahungunu
1412:
532:(chiefs) and because he also engaged in trading, undercutting local businessmen, became offside with some European settlers.
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four Māori scouts with Waikato connections. Any chance of a compact between Te Kooti and the Kingitanga had now vanished.
1308:
443:
tribes, which consequently suffered a series of damaging raids in which crops and villages were destroyed, as other Māori
2845:
1745:
720:
this was likely inflated while his own force had one man killed and another wounded, albeit in a friendly fire incident.
3370:
1669:
Two clinker whaleboats were built and subsequently scuttled. One was later recovered but the other remains in the lake.
1362:
But the most ignominious defeat was to come. Amid sleet, snow and driving winds, Te Kooti began preparing an earthwork
3211:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Māori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume II: The Hauhau Wars, 1864–72
3157:
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be cursed by Jehovah, who would command Te Kooti to march to Te Kuiti and put the king and his people to the sword.
3098:
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breakout from their internment, overpowering guards, seizing arms and ammunition and commandeering a schooner, the
567:
447:
were lured by the promise of a £5000 reward for Te Kooti's capture. Te Kooti was finally granted sanctuary by the
3375:
1507:
On February 28 Te Kooti struck south of Whakatāne, destroying a mill of an enemy chief, then a week later raided
779:
Across the country in Taranaki meanwhile, government forces had suffered a defeat at the hands of Tītokowaru at
891:, Paratene Pototi, who had played a role in Te Kooti being sent to the Chathams, murdered along with six other
583:
780:
474:
and British imperial and colonial forces, and their Māori allies. These clashes are collectively termed the
642:
travelling to the interior of the North Island, where he intended to establish a kingship to rival that of
1555:
On 15 May 1872 Te Kooti crossed the Waikato River and once again entered the territory of the Māori king,
436:
from which Te Kooti escaped but which resulted in the capture and execution of over 100 of his followers.
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3428:
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Promises had been made to the prisoners that they would be released after two years. While some senior
566:
later wrote that he did not consider allegations could be sustained against Te Kooti and the historian
558:
an investigation, but five months later, on 3 March 1866, he was seized again on the orders of Captain
2726:
1567:
In February 1883, the Government formally pardoned Te Kooti as part of a deal with Tāwhiao to put the
997:
in the aftermath of the siege when they were pursued through the bush following their escape from the
550:
3438:
3398:
1471:
On 3 February 1870 there was one more skirmish as Te Kooti and 40 warriors, camping in dense bush at
603:
424:
The conflict was sparked by Te Kooti's return to the East Coast after two years of internment on the
3126:
1489:
1391:
1307:, commander of the British forces in New Zealand, to cancel orders for a planned withdrawal of the
1296:
1152:
701:
Meanwhile, the Ringatū departed Whareongaonga on 15 July and began making their way to Paparatu, a
695:
478:. While some of the wars of this period were as a result of land confiscations or clashes with the
211:
197:
2504:
1568:
1045:
Before Rauporoa fell, messengers had been dispatched to Ōpōtiki seeking assistance. There, Major
620:
349:
1420:
1390:
with 540 men on the morning of 4 October in heavy rain. Ngāti Kahungunu and Arawa forces led by
1095:
was empty, they found the body of a young Te Arawa warrior who had been tortured and killed.
54:
1300:
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237:
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1038:. A Frenchman, Jean Guerren, who ran the local mill, was killed during the fighting at the
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331:
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The following month, on 10 April, Te Kooti launched another surprise strike, this time on
8:
1264:
691:
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1431:
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as long as he remained peaceful, but would hand him over if he caused trouble. But at a
1272:
1054:, William's brother, who had raised a force of 130 Te Arawa on his way to the area from
896:
417:
from 1868 to 1872, between government military forces and followers of spiritual leader
1643:
1603:
report said the action of Crown forces on the East Coast from 1865 to 1869, during the
1206:
928:
866:, a village in the western hills overlooking Poverty Bay. Tūranga, on the mouth of the
833:(revenge). At the same time, intelligence was received that Te Kooti planned to attack
343:
337:
1484:
1289:
1275:, he arrived at Te Kuiti on 10 July 1869, immediately declaring that he was the host (
1035:
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faith. He was formally pardoned by the government in February 1883 and died in 1893.
140:
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3191:
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3153:
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1600:
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1424:
785:
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From 1843 to 1872, there were a series of conflicts in New Zealand between the local
406:
355:
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1383:
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475:
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204:
30:
1495:
674:, nearly 90 men in total. Two other parties were raised; about 25 militia and 100
1604:
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1375:
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in the surrounding areas, and he had amassed a fighting force of around 130 men.
920:
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571:
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Less than two weeks later, on the morning of 25 September, Te Kooti returned to
471:
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244:
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Gilbert Mair and another Mair brother, Henry and waited for reinforcements.
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The Ringatū had increased their numbers with a number of recruits including a
133:
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1371:
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As a result of Te Kooti's misinformation, Wairoa was reinforced, mainly with
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1559:. This time he approached the King as supplicant and was granted asylum.
1285:
1237:, where he hoped to either force Tāwhiao into an alliance or topple him.
1169:
Whitmore planned an invasion using three separate columns, all targeting
511:
429:
3131:
The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
1234:
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of Te Arawa, in pursuit of Te Kooti, who in the meantime had attacked a
549:(loyal) Māori and Government troops against the Hauhau in the week-long
1441:
1163:
810:
1556:
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Firth passed the message to Daniel Pollen, the government's agent for
1324:
1249:
1230:
957:, on the summit of the hill, scene of a four-day siege in January 1869
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Arikirangi Te Turuki was born probably about 1831 into the Ngāti Maru
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148:
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In July 1871 Ropata and his Ngāti Porou, joined by Mair and Captain
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towards alignment with the government in taking action against him.
1015:
ranks soon expanded with warriors, mainly from Tūhoe but also other
545:
3381:
1531:, accused of Volkner's murder; he was worth £1,000 to his captors.
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Alerted by a woman's cry later that there were no men left in the
802:
455:, where he continued to develop rituals, texts and prayers of his
401:, the series of 19th-century conflicts in New Zealand between the
1476:
1444:
but were thwarted by floodwaters. On 16 January he reappeared at
1363:
1355:
1050:
numbered around 250 to 300 warriors. At the same, a party led by
961:
634:. A separate conflict on the East Coast was clearly undesirable.
43:
1543:
in April 1869. It was decided, that he should be shot, and this
1180:
The first action involved Whitmore's column attacking Te Harema
658:
3257:
Wars Without End: New Zealand's Land Wars – A Māori Perspective
2320:
2138:
1798:
1796:
1639:
is based very loosely around some incidents from Te Kooti's War
1539:
in November 1868. He was also accused of being involved in the
1445:
1386:, arrived at Papakai in the first week of October and launched
1379:
1099:
834:
686:, while a few days later another 30 militia, accompanied by 40
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1888:
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666:, militia commanding officer and Tūranga resident magistrate
3229:
Kūpapa: The Bitter Legacy of Māori Alliances with the Crown
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of upper Whanganui chiefs 10 days later, influential chief
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and the colonising European settlers. It was fought in the
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1683:
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Redemption Songs: A Life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki
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829:. Ngāti Kahungunu was furious and were motivated to seek
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1448:, in the Waikato district, and arranged a meeting with
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1177:, evenly divided between the three lines of advance.
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2733:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012
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2605:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012
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2197:
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2153:
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1961:
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accepted government motions asking Major-General Sir
3279:
The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History
2221:
2040:
1832:
1707:
1026:
at Whakarae, under the control of Rakuraku, a Tūhoe
72:
Purported drawing of Te Kooti published 1869 (top);
1062:On 15 March, the Mairs led a party of 450, mostly
2078:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 5 April 2019
3405:
99:East Coast and central North Island, New Zealand
3099:"TOM McDERMOTT INTRODUCES "THE TE KOOTI TRAIL""
16:One of the last battles of the New Zealand Wars
3399:Memorial to victims of 1868 Matawhero Massacre
3259:. Auckland: Penguin Random House New Zealand.
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1540:
1370:near Papakai village, about 9 km west of
1127:collapsed when outside reinforcements led by
289:
3320:The New Zealand Wars: Nga Pakanga O Aotearoa
3317:
2963:
2599:"Te Kooti goes to Te Kuiti - Te Kooti's War"
2329:
2147:
2108:
1858:
1814:
1475:as they travelled north towards present-day
1240:
1004:
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1102:, south of Wairoa. Mohaka was a village of
615:particular concern since there had been an
3295:
2132:
2022:
1802:
1787:
1142:
296:
282:
3248:War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870
3188:Between Indigenous and Settler Governance
3186:Boast, Richard (2013). Ford, Lisa (ed.).
2832:
1562:
748:
577:
526:. His actions offended some of the local
3303:. Auckland, New Zealand: David Bateman.
3273:
2727:"Te Porere and retreat - Te Kooti's War"
1701:
1689:
1536:
1494:
1430:
1323:
1244:
1146:
948:
846:
760:
657:
602:, which was moored at the settlement of
553:, near Tūranga, in October. Many of the
409:and across the heavily forested central
3301:A Short History of the New Zealand Wars
3152:. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
3406:
3366:Te Kooti at Maori Independence website
3336:
3322:. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.
3254:
3245:
3226:
3171:. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.
3169:Encircled Lands: Te Urewera, 1820–1921
3166:
3147:
3125:
3078:. Waitangi Tribunal. 23 December 2013.
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2936:Encircled Lands: Te Urewera, 1820-1921
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1320:Taupō campaign and defeat at Te Pōrere
816:
3281:. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
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1826:
1402:
874:(attack party) into Poverty Bay. The
862:Te Kooti in the meantime had reached
277:
1034:, Rauporoa, on the west bank of the
303:
2846:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
2511:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1746:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
1209:, about 15 miles (24 km) from
938:
694:. The latter party, led by Colonel
522:district near Tūranga, present-day
13:
3389:, Hawera & Normanby Star, 1883
3250:. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
3133:. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin.
2927:
2838:
1738:
14:
3450:
3387:Editorial objection to the pardon
3359:
3344:. Wellington: Allen & Unwin.
2851:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1751:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1411:. On 9 November Defence Minister
1374:on the lower northwest slopes of
1082:. A cordon was thrown around the
853:Battles of the nineteenth century
770:Battles of the nineteenth century
3091:
3082:
191:
162:
115:
62:
53:
42:
3376:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
3065:
2719:
2591:
2496:
2064:
1741:"Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Tūruki"
1663:
623:, on the opposite coast of the
535:In early 1865, a new religion,
510:(tribe) of the Māori people in
1492:for his role in these events.
935:, 3 miles (4.8 km) away.
610:to the south, on 10 July. The
1:
3393:Te Kooti the Guerilla Fighter
3119:
3073:"The Mangatu Remedies Report"
1615:
465:
2072:"Matawhero - Te Kooti's War"
1676:
1656:
1630:is set during Te Kooti's War
1594:
439:Te Kooti gained refuge with
7:
3231:. Auckland: Penguin Books.
1221:He destroyed the pā of two
805:as well as the much closer
491:
74:two of his banners (bottom)
10:
3455:
3318:O'Malley, Vincent (2019).
2938:. Bridget Williams Books.
1115:and the bigger Hiruharama
942:
653:
584:confiscation of their land
397:was among the last of the
3214:. Wellington: R.E. Owen.
3088:Waikato Times May 3, 2013
2505:"Armed Constabulary Boat"
1241:Challenge to King Tāwhiao
1005:Retreat to the wilderness
766:Fight of Paparatu in 1865
451:in 1872 and moved to the
315:
184:
108:
82:
36:
28:
23:
1651:
1392:Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui
1288:under the protection of
1010:south of Ōpōtiki in the
855:, no. 3, 1901). Artist:
772:, no. 3, 1901). Artist:
551:siege of Waerenga-a-Hika
3382:Entry at history-nz.org
3255:Keenan, Danny (2021) .
3167:Binney, Judith (2009).
3148:Binney, Judith (1995).
2934:Binney, Judith (2010).
1143:Invasion of the Urewera
627:, led by the prominent
617:outbreak of hostilities
350:Invasion of the Waikato
3342:The Treaty of Waitangi
2503:McLean, Gavin (2013).
1563:Pardon and later years
1500:
1452:settler and runholder
1436:
1329:
1252:
1155:
958:
859:
851:Poverty Bay Massacre (
776:
749:Buildup of the Ringatū
667:
578:Confinement and escape
421:Arikirangi Te Turuki.
185:Commanders and leaders
3246:Dalton, B.J. (1967).
1499:Major Ropata Wahawaha
1498:
1434:
1327:
1248:
1150:
1070:at Paharakeke on the
952:
850:
764:
661:
127:Colony of New Zealand
3227:Crosby, Ron (2015).
2653:, pp. 179, 595.
745:at Ruakituri Gorge.
637:On 12 July, a local
332:Hutt Valley campaign
90:July 1868 – May 1872
3026:, pp. 390–392.
3014:, pp. 383–384.
3002:, pp. 312–313.
2990:, pp. 308–310.
2924:, pp. 438–449.
2912:, pp. 418–419.
2900:, pp. 408–409.
2876:, pp. 209–214.
2829:, pp. 400–401.
2817:, pp. 205–208.
2793:, pp. 200–201.
2781:, pp. 196–197.
2769:, pp. 198–200.
2716:, pp. 185–190.
2704:, pp. 376–380.
2692:, pp. 374–376.
2680:, pp. 182–185.
2588:, pp. 280–281.
2556:, pp. 362–368.
2532:, pp. 152–155.
2493:, pp. 150–151.
2481:, pp. 148–149.
2469:, pp. 277–278.
2454:, pp. 374–375.
2430:, pp. 375–376.
2418:, pp. 371–372.
2374:, pp. 367–369.
2359:, pp. 281–282.
2347:, pp. 265–266.
2332:, pp. 223–225.
2317:, pp. 352–354.
2305:, pp. 264–265.
2266:, pp. 350–351.
2254:, pp. 348–349.
2242:, pp. 260–261.
2194:, pp. 346–347.
2150:, pp. 218–219.
2135:, pp. 167–168.
2123:, pp. 343–345.
2076:New Zealand History
2061:, pp. 266–267.
2013:, pp. 227–228.
1994:, pp. 332–333.
1982:, pp. 225–226.
1958:, pp. 224–225.
1946:, pp. 330–332.
1922:, pp. 223–224.
1910:, pp. 330–331.
1895:, pp. 221–223.
1829:, pp. 224–225.
1817:, pp. 211–212.
1805:, pp. 162–163.
1778:, pp. 217–218.
1692:, pp. 370–371.
1435:Premier William Fox
915:On 3 December, 180
817:Poverty Bay attacks
480:Māori King Movement
362:Second Taranaki War
3297:McLauchlan, Gordon
2641:, pp. 272–73.
1644:The Te Kooti Trail
1535:and his family at
1501:
1437:
1403:Flight and pursuit
1330:
1253:
1156:
959:
929:Tareha Te Moananui
860:
781:Te Ngutu o Te Manu
777:
668:
503:(subtribe) of the
344:First Taranaki War
338:Whanganui campaign
3434:Conflicts in 1872
3429:Conflicts in 1871
3424:Conflicts in 1870
3419:Conflicts in 1869
3414:Conflicts in 1868
3329:978-1-988545-99-8
3310:978-1-86953-962-7
3288:978-0-19-558376-2
3266:978-0-14-377493-8
3238:978-0-14-357311-1
3197:978-0-415-69970-9
3178:978-1-877242-44-1
3140:978-0-14-027504-9
2626:, pp. 78–80.
1627:Season of the Jew
1601:Waitangi Tribunal
1545:summary execution
1490:New Zealand Cross
1462:Auckland province
964:was a formidable
786:Theodore Haultain
407:East Coast region
389:
388:
356:Tauranga campaign
272:
271:
232:Hotene Porourangi
104:
103:
3446:
3439:New Zealand Wars
3355:
3333:
3314:
3292:
3270:
3251:
3242:
3223:
3201:
3182:
3163:
3144:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3103:ngataonga.org.nz
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1739:Binney, Judith.
1736:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1670:
1667:
1622:Maurice Shadbolt
1384:Thomas McDonnell
1273:Ngāti Tuwharetoa
1086:but some of the
1072:Rangitaiki River
945:Siege of Ngatapa
939:Siege of Ngatapa
919:fighters led by
897:Wharekōpae River
823:Mangaaruhe River
476:New Zealand Wars
434:siege at Ngatapa
399:New Zealand Wars
374:Tītokowaru's War
310:
308:
307:New Zealand Wars
298:
291:
284:
275:
274:
265:
258:
250:
243:
236:
231:
224:
217:
210:
205:Thomas McDonnell
203:
196:
195:
179:
174:
167:
166:
165:
155:
147:
139:
132:
121:
119:
118:
84:
83:
66:
57:
46:
31:New Zealand Wars
21:
20:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3404:
3403:
3362:
3352:
3338:Orange, Claudia
3330:
3311:
3289:
3267:
3239:
3198:
3179:
3160:
3141:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2953:
2946:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2841:"Mair, Gilbert"
2839:Savage, Paula.
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
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2734:
2725:
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2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
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2669:
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2657:
2649:
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2637:
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2597:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2567:
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2552:
2548:
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2536:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2133:McLauchlan 2017
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2023:McLauchlan 2017
2021:
2017:
2009:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1803:McLauchlan 2017
1801:
1794:
1788:McLauchlan 2017
1786:
1782:
1774:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1737:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1642:In 1927 a film
1618:
1605:East Coast Wars
1597:
1569:Main Trunk Line
1565:
1541:Mohaka massacre
1485:Lake Rotokākahi
1409:Whanganui River
1405:
1376:Mount Tongariro
1332:Accompanied by
1322:
1290:Ngāti Maniapoto
1243:
1153:George Whitmore
1145:
1104:Ngāti Pāhauwera
1036:Whakatāne River
1007:
947:
941:
921:Ropata Wahawaha
819:
751:
696:George Whitmore
656:
580:
572:Chatham Islands
494:
468:
426:Chatham Islands
392:
391:
390:
385:
311:
306:
304:
302:
263:
262:
256:
248:
247:
241:
240:
234:
233:
229:
228:
222:
221:
219:Ropata Wahawaha
215:
214:
208:
207:
201:
200:
198:George Whitmore
190:
177:
176:
172:
171:
163:
161:
160:
153:
152:
145:
141:Ngāti Kahungunu
137:
136:
130:
129:
116:
114:
100:
78:
77:
76:
75:
73:
69:
68:
67:
59:
58:
49:
48:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:, James Graham
3390:
3384:
3379:
3368:
3361:
3360:External links
3358:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3334:
3328:
3315:
3309:
3293:
3287:
3277:, ed. (2000).
3271:
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3164:
3158:
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3118:
3115:
3114:
3090:
3081:
3064:
3062:, p. 413.
3052:
3050:, p. 410.
3040:
3038:, p. 391.
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2978:, p. 286.
2968:
2966:, p. 232.
2951:
2944:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2888:, p. 403.
2878:
2863:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2805:, p. 284.
2795:
2783:
2771:
2756:
2754:, p. 283.
2744:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2667:
2665:, p. 154.
2655:
2643:
2628:
2616:
2590:
2573:
2571:, p. 134.
2558:
2546:
2544:, p. 279.
2534:
2522:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2456:
2444:
2442:, p. 270.
2432:
2420:
2403:
2401:, p. 276.
2391:
2389:, p. 370.
2376:
2361:
2349:
2334:
2319:
2307:
2292:
2290:, p. 352.
2280:
2278:, p. 262.
2268:
2256:
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2232:
2230:, p. 273.
2220:
2218:, p. 231.
2208:
2206:, p. 249.
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2181:
2179:, p. 345.
2169:
2167:, p. 230.
2152:
2137:
2125:
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2111:, p. 218.
2101:
2099:, p. 341.
2089:
2063:
2051:
2049:, p. 263.
2039:
2037:, p. 227.
2027:
2025:, p. 167.
2015:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1970:, p. 219.
1960:
1948:
1936:
1934:, p. 224.
1924:
1912:
1897:
1878:
1876:, p. 329.
1863:
1861:, p. 214.
1848:
1846:, p. 235.
1831:
1819:
1807:
1792:
1790:, p. 162.
1780:
1763:
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1716:, p. 231.
1706:
1704:, p. 379.
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1529:Kereopa Te Rau
1404:
1401:
1342:Henare Tomoana
1334:Rewi Maniapoto
1321:
1318:
1277:tangata whenua
1271:and about 200
1265:Tāmati Ngāpora
1258:Rewi Maniapoto
1242:
1239:
1200:scorched earth
1160:James Richmond
1144:
1141:
1006:
1003:
943:Main article:
940:
937:
818:
815:
750:
747:
690:departed from
664:Reginald Biggs
655:
652:
621:South Taranaki
619:with Māori of
579:
576:
560:Reginald Biggs
543:, fought with
493:
490:
467:
464:
395:Te Kooti's War
387:
386:
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380:Te Kooti's War
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245:Henare Tomoana
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24:Te Kooti's War
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3275:McGibbon, Ian
3272:
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3249:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:. Routledge.
3189:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3159:1-86940-172-7
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:Belich, James
3124:
3123:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2964:O'Malley 2019
2960:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2945:9781877242441
2941:
2937:
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2911:
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2019:
2012:
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1413:Donald McLean
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415:Bay of Plenty
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326:Flagstaff War
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320:Wairau Affray
318:
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267:Te Rangitahau
261:
255:
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252:Renata Kawepo
246:
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199:
194:
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180:Rongowhakaata
175:Ngāti Hineuru
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27:
22:
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3228:
3210:
3206:Cowan, James
3187:
3168:
3149:
3130:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3084:
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3031:
3019:
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2971:
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2881:
2854:. Retrieved
2844:
2834:
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2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2658:
2646:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:
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2271:
2259:
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2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2172:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1822:
1810:
1783:
1754:. Retrieved
1744:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1665:
1634:
1625:
1610:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:King Country
1571:through the
1566:
1554:
1550:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1481:Lake Rotorua
1470:
1466:
1459:
1454:Josiah Firth
1438:
1416:
1406:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1313:George Bowen
1305:Trevor Chute
1294:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1254:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1204:
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1133:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1052:Gilbert Mair
1047:William Mair
1044:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1008:
998:
995:
989:
985:
983:
977:
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888:
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841:
839:
830:
820:
793:
791:
778:
769:
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752:
742:
738:
733:
732:militia and
730:
725:
722:
716:
713:
702:
700:
687:
675:
671:
669:
638:
636:
628:
625:North Island
611:
599:
594:
592:
581:
564:Gilbert Mair
554:
544:
534:
527:
507:
500:
495:
483:
472:Māori people
469:
461:
453:King Country
444:
438:
423:
411:North Island
394:
393:
379:
238:Gilbert Mair
226:William Mair
109:Belligerents
3060:Binney 1995
3048:Binney 1995
3036:Binney 1995
3024:Binney 1995
3012:Binney 1995
3000:Binney 1995
2988:Binney 1995
2976:Belich 1998
2922:Crosby 2015
2910:Crosby 2015
2898:Crosby 2015
2886:Crosby 2015
2874:Binney 1995
2827:Crosby 2015
2815:Binney 1995
2803:Belich 1998
2791:Binney 1995
2779:Binney 1995
2767:Binney 1995
2752:Belich 1998
2714:Binney 1995
2678:Binney 1995
2663:Orange 1987
2651:Binney 1995
2639:Dalton 1967
2586:Belich 1998
2569:Binney 1995
2542:Belich 1998
2530:Binney 2009
2491:Binney 2009
2479:Binney 2009
2467:Belich 1998
2452:Crosby 2015
2440:Dalton 1967
2428:Crosby 2015
2416:Crosby 2015
2399:Belich 1998
2387:Crosby 2015
2372:Crosby 2015
2345:Belich 1998
2315:Crosby 2015
2303:Belich 1998
2288:Crosby 2015
2276:Belich 1998
2264:Crosby 2015
2252:Crosby 2015
2240:Belich 1998
2216:Belich 1998
2204:Crosby 2015
2192:Crosby 2015
2177:Crosby 2015
2165:Belich 1998
2121:Crosby 2015
2097:Crosby 2015
2035:Belich 1998
2011:Belich 1998
1992:Crosby 2015
1980:Belich 1998
1968:Belich 1998
1956:Belich 1998
1944:Crosby 2015
1932:Belich 1998
1920:Belich 1998
1908:Crosby 2015
1893:Belich 1998
1874:Crosby 2015
1776:Belich 1998
1714:Keenan 2021
1425:Topia Turoa
1297:William Fox
1286:Mokau River
1074:. About 40
917:Ngāti Porou
684:Hawke's Bay
568:James Cowan
514:, south of
512:Poverty Bay
430:Poverty Bay
382:(1868–1872)
376:(1868–1869)
370:(1865–1866)
364:(1863–1866)
352:(1863–1864)
346:(1860–1861)
134:Ngāti Porou
3408:Categories
3120:References
3108:2023-01-20
2702:Cowan 1956
2690:Cowan 1956
2624:Boast 2013
2554:Cowan 1956
2357:Cowan 1956
2228:Cowan 1956
2082:23 October
2059:Cowan 1956
2047:Cowan 1956
1844:Cowan 1956
1827:Cowan 1956
1633:The movie
1616:In fiction
1511:, east of
1442:Taumarunui
1417:Rohe Pōtae
1388:an assault
1347:Rohe Pōtae
1301:Parliament
1211:Lake Taupō
648:Māori king
632:Tītokowaru
537:Pai Mārire
466:Background
449:Māori king
169:Ngāi Tūhoe
157:Pai Mārire
3220:715908103
3208:(1956) .
3129:(1998) .
1756:9 October
1677:Citations
1657:Footnotes
1624:'s novel
1595:Aftermath
1537:Matawhero
1473:Paengaroa
1396:loopholes
1368:Te Pōrere
1195:dysentery
1186:Te Whaiti
1171:Ruatāhuna
1076:Ngāti Awa
1028:rangatira
893:rangatira
889:rangatira
809:, in the
794:rangatira
639:rangatira
629:rangatira
595:rangatira
529:rangatira
516:East Cape
159:adherents
151:adherents
3373:in 1966
3371:Te Kooti
3340:(1987).
3299:(2017).
2856:24 April
2515:27 April
1450:Matamata
1269:Horonuku
1235:Te Kūiti
1151:Colonel
1056:Tauranga
974:Te Arawa
953:Ngatapa
881:Psalm 63
864:Patutahi
709:hillfort
612:Rifleman
604:Waitangi
600:Rifleman
524:Gisborne
520:Makaraka
497:Te Kooti
492:Te Kooti
419:Te Kooti
260:Te Kooti
212:Te Keepa
95:Location
29:Part of
1599:A 2013
1557:Tāwhiao
1513:Ōpōtiki
1477:Te Puke
1364:redoubt
1356:Tokaanu
1250:Tāwhiao
1231:Tāwhiao
1164:Urewera
1012:Waioeka
962:Ngatapa
811:Urewera
799:Ōpōtiki
743:kūpapa
739:kūpapa
734:kūpapa
717:kūpapa
688:kūpapa
676:kūpapa
672:kūpapa
654:Pursuit
644:Tāwhiao
588:Ringatū
457:Ringatū
149:Ringatū
3348:
3326:
3307:
3285:
3263:
3235:
3218:
3194:
3175:
3156:
3137:
2942:
2737:13 May
1647:truth.
1446:Tapapa
1380:pumice
1338:kupapa
1215:kupapa
1175:kupapa
1100:Mohaka
1088:kupapa
1064:kupapa
990:kūpapa
988:, the
925:kūpapa
909:kūpapa
905:kūpapa
876:kokiri
872:kokiri
842:kūpapa
835:Wairoa
726:kūpapa
692:Napier
680:Wairoa
662:Major
646:, the
555:kūpapa
546:kūpapa
358:(1864)
340:(1847)
334:(1846)
328:(1845)
322:(1843)
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242:
235:
230:
223:
216:
209:
202:
178:
173:
154:
146:
138:
131:
120:
3076:(PDF)
2609:9 May
1652:Notes
1509:Opape
1233:near
1207:Opepe
827:Ohuka
825:near
807:Tūhoe
803:Taupō
608:Mahia
441:Tūhoe
403:Māori
3346:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3305:ISBN
3283:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3216:OCLC
3192:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3154:ISBN
3135:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2858:2022
2739:2014
2611:2014
2517:2014
2084:2021
1758:2021
1281:mana
1223:hapu
1108:hāpu
1106:, a
899:.
801:and
501:hapū
413:and
87:Date
1636:Utu
1421:hui
1366:at
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1184:at
1137:iwi
1017:iwi
831:utu
755:pā'
682:in
508:iwi
485:iwi
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1743:.
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1080:pā
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955:pā
933:pa
704:pā
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