6063:
6025:
5951:
6253:
5986:
6214:
6291:
6172:
6376:
6111:
6104:
33:
1989:) are regenerated during each turn of the cycle. Adding more of any of these intermediates to the mitochondrion therefore means that that additional amount is retained within the cycle, increasing all the other intermediates as one is converted into the other. Hence the addition of any one of them to the cycle has an anaplerotic effect, and its removal has a cataplerotic effect. These anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions will, during the course of the cycle, increase or decrease the amount of
7609:
354:
7639:
7627:
1645:. This mutation results in several important changes to the metabolism of the cell. For one thing, because there is an extra NADPH-catalyzed reduction, this can contribute to depletion of cellular stores of NADPH and also reduce levels of alpha-ketoglutarate available to the cell. In particular, the depletion of NADPH is problematic because NADPH is highly compartmentalized and cannot freely diffuse between the organelles in the cell. It is produced largely via the
7719:
7703:
7687:
7675:
7663:
6301:
7651:
5914:
257:
6224:
5183:
5976:
227:, a component of the cycle. He made this discovery by studying pigeon breast muscle. Because this tissue maintains its oxidative capacity well after breaking down in the Latapie mincer and releasing in aqueous solutions, breast muscle of the pigeon was very well qualified for the study of oxidative reactions. The citric acid cycle itself was finally identified in 1937 by
2149:, which too can only be burned in tissues other than the liver where they are formed, or excreted via the urine or breath. These latter amino acids are therefore termed "ketogenic" amino acids, whereas those that enter the citric acid cycle as intermediates can only be cataplerotically removed by entering the gluconeogenic pathway via
1637:) but does not have a known physiologic role in mammalian cells; of note, in cancer, 2-hydroxyglutarate is likely a terminal metabolite as isotope labelling experiments of colorectal cancer cell lines show that its conversion back to alpha-ketoglutarate is too low to measure. In cancer, 2-hydroxyglutarate serves as a
6263:
6182:
6092:
6015:
5941:
1673:
and inhibit cellular differentiation. A similar phenomenon is observed for the
Jumonji C family of KDMs which require a hydroxylation to perform demethylation at the epsilon-amino methyl group. Additionally, the inability of prolyl hydroxylases to catalyze reactions results in stabilization of
1709:
energy could be wasted in overproduction of reduced coenzyme such as NADH and ATP. The major eventual substrate of the cycle is ADP which gets converted to ATP. A reduced amount of ADP causes accumulation of precursor NADH which in turn can inhibit a number of enzymes. NADH, a product of all
6053:
6141:
562:
Most of the electrons made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle are transferred to NAD, forming NADH. For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced. The citric acid cycle includes a series of redox reactions in
2037:
and water, with the energy thus released captured in the form of ATP. The three steps of beta-oxidation resemble the steps that occur in the production of oxaloacetate from succinate in the TCA cycle. Acyl-CoA is oxidized to trans-Enoyl-CoA while FAD is reduced to
2046:
is hydrated across the double bond to beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA, just like fumarate is hydrated to malate. Lastly, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA is oxidized to beta-ketoacyl-CoA while NAD+ is reduced to NADH, which follows the same process as the oxidation of malate to
1538:
Some variability also exists at the previous step – the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA. While most organisms utilize the ubiquitous NAD-dependent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, some bacteria utilize a ferredoxin-dependent 2-oxoglutarate
1217:
synthetases: one that produces GTP from GDP, and another that produces ATP from ADP. Plants have the type that produces ATP (ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase). Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely associated in a multienzyme
546:
originate from what was oxaloacetate, not directly from acetyl-CoA. The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. Loss of the acetyl-CoA-donated carbons as
2982:
2591:
150:, often called citrate, as the ionized form predominates at biological pH) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. The cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and
1480:
While the citric acid cycle is in general highly conserved, there is significant variability in the enzymes found in different taxa (note that the diagrams on this page are specific to the mammalian pathway variant).
3164:
radicals. Theoretically, several alternatives to the TCA cycle exist; however, the TCA cycle appears to be the most efficient. If several TCA alternatives had evolved independently, they all appear to have
6062:
6024:
5950:
1472:, further reducing the total net production of ATP to approximately 30. An assessment of the total ATP yield with newly revised proton-to-ATP ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule.
1629:. Under physiological conditions, 2-hydroxyglutarate is a minor product of several metabolic pathways as an error but readily converted to alpha-ketoglutarate via hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase enzymes (
6252:
2157:. These are the so-called "glucogenic" amino acids. De-aminated alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, and threonine are converted to pyruvate and can consequently either enter the citric acid cycle as
1515:, succinate–CoA ligase (ADP-forming) (despite its name, the enzyme operates in the pathway in the direction of ATP formation). In mammals a GTP-forming enzyme, succinate–CoA ligase (GDP-forming) (
1786:. Calcium is also used as a regulator in the citric acid cycle. Calcium levels in the mitochondrial matrix can reach up to the tens of micromolar levels during cellular activation. It activates
1449:, transport of two of these equivalents of NADH into the mitochondria effectively consumes two equivalents of ATP, thus reducing the net production of ATP to 36. Furthermore, inefficiencies in
3751:
404:
of sugars, fats, and proteins, the two-carbon organic product acetyl-CoA is produced which enters the citric acid cycle. The reactions of the cycle also convert three equivalents of
3160:, and that the TCA cycle itself may have evolved more than once. It may even predate biosis: the substrates appear to undergo most of the reactions spontaneously in the presence of
3035:
3032:
3020:
3000:
2996:
2644:
2641:
2629:
2609:
2605:
3030:
2639:
2090:) is immediately removed from the mitochondrion to be converted into cytosolic oxaloacetate, which is ultimately converted into glucose, in a process that is almost the reverse of
1705:. The regulation of the citric acid cycle is largely determined by product inhibition and substrate availability. If the cycle were permitted to run unchecked, large amounts of
6731:
1669:
to prime them for demethylation. However, in the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate this cannot be done and there is hence hypermethylation of the cell's DNA, serving to promote
5161:
5985:
7757:
5058:"The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution"
1678:, which is necessary to promote degradation of the latter (as under conditions of low oxygen there will not be adequate substrate for hydroxylation). This results in a
1547:). Other organisms, including obligately autotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria and archaea, bypass succinyl-CoA entirely, and convert 2-oxoglutarate to succinate via
6213:
4059:"A specialized citric acid cycle requiring succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA):acetate CoA-transferase (AarC) confers acetic acid resistance on the acidophile Acetobacter aceti"
5690:
6290:
6171:
1872:
capability to carry out respiration if this is otherwise a limiting factor. Processes that remove intermediates from the cycle are termed "cataplerotic" reactions.
2302:
Several of the citric acid cycle intermediates are used for the synthesis of important compounds, which will have significant cataplerotic effects on the cycle.
4570:"Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylases by citric acid cycle intermediates: possible links between cell metabolism and stabilization of HIF"
3033:
3024:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2642:
2633:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2109:
into their constituent amino acids. Their carbon skeletons (i.e. the de-aminated amino acids) may either enter the citric acid cycle as intermediates (e.g.
1780:, a precursor of pyruvate. This prevents a constant high rate of flux when there is an accumulation of citrate and a decrease in substrate for the enzyme.
1206:, which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, also acting as an intermediate in the
4108:"Cloning and characterization of Helicobacter pylori succinyl CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase, a novel prokaryotic member of the CoA-transferase family"
3920:"Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a gene encoding the monomeric isocitrate dehydrogenase of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii"
1527:, succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase. This specialized enzyme links the TCA cycle with acetate metabolism in these organisms. Some bacteria, such as
2997:
2606:
8096:
4901:
181:
cells, such as bacteria, which lack mitochondria, the citric acid cycle reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for
3012:
2621:
566:
In addition, electrons from the succinate oxidation step are transferred first to the FAD cofactor of succinate dehydrogenase, reducing it to FADH
7750:
3121:
4149:"An anaerobic-type alpha-ketoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase completes the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
5104:
8030:
196:
For each pyruvate molecule (from glycolysis), the overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid cycle is three NADH, one
5406:
3028:
3015:
3001:
2637:
2624:
2610:
1864:
pathways converge on the citric acid cycle. Most of these reactions add intermediates to the citric acid cycle, and are therefore known as
1278:
molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two GTP, six NADH, two FADH
5878:
1657:, and this oxidative stress can result in DNA damage. There are also changes on the genetic and epigenetic level through the function of
621:
There are ten basic steps in the citric acid cycle, as outlined below. The cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of
3031:
2640:
7743:
2534:
which is then transported out of the mitochondrion, to be oxidized back to oxaloacetate in the cytosol. Cytosolic oxaloacetate is then
1852:. Fumarate and succinate have been identified as potent inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylases, thus leading to the stabilisation of HIF.
1762:
mechanism that can account for large changes in reaction rate from an allosteric effector whose concentration changes less than 10%.
5227:
5123:"Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems"
3525:"Recovery of labeled CO2 during the infusion of C-1- vs C-2-labeled acetate: implications for tracer studies of substrate oxidation"
8065:
8060:
7623:
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
4522:
2310:
is removed from the citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol. There it is cleaved by
8001:
6346:
5122:
3017:
2626:
1468:
to less than the theoretical maximum yield. The observed yields are, therefore, closer to ~2.5 ATP per NADH and ~1.5 ATP per FADH
1139:
This is the same as step 0 and restarts the cycle. The reaction is irreversible and extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule
4723:(Fourth ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 509–527, 569–579, 614–616, 638–641, 732–735, 739–748, 770–773.
3038:
3010:
2985:
2647:
2619:
2594:
2416:
Of these amino acids, aspartate and glutamine are used, together with carbon and nitrogen atoms from other sources, to form the
321:
3023:
2986:
2632:
2595:
1868:, from the Greek meaning to "fill up". These increase the amount of acetyl CoA that the cycle is able to carry, increasing the
240:
2276:. The number of ATP molecules derived from the beta oxidation of a 6 carbon segment of a fatty acid chain, and the subsequent
293:
4753:
4728:
4674:
4448:
3841:
3637:
3605:
3395:
3323:
3306:
3277:
3252:
3221:
1670:
1570:
that occur to ensure the proliferation of tumor cells, and consequently metabolites can accumulate which serve to facilitate
220:
5270:
1802:. This increases the reaction rate of many of the steps in the cycle, and therefore increases flux throughout the pathway.
1519:) also operates. The level of utilization of each isoform is tissue dependent. In some acetate-producing bacteria, such as
3025:
2990:
2634:
2599:
3969:"Functions of the membrane-associated and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenases in the citric acid cycle of Escherichia coli"
3390:. Marks, Allan D., Peet, Alisa (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2043:
1405:
The total number of ATP molecules obtained after complete oxidation of one glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and
300:
232:
190:
3041:
3040:
2999:
2987:
2650:
2649:
2608:
2596:
7883:
7802:
3009:
2618:
1825:
1787:
274:
3324:"Which way does the citric acid cycle turn during hypoxia? The critical role of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex"
3039:
2992:
2648:
2601:
139:
to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.
3575:
3026:
2635:
2543:
2441:
1799:
1755:
1723:
1250:
880:
870:
850:
793:
779:
409:
405:
340:
124:
3781:"Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+/O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes"
3044:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3006:
2653:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2615:
3655:"Genetic evidence for the expression of ATP- and GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetases in multicellular eucaryotes"
3045:
3042:
3005:
2654:
2651:
2614:
307:
3036:
2645:
1938:
in the citric acid cycle, and is therefore an anaplerotic reaction, increasing the cycle's capacity to metabolize
528:
group from acetyl-CoA to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate).
215:
Several of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by the research of
6673:
5871:
5401:
1333:
with those occurring during the citric acid cycle, the following overall pyruvate oxidation reaction is obtained:
891:
400:(a two carbon molecule), in the form of acetyl-CoA, into two molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. Through
4251:"Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutation and (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate: From Basic Discovery to Therapeutics Development"
3047:
3046:
3037:
3007:
3002:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2616:
2611:
1758:; however, ATP levels do not change more than 10% in vivo between rest and vigorous exercise. There is no known
8131:
8040:
7870:
7858:
7807:
3043:
3029:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2652:
2638:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2597:
1791:
914:
459:
278:
5478:
4106:
Corthésy-Theulaz IE, Bergonzelli GE, Henry H, Bachmann D, Schorderet DF, Blum AL, et al. (October 1997).
3034:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2643:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2153:
which is transported out of the mitochondrion to be converted into cytosolic oxaloacetate and ultimately into
1363:, the following overall glucose oxidation reaction (excluding reactions in the respiratory chain) is obtained:
289:
8126:
7879:
5804:
3904:
3022:
3019:
2998:
2631:
2628:
2607:
2029:
present in the mitochondrial matrix, and is never regenerated. It is the oxidation of the acetate portion of
1230:
154:, reduces NAD to NADH, releasing carbon dioxide. The NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the
8136:
7866:
7379:
6375:
4466:"Mitochondrial free Ca²⁺ levels and their effects on energy metabolism in Drosophila motor nerve terminals"
1641:
for a number of enzymes that facilitate reactions via alpha-ketoglutarate in alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent
1511:
A step with significant variability is the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate. Most organisms utilize
1446:
6519:
6508:
551:
requires several turns of the citric acid cycle. However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in
8141:
6339:
4861:
Ferré P, Foufelle F (2007). "SREBP-1c transcription factor and lipid homeostasis: clinical perspective".
4018:"Expression of two succinyl-CoA synthetases with different nucleotide specificities in mammalian tissues"
2445:
1462:
1402:
ion, ADP and GDP the ADP and GDP ions, respectively, and ATP and GTP the ATP and GTP ions, respectively.
1254:
1184:
1007:
555:, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the
417:
413:
197:
2086:
to the mitochondrion does not have a net anaplerotic effect, as another citric acid cycle intermediate (
8121:
7553:
7428:
6955:
5864:
5311:
2213:
2197:
2193:
1662:
1442:
5206:
158:(electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of
7967:
7458:
7139:
6701:
6688:
6411:
5675:
5597:
5352:
5057:
1809:
1777:
1646:
1586:
1567:
1450:
1422:
1406:
1180:
444:
155:
17:
2268:
molecules, their catabolism in the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30
2113:
derived from glutamate or glutamine), having an anaplerotic effect on the cycle, or, in the case of
1175:. The NADH generated in the citric acid cycle may later be oxidized (donate its electrons) to drive
8146:
7962:
7922:
7797:
7116:
6826:
6613:
5695:
5416:
5357:
5263:
1795:
1719:
1594:
1330:
1207:
1195:
784:
587:
5192:
1531:, employ yet another enzyme for this conversion – succinyl-CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase (
7987:
7903:
7814:
7707:
7695:
7631:
7353:
7098:
6307:
5789:
5538:
5533:
5519:
5494:
2433:
2374:
2290:
1961:
1711:
1191:
987:
844:
820:
716:
601:
that are produced in the citric acid cycle, 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules are generated in oxidative
267:
236:
89:
4666:
4660:
3830:"Section 18.6: The Regulation of Cellular Respiration Is Governed Primarily by the Need for ATP"
216:
7946:
7862:
7581:
6798:
6596:
6332:
6110:
6103:
5824:
5758:
5644:
5639:
5344:
3244:
3238:
3066:
2437:
2429:
2281:
2269:
2260:
The total energy gained from the complete breakdown of one (six-carbon) molecule of glucose by
2021:, is the only fuel to enter the citric acid cycle. With each turn of the cycle one molecule of
2002:
1943:
1735:
1715:
1638:
1618:
1548:
1246:
1161:
933:
923:
856:
509:
436:
314:
204:
85:
7895:
2475:, form the complementary bases to the purine bases in DNA and RNA, and are also components of
7840:
7679:
7209:
6983:
6845:
5829:
5794:
5750:
5514:
5373:
4895:
4779:"Human skeletal muscle fatty acid and glycerol metabolism during rest, exercise and recovery"
4521:
Denton RM, Randle PJ, Bridges BJ, Cooper RH, Kerbey AL, Pask HT, et al. (October 1975).
3117:
2547:
2480:
2476:
1865:
942:
938:
929:
902:
424:
113:
105:
8011:
7941:
7829:
7655:
7204:
6480:
6465:
5768:
5473:
5449:
5411:
5072:
5012:
4928:
4477:
4341:"Evidence that 2-hydroxyglutarate is not readily metabolized in colorectal carcinoma cells"
4207:
3707:
3502:
3419:
3166:
2488:
2354:
2327:
2209:
1927:
1242:
1223:
1083:
700:
508:
The product of this reaction, acetyl-CoA, is the starting point for the citric acid cycle.
170:
97:
5224:
4568:
Koivunen P, Hirsilä M, Remes AM, Hassinen IE, Kivirikko KI, Myllyharju J (February 2007).
4267:
4250:
8:
8091:
7498:
7258:
7232:
6948:
5713:
5332:
5256:
3188:
2539:
2524:
2484:
1845:
1769:
1614:
1590:
946:
906:
109:
7735:
5215:
5188:
5076:
5016:
4932:
4915:
Hui S, Ghergurovich JM, Morscher RJ, Jang C, Teng X, Lu W, et al. (November 2017).
4481:
4211:
3711:
2361:
formed from the citric acid cycle intermediates have to acquire their amino groups from
7982:
7711:
7621:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
7015:
6976:
6922:
6785:
5836:
5509:
5454:
5441:
5153:
5096:
5033:
5000:
4949:
4916:
4803:
4778:
4748:(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. pp. 623–625, 771–773.
4550:
4498:
4465:
4416:
4391:
4367:
4340:
4316:
4291:
4231:
4175:
4148:
4083:
4058:
3949:
3886:
3805:
3780:
3733:
3479:
3454:
3295:
3193:
3157:
2331:
2098:
1849:
1808:. There is a link between intermediates of the citric acid cycle and the regulation of
1579:
1556:
1552:
1524:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1106:
1032:
789:
742:
655:
147:
5856:
1875:
In this section and in the next, the citric acid cycle intermediates are indicated in
1544:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1433:). In eukaryotes, two equivalents of NADH and two equivalents of ATP are generated in
1160:, the energy from these reactions is transferred to other metabolic processes through
7614:
7562:
7530:
6811:
5890:
5708:
5504:
5306:
5301:
5240:
5145:
5088:
5038:
4981:
4954:
4880:
4843:
4839:
4808:
4759:
4749:
4724:
4670:
4632:
4591:
4542:
4503:
4444:
4421:
4372:
4321:
4272:
4235:
4223:
4198:
Zhang S, Bryant DA (December 2011). "The tricarboxylic acid cycle in cyanobacteria".
4180:
4129:
4088:
4039:
3998:
3993:
3984:
3968:
3941:
3878:
3837:
3810:
3725:
3720:
3695:
3676:
3633:
3601:
3595:
3571:
3546:
3484:
3440:
3401:
3391:
3348:
3302:
3273:
3248:
3217:
3105:
3087:
3070:
3057:
2311:
389:
370:
128:
57:
32:
5248:
5157:
5100:
4554:
3953:
3890:
3737:
2379:, which is a citric acid cycle intermediate. The intermediates that can provide the
2295:
In this subheading, as in the previous one, the TCA intermediates are identified by
7933:
7787:
7723:
7073:
7022:
6969:
6941:
6439:
6398:
5731:
5137:
5080:
5028:
5020:
4944:
4936:
4870:
4835:
4826:
Halarnkar PP, Blomquist GJ (1989). "Comparative aspects of propionate metabolism".
4798:
4790:
4622:
4581:
4534:
4493:
4485:
4411:
4403:
4362:
4352:
4311:
4303:
4262:
4215:
4170:
4160:
4119:
4078:
4070:
4029:
3988:
3980:
3931:
3870:
3858:
3800:
3792:
3715:
3666:
3536:
3474:
3466:
3338:
3183:
3113:
2385:
2380:
2314:
into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is returned to mitochondrion as
2244:
2048:
1985:
1890:
1751:
1743:
1727:
1666:
1650:
1426:
1421:
through oxidation of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and
1125:
1111:
1011:
689:
674:
660:
609:
228:
3441:
Inclusive Growth And Youth
Empowerment: A Development Model For Aspirational India
7567:
6832:
6772:
6656:
6581:
6385:
5685:
5567:
5231:
4794:
4339:
Gelman SJ, Mahieu NG, Cho K, Llufrio EM, Wencewicz TA, Patti GJ (December 2015).
4165:
3141:
2535:
2357:
are made from citric acid cycle intermediates. To turn them into amino acids the
2339:
2201:
2063:
1848:
complex, which targets them for rapid degradation. This reaction is catalysed by
1610:
1229:
The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may be utilized by
1219:
839:
810:
602:
2550:
precursors (such as the glucogenic amino acids and lactate) into glucose by the
2306:
cannot be transported out of the mitochondrion. To obtain cytosolic acetyl-CoA,
1194:, an enzyme which functions both in the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial
7667:
7643:
7435:
7365:
7029:
6913:
6900:
6536:
6495:
6269:
5762:
5680:
5670:
5619:
5607:
5580:
3829:
3565:
2366:
2236:
2228:
2173:
2014:
2005:
production by the mitochondrion, and thus the availability of ATP to the cell.
1855:
1691:
1606:
1484:
Some differences exist between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The conversion of D-
1261:
1154:
815:
760:
536:
531:
The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing two
121:
4489:
4357:
4307:
2575:
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
2291:
Citric acid cycle intermediates serve as substrates for biosynthetic processes
1488:-isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD-dependent
8115:
7225:
7171:
7148:
7107:
6999:
6990:
6871:
6626:
6189:
5634:
5321:
5210:
4972:
Gest H (1987). "Evolutionary roots of the citric acid cycle in prokaryotes".
4763:
4611:"The Key Role of Anaplerosis and Cataplerosis for Citric Acid Cycle Function"
4407:
4124:
4107:
3671:
3654:
3405:
2248:
2220:
2146:
2126:
1967:
1894:
1869:
1837:
1679:
1571:
1454:
919:
732:
721:
575:
186:
174:
5024:
4443:(Eighth ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan International, Higher Education.
4219:
3541:
3524:
1024:
during
Complex II of the ETC, where they generate the equivalent of 1.5 ATP
450:
One of the primary sources of acetyl-CoA is from the breakdown of sugars by
127:, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many
8006:
7992:
7914:
7539:
7507:
7414:
7409:
7393:
7265:
7089:
7043:
6896:
6551:
6084:
5933:
5614:
5584:
5389:
5361:
5149:
5141:
5042:
4958:
4884:
4812:
4636:
4627:
4610:
4595:
4586:
4569:
4507:
4425:
4392:"Targeting Histone Demethylases: A New Avenue for the Fight against Cancer"
4376:
4325:
4276:
4227:
4184:
4092:
4043:
4034:
4017:
4002:
3945:
3882:
3488:
3352:
3178:
2500:
2253:
2177:
1973:
1923:
1821:
1739:
1683:
1658:
1583:
1458:
1418:
1214:
1176:
1088:
992:
957:
898:
866:
556:
455:
374:
357:
Structural diagram of acetyl-CoA: The portion in blue, on the left, is the
224:
182:
101:
73:
5092:
4985:
4847:
4133:
3814:
3729:
3680:
3550:
3156:
It is believed that components of the citric acid cycle were derived from
2981:
2590:
7618:
7484:
7421:
7372:
7066:
7050:
7036:
6934:
6929:
6858:
6746:
6716:
6641:
5740:
5602:
4546:
3109:
2505:
2456:
2335:
2079:
2067:
2042:, which is similar to the oxidation of succinate to fumarate. Following,
2018:
1951:
1817:
1687:
1654:
1642:
1575:
1500:)-malate to oxaloacetate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD-dependent
1130:
860:
679:
591:
521:
178:
143:
4940:
4105:
4074:
3600:(1st ed.). Rockville, Md: American Society of Plant Physiologists.
353:
7850:
7766:
7590:
7521:
7472:
7451:
7442:
7386:
7341:
7305:
7218:
7157:
7082:
7057:
7006:
6887:
6566:
6452:
6355:
6230:
6124:
5906:
5841:
5563:
5484:
5465:
5397:
5340:
5283:
5279:
5084:
4538:
3936:
3919:
3874:
3161:
3133:
2570:
2517:
2509:
2449:
2394:
2370:
2343:
2261:
2240:
2224:
2205:
2185:
2181:
2130:
2118:
2091:
2009:
1979:
1911:
1902:
1886:
1773:
1759:
1731:
1706:
1602:
1434:
1360:
1203:
1134:
1115:
1056:
981:
953:
775:
683:
664:
622:
571:
513:
482:
451:
401:
385:
362:
281: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
166:
136:
132:
117:
69:
6300:
6262:
4875:
4016:
Lambeth DO, Tews KN, Adkins S, Frohlich D, Milavetz BI (August 2004).
3796:
3696:"Organization of citric acid cycle enzymes into a multienzyme cluster"
3653:
Johnson JD, Mehus JG, Tews K, Milavetz BI, Lambeth DO (October 1998).
3470:
3343:
3099:
2546:, which is the rate limiting step in the conversion of nearly all the
1359:
Combining the above reaction with the ones occurring in the course of
243:
in 1953, and for whom the cycle is sometimes named the "Krebs cycle".
7792:
7491:
7476:
7467:
7345:
7335:
7323:
7310:
7296:
7285:
7281:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7197:
6759:
6181:
6045:
5736:
5543:
5287:
3897:
2562:
2513:
2495:
2402:
2390:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2273:
1861:
1833:
1598:
1438:
1271:
1169:
1150:
996:
977:
770:
747:
710:
579:
428:
6091:
6014:
5940:
4828:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry
3918:
Sahara T, Takada Y, Takeuchi Y, Yamaoka N, Fukunaga N (March 2002).
256:
7824:
7514:
7318:
7192:
7185:
6962:
6007:
5913:
3129:
3125:
2566:
2468:
2410:
2257:
and fed into the citric acid cycle as an anaplerotic intermediate.
2189:
2134:
2106:
2075:
1882:
1626:
1540:
1047:
1037:
552:
532:
159:
93:
61:
3375:(3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 615.
2013:, on the other hand, derived from pyruvate oxidation, or from the
1653:
within the cell as it is a required cofactor in the production of
462:
generating acetyl-CoA according to the following reaction scheme:
135:. Even though it is branded as a "cycle", it is not necessary for
7691:
7574:
7402:
7360:
7331:
7178:
7132:
6324:
6223:
6147:
6052:
5799:
5784:
5219:
2464:
2417:
2406:
2154:
2114:
2102:
2071:
2055:
1841:
1829:
1275:
883:(equivalent of 2.5 ATP), regenerates the 4C chain (CoA excluded)
705:
397:
393:
382:
81:
7608:
5975:
4777:
van Hall G, Sacchetti M, Rådegran G, Saltin B (September 2002).
3564:
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002). "The Citric Acid Cycle".
2373:
is a cofactor. In this reaction the glutamate is converted into
2326:
out of the mitochondrion). The cytosolic acetyl-CoA is used for
1523:, an entirely different enzyme catalyzes this conversion –
7773:
7164:
7125:
6906:
6140:
5968:
5001:"Sulfate radicals enable a non-enzymatic Krebs cycle precursor"
4776:
4147:
Baughn AD, Garforth SJ, Vilchèze C, Jacobs WR (November 2009).
3145:
2555:
2472:
2122:
1844:
residues mediates their interaction with the von Hippel Lindau
1634:
1630:
1563:
1233:
to form ATP (the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP).
1146:
1074:
525:
358:
4999:
Keller MA, Kampjut D, Harrison SA, Ralser M (13 March 2017) .
3144:. New studies suggest that lactate can be used as a source of
2192:. In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via
1710:
dehydrogenases in the citric acid cycle with the exception of
1649:
in the cytoplasm. The depletion of NADPH results in increased
84:. The chemical energy released is available under the form of
8075:
8070:
5055:
3137:
2551:
2277:
1898:
1813:
1675:
1625:
to yield 2-hydroxyglutarate), and hence IDH is considered an
1622:
1504:, while most prokaryotes utilize a quinone-dependent enzyme,
1069:
972:
443:
generated by the citric acid cycle are, in turn, used by the
151:
65:
4567:
4146:
3388:
Marks' basic medical biochemistry : a clinical approach
1879:
to distinguish them from other substrates and end-products.
1856:
Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle
8055:
8050:
8045:
8035:
8025:
7818:
7274:
5235:
5056:
Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell TG, Cascante M (September 1996).
4998:
4914:
3917:
3085:
The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways:
1916:
1621:
step occurs after the formation of alpha-ketoglutarate via
1165:
1095:
1094:
reversible (in fact, equilibrium favors malate), generates
829:
rate-limiting, irreversible stage, generates a 5C molecule
799:
3443:. Journal of Science, Technology and Management. 7. 52–62.
3240:
Krebs' citric acid cycle: half a century and still turning
1461:/proton pump commonly reduces the ATP yield from NADH and
7765:
7546:
4520:
4438:
4015:
3966:
2425:
2421:
378:
77:
3652:
3136:, muscles produce lactate which is then taken up by the
5886:
3859:"The molecular machinery of Keilin's respiratory chain"
3589:
3587:
1213:
Mitochondria in animals, including humans, possess two
223:
in 1937 specifically for his discoveries pertaining to
142:
The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the
131:
suggests that it was one of the earliest components of
5481:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
4338:
4056:
3967:
van der Rest ME, Frank C, Molenaar D (December 2000).
1597:(IDH) (which under normal circumstances catalyzes the
162:
to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.
5278:
5244:: Interactive representation of the citric acid cycle
4917:"Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate"
3593:
3297:
Life
Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution
1949:
In the citric acid cycle all the intermediates (e.g.
1303:
The sum of all reactions in the citric acid cycle is:
27:
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
6366:
4439:
Nelson DL, Cox MM, Hoskins AA, Lehninger AL (2021).
3584:
2504:. These molecules are an important component of the
2074:
into glucose, under the influence of high levels of
4665:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp.
3214:
Methods in
Enzymology, Volume 13: Citric Acid Cycle
3100:
Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate
2231:, which results in the production of mitochondrial
4825:
3827:
3627:
3563:
3294:
2561:Because the citric acid cycle is involved in both
2459:are partly assembled from aspartate (derived from
2001:. This in turn increases or decreases the rate of
1578:. Among the best characterized oncometabolites is
1202:, therefore, facilitates transfer of electrons to
936:instead of GDP→GTP, generates 1 ATP or equivalent.
4289:
4057:Mullins EA, Francois JA, Kappock TJ (July 2008).
3821:
1617:, as discussed above; in this case an additional
1018:in the first step of the reaction) in the enzyme.
8113:
8097:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
4608:
4523:"Regulation of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase"
4463:
3503:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953"
3495:
3420:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937"
3286:
3230:
3205:
1934:. This latter reaction "fills up" the amount of
1922:However, it is also possible for pyruvate to be
1897:membrane, and into the matrix. Here they can be
1816:). HIF plays a role in the regulation of oxygen
1768:is used for feedback inhibition, as it inhibits
1241:Products of the first turn of the cycle are one
8002:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
5120:
4889:this process is outlined graphically in page 73
3455:"Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues"
3412:
2984:
2593:
2219:In many tissues, especially heart and skeletal
1742:inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and
1020:These two electrons are later transferred to QH
524:cycle begins with the transfer of a two-carbon
4743:
3774:
3772:
3693:
3597:Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants
2498:come from the citric acid cycle intermediate,
2235:, which can be used in the citric acid cycle.
2216:(DHAP), then into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
1492:, while prokaryotes employ the NADP-dependent
1366:Glucose + 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 GDP + 4 P
612:has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.
7751:
6340:
5872:
5264:
4860:
4658:
1820:, and is a transcription factor that targets
1429:of ATP per equivalent NADH and 2 ATP per FADH
1329:Combining the reactions occurring during the
516:. Below is a schematic outline of the cycle:
5114:
4900:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
4561:
4191:
4140:
4050:
4009:
3960:
3911:
3850:
3452:
3272:(First ed.). PenguinYork. p. 100.
3079:
5225:Pathways connected to the citric acid cycle
5194:TCA cycle (aka Krebs or citric acid cycle)
5049:
4965:
4819:
4290:Yong C, Stewart GD, Frezza C (March 2020).
4197:
4099:
3924:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
3778:
3769:
3687:
3646:
3522:
3516:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3321:
3236:
2227:are broken down through a process known as
1682:phenotype in the cancer cell that promotes
1665:(TET) enzymes; ordinarily TETs hydroxylate
512:may also be obtained from the oxidation of
169:cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the
7758:
7744:
6347:
6333:
5879:
5865:
5271:
5257:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4514:
3594:Jones RC, Buchanan BB, Gruissem W (2000).
3529:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3211:
2204:. In skeletal muscle, glycerol is used in
608:At the end of each cycle, the four-carbon
5032:
4948:
4874:
4802:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4626:
4585:
4497:
4415:
4389:
4366:
4356:
4315:
4266:
4174:
4164:
4123:
4082:
4033:
3992:
3935:
3804:
3719:
3670:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3540:
3478:
3385:
3342:
1836:. HIF is synthesized constitutively, and
1746:. When tested in vitro with TCA enzymes,
341:Learn how and when to remove this message
3370:
3359:
3243:. London: Biochemical Society. pp.
2494:The majority of the carbon atoms in the
2338:can, in turn, be used to synthesize the
1942:when the tissue's energy needs (e.g. in
1559:, succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
408:(NAD) into three equivalents of reduced
352:
31:
5236:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
3905:"Citric acid cycle variants at MetaCyc"
3828:Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2002).
1671:epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
14:
8114:
7588:
7579:
7572:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7528:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7465:
7456:
7449:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7358:
7351:
7329:
7316:
7303:
7279:
7272:
7263:
7256:
7230:
7223:
7202:
7183:
7169:
7155:
7146:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7105:
7096:
7087:
7080:
7071:
7064:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7020:
7013:
7004:
6997:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6822:
6807:
6794:
6781:
6768:
6755:
6742:
6727:
6697:
6684:
6669:
6652:
6637:
6622:
6609:
6592:
6577:
6562:
6516:
6505:
6492:
6477:
6462:
6449:
6436:
6423:
6408:
6395:
6382:
5121:Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R (January 2001).
4719:Stryer L (1995). "Citric acid cycle".
4718:
4683:
4609:Owen OE, Kalhan SC, Hanson RW (2002).
4464:Ivannikov MV, Macleod GT (June 2013).
4248:
3779:Porter RK, Brand MD (September 1995).
3628:Stryer L, Berg J, Tymoczko JL (2002).
3614:
3267:
1946:) are suddenly increased by activity.
1409:is estimated to be between 30 and 38.
458:that in turn is decarboxylated by the
392:of the cycle are carried out by eight
241:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
7739:
7560:
7407:
7400:
7294:
7243:
7216:
7190:
7114:
7034:
7027:
6927:
6920:
6911:
6894:
6885:
6867:
6854:
6841:
6712:
6547:
6532:
6328:
5860:
5252:
5207:An animation of the citric acid cycle
4854:
4268:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044732
1453:due to leakage of protons across the
1390:The above reactions are balanced if P
447:pathway to generate energy-rich ATP.
221:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5381:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
4971:
4643:
4441:Lehninger principles of biochemistry
3856:
3694:Barnes SJ, Weitzman PD (June 1986).
3523:Wolfe RR, Jahoor F (February 1990).
3292:
1703:Allosteric regulation by metabolites
1555:, 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase, and
1336:Pyruvate ion + 4 NAD + FAD + GDP + P
279:adding citations to reliable sources
250:
239:, for which the former received the
54:TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
4574:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4527:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
4112:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4022:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3659:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3453:Krebs HA, Johnson WA (April 1937).
3301:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
2082:in the blood. Here the addition of
2054:In the liver, the carboxylation of
625:, entering at step 0 in the table.
191:inner membrane of the mitochondrion
24:
7988:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
7884:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
6354:
4659:Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2006).
2980:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2589:
2058:pyruvate into intra-mitochondrial
2025:is consumed for every molecule of
1788:pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
1306:Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD + FAD + GDP + P
1198:in oxidative phosphorylation. FADH
112:. In addition, the cycle provides
25:
8158:
5174:
4292:"Oncometabolites in renal cancer"
3112:is well recognized as a fuel for
2544:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
1417:The theoretical maximum yield of
406:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
185:being across the cell's surface (
36:Overview of the citric acid cycle
7717:
7701:
7685:
7673:
7661:
7649:
7637:
7625:
7607:
6374:
6299:
6289:
6261:
6251:
6222:
6212:
6180:
6170:
6139:
6109:
6102:
6090:
6061:
6051:
6023:
6013:
5984:
5974:
5949:
5939:
5912:
5181:
5167:from the original on 2003-05-08.
5130:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
5110:from the original on 2017-08-12.
3985:10.1128/jb.182.24.6892-6899.2000
3863:Biochemical Society Transactions
3836:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
3632:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
3331:Journal of Neuroscience Research
2280:of the resulting 3 molecules of
2161:(an anaplerotic reaction) or as
1840:of at least one of two critical
1832:utilization, iron transport and
1496:. Similarly, the conversion of (
964:O needed for balanced equation.
255:
104:) to generate energy, either by
60:to release the energy stored in
8012:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
5402:Substrate-level phosphorylation
4992:
4908:
4770:
4744:Garrett RH, Grisham CM (2013).
4737:
4615:Journal of Biological Chemistry
4602:
4457:
4432:
4383:
4332:
4283:
4242:
3744:
3557:
3446:
3189:Reverse (reductive) Krebs cycle
2251:, which is then converted into
266:needs additional citations for
7859:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
5065:Journal of Molecular Evolution
5005:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3433:
3379:
3315:
3261:
3124:, and the scientific field of
2420:that are used as the bases in
2318:(and then converted back into
1792:pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
1676:hypoxia-inducible factor alpha
1164:(or ATP), and as electrons in
879:irreversible stage, generates
586:) which is a substrate of the
460:pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
100:(as opposed to organisms that
13:
1:
7880:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
5805:Reverse cholesterol transport
4974:Biochemical Society Symposium
4390:Rotili D, Mai A (June 2011).
4255:Annual Review of Biochemistry
3570:(5th ed.). W H Freeman.
3439:Chandramana, Sudeep. (2014).
3322:Chinopoulos C (August 2013).
3199:
2569:processes, it is known as an
2383:for amino acid synthesis are
2353:The carbon skeletons of many
1800:α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
1756:α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
1724:α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
1697:
1412:
1381:+ 10 H + 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 CO
1231:nucleoside-diphosphate kinase
1061:Hydration of C-C double bond
688:irreversible, extends the 4C
423:, and one equivalent each of
416:(FAD) into one equivalent of
7983:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
5457:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
4840:10.1016/0305-0491(89)90270-8
4795:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.023796
4166:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000662
3721:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80621-4
3194:Krebs cycle (simple English)
3151:
2208:by converting glycerol into
1790:which in turn activates the
1776:that catalyses formation of
1582:which is produced through a
1475:
1179:in a type of process called
210:
7:
4662:Fundamentals of Biochemistr
4249:Dang L, Su SM (June 2017).
3237:Kay J, Weitzman PD (1987).
3172:
2145:and water, or used to form
1686:, metabolic reprogramming,
1659:histone lysine demethylases
1609:, which then spontaneously
1441:. If transported using the
1437:, which takes place in the
1236:
414:flavin adenine dinucleotide
369:The citric acid cycle is a
246:
10:
8163:
7803:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
5842:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
5312:Primary nutritional groups
5216:Citric acid cycle variants
4296:Nature Reviews. Nephrology
3216:. Boston: Academic Press.
2214:dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2198:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2194:dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2137:, they are converted into
1993:available to combine with
1919:, as in the normal cycle.
1806:Transcriptional regulation
1443:glycerol phosphate shuttle
1190:is covalently attached to
412:(NADH), one equivalent of
361:; the portion in black is
8084:
7975:
7968:oxidative phosphorylation
7959:
7931:
7912:
7893:
7848:
7839:
7780:
6363:
6135:
6108:
6101:
5928:
5902:
5897:
5817:
5777:
5749:
5730:
5704:
5676:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
5666:
5659:
5630:
5598:Pentose phosphate pathway
5593:
5576:
5559:
5552:
5532:
5493:
5464:
5440:
5431:
5388:
5372:
5353:Oxidative phosphorylation
5331:
5320:
5294:
4783:The Journal of Physiology
4490:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.03.064
4358:10.1186/s40170-015-0139-z
4308:10.1038/s41581-019-0210-z
3857:Rich PR (December 2003).
3118:mitochondrial cytopathies
2355:non-essential amino acids
2332:production of cholesterol
2141:which can be burned to CO
1810:hypoxia-inducible factors
1794:. Calcium also activates
1778:fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
1647:pentose phosphate pathway
1587:gain-of-function mutation
1451:oxidative phosphorylation
1423:oxidative phosphorylation
1407:oxidative phosphorylation
1291:
1181:oxidative phosphorylation
783:
730:
709:
445:oxidative phosphorylation
435:) into one equivalent of
156:oxidative phosphorylation
50:Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle
7963:electron transport chain
7923:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
7798:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
5696:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
5358:electron transport chain
5345:Pyruvate decarboxylation
4408:10.1177/1947601911417976
4125:10.1074/jbc.272.41.25659
3672:10.1074/jbc.273.42.27580
3371:Voet D, Voet JG (2004).
2062:is an early step in the
1796:isocitrate dehydrogenase
1772:, an enzyme involved in
1720:isocitrate dehydrogenase
1663:ten-eleven translocation
1595:isocitrate dehydrogenase
1566:, there are substantial
1447:malate–aspartate shuttle
1317:→ CoA-SH + 3 NADH + FADH
1208:electron transport chain
1196:electron transport chain
1098:(equivalent of 2.5 ATP)
863:, Mg++,transsuccinytase
802:(equivalent of 2.5 ATP)
785:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
616:
542:. The carbons lost as CO
439:(GTP). The NADH and FADH
396:that completely oxidize
7904:Glutamate dehydrogenase
7815:Succinate dehydrogenase
7808:Succinyl CoA synthetase
7632:carbohydrate metabolism
5790:Sphingolipid metabolism
5691:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
5539:carbohydrate catabolism
5534:Carbohydrate metabolism
5520:Purine nucleotide cycle
5025:10.1038/s41559-017-0083
4879:(inactive 2024-07-10).
4345:Cancer & Metabolism
4220:10.1126/science.1210858
4063:Journal of Bacteriology
3973:Journal of Bacteriology
3785:The Biochemical Journal
3752:"The citric acid cycle"
3459:The Biochemical Journal
2523:During gluconeogenesis
2165:to be disposed of as CO
2066:pathway which converts
1712:succinate dehydrogenase
1274:are produced from each
1270:Because two acetyl-CoA
1192:succinate dehydrogenase
988:Succinate dehydrogenase
915:Succinyl-CoA synthetase
597:For every NADH and FADH
588:electron transfer chain
237:University of Sheffield
7947:Aspartate transaminase
5759:Fatty acid degradation
5479:Amino acid degradation
5142:10.1006/bulm.2000.0197
4628:10.1074/jbc.r200006200
4587:10.1074/jbc.M610415200
4035:10.1074/jbc.M406884200
3505:. The Nobel Foundation
3422:. The Nobel Foundation
3270:Arrival of the Fittest
3212:Lowenstein JM (1969).
3050:
2659:
2573:pathway. Evan M.W.Duo
2243:with an odd number of
1885:molecules produced by
1736:pyruvate dehydrogenase
1716:pyruvate dehydrogenase
1568:metabolic derangements
1549:succinate semialdehyde
1455:mitochondrial membrane
857:Thiamine pyrophosphate
576:mitochondrial membrane
437:guanosine triphosphate
366:
233:William Arthur Johnson
37:
8132:Exercise biochemistry
7680:amino acid metabolism
6070:CoA + ATP (GTP)
5795:Eicosanoid metabolism
5751:Fatty acid metabolism
5515:Pyrimidine metabolism
5374:Anaerobic respiration
3542:10.1093/ajcn/51.2.248
3049:
2658:
2264:, the formation of 2
1866:anaplerotic reactions
1850:prolyl 4-hydroxylases
1784:Regulation by calcium
1639:competitive inhibitor
939:Condensation reaction
425:guanosine diphosphate
356:
106:anaerobic respiration
58:biochemical reactions
35:
8127:Cellular respiration
7942:Pyruvate carboxylase
7830:Malate dehydrogenase
7656:cellular respiration
5769:Fatty acid synthesis
5474:Amino acid synthesis
3386:Lieberman M (2013).
3132:). In the classical
3056:|alt=TCACycle_WP78
2463:). The pyrimidines,
2328:fatty acid synthesis
2210:glycerol-3-phosphate
1928:pyruvate carboxylase
1891:actively transported
1457:and slippage of the
1224:mitochondrial matrix
1084:Malate dehydrogenase
570:, and eventually to
427:(GDP) and inorganic
275:improve this article
217:Albert Szent-Györgyi
129:biochemical pathways
8137:Exercise physiology
8092:Alternative oxidase
7896:α-ketoglutaric acid
6828:Transcription &
5333:Aerobic respiration
5077:1996JMolE..43..293M
5017:2017NatEE...1...83K
4941:10.1038/nature24057
4933:2017Natur.551..115H
4789:(Pt 3): 1047–1058.
4621:(34): 30409–30412.
4482:2013BpJ...104.2353I
4470:Biophysical Journal
4212:2011Sci...334.1551Z
4075:10.1128/JB.00405-08
3712:1986FEBSL.201..267B
3148:for the TCA cycle.
2540:phosphoenolpyruvate
2399:alpha-ketoglutarate
2376:alpha-ketoglutarate
2371:pyridoxal phosphate
2369:reaction, in which
2184:to break them into
2111:alpha-ketoglutarate
2105:are broken down by
1962:alpha-ketoglutarate
1846:E3 ubiquitin ligase
1826:vascular remodeling
1770:phosphofructokinase
1615:alpha-ketoglutarate
1529:Helicobacter pylori
559:of other molecules.
290:"Citric acid cycle"
219:, who received the
110:aerobic respiration
44:—also known as the
8142:Metabolic pathways
7615:metabolic pathways
5837:Ethanol metabolism
5785:Steroid metabolism
5510:Nucleotide salvage
5442:Protein metabolism
5230:2008-10-26 at the
5191:has a profile for
5085:10.1007/BF02338838
4539:10.1007/BF01731731
4396:Genes & Cancer
3937:10.1271/bbb.66.489
3875:10.1042/BST0311095
3869:(Pt 6): 1095–105.
3169:to the TCA cycle.
3158:anaerobic bacteria
3051:
2660:
2099:protein catabolism
1901:and combined with
1580:2-hydroxyglutarate
1425:is 38 (assuming 3
1377:→ 10 NADH + 2 FADH
1351:+ 4 H + GTP + 3 CO
1331:pyruvate oxidation
1321:+ 3 H + GTP + 2 CO
1107:Aldol condensation
656:Aldol condensation
367:
189:) rather than the
148:tricarboxylic acid
38:
8122:Citric acid cycle
8109:
8108:
8105:
8104:
7955:
7954:
7771:Citric acid cycle
7733:
7732:
7603:
7602:
7563:Neurotransmitters
6942:Nucleotide sugars
6675:Direct / C4 / CAM
6322:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6077:+ ADP (GDP)
5891:metabolic pathway
5888:Citric acid cycle
5854:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5813:
5812:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5709:Xylose metabolism
5655:
5654:
5528:
5527:
5505:Purine metabolism
5450:Protein synthesis
5427:
5426:
5349:Citric acid cycle
5307:Metabolic network
5302:Metabolic pathway
5197:
4927:(7678): 115–118.
4876:10.1159/000100426
4755:978-1-133-10629-6
4730:978-0-7167-2009-6
4676:978-0-471-21495-3
4450:978-1-319-22800-2
3843:978-0-7167-4684-3
3797:10.1042/bj3100379
3639:978-0-7167-4684-3
3607:978-0-943088-39-6
3471:10.1042/bj0310645
3397:978-1-60831-572-7
3344:10.1002/jnr.23196
3308:978-0-393-06596-1
3279:978-1-59184-646-8
3268:Wagner A (2014).
3254:978-0-904498-22-6
3223:978-0-12-181870-8
2322:to transfer more
2312:ATP citrate lyase
2245:methylene bridges
1893:across the inner
1667:5-methylcytosines
1521:Acetobacter aceti
1427:molar equivalents
1388:
1387:
1143:
1142:
1077:
692:to a 6C molecule
578:, reducing it to
371:metabolic pathway
351:
350:
343:
325:
120:, as well as the
92:cycle is used by
42:citric acid cycle
16:(Redirected from
8154:
7973:
7972:
7934:oxaloacetic acid
7846:
7845:
7788:Citrate synthase
7760:
7753:
7746:
7737:
7736:
7727:
7724:lipid metabolism
7721:
7720:
7715:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7611:
7610:
7593:
7586:
7577:
7570:
7568:thyroid hormones
7558:
7549:
7542:
7535:
7526:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7463:
7454:
7447:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7405:
7398:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7356:
7349:
7327:
7314:
7301:
7292:
7277:
7270:
7261:
7254:
7241:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7200:
7188:
7181:
7167:
7153:
7144:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7112:
7103:
7094:
7085:
7078:
7069:
7062:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7002:
6995:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6925:
6918:
6909:
6892:
6880:
6876:
6865:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6820:
6816:
6805:
6801:
6792:
6788:
6779:
6775:
6766:
6762:
6753:
6749:
6740:
6736:
6725:
6721:
6710:
6706:
6695:
6691:
6682:
6678:
6667:
6663:
6650:
6646:
6635:
6631:
6620:
6616:
6607:
6603:
6590:
6586:
6575:
6571:
6560:
6556:
6545:
6541:
6527:
6524:
6514:
6511:
6503:
6500:
6490:
6487:
6475:
6472:
6460:
6457:
6447:
6444:
6434:
6431:
6421:
6418:
6406:
6403:
6393:
6390:
6378:
6367:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6303:
6293:
6265:
6255:
6245:
6226:
6216:
6204:
6184:
6174:
6165:
6143:
6113:
6106:
6094:
6065:
6055:
6027:
6017:
5988:
5978:
5953:
5943:
5926:
5916:
5900:
5899:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5825:Metal metabolism
5747:
5746:
5732:Lipid metabolism
5664:
5663:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5462:
5461:
5438:
5437:
5364:
5329:
5328:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5250:
5249:
5195:
5185:
5184:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5127:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5062:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5036:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4899:
4891:
4878:
4863:Hormone Research
4858:
4852:
4851:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4716:
4681:
4680:
4656:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4589:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4360:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4206:(6062): 1551–3.
4195:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4168:
4159:(11): e1000662.
4144:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4118:(41): 25659–67.
4103:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3939:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3723:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3625:
3612:
3611:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3337:(8): 1030–1043.
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3209:
3184:Glyoxylate cycle
3092:
3091:
3083:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2428:, as well as in
2381:carbon skeletons
2359:alpha keto-acids
2340:steroid hormones
2070:and de-aminated
2033:that produces CO
1752:citrate synthase
1744:citrate synthase
1728:citrate synthase
1651:oxidative stress
1589:(specifically a
1445:rather than the
1394:represents the H
1289:
1288:
1126:Citrate synthase
1075:
1012:prosthetic group
675:Citrate synthase
652:
628:
627:
590:at the level of
501:
500:
499:
498:
494:
480:
479:
478:
477:
473:
346:
339:
335:
332:
326:
324:
283:
259:
251:
229:Hans Adolf Krebs
56:—is a series of
21:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8147:1937 in biology
8112:
8111:
8110:
8101:
8080:
8022:
7996:
7966:
7961:
7951:
7927:
7908:
7889:
7835:
7776:
7764:
7734:
7729:
7728:
7718:
7716:
7702:
7700:
7686:
7684:
7674:
7672:
7662:
7660:
7650:
7648:
7638:
7636:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7619:metro-style map
7612:
7604:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7573:
7571:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:Polyunsaturated
7552:
7550:
7545:
7543:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7513:
7511:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7490:
7488:
7483:
7481:
7470:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7434:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7408:
7406:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7385:
7383:
7378:
7376:
7371:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7357:
7352:
7350:
7339:
7330:
7328:
7321:
7317:
7315:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7280:
7278:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7257:
7255:
7248:
7244:
7242:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7203:
7201:
7195:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7028:
7026:
7021:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6982:
6980:
6975:
6973:
6968:
6966:
6961:
6959:
6954:
6952:
6947:
6945:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6902:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6859:
6855:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6840:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6786:
6782:
6780:
6774:Steroidogenesis
6773:
6769:
6767:
6760:
6756:
6754:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6705:phosphorylation
6704:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6591:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6359:
6353:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6304:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6273:
6266:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6235:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6185:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6144:
6119:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5910:
5893:
5885:
5855:
5846:
5830:Iron metabolism
5809:
5773:
5734:
5718:
5700:
5686:Carbon fixation
5651:
5626:
5589:
5572:
5568:Gluconeogenesis
5541:
5536:
5524:
5496:
5489:
5460:
5433:
5423:
5384:
5368:
5356:
5323:
5316:
5290:
5277:
5232:Wayback Machine
5203:
5202:
5201:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5164:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5060:
5054:
5050:
4997:
4993:
4970:
4966:
4913:
4909:
4893:
4892:
4859:
4855:
4824:
4820:
4775:
4771:
4756:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4717:
4684:
4677:
4657:
4644:
4607:
4603:
4566:
4562:
4519:
4515:
4476:(11): 2353–61.
4462:
4458:
4451:
4437:
4433:
4388:
4384:
4337:
4333:
4288:
4284:
4247:
4243:
4196:
4192:
4145:
4141:
4104:
4100:
4069:(14): 4933–40.
4055:
4051:
4028:(35): 36621–4.
4014:
4010:
3965:
3961:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3826:
3822:
3777:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3692:
3688:
3665:(42): 27580–6.
3651:
3647:
3640:
3626:
3615:
3608:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3562:
3558:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3398:
3384:
3380:
3369:
3360:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3293:Lane N (2009).
3291:
3287:
3280:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3175:
3154:
3142:gluconeogenesis
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3088:"TCACycle_WP78"
3086:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3069:TCACycle_WP78
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3048:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2293:
2202:gluconeogenesis
2168:
2144:
2044:trans-enoyl-CoA
2041:
2036:
1908:
1870:mitochondrion's
1858:
1700:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1432:
1415:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1347:→ 4 NADH + FADH
1343:
1339:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1285:
1281:
1265:
1258:
1239:
1220:protein complex
1201:
1188:
1173:
1158:
1121:
1043:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1002:
963:
950:
937:
910:
894:phosphorylation
893:
892:substrate-level
876:
852:
851:α-Ketoglutarate
847:+ NAD + CoA-SH
845:α-Ketoglutarate
840:decarboxylation
838:
826:
821:α-Ketoglutarate
811:Decarboxylation
756:
727:
670:
650:
619:
605:, respectively.
603:phosphorylation
600:
585:
569:
550:
545:
540:
506:
505:
496:
495:
492:
488:
487:
486:
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
465:
442:
434:
421:
347:
336:
330:
327:
284:
282:
272:
260:
249:
213:
201:
187:plasma membrane
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8160:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8020:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7979:
7977:
7970:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7919:
7917:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7900:
7898:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7878:(regulated by
7875:
7874:
7855:
7853:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7827:
7822:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7763:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7740:
7731:
7730:
7668:cell signaling
7644:photosynthesis
7642:Violet nodes:
7630:Orange nodes:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7287:
7233:Aromatic amino
7140:Branched-chain
6690:Light reaction
6381:
6380:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6329:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6308:2-oxoglutarate
6305:
6298:
6297:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:Oxalosuccinate
6267:
6260:
6259:
6250:
6249:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6228:
6221:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6186:
6179:
6178:
6169:
6168:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6145:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6098:
6089:
6082:
6081:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6050:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6012:
6005:
6004:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5973:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5938:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5922:
5911:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5763:Beta oxidation
5755:
5753:
5744:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Chemosynthesis
5678:
5673:
5671:Photosynthesis
5667:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5620:Leloir pathway
5612:
5611:
5610:
5608:Polyol pathway
5600:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5581:Glycogenolysis
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5560:
5554:
5547:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5337:
5335:
5326:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5276:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5222:
5213:
5187:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:External links
5173:
5171:
5170:
5113:
5071:(3): 293–303.
5048:
4991:
4964:
4907:
4853:
4818:
4769:
4754:
4736:
4729:
4682:
4675:
4642:
4601:
4580:(7): 4524–32.
4560:
4513:
4456:
4449:
4431:
4382:
4331:
4302:(3): 156–172.
4282:
4261:(1): 305–331.
4241:
4190:
4153:PLOS Pathogens
4139:
4098:
4049:
4008:
3979:(24): 6892–9.
3959:
3930:(3): 489–500.
3910:
3896:
3849:
3842:
3820:
3768:
3743:
3686:
3645:
3638:
3613:
3606:
3583:
3576:
3556:
3515:
3494:
3445:
3432:
3411:
3396:
3378:
3358:
3314:
3307:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3253:
3229:
3222:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3153:
3150:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3077:
3076:
3065:
3064:
2979:
2662:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2536:decarboxylated
2529:is reduced to
2525:mitochondrial
2367:transamination
2292:
2289:
2237:Beta oxidation
2229:beta oxidation
2174:fat catabolism
2166:
2142:
2039:
2034:
2015:beta-oxidation
1906:
1857:
1854:
1699:
1696:
1611:decarboxylates
1607:oxalosuccinate
1477:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1430:
1414:
1411:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1283:
1279:
1263:
1256:
1238:
1235:
1199:
1186:
1171:
1156:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1004:
1000:
990:
985:
975:
970:
966:
965:
961:
948:
926:
917:
912:
908:
896:
889:
885:
884:
877:
874:
864:
848:
842:
835:
831:
830:
827:
824:
818:
816:Oxalosuccinate
813:
808:
804:
803:
796:
790:Oxalosuccinate
787:
782:
773:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
745:
740:
736:
735:
729:
725:
713:
708:
703:
698:
694:
693:
686:
677:
672:
668:
658:
653:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:Reaction type
631:
618:
615:
614:
613:
606:
598:
595:
583:
567:
564:
560:
548:
543:
538:
529:
503:
490:
469:
464:
440:
432:
419:
373:that connects
349:
348:
263:
261:
254:
248:
245:
212:
209:
199:
183:ATP production
122:reducing agent
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8159:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7960:Mitochondrial
7958:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7930:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7892:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7756:
7754:
7749:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7725:
7722:Green nodes:
7713:
7709:
7706:Brown nodes:
7697:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7657:
7645:
7633:
7620:
7616:
7592:
7585:
7576:
7569:
7564:
7557:
7548:
7541:
7540:Sphingolipids
7534:
7533:sphingolipids
7525:
7516:
7509:
7508:Glycerolipids
7502:
7501:phospholipids
7493:
7486:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7462:
7453:
7446:
7437:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7415:proteoglycans
7411:
7410:Glycoproteins
7404:
7397:
7388:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7337:
7333:
7325:
7320:
7312:
7307:
7300:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7260:
7252:
7247:
7240:
7236:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7166:
7161:
7152:
7143:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7111:
7102:
7093:
7084:
7077:
7068:
7061:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7001:
6994:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6677:carbon intake
6666:
6665:
6664:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6513:
6512:
6502:
6501:
6489:
6488:
6474:
6473:
6459:
6458:
6446:
6445:
6433:
6432:
6420:
6419:
6405:
6404:
6392:
6391:
6377:
6369:
6368:
6362:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6292:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6254:
6233:
6232:
6225:
6215:
6192:
6191:
6183:
6173:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6116:NADH + H + CO
6115:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6064:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6026:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5987:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5952:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5715:
5714:Radiotrophism
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:Glycosylation
5633:
5632:
5629:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5262:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Smith College
5208:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5190:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4834:(2): 227–31.
4833:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4402:(6): 663–79.
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:(2): 379–82.
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:(2): 267–70.
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3577:0-7167-3051-0
3573:
3569:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3535:(2): 248–52.
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:(4): 645–60.
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:DPH Cytopathy
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3059:
2983:
2592:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:gluconeogenic
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:ATP molecules
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:propionyl-CoA
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:muscle tissue
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:triglycerides
2175:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:ketone bodies
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:phenylalanine
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:gluconeogenic
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:mitochondrial
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:hydroxylation
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:pseudohypoxic
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:, dubbed onco
1573:
1572:tumorigenesis
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1376:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1282:, and four CO
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1177:ATP synthesis
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
983:
979:
976:
974:
971:
968:
967:
960:involve the H
959:
955:
951:
944:
940:
935:
931:
927:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
904:
900:
897:
895:
890:
887:
886:
882:
878:
872:
868:
865:
862:
858:
854:
853:dehydrogenase
849:
846:
843:
841:
836:
833:
832:
828:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
806:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
788:
786:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
752:
750:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:isomerisation
723:
719:
718:
714:
712:
707:
704:
702:
699:
696:
695:
691:
687:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
649:
648:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
630:
629:
626:
624:
611:
607:
604:
596:
593:
589:
581:
577:
573:
565:
563:mitochondria.
561:
558:
554:
541:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
517:
515:
511:
484:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
438:
430:
426:
422:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
360:
355:
345:
342:
334:
323:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292: –
291:
287:
286:Find sources:
280:
276:
270:
269:
264:This section
262:
258:
253:
252:
244:
242:
238:
235:while at the
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
208:
206:
202:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:mitochondrion
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:carbohydrates
72:derived from
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
8018:
8007:Cytochrome c
7915:succinyl-CoA
7770:
7690:Grey nodes:
7678:Blue nodes:
7666:Pink nodes:
7584:cannabinoids
7422:Chlorophylls
7373:Antioxidants
7126:Serine group
7037:Photosystems
7023:P-glycerates
6970:P-glycerates
6935:sialic acids
6930:Amino sugars
6882:
6870:
6869:
6857:
6856:
6844:
6843:
6825:
6824:
6810:
6809:
6797:
6796:
6784:
6783:
6771:
6770:
6758:
6757:
6745:
6744:
6730:
6729:
6715:
6714:
6700:
6699:
6687:
6686:
6672:
6671:
6655:
6654:
6640:
6639:
6625:
6624:
6615:Fermentation
6612:
6611:
6595:
6594:
6580:
6579:
6565:
6564:
6550:
6549:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6518:
6507:
6494:
6479:
6464:
6451:
6438:
6426:
6425:
6410:
6397:
6384:
6306:
6268:
6229:
6187:
6146:
6085:Succinyl-CoA
6083:
6044:
6006:
5967:
5934:Oxaloacetate
5932:
5905:
5887:
5615:Galactolysis
5585:Glycogenesis
5390:Fermentation
5362:ATP synthase
5348:
5241:
5193:
5136:(1): 21–55.
5133:
5129:
5116:
5068:
5064:
5051:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4896:cite journal
4888:
4869:(2): 72–82.
4866:
4862:
4856:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4746:Biochemistry
4745:
4739:
4721:Biochemistry
4720:
4661:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4533:(1): 27–53.
4530:
4526:
4516:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4440:
4434:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3899:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3834:Biochemistry
3833:
3823:
3788:
3784:
3759:. Retrieved
3756:Khan Academy
3755:
3746:
3703:
3700:FEBS Letters
3699:
3689:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3630:Biochemistry
3629:
3596:
3567:Biochemistry
3566:
3559:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3507:. Retrieved
3497:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3435:
3424:. Retrieved
3414:
3387:
3381:
3373:Biochemistry
3372:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3296:
3288:
3269:
3263:
3239:
3232:
3213:
3207:
3179:Calvin cycle
3155:
3103:
3081:
2574:
2560:
2530:
2527:oxaloacetate
2526:
2522:
2516:and various
2506:hemoproteins
2501:succinyl-CoA
2499:
2493:
2461:oxaloacetate
2460:
2454:
2415:
2401:which forms
2398:
2389:which forms
2386:oxaloacetate
2384:
2375:
2352:
2323:
2320:oxaloacetate
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2282:
2265:
2259:
2254:succinyl-CoA
2252:
2232:
2218:
2212:, then into
2171:
2162:
2159:oxaloacetate
2158:
2150:
2138:
2110:
2096:
2087:
2084:oxaloacetate
2083:
2060:oxaloacetate
2059:
2053:
2049:oxaloacetate
2030:
2027:oxaloacetate
2026:
2022:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1991:oxaloacetate
1990:
1986:oxaloacetate
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1936:oxaloacetate
1935:
1932:oxaloacetate
1931:
1924:carboxylated
1921:
1910:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1822:angiogenesis
1805:
1804:
1783:
1782:
1765:
1764:
1747:
1740:succinyl-CoA
1702:
1701:
1684:angiogenesis
1643:dioxygenases
1584:heterozygous
1561:
1537:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1497:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1459:ATP synthase
1416:
1404:
1389:
1269:
1240:
1228:
1215:succinyl-CoA
1212:
1144:
1112:Oxaloacetate
1089:Oxaloacetate
1052:
958:succinyl-CoA
899:Succinyl-CoA
867:Succinyl-CoA
748:
715:
690:oxaloacetate
661:Oxaloacetate
620:
610:oxaloacetate
557:biosynthesis
507:
454:which yield
449:
375:carbohydrate
368:
359:acetyl group
337:
328:
318:
311:
304:
297:
285:
273:Please help
268:verification
265:
225:fumaric acid
214:
195:
164:
141:
64:through the
53:
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
8024:synthesis:
7841:Anaplerotic
7714:metabolism.
7698:metabolism.
7654:Red nodes:
7591:Eicosanoids
7556:fatty acids
7485:Cholesterol
7473:carotenoids
7452:Polyketides
7387:Nucleotides
7342:tocopherols
7306:Calciferols
7219:Amino acids
7212:amino acids
7142:amino acids
7117:Respiratory
6860:Proteolysis
6847:Translation
6834:replication
6800:MEP pathway
6787:MVA pathway
6748:Lipogenesis
6720:deamination
6510:Peroxisomal
6402:respiration
5741:lipogenesis
5603:Fructolysis
5417:Lactic acid
5196:(Q27436670)
5011:(4): 0083.
2518:cytochromes
2457:pyrimidines
2336:Cholesterol
2241:fatty acids
2225:fatty acids
2186:fatty acids
2169:and water.
2080:epinephrine
2019:fatty acids
1999:citric acid
1957:iso-citrate
1818:homeostasis
1726:, and also
1714:, inhibits
1688:cell growth
1661:(KDMs) and
1576:metabolites
1557:EC 1.2.1.79
1553:EC 4.1.1.71
1525:EC 2.8.3.18
1502:EC 1.1.1.37
1494:EC 1.1.1.42
1490:EC 1.1.1.41
1292:Description
1222:within the
1091:+ NADH + H
922:+ CoA-SH +
861:Lipoic acid
731:reversible
701:Dehydration
636:Substrates
592:Complex III
574:(Q) in the
522:citric acid
514:fatty acids
502:+ NADH + CO
472:C(=O)C(=O)O
331:August 2022
179:prokaryotic
144:citric acid
137:metabolites
118:amino acids
116:of certain
46:Krebs cycle
8116:Categories
8019:Coenzyme Q
7993:Coenzyme Q
7851:acetyl-CoA
7767:Metabolism
7708:nucleotide
7492:Bile acids
7468:Terpenoids
7299:vitamin Bs
7282:Cobalamins
7210:glucogenic
7198:polyamines
7158:Homoserine
7030:Glyoxylate
6923:Inositol-P
6718:Amino acid
6658:feeders to
6486:elongation
6441:Glyoxylate
6430:acid cycle
6356:Metabolism
6242:NAD(P)H +
6231:Isocitrate
5907:Acetyl-CoA
5564:Glycolysis
5497:metabolism
5495:Nucleotide
5485:Urea cycle
5466:Amino acid
5455:Catabolism
5398:Glycolysis
5341:Glycolysis
5324:metabolism
5284:catabolism
5280:Metabolism
3509:2011-10-26
3426:2011-10-26
3200:References
3162:persulfate
3134:Cori cycle
2571:amphibolic
2510:hemoglobin
2508:, such as
2496:porphyrins
2395:asparagine
2344:bile salts
2324:acetyl-CoA
2304:Acetyl-CoA
2283:acetyl-CoA
2274:eukaryotes
2266:acetyl-CoA
2262:glycolysis
2233:acetyl-CoA
2206:glycolysis
2200:by way of
2182:hydrolyzed
2163:acetyl-CoA
2139:acetyl-CoA
2131:tryptophan
2119:isoleucine
2092:glycolysis
2031:acetyl-CoA
2023:acetyl-CoA
2010:Acetyl-CoA
1995:acetyl-CoA
1940:acetyl-CoA
1912:acetyl-CoA
1905:to form CO
1903:coenzyme A
1887:glycolysis
1774:glycolysis
1760:allosteric
1732:Acetyl-coA
1698:Regulation
1603:isocitrate
1591:neomorphic
1545:EC 1.2.7.3
1533:EC 2.8.3.5
1517:EC 6.2.1.4
1513:EC 6.2.1.5
1506:EC 1.1.5.4
1435:glycolysis
1413:Efficiency
1361:glycolysis
1204:coenzyme Q
1149:atoms are
1116:Acetyl CoA
982:ubiquinone
954:hydrolysis
798:generates
776:Isocitrate
761:Isocitrate
751:-Aconitate
665:Acetyl CoA
623:acetyl-CoA
572:ubiquinone
535:groups as
510:Acetyl-CoA
497:acetyl-CoA
452:glycolysis
402:catabolism
386:metabolism
363:coenzyme A
301:newspapers
203:, and one
167:eukaryotic
133:metabolism
114:precursors
70:acetyl-CoA
7793:Aconitase
7477:vitamin A
7461:backbones
7459:Terpenoid
7354:Cofactors
7346:vitamin E
7336:vitamin K
7324:vitamin A
7319:Retinoids
7311:vitamin D
7286:vitamin B
7251:vitamin C
7246:Ascorbate
7239:histidine
7226:Shikimate
7205:Ketogenic
7172:Glutamate
7149:Aspartate
7101:glutarate
7016:Pentose-P
7000:Succinate
6991:Propionyl
6984:Tetrose-P
6977:Pentose-P
6873:Glycosyl-
6813:Shikimate
6761:Lipolysis
6703:Oxidative
6660:gluconeo-
6602:oxylation
6583:Gluconeo-
6540:genolysis
6523:oxidation
6499:oxidation
6471:synthesis
6415:phosphate
6190:Aconitate
6046:Succinate
5737:lipolysis
5544:anabolism
5288:anabolism
4764:777722371
4351:(1): 13.
4236:206536295
3761:10 August
3406:769803483
3167:converged
3152:Evolution
3106:metabolic
2563:catabolic
2514:myoglobin
2403:glutamine
2391:aspartate
2363:glutamate
2348:vitamin D
2278:oxidation
2247:produces
2107:proteases
2056:cytosolic
1968:succinate
1862:catabolic
1834:apoptosis
1750:inhibits
1734:inhibits
1707:metabolic
1692:migration
1619:reduction
1599:oxidation
1476:Variation
1439:cytoplasm
1298:Products
1295:Reactants
1272:molecules
1249:), three
1070:Oxidation
1033:Hydration
1014:(FAD→FADH
997:ubiquinol
978:Succinate
973:Oxidation
920:Succinate
871:NADH + H
837:Oxidative
794:NADH + H
771:Oxidation
743:Hydration
722:Aconitate
711:Aconitase
642:Products
580:ubiquinol
553:anabolism
493:C(=O)SCoA
429:phosphate
390:reactions
211:Discovery
160:nutrients
94:organisms
66:oxidation
62:nutrients
18:TCA cycle
7825:Fumarase
7696:cofactor
7575:Steroids
7515:Acyl-CoA
7499:Glycero-
7403:Proteins
7366:minerals
7361:Vitamins
7332:Quinones
7268:pigments
7193:Creatine
7186:Arginine
7090:Succinyl
7044:Pyruvate
6963:Glycerol
6956:Triose-P
6949:Hexose-P
6901:multiple
6598:Pyruvate
6389:fixation
6008:Fumarate
5660:Nonhuman
5645:O-linked
5640:N-linked
5432:Specific
5228:Archived
5162:Archived
5158:44260374
5150:11146883
5105:Archived
5101:19107073
5043:28584880
4980:: 3–16.
4959:29045397
4885:17344645
4813:12231658
4667:547, 556
4637:12087111
4596:17182618
4555:27367543
4508:23746507
4426:21941621
4377:26629338
4326:31636445
4277:28375741
4228:22174252
4185:19936047
4093:18502856
4044:15234968
4003:11092847
3954:12950388
3946:12005040
3891:32361233
3883:14641005
3738:43052163
3489:16746382
3353:23378250
3173:See also
3126:oncology
3120:such as
3108:role of
2567:anabolic
2469:cytosine
2411:arginine
2330:and the
2190:glycerol
2135:tyrosine
2103:proteins
2076:glucagon
1997:to form
1974:fumarate
1930:to form
1899:oxidized
1883:Pyruvate
1860:Several
1738:, while
1627:oncogene
1593:one) in
1551:, using
1541:synthase
1260:and two
1237:Products
1151:oxidized
1048:Fumarase
1038:Fumarate
993:Fumarate
645:Comment
533:carboxyl
485:+ NAD →
476:pyruvate
456:pyruvate
247:Overview
82:proteins
7997:(CoQ10)
7976:Primary
7832:and ETC
7774:enzymes
7712:protein
7692:vitamin
7394:Nucleic
7297:Various
7179:proline
7133:Alanine
7099:α-Keto-
7076:acetate
7067:Citrate
7051:Lactate
6907:glycans
6815:pathway
6735:shuttle
6733:Citrate
6662:genesis
6645:genesis
6600:decarb-
6585:genesis
6555:genesis
6417:pathway
6413:Pentose
6244:
6148:Citrate
5958:NADH +H
5800:Ketosis
5412:Ethanol
5295:General
5242:metpath
5220:MetaCyc
5189:Scholia
5093:8703096
5073:Bibcode
5034:5455955
5013:Bibcode
4986:3332996
4950:5898814
4929:Bibcode
4848:2647392
4804:2290548
4499:3672877
4478:Bibcode
4417:3174264
4368:4665876
4317:7030949
4208:Bibcode
4200:Science
4176:2773412
4134:9325289
4084:2447011
3815:7654171
3806:1135905
3730:3086126
3708:Bibcode
3681:9765291
3551:2106256
3480:1266984
3114:tissues
3110:lactate
2584:[[File:
2465:thymine
2418:purines
2407:proline
2308:citrate
2297:italics
2155:glucose
2115:leucine
2078:and/or
2072:alanine
2068:lactate
1952:citrate
1877:italics
1842:proline
1830:glucose
1766:Citrate
1276:glucose
1131:Citrate
1103:10 / 0
1078:-Malate
706:Citrate
680:Citrate
639:Enzyme
398:acetate
394:enzymes
383:protein
315:scholar
173:of the
102:ferment
98:respire
52:or the
8066:COQ10B
8061:COQ10A
7613:Major
7566:&
7531:Glyco-
7471:&
7443:Acetyl
7413:&
7364:&
7340:&
7237:&
7196:&
7177:&
7165:lysine
7163:&
7110:bodies
7108:Ketone
7083:Malate
7074:Oxalo-
7058:Acetyl
7007:Acetyl
6933:&
6916:sugars
6914:Simple
6905:&
6903:sugars
6897:Double
6568:Glyco-
6553:Glyco-
6538:Glyco-
6428:Citric
6400:Photo-
6387:Carbon
6278:
6239:NAD(P)
6207:
6156:
5993:
5969:Malate
5322:Energy
5156:
5148:
5099:
5091:
5041:
5031:
4984:
4957:
4947:
4921:Nature
4883:
4846:
4811:
4801:
4762:
4752:
4727:
4673:
4635:
4594:
4553:
4547:171557
4545:
4506:
4496:
4447:
4424:
4414:
4375:
4365:
4324:
4314:
4275:
4234:
4226:
4183:
4173:
4132:
4091:
4081:
4042:
4001:
3991:
3952:
3944:
3889:
3881:
3840:
3813:
3803:
3736:
3728:
3679:
3636:
3604:
3574:
3549:
3487:
3477:
3404:
3394:
3351:
3305:
3276:
3251:
3220:
3146:carbon
3130:tumors
2556:kidney
2531:malate
2473:uracil
2409:, and
2397:; and
2346:, and
2316:malate
2151:malate
2133:, and
2123:lysine
2088:malate
1983:, and
1980:malate
1944:muscle
1915:, and
1690:, and
1635:D2HGDH
1631:L2HGDH
1564:cancer
1253:, one
1147:carbon
1135:CoA-SH
1080:+ NAD
1057:Malate
684:CoA-SH
651:0 / 10
526:acetyl
388:. The
381:, and
317:
310:
303:
296:
288:
171:matrix
88:. The
80:, and
8085:Other
8076:PDSS2
8071:PDSS1
7781:Cycle
7582:Endo-
7547:Waxes
7524:acids
7522:Fatty
7396:acids
7275:Hemes
7259:δ-ALA
7235:acids
7207:&
7174:group
7160:group
7151:group
7119:chain
6890:acids
6888:Sugar
6875:ation
6643:Keto-
6630:lysis
6628:Keto-
6570:lysis
6482:Fatty
6467:Fatty
6456:cycle
6443:cycle
5818:Other
5778:Other
5553:Human
5434:paths
5165:(PDF)
5154:S2CID
5126:(PDF)
5108:(PDF)
5097:S2CID
5061:(PDF)
5045:. 83.
4551:S2CID
4232:S2CID
3994:94812
3950:S2CID
3887:S2CID
3734:S2CID
3327:(PDF)
3138:liver
2552:liver
2365:in a
2272:, in
1623:NADPH
1486:threo
1370:+ 2 H
1340:+ 2 H
1310:+ 2 H
1010:as a
1006:uses
617:Steps
483:HSCoA
322:JSTOR
308:books
177:. In
152:water
96:that
90:Krebs
8056:COQ9
8051:COQ7
8046:COQ6
8041:COQ5
8036:COQ4
8031:COQ3
8026:COQ2
7882:and
7819:SDHA
7710:and
7694:and
7445:-CoA
7380:PRPP
7266:Bile
7092:-CoA
7060:-CoA
7009:-CoA
6993:-CoA
6521:beta
6497:Beta
6484:acid
6469:acid
6454:Urea
6188:cis-
6129:NAD
6032:FADH
5542:and
5146:PMID
5089:PMID
5039:PMID
4982:PMID
4955:PMID
4902:link
4881:PMID
4844:PMID
4809:PMID
4760:OCLC
4750:ISBN
4725:ISBN
4671:ISBN
4633:PMID
4592:PMID
4543:PMID
4504:PMID
4445:ISBN
4422:PMID
4373:PMID
4322:PMID
4273:PMID
4224:PMID
4181:PMID
4130:PMID
4089:PMID
4040:PMID
3999:PMID
3942:PMID
3879:PMID
3838:ISBN
3811:PMID
3763:2021
3726:PMID
3677:PMID
3634:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3547:PMID
3485:PMID
3402:OCLC
3392:ISBN
3349:PMID
3303:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3249:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3140:for
3104:The
3071:edit
3058:edit
2565:and
2554:and
2487:and
2471:and
2455:The
2448:and
2424:and
2393:and
2287:40.
2196:and
2188:and
2180:are
2038:FADH
1917:NADH
1889:are
1798:and
1754:and
1633:and
1463:FADH
1255:FADH
1251:NADH
1245:(or
1185:FADH
1168:and
1166:NADH
1145:Two
1096:NADH
984:(Q)
952:and
881:NADH
873:+ CO
823:+ CO
800:NADH
520:The
418:FADH
294:news
231:and
198:FADH
125:NADH
78:fats
40:The
7932:to
7913:to
7894:to
7849:to
7617:in
7436:MVA
7429:MEP
6358:map
6125:CoA
6038:FAD
5961:NAD
5566:⇄
5407:ABE
5234:at
5218:at
5209:at
5138:doi
5081:doi
5029:PMC
5021:doi
4945:PMC
4937:doi
4925:551
4871:doi
4836:doi
4799:PMC
4791:doi
4787:543
4623:doi
4619:277
4582:doi
4578:282
4535:doi
4494:PMC
4486:doi
4474:104
4412:PMC
4404:doi
4363:PMC
4353:doi
4312:PMC
4304:doi
4263:doi
4216:doi
4204:334
4171:PMC
4161:doi
4120:doi
4116:272
4079:PMC
4071:doi
4067:190
4030:doi
4026:279
3989:PMC
3981:doi
3977:182
3932:doi
3871:doi
3801:PMC
3793:doi
3789:310
3716:doi
3704:201
3667:doi
3663:273
3537:doi
3475:PMC
3467:doi
3339:doi
2542:by
2538:to
2489:UTP
2485:UDP
2481:UMP
2477:CTP
2450:CoA
2446:FAD
2442:NAD
2438:GTP
2434:AMP
2430:ATP
2426:RNA
2422:DNA
2239:of
2172:In
2097:In
2017:of
2003:ATP
1926:by
1814:HIF
1748:ATP
1655:GSH
1613:to
1605:to
1601:of
1562:In
1535:).
1419:ATP
1247:ATP
1243:GTP
1162:GTP
1153:to
1118:+ H
1040:+ H
1008:FAD
999:(QH
956:of
943:GDP
941:of
934:ATP
930:ADP
928:or
924:GTP
903:GDP
780:NAD
753:+ H
749:cis
724:+ H
717:cis
667:+ H
582:(QH
410:NAD
379:fat
277:by
205:GTP
165:In
146:(a
108:or
86:ATP
68:of
8118::
8021:10
7995:10
7871:E3
7869:,
7867:E2
7865:,
7863:E1
7769::
7479:)
7348:)
7326:)
7313:)
7291:)
7288:12
7253:)
6281:CO
5919:+
5739:,
5583:⇄
5400:→
5360:+
5351:→
5347:→
5343:→
5286:,
5282:,
5160:.
5152:.
5144:.
5134:63
5132:.
5128:.
5103:.
5095:.
5087:.
5079:.
5069:43
5067:.
5063:.
5037:.
5027:.
5019:.
5007:.
5003:.
4978:54
4976:.
4953:.
4943:.
4935:.
4923:.
4919:.
4898:}}
4894:{{
4887:.
4867:68
4865:.
4842:.
4832:92
4830:.
4807:.
4797:.
4785:.
4781:.
4758:.
4685:^
4669:.
4645:^
4631:.
4617:.
4613:.
4590:.
4576:.
4572:.
4549:.
4541:.
4529:.
4525:.
4502:.
4492:.
4484:.
4472:.
4468:.
4420:.
4410:.
4398:.
4394:.
4371:.
4361:.
4347:.
4343:.
4320:.
4310:.
4300:16
4298:.
4294:.
4271:.
4259:86
4257:.
4253:.
4230:.
4222:.
4214:.
4202:.
4179:.
4169:.
4155:.
4151:.
4128:.
4114:.
4110:.
4087:.
4077:.
4065:.
4061:.
4038:.
4024:.
4020:.
3997:.
3987:.
3975:.
3971:.
3948:.
3940:.
3928:66
3926:.
3922:.
3885:.
3877:.
3867:31
3865:.
3861:.
3832:.
3809:.
3799:.
3787:.
3783:.
3771:^
3754:.
3732:.
3724:.
3714:.
3702:.
3698:.
3675:.
3661:.
3657:.
3616:^
3586:^
3545:.
3533:51
3531:.
3527:.
3483:.
3473:.
3463:31
3461:.
3457:.
3400:.
3361:^
3347:.
3335:91
3333:.
3329:.
3247:.
3245:25
3116:,
3060:]]
2558:.
2520:.
2512:,
2491:.
2483:,
2479:,
2467:,
2452:.
2444:,
2440:,
2436:,
2432:,
2413:.
2405:,
2350:.
2342:,
2334:.
2299:.
2285:is
2223:,
2176:,
2129:,
2125:,
2121:,
2117:,
2101:,
2094:.
2051:.
1977:,
1971:,
1965:,
1959:,
1955:,
1909:,
1828:,
1824:,
1730:.
1722:,
1718:,
1694:.
1508:.
1398:PO
1286:.
1267:.
1262:CO
1226:.
1210:.
1183:.
1170:QH
1155:CO
1133:+
1122:O
1114:+
1066:9
1044:O
1029:8
1003:)
995:+
980:+
969:7
945:+
905:+
901:+
888:6
869:+
859:,
855:,
834:5
807:4
792:+
778:+
767:3
757:O
739:2
728:O
697:1
682:+
671:O
663:+
547:CO
537:CO
489:CH
481:+
468:CH
431:(P
377:,
207:.
193:.
76:,
48:,
7965:/
7886:)
7873:)
7861:(
7821:)
7817:(
7759:e
7752:t
7745:v
7726:.
7682:.
7670:.
7658:.
7646:.
7634:.
7475:(
7344:(
7338:)
7334:(
7322:(
7309:(
7284:(
7249:(
6899:/
6348:e
6341:t
6334:v
6283:2
6246:H
6203:O
6201:2
6199:H
6164:O
6162:2
6160:H
6118:2
6075:i
6073:P
6034:2
6000:O
5998:2
5996:H
5925:O
5923:2
5921:H
5880:e
5873:t
5866:v
5765:)
5761:(
5743:)
5735:(
5546:)
5537:(
5365:)
5355:(
5272:e
5265:t
5258:v
5200:.
5140::
5083::
5075::
5023::
5015::
5009:1
4988:.
4961:.
4939::
4931::
4904:)
4873::
4850:.
4838::
4815:.
4793::
4766:.
4733:.
4679:.
4639:.
4625::
4598:.
4584::
4557:.
4537::
4531:9
4510:.
4488::
4480::
4453:.
4428:.
4406::
4400:2
4379:.
4355::
4349:3
4328:.
4306::
4279:.
4265::
4238:.
4218::
4210::
4187:.
4163::
4157:5
4136:.
4122::
4095:.
4073::
4046:.
4032::
4005:.
3983::
3956:.
3934::
3907:.
3893:.
3873::
3846:.
3817:.
3795::
3765:.
3740:.
3718::
3710::
3683:.
3669::
3642:.
3610:.
3580:.
3553:.
3539::
3512:.
3491:.
3469::
3429:.
3408:.
3355:.
3341::
3311:.
3282:.
3257:.
3226:.
3128:(
3090:.
2975:]
2970:]
2965:]
2960:]
2955:]
2950:]
2945:]
2940:]
2935:]
2930:]
2925:]
2920:]
2915:]
2910:]
2905:]
2900:]
2895:]
2890:]
2885:]
2880:]
2875:]
2870:]
2865:]
2860:]
2855:]
2850:]
2845:]
2840:]
2835:]
2830:]
2825:]
2820:]
2815:]
2810:]
2805:]
2800:]
2795:]
2790:]
2785:]
2780:]
2775:]
2770:]
2765:]
2760:]
2755:]
2750:]
2745:]
2740:]
2735:]
2730:]
2725:]
2720:]
2715:]
2710:]
2705:]
2700:]
2695:]
2690:]
2685:]
2680:]
2675:]
2670:]
2665:]
2167:2
2143:2
2040:2
2035:2
1907:2
1812:(
1543:(
1498:S
1470:2
1465:2
1431:2
1400:4
1396:2
1392:i
1383:2
1379:2
1374:O
1372:2
1368:i
1353:2
1349:2
1344:O
1342:2
1338:i
1323:2
1319:2
1314:O
1312:2
1308:i
1284:2
1280:2
1264:2
1257:2
1200:2
1187:2
1172:2
1157:2
1120:2
1076:L
1055:-
1053:L
1042:2
1022:2
1016:2
1001:2
962:2
949:i
947:P
932:→
909:i
907:P
875:2
825:2
755:2
726:2
720:-
669:2
599:2
594:.
584:2
568:2
549:2
544:2
539:2
504:2
491:3
470:3
441:2
433:i
420:2
365:.
344:)
338:(
333:)
329:(
319:·
312:·
305:·
298:·
271:.
200:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
