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1870:"Sensing that tanks would only be effective if they involved an element of surprise, he pressed the government not to use them in small numbers in the Battle of the Somme. As he had put it in a memorandum in 1915, 'None should be used until all can be used at once'. Despite his objections, thirty-five (sic) tanks were used in September 1916, but to very little effect. 'My poor "land battleships" have been let off prematurely and on a petty scale,' he wrote." Havardi, J. The Greatest Briton: Essays on Winston Churchill's Life and Political Philosophy. Shepheard-Walwyn, 2010.
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role of engine room, fighting compartment, ammunition stock and driver's cabin. (A very similar
Peugeot prototype, with a fixed casemate mounting a short 75mm cannon, was trialed in 1918 but the idea was not pursued). The FT had the largest production run of any tank of the war, with over 3700 built, more numerous than all British and German tanks combined. That this would happen was at first far from certain; some in the French army lobbied for the alternative mass production of super-heavy tanks.
704:
898:
1435:
1134:
1344:, a parallel development not ordered by the Army but approved by government through industrial lobbying, which mounted much more impressive weaponry—its 75mm was the most powerful gun fielded by any operational tank up until 1941—but also combined many of the Schneider CA's faults with an even larger overhanging body. Its innovative petro-electrical transmission, while allowing for easy steering, was insufficiently developed and led to a large number of breakdowns.
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1485:
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1505:
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24:
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1569:. This tank was specifically designed to exploit breaches in the enemy front with its relatively higher speed (around 8 mph vs 3–4 mph for the British heavy tanks). The Whippet was faster than most other tanks, although it carried only machine gun armament, meaning it was not suited to combat with armoured vehicles but instead with infantry. Postwar tank designs reflected this trend towards greater tactical mobility.
1118:) on Friday 15 September 1916, with mixed results. Many broke down, but nearly a third succeeded in breaking through. Of the forty-nine tanks shipped to the Somme, only thirty-two were able to begin the first attack in which they were used, and only nine made it across "no man's land" to the German lines. The tanks had been rushed into combat before the design was mature enough (against the wishes of Churchill and
1318:
838:
613:
660:. At one point in 1908, Major William E. Donohue of the Mechanical Transport Committee remarked to Roberts that he should design a new machine with armour that could carry its own gun. However, disheartened by years of ultimately-fruitless tinkering for the Army, Roberts did not take up the idea. In later years, he expressed regret at not having pursued it.
700:
brilliance of De Mole's design and even considered that it was superior to the machines actually developed, but its narrow remit allowed it only to make a payment of ÂŁ987 to De Mole to cover his expenses. He noted in 1919 that he was urged by friends before the war to approach the
Germans with his design but declined to do so for patriotic reasons.
1375:, they had four times more tanks available. But that did not last long as the offensive was a major failure; the Schneiders were badly deployed and suffered 50% losses from German long-range artillery. The Saint-Chamond tanks, first deployed on 5 May, proved to be so badly designed that they were unable to cross the first line of German trenches.
1367:, the most complex and technologically advanced tank of its day. Its very complexity ensured it being produced too late to participate in World War I and in the very small number of just ten, but it was the first tank with a three-man turret; the heaviest to enter service until late in World War II and still the largest ever operational tank.
1314:
Supreme
Command very enthusiastic about the idea of creating an armoured force based on these vehicles; strong Army support for tanks was a constant during the decades that followed. Already in January and February 1916, quite substantial orders were made at that moment with a total number of 800, much larger than the British ones.
1359:
The FT was in many respects the first truly 'modern' tank, having a layout that has been followed by almost all designs ever since: driver at the front; main armament in a fully rotating turret on top; engine at the rear. Previous models had been "box tanks", with a single crowded space combining the
1329:
Army enthusiasm and haste had its immediate drawbacks however. As a result of the involvement of inexperienced army officers ordered to devise a new tank based on the larger 75 hp Holt chassis in a very short period of time, the first French tanks were poorly designed with respect to the need to
1141:
Most World War I tanks could travel only at about a walking pace at best. Their steel armour could stop small arms fire and fragments from high-explosive artillery shells. However, they were vulnerable to a direct hit from artillery and mortar shells. The environment inside was extremely unpleasant;
938:
was planned with a 40 mm gun but abandoned due to weight problems, leaving the final vehicle unarmed and little more than a test-bed for the difficult track system. Difficulties with the commercial tracks supplied led to
Tritton designing a completely new track system different from, and vastly
737:
for the vehicle's weight. That could be solved by adding more wheels, but unless they also were driven, the effect was to reduce traction on the powered wheels. Driving extra wheels meant more drive train weight, which required a larger and heavier engine to maintain performance. Even worse, none of
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tractor but initially the development process was slow until in July they received political, even presidential, support by combining their project with that of a mechanical wire cutter devised by engineer and politician Jean-Louis Bréton. In
December 1915, the influential Colonel Estienne made the
946:
RNAS, a pre-war motor engineer, added a larger track frame to the hull of "Little Willie". In order to achieve the demanded gap clearance a rhomboidal shape was chosen—stretching the form to improve the track footprint and climbing capacity. To keep a low centre of gravity the rotating turret
912:, a company having done some prewar design work on heavy tractors and known to Churchill from an earlier experiment with a trench-crossing supply vehicle, to produce a proof-of-concept vehicle with two tracks, based on a lengthened Bullock tractor chassis. Construction work began three weeks later.
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To counter the danger of bullet splash or fragments knocked off the inside of the hull, the crew wore helmets with goggles and chainmail masks. Fragments were not as dangerous as fire, because of explosive fumes and the large amount of fuel aboard; smoking was prohibited inside and within 20 yards
1130:
Despite their reliability problems, when they worked, they could cross trenches or craters of 9 feet (2.7 m) and drive right through barbed wire. It was still common for them to get stuck, especially in larger bomb craters, but overall, the rhomboid shape allowed for extreme terrain mobility.
894:-based engineer, devised a number of armoured tracked vehicles, which incorporated an angled front 'climbing face' to the tracks. The two men fell out bitterly as their plans came to nought; Macfie in particular pursued a vendetta against the other members of the Landships Committee after the war.
691:
for a "chain-rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches". De Mole made more proposals to the War Office in 1914 and 1916, with a culminating proposal in late 1917, accompanied by a huge one-eighth scale model, but all fell on substantially-deaf
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in 1917. Similar to the early Marks in appearance, its construction was considered to produce a more reliable machine; the long-barrelled naval guns were shortened, (the barrels of the earlier, longer guns were prone to digging in the mud when negotiating obstacles) and armour was increased just
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On the other hand, the French Army was critical of the
British employment of small numbers of tanks at the battle. It felt the British had sacrificed the secrecy of the weapon but used it in numbers too small to be decisive. Since the British attack was part of an Anglo-French offensive, and the
981:
was a natural term coming from an
Admiralty committee, it was considered too descriptive and could give away British intentions. The committee, therefore, looked for an appropriate code term for the vehicles. Factory workers assembling the vehicles had been told they were producing "mobile water
699:
after the war yielded polite responses that Mr. De Mole's ideas had unfortunately been too advanced for the time to be properly recognised at their just value. The
Commission on Awards to Inventors in 1919, which adjudicated all the competing claims to the development of the tank, recognised the
1211:
doctrine in World War I was to "follow up a breakthrough with harassing attacks in the rear", but there were no breakthroughs on the
Western Front until the tanks came along. Despite these supposed views of Haig, he made an order for 1,000 tanks shortly after the failure at the Somme and always
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Tank crews who had read press reports depicting the new weapon driving through buildings and trees, and crossing wide rivers, were disappointed. The Mark I's were nonetheless capable of performing on the real battlefield of World War I, one of the most difficult battlefield terrains in history.
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but the version with the cannon had more firepower. It was conceived for mass production, and the FT became the most produced tank of World War I by a wide margin, with over 3,000 delivered to the French Army. Large numbers were also used by the
Americans and several were lent to the British.
1305:
France at the same time developed its own tracked AFVs, but the situation there was very different. In Britain a single committee had coordinated design, and had to overcome the initial resistance of the Army, while the major industries remained passive. Almost all production effort was thus
817:
in February 1915, initially to investigate designs for a massive troop transporter. As a truer picture of front-line conditions was developed the aims of the investigation changed. A requirement was formulated for an armoured vehicle capable of 4 mph (6.4 km/h), climbing a 5 feet
862:
caterpillar designs, the only robust tracked tractors available in 1915 into a fighting machine, which France and Germany did, was decided against. Although armour and weapon systems were easy to acquire, other existing caterpillar and suspension units were too weak, existing engines were
1370:
French production at first lagged behind the British. After August 1916 however, British tank manufacture was temporarily halted to wait for better designs, allowing the French to overtake their allies in numbers. When the French used tanks for the first time on 16 April 1917, during the
769:
Marriott thought that it might be useful for transport over difficult ground, and Swinton had passed the information on to the appropriate departments. Swinton then suggested the idea of an armoured tracked vehicle to the military authorities by sending a proposal to Lieutenant-Colonel
825:
A similar proposal was working its way through the Army GHQ in France, and in June, the Landships Committee was made a joint service venture between the War Office and the Admiralty. The Naval involvement in Armoured Fighting Vehicle (AFV) design had originally come about through the
671:, designed a tracked armoured vehicle in 1911 carrying a light gun in a rotating turret; equipped also with hinged 'arms', two in front and two at the rear, carrying wheels on the ends to assist with obstacles and trenches, it was a very forward-looking design, if rather small. The
745:
offered a new solution to the problem. The tracks spread the weight of the vehicles over a much greater area, all of which was for traction to move the vehicle. The limitation on armour and firepower was no longer the ground pressure but the power and weight of the power-plant.
1028:
It is sometimes mistakenly stated that, after completion, the tanks were shipped to France in large wooden crates. For secrecy and in order to not arouse any curiosity, the crates and the tanks themselves were then each labeled with a destination in Russian, "With Care to
761:
how the idea of using caterpillar tracks to drive an armoured fighting vehicle came to him on 19 October 1914 while he was driving through northern France. In July 1914, he had received a letter from a friend, Hugh Marriott, a mining engineer, who drew his attention to a
1423:, was responsible for the tanks' role in the battle. They made an unprecedented breakthrough but the opportunity was not exploited. Ironically, it was the soon-to-be-supplanted horse cavalry that had been assigned the task of following up the motorised tank attack.
1347:
But industrial initiative also led to swift advances. The car industry, already used to vehicle mass production and having much more experience in vehicle layout, designed the first practical light tanks in 1916, a class largely neglected by the British. It was
1306:
concentrated into the Mark I and its direct successors, all very similar in shape. In France, on the other hand, there were multiple and conflicting lines of development which were badly integrated, resulting in three major and quite disparate production types.
1158:). Entire crews lost consciousness inside the tanks, or collapsed when again exposed to fresh air. Crews learned how to create and leave behind supply dumps of fuel, motor oil, and tread grease, and converted obsolete models into supply vehicles for newer ones.
729:
Armored cars indeed proved useful in open land, such as in deserts, but were not very good at crossing obstacles, such as trenches and barriers, or in more-challenging terrain. The other issue was that it was very hard to add much protection or armament.
726:, later a major proponent of tanks, declared, "Gentlemen, victory will belong in this war to the one of the two belligerents that will manage to be the first to succeed in putting a 75 mm cannon on a vehicle that can move on all types of terrain."
488:, production vehicles were named "tanks", to preserve secrecy. The term was chosen when it became known that the factory workers at William Foster referred to the first prototype as "the tank" because of its resemblance to a steel water tank.
675:
government said that it would be interested in evaluating it if Burstyn could secure commercial backing to produce a prototype. Lacking the requisite contacts, he let it drop. An approach to the German government was similarly fruitless.
878:
vehicle was proposed in a number of different configurations, but none were adopted. Trials to couple two American Bullock tractors failed. There also were considerable differences of opinion between the several committee members. Col
461:. Although vehicles that incorporated the basic principles of the tank (armour, firepower, and all-terrain mobility) had been projected in the decade or so before the War, it was the alarmingly heavy casualties of the start of its
1177:
There was also the danger of being overrun by infantry and attacked with grenades. The next generation had thicker armour, making them nearly immune to the K bullets. In response, the Germans developed a larger purpose-made
1665:
The German General Staff did not have enthusiasm for tanks but allowed the development of anti-tank weapons. Regardless, the development of a German tank was underway. The only project to be produced and fielded was the
501:, on the other hand, began development only in response to the appearance of Allied tanks on the battlefield. Whilst the Allies manufactured several thousand tanks during the war, Germany deployed only 18 of its own.
1670:, although only twenty were built. The majority of the fifty or so tanks fielded by Germany were captured British vehicles. A7Vs were captured by the Allies, but they were not used, and most ended up being scrapped.
1390:
was designed in 1917 and was used in battle from March 1918. It was manned by a crew of 18, and had eight machine guns and a 57-millimetre cannon. Only 20 A7Vs were produced during the war. The Germans did, however,
1215:
In 1919, Major General Sir Louis Jackson said: "The tank was a freak. The circumstances which called it into existence were exceptional and not likely to recur. If they do, they can be dealt with by other means."
1459:, the result of a co-operation between Estienne and Louis Renault. As mentioned before, it had the innovative turret position, and was operated by two men. At just 8 tons it was half the weight of the Medium A
580:
The conceptual roots of the tank go back to ancient times, with siege engines that were able to provide protection for troops moving up against stone walls or other fortifications. With the coming of the
1044:
and one Hotchkiss. It had a crew of eight, four of whom were needed to handle the steering and drive gears. The tanks were capable of, at best, 6 km/h (3.7 mph), matching the speed of marching
1064:
and steam lorries, but incorporated a small trademark outline image of a tank on the front smokebox door of their postwar road locomotives. During WWII, Tritton and Wilson were called upon to design a
934:", which first ran on 8 September. Powered by a 105 hp (78 kW) Daimler engine, the 10-foot-high (3.0 m) armoured box was initially fitted with a low Bullock caterpillar. A rotating top
958:
A final specification was agreed on in late September for trials in early 1916, and the resulting 30 ton "Big Willie" (later called "Mother") together with "Little Willie" underwent trials at
1340:
It was unreliable as well; a maximum of only about 130 of the 400 built were ever operational at the same time. Then industrial rivalry began to play a detrimental role: it created the heavy
516:
shape, caterpillar tracks, and 26-foot (8 m) length meant that it could negotiate obstacles, especially wide trenches, that wheeled vehicles could not. Along with the tank, the first
1033:". In fact, the tanks were never shipped in crates: the inscription in Russian was applied on the hull for their transport from the factory to the first training centre at Thetford.
1005:, as in water tank, was in December 1915 accepted as its official designation. From then on, the term "tank" was established among British and also German soldiers. While in German
1383:
Germany concentrated more on the development of anti-tank weapons than on development of tanks themselves. They only developed one type of tank which saw combat in the war. The
1122:) and the number was small but their use gave important feedback on how to design newer tanks, the soundness of the concept and their potential to affect the course of the war.
801:, to study the feasibility of Swinton's idea; however, after trials with a Holt 75 horsepower machine, the committee concluded in February 1915 that the idea was impractical.
830:
Armoured Car Division, the only British unit fielding AFVs in 1914. Surprisingly, until the end of the war, most experimentation on heavy land vehicles was conducted by the
1673:
The first tank-versus-tank battles took place on 24 April 1918. It was an unexpected engagement between three German A7Vs and three British Mk. IVs at Villers-Bretonneux.
692:
ears. De Mole's proposal already had the climbing face, which was so typical of the later World War I British tanks, but it is unknown whether there was some connection.
1290:
1036:
The first fifty had been delivered to France on 30 August. They were 'male' or 'female', depending upon whether their armament comprised two 6-pounder cannons and three
1049:
with whom they were to be integrated to aid in the destruction of enemy machine guns. In practice, their speed on the broken ground could be as little as 1 mph.
851:
At first, protecting heavy gun tractors with armour appeared the most promising line of development. Alternative early 'big wheel' designs on the lines of the
1356:, incorporating a proper climbing face for the tracks, that was the first tank to incorporate a top-mounted turret with a full 360° traverse capability.
1170:. The side armour of 8 mm initially made them largely immune to small arms fire, but could be penetrated by the recently developed armour-piercing
2348:
790:
was one of the members of the committee. Hankey proposed to build a gigantic steel roller pushed by tracked tractors to shield the advancing infantry.
1325:
had long bodies with a lot of the vehicle projecting forward off of the short caterpillar tracks, making them more liable to get ditched in trenches.
797:
and warned that the Germans might any moment introduce a comparable system. A worried Asquith now ordered Kitchener to form a committee, headed by
1337:
equipped with a short 75 mm howitzer, had poor mobility due to a short track length combined with a hull that overhung both front and rear.
884:
1939:
Tucker, Spencer C. World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Vol. 4. R-Z. 1536. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014.
718:, motorised vehicles were still relatively uncommon, and their use on the battlefield was initially limited, especially of heavier vehicles.
161:
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Russians were attacking at the same time, Haig felt justified in making a maximum effort, regardless of the limitations of the tank force.
465:
that stimulated development. Research took place in both Great Britain and France, with Germany only belatedly following the Allies' lead.
1076:
City erected a full-size outline Mk 1 as a memorial to the invention of the tank in 2015, and placed it on the Tritton Road roundabout.
863:
underpowered for the vehicles that the designers had in mind and the ability to cross trenches was poor because of the shortness of the
1197:
of 3.3 hp/ton (2.5 kW/ton). By the end of the 20th century, power-to-weight ratios exceeded 20 hp/ton (15 kW/ton).
738:
the extra weight was put into an improvement of armour or armament carried, and the vehicles could still not cross very rough terrain.
508:
deployment and transit. The heavily shelled terrain was impassable to conventional vehicles, and only highly mobile tanks such as the
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and other political luminaries. On 12 February an initial order for 100 "Mother" type vehicles was made, later expanded to 150.
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for armoured troop carrying vehicles and gun-armed vehicles, to have used either Bullock tracks or variants of the Pedrail.
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A major arms producer, Schneider, took the lead in January 1915 and tried to build a first armoured vehicle based on the
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A Mark I tank, moving from left to right. The rhomboidal shape allowed it to climb parapets and cross trenches. Photo by
550:
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with three tracks was used for the first experiments in June but was much too small to be developed further. The large
286:
208:
1013:), in English, Russian and other languages the name even for contemporary armored vehicles is still based on the word
990:
was therefore considered but rejected because the committee would inevitably be known as the WC Committee (WC meaning
977:
Crews rarely called tanks "Willies"; at first they referred to them as "cars", and later informally "buses". Although
722:
soon became more common with most belligerents, especially in more-open terrain. On 23 August 1914 the French Colonel
74:
2353:
1824:
The Devil's Chariots: The Birth and Secret Battles of the First Tanks. John Glanfield (Sutton Publishing, 2001) p. 16
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To resolve the threatened dissipation of effort, it was ordered in late July that a contract was to be placed with
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The first tanks were mechanically unreliable. There were problems that caused considerable attrition rates during
1701:
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on the roof that could be attached to the tracks and used to free itself from muddy trenches and shell craters
818:(1.5 m) high parapet, crossing an 8 feet (2.4 m) wide gap, and armed with machine guns and a light
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Engine power was a primary limitation on the tanks; the roughly one hundred horsepower engines gave a
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Tanks became more effective as the lesson of the early tanks was absorbed. The British produced the
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History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Medical Services Diseases of the War. Vol 2.
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were also standard issue, as they were to all soldiers at this point in the war due to the use of
1060:, managing director of Fosters, and Major Walter Gordon Wilson. Fosters returned to manufacturing
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cross trenches and did not take the sponson-mounting route of the British tanks. The first, the
1190:("Bunched Charge")—several regular stick grenades bundled together for a much bigger explosion.
589:, James Cowan presented a proposal for a Steam Powered Land Ram in 1855, towards the end of the
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was the official British war correspondent serving in France in 1914 and recounted in his book
719:
1965:
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was himself a horse cavalryman, his command failed to appreciate the value of tanks. In fact,
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should proceed independently, even if it exceeded the limits of his authority. He created the
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Showalter, D.E. "More Than Nuts And Bolts: Technology And The German Army, 1870–1945."
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Williamson Murray, "Armored Warfare: The British, French, and German Experiences," in
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The Tanks of World War I: The History and Legacy of Tank Warfare during the Great War
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which used Wilson's epicyclic gearing in 1918. Also in 1918 the French produced the
883:, a veteran military engineer and electrical pioneer, drafted numerous designs with
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For secrecy, the six new tank companies were assigned to the Heavy Section of the
476:, during August and September 1915. The prototype of a new design that became the
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Much design effort was put in this line of development resulting in the gigantic
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from the engine and firing the weapons, fuel and oil vapours from the engine and
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1993: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the Army. pp. 402–403.
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of 1915 were soon understood to be impractical. However, adapting the existing
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1683:, involving massive use of tanks for an offensive, was never used because the
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1894:; 1923. in Weyandt, Timothy B. and Charles David Ridgely. "Carbon Monoxide."
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593:. Looking like a helmet on 'footed' Boydell wheels, early forerunners of the
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using his patented 'chain-track', which were put through their paces by the
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Pershing's Tankers: Personal Accounts of the AEF Tank Corps in World War I
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At the same time, Lt Robert Macfie, of the RNAS, and Albert Nesfield, an
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Rise of the Tank: Armoured Vehicles and their use in the First World War
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Finally, in a preview of later developments, the British developed the
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Churchill, however, decided that unless the Army took up the idea, the
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in the idea. When that failed, he sent a memorandum in December to the
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The continued need for four men to drive the tank was solved with the
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as ventilation was inadequate the atmosphere was heavy with poisonous
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with a crew of only two, these were mass-produced during World War I.
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on 29 January and 2 February. Attendees at the second trial included
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1917: British tanks captured by the Germans being transported by rail
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ultimately produced far more tanks than all other countries combined.
1989:(University Press of Kentucky; 314 pages) primary sources; memoirs.
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1473:, and there were even larger assaults planned for the next year. In
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2034:
1914–1918 Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
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1106:. The first use of tanks on the battlefield was the use of British
1072:, (named for "The Old Gang"), but this was not a success. However,
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tractor) were in use in the French Army in 1914–1915. Here, in the
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specifically refers to the World War I type (as opposed to modern
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The remaining issue was how to use and configure a vehicle. Major
1934:
Devil's Chariots: the birth and secret battles of the first tanks
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649:
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on 2 February 1916. Although initially termed "Landships" by the
436:
793:
Churchill, in turn, wrote a note on 5 January to Prime Minister
2220:
1093:
891:
629:
602:
598:
1687:
of Germany and the entry of the US brought an end to the war.
1317:
2245:
1431:
enough to defeat the standard German armour-piercing bullet.
597:, it was essentially an armoured steam tractor equipped with
509:
1765:
Collision of Empires: Britain in Three World Wars, 1793–1945
1469:
In July 1918, the French used 480 tanks (mostly FTs) at the
1411:
The first battle in which tanks made a great impact was the
837:
2240:
2068:
1393:
capture Allied tanks and re-purpose them for their own uses
1096:
1069:
546:
Mark 3II; tank no. 799 captured near Arras on 11 April 1917
449:
1481:
hoped to commit over 30,000 tanks to battle in that year.
1150:
fumes from the weapons. Temperatures inside could reach 50
612:
435:
A British tank destroyed in battle against the Germans at
2144:
1896:
Occupational Health: The Soldier and the Industrial Base.
1667:
1648:
1384:
1024:
A captured British tank in German hands destroying a tree
1572:
491:
The French fielded their first tanks in April 1917 and
1056:
decided that the principal inventors of the Tank were
733:
The main limitation was the wheels, which gave a high
457:
was a response to the stalemate that developed on the
1886:
Macpherson WG, Herringham WP, Elliot TR, Balfour A.
1407:
British-operated FT tank attached to Canadian troops
512:
and Mark IV performed reasonably well. The Mark I's
1741:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
636:From 1904 to 1909, David Roberts, the engineer and
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1737:Murray, Williamson; Millet, Allan R, eds. (1996).
573:forces using captured British Mark IVs during the
1212:remained firmly in favour of further production.
1137:Splatter mask used by tank crews in World War One
2335:
2067:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
939:more robust than, any other system then in use.
656:, a (small) section of which wanted to evaluate
468:In Great Britain, an initial vehicle, nicknamed
1297:tanks being operated by the US Army in France.
2053:
1827:
1200:Many feel that because the British Commander
155:
1736:
609:is said to have dismissed it as 'barbaric'.
1611:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1533:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1258:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
951:on the sides of the hull fitted with naval
2304:
2060:
2046:
1844:
1739:Military Innovation in the Interwar Period
162:
148:
2349:Armoured fighting vehicles of World War I
1949:Charles River Editors and Colin Fluxman.
1847:"With the Tanks – I. Anatomy and Habitat"
1631:Learn how and when to remove this message
1553:Learn how and when to remove this message
1278:Learn how and when to remove this message
782:, of which he was himself the secretary.
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1963:
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1483:
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896:
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611:
565:
557:
549:
541:
430:
127:
119:
1971:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
1964:Townsend, Reginald T. (December 1916).
1845:Littledale, Harold A. (December 1918).
1722:
1054:Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors
169:
2336:
2309:List of combat vehicles of World War I
1788:
1761:
1717:Comparison of early World War II tanks
1378:
1219:
687:, submitted a proposal to the British
554:A German-captured British tank in 1917
2041:
1791:"Hotel where warfare changed forever"
1573:Villers-Bretonneux: Tank against tank
804:
143:
1994:Cambrai: The First Great Tank Battle
1922:Cambrai: The First Great Tank Battle
1609:adding citations to reliable sources
1576:
1531:adding citations to reliable sources
1498:
1398:
1352:'s excellent small tank design, the
1256:adding citations to reliable sources
1223:
1079:
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
1661:Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
1110:by C and D Companies HS MGC at the
766:that Marriott had seen in Belgium.
531:
405:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
13:
1999:Zaloga, Steven J. and Tony Bryan.
1943:
1789:Watson, Greig (24 February 2014).
14:
2370:
2007:
1966:"'Tanks' And 'The Hose Of Death'"
528:followed the invention of tanks.
2303:
2294:
2293:
1581:
1503:
1228:
994:was a common British term for a
947:design was dropped in favour of
904:showing its rear steering wheels
22:
1914:
1892:His Majesty’s Stationery Office
1702:Comparison of World War I tanks
695:Inquiries to the government of
33:needs additional citations for
2271:Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien
2014:Lancelot De Mole's tank models
1905:
1880:
1864:
1818:
1801:
1782:
1755:
1729:
942:The next design by Lieutenant
1:
982:tanks" for desert warfare in
780:Committee of Imperial Defence
724:Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne
1707:Tanks of the interwar period
910:William Foster & Co. Ltd
7:
2001:French Tanks of World War I
1811:65.1 (Fall 2002): 123–143.
1690:
1112:Battle of Flers-Courcelette
788:First Lord of the Admiralty
709:Charron-Girardot-Voigt 1902
624:Artillery tractors (here a
10:
2375:
1658:
1494:
1186:anti-tank gun, and also a
605:sprouting from the sides.
575:Second Battle of the Marne
535:
526:armoured personnel carrier
2289:
2203:
2135:
2107:
2079:
1911:Military Blunders, p. 152
1778:– via Google Books.
1415:in 1917. British Colonel
340:
217:
179:
136:, the first "modern" tank
2354:Tank warfare by conflict
2030:Kennedy, Michael David:
1985:Kaplan, Lawrence M. ed.
1815:. Web. 16 February 2012.
1419:, chief of staff of the
774:, who tried to interest
764:Holt caterpillar tractor
707:French armored car: the
480:was demonstrated to the
474:William Foster & Co.
420:Multiple rocket launcher
410:Self-propelled artillery
1932:Glanfield, John (2001)
1813:Academic Search Premier
832:Royal Naval Air Service
828:Royal Naval Air Service
799:General Scott-Moncrieff
2231:Holt gas–electric tank
2032:Tanks and Tank Warfare
1762:Harvey, A. D. (1992).
1656:
1491:
1448:
1439:A British Mark V* tank
1408:
1326:
1302:
1138:
1099:
1038:Hotchkiss machine guns
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924:
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711:
633:
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577:
563:
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137:
125:
57:"Tanks in World War I"
2117:Medium Mark A Whippet
2089:M1918 Ford 3-ton tank
2026:WW1 Tanks (1914–1918)
1712:Tanks in World War II
1646:
1487:
1437:
1406:
1320:
1293:
1195:power-to-weight ratio
1136:
1087:
1068:, which was known as
1023:
918:
900:
872:Killen-Strait tractor
840:
751:Ernest Dunlop Swinton
706:
665:Austro-Hungarian Army
623:
615:
585:and the demonstrable
583:Industrial Revolution
569:
561:
553:
545:
472:, was constructed at
434:
415:Self-propelled mortar
131:
124:A British Mark V tank
123:
2324:Tanks in World War I
1723:Notes and references
1605:improve this section
1527:improve this section
1252:improve this section
1042:Vickers machine guns
944:Walter Gordon Wilson
648:, built a series of
42:improve this article
2320:Tank classification
2316:History of the tank
1379:German developments
1323:Saint-Chamond tanks
1220:French developments
1116:Battle of the Somme
1058:Sir William Tritton
955:(57 mm) guns.
663:An engineer in the
538:History of the tank
447:The development of
172:History of the tank
2019:2009-02-08 at the
1853:. pp. 836–848
1657:
1492:
1471:Battle of Soissons
1449:
1409:
1327:
1303:
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1100:
1052:After the war the
1026:
930:built the 14 ton "
928:Fosters of Lincoln
925:
906:
849:
815:Landship Committee
805:Landship Committee
743:caterpillar tracks
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658:artillery tractors
642:Hornsby & Sons
634:
618:
578:
564:
556:
548:
518:self-propelled gun
486:Landship Committee
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138:
126:
2359:World War I tanks
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2299:World War I tanks
1768:. A&C Black.
1641:
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1562:
1555:
1413:Battle of Cambrai
1399:Battle of Cambrai
1373:Nivelle Offensive
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1287:
1280:
1104:Machine Gun Corps
1080:First deployments
876:Pedrail monotrack
784:Winston Churchill
638:managing director
428:
427:
118:
117:
110:
92:
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2266:Steam Wheel Tank
2094:M1917 light tank
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2055:
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1982:
1980:
1979:
1956:Foley, Michael.
1936:. Stroud: Sutton
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1918:
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1697:History of tanks
1655:on 21 March 1918
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1168:chemical warfare
1062:Traction engines
972:Reginald McKenna
741:The adoption of
681:Lancelot De Mole
673:Austro-Hungarian
532:Conceptual roots
524:) and the first
522:Gun Carrier Mk I
385:Main battle tank
365:Super-heavy tank
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2344:Tanks by period
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2073:First World War
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2021:Wayback Machine
2010:
1992:Smithers, A.J.
1977:
1975:
1946:
1944:Further reading
1929:
1928:
1920:A.J. Smithers,
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1626:
1620:
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1602:
1586:
1575:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1524:
1508:
1497:
1444:unditching beam
1401:
1381:
1342:Char St Chamond
1284:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1249:
1233:
1222:
1188:Geballte Ladung
1184:3.7 cm TAK 1918
1180:anti-tank rifle
1162:outside tanks.
1144:carbon monoxide
1082:
988:Water Container
881:R.E.B. Crompton
807:
755:Royal Engineers
735:ground pressure
685:South Australia
669:Gunther Burstyn
616:Hornsby tractor
607:Lord Palmerston
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534:
429:
424:
336:
213:
175:
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168:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
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39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
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2312:
2311:
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2263:
2258:
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2008:External links
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772:Maurice Hankey
587:power of steam
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463:trench warfare
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2256:Skeleton tank
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2236:Little Willie
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2209:experimentals
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2127:Medium Mark C
2125:
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2122:Medium Mark B
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1590:This section
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1512:This section
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1445:
1441:– carries an
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1418:
1417:J.F.C. Fuller
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1237:This section
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1213:
1210:
1209:horse cavalry
1206:
1203:
1202:Field Marshal
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1114:(part of the
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1090:Schneider CA1
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960:Hatfield Park
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933:
932:Little Willie
929:
922:
921:Ernest Brooks
917:
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902:Little Willie
899:
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893:
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885:Lucien Legros
882:
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839:
835:
834:Squadron 20.
833:
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795:H. H. Asquith
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739:
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721:
720:Armoured cars
717:
710:
705:
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698:
693:
690:
686:
682:
677:
674:
670:
667:, Lieutenant
666:
661:
659:
655:
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647:
643:
639:
632:, spring 1915
631:
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608:
604:
601:and rotating
600:
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595:Pedrail wheel
592:
588:
584:
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568:
560:
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544:
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529:
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523:
520:(the British
519:
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479:
475:
471:
470:Little Willie
466:
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460:
459:Western Front
456:
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442:
441:Western Front
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380:Infantry tank
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31:This article
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2314:Background:
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1976:. Retrieved
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1855:. Retrieved
1851:The Atlantic
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1250:Please help
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1205:Douglas Haig
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1108:Mark I tanks
1101:
1092:, the first
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635:
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370:Cruiser tank
312:Soviet Union
199:World War II
188:
104:
98:January 2020
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85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2216:CLB 75 Tank
1902:16 Feb 2012
1299:Light tanks
984:Mesopotamia
716:World War I
591:Crimean War
510:Renault FTs
478:Mark I tank
454:World War I
400:Assault gun
355:Medium tank
307:South Korea
302:North Korea
252:New Zealand
189:World War I
2338:Categories
2261:Steam tank
2205:Prototypes
2099:Renault FT
1978:2009-08-04
1876:0856832650
1857:2023-10-30
1621:April 2023
1543:April 2023
1457:Renault FT
1421:Tank Corps
1295:Renault FT
1268:April 2023
1066:Heavy tank
759:Eyewitness
689:War Office
536:See also:
375:Flame tank
360:Heavy tank
350:Light tank
134:Renault FT
68:newspapers
2281:Vezdekhod
2276:Tsar Tank
2226:Fiat 2000
2185:Mark VIII
1974:: 195–207
1809:Historian
1681:Plan 1919
1647:A German
1592:does not
1514:does not
1475:Plan 1919
1311:Baby Holt
1239:does not
1172:K bullets
1164:Gas masks
1031:Petrograd
1001:The term
953:6-pounder
865:wheelbase
856:tsar tank
846:Tsar Tank
820:artillery
697:Australia
679:In 1912,
227:Australia
2251:Mark VII
2180:Mark V**
2160:Mark III
2017:Archived
1890:London:
1795:BBC News
1691:See also
1685:blockade
1651:tank at
1047:infantry
1040:or four
979:landship
949:sponsons
650:tractors
646:Grantham
514:rhomboid
395:Tankette
204:Cold War
194:Interwar
2175:Mark V*
2165:Mark IV
2155:Mark II
2071:of the
2003:(2010)
1996:(2014)
1960:(2014)
1953:(2017)
1613:removed
1598:sources
1567:Whippet
1535:removed
1520:sources
1495:Whippet
1489:Whippet
1479:Entente
1462:Whippet
1428:Mark IV
1365:Char 2C
1350:Renault
1321:French
1260:removed
1245:sources
1148:cordite
1074:Lincoln
853:Russian
843:Russian
822:piece.
753:of the
714:Before
603:scythes
499:Germans
439:on the
437:Cambrai
332:Ukraine
267:Germany
219:Country
82:scholar
2221:FCM 1A
2170:Mark V
2150:Mark I
2109:Medium
1924:(2014)
1874:
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1745:
1677:Fuller
1477:, the
1453:Mark V
1182:, the
1094:French
1011:Panzer
996:toilet
936:turret
892:Ealing
630:Vosges
599:cannon
571:German
506:combat
443:, 1917
322:Sweden
297:Poland
287:Israel
262:France
247:Canada
84:
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63:
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2246:LK II
2137:Heavy
2081:Light
2069:Tanks
683:, of
450:tanks
317:Spain
292:Japan
282:Italy
242:China
89:JSTOR
75:books
2241:LK I
1900:Web.
1872:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1653:Roye
1596:any
1594:cite
1518:any
1516:cite
1332:Char
1243:any
1241:cite
1154:(122
1097:tank
1088:The
1070:TOG1
1015:tank
1007:Tank
1003:tank
870:The
841:The
811:Navy
786:the
626:Holt
497:The
342:Type
277:Iraq
272:Iran
237:Cuba
132:The
61:news
2145:A7V
1679:'s
1668:A7V
1649:A7V
1607:by
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1254:by
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644:of
640:of
452:in
181:Era
44:by
2340::
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1968:.
1849:.
1829:^
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1354:FT
1174:.
1156:°F
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