Types of periodic tables

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tabulations proposed are either unwieldy or utterly worthless, and only a few valuable suggestions have been made. Geometry does not permit of an arrangement which is sufficiently ideal to serve all the required purposes equally well. Thus the many three-dimensional models, embracing globes, helices, cones, prisms, castles, etc., are interesting but lacking in utility. To a lesser extent, the more involved two-dimensional arrangements do little toward solving the difficulty, and essentially the only suggestions as to modifications which are truly constructive are those centering in reflection of electronic configurations.

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at that time into a table with eight columns. He used the table to predict the properties of then unknown elements. While his hit rate was less than 50% it was his successes that propelled the widespread acceptance of the idea of a periodic table of the chemical elements. The eight-column style remains popular to this day, most notably in Russia, Mendeleev's country of birth.

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The inclusion of multiple dimensions and properties can lead to information overload, especially if the table is not designed in a user-friendly and organized manner. It becomes crucial to effectively organize and present the data to avoid overwhelming users with excessive details. Striking a balance

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humorously inquired of Newlands whether he had ever examined the elements according to the order of their initial letters. Foster believed that any arrangement would present occasional coincidences, but he condemned one which placed so far apart manganese and chromium, or iron from nickel and cobalt.

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Such tables provide a unique and enhanced visualization of the elements and their properties. By incorporating additional dimensions, such as depth or multiple axes, these tables offer a more comprehensive representation of the periodic trends and relationships among the elements. They can provide a

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Spatial tables pass through three or more dimensions (helical tables are instead classed as continuous tables). Such tables are relatively niche and not as commonly used as traditional tables. While they offer unique advantages, their complexity and customization requirements make them more suitable

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was the first person to make use of atomic weights to produce a classification of periodicity. He drew the elements as a continuous spiral around a metal cylinder divided into 16 parts. The atomic weight of oxygen was taken as 16 and was used as the standard against which all the other elements were

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Mendeleev and others who discovered chemical periodicity in the 1860s had noticed that when the elements were arranged in order of their atomic weights there was as an approximate repetition of physiochemical properties after every eight elements. Consequently, Mendeleev organized the elements known

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In 1934, George Quam, a chemistry professor at Long Island University, New York, and Mary Quam, a librarian at the New York Public Library compiled and published a bibliography of 133 periodic tables using a five-fold typology: I. short; II. long (including triangular); III. spiral; IV. helical, and

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Periodic tables of three or more dimensions offer flexibility in terms of their design and customization. Researchers, educators, or scientists can adapt the dimensions and properties represented based on their specific needs and objectives. This adaptability allows for tailoring the table to focus

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Depicting periodic trends and relationships in three or more dimensions can be technically challenging. Designing and visualizing the table in a clear and coherent manner may require specialized software or tools. The complexity of these tables can make them less accessible for individuals who are

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As the number of dimensions increases, the complexity of interpreting and understanding the table also increases. It can become more challenging for individuals to grasp and visualize the relationships between elements, especially when multiple properties are incorporated. The intricate nature of

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Such tables can facilitate the exploration of higher-level trends and relationships that may not be apparent in traditional two-dimensional tables. They allow for the visualization of complex patterns that emerge when multiple properties or variables are considered simultaneously. This can aid in

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Its disadvantages are that it appears to group dissimilar elements, such as chlorine and manganese, together; the separation of metals and nonmetals is hard to discern; there are "inconsistencies in the grouping together of elements giving colorless, diamagnetic ions with elements giving colored,

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The literature is replete with suggested (and discarded) modifications of the M periodic table. In fact so many modifications have appeared that one is tempted to conclude that practically every author has his own concept of what a workable arrangement must be. Unfortunately, the majority of the

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Earlier, in 1869, Mendeleev had mentioned different layouts including short, medium, and even cubic forms. It appeared to him that the latter (three-dimensional) form would be the most natural approach but that "attempts at such a construction have not led to any real results". On spiral periodic

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The advantages of the medium form are that it correlates the positions of the elements with their electronic structures, accommodates the vertical, horizontal and diagonal trends that characterise the elements;, and separates the metals and nonmetals; its disadvantages are that it obscures the

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In 1999 Mark Leach, a chemist, inaugurated the INTERNET database of Periodic Tables. It has over 1200 entries as of May 2023. While the database is a chronological compilation, specific types of periodic tables that can be searched for are spiral and helical; 3-dimensional; and miscellaneous.

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Traditional periodic tables typically focus on a few key properties, such as atomic number and atomic weight. However, periodic tables of three or more dimensions have the potential to include additional properties, such as electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, or physical

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Periodic tables of three or more dimensions are not as standardized or widely recognized as traditional two-dimensional tables. This lack of standardization can create confusion and inconsistency across different representations. It can also make it more difficult to compare and communicate

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Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming's table, in 1928, which was widely circulated in American schools. By the 1930s his table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopedias of chemistry. It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company.

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The advantages of such tables are their novelty and that they can depict relationships that ordinarily require spatial periodic tables, yet retain the portability and convenience of two-dimensional tables. A disadvantage is that they require marginally more effort to construct.

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Advantages of this form are its aesthetic appeal, and relatively compact size; disadvantages are its width, the fact that it is harder to draw, and interpreting certain periodic trends or relationships may be more challenging compared to the traditional rectangular format.

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1965 — Alexander arrangement of elements: Designed to complement the point at which education on the arrangement of atoms into a chart begins, much as the world globe establishes the reality, and to emphasise the vital and convenient nature of flat printed projections or

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For convenience, periodic tables may be typified as either: 1. short; 2. triangular; 3. medium; 4. long; 5. continuous (circular, spiral, lemniscate, or helical); 6. folding; or 7. spatial. Tables that defy easy classification are counted as type 8. unclassified.

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Blokh MA 1934, Iubileinomu mendeleevskomu s'ezdu v oznamenovanie 100-letnei godovshchinyso dnia rozhdeniia D. I. Mendeleeva (Anniversary Mendeleev Congress in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of D. I. Mendeleev), in Russian, Akad. Nauk SSSR,

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The advantage of this form is that it emphasizes, to a greater or lesser degree, that the elements form a continuous sequence; that said, continuous tables are harder to construct, read and memorize than the traditional rectangular form of periodic table.

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Deming's version of a medium table, which appeared in the first edition of his 1923 textbook "General Chemistry: An Elementary Survey Emphasizing Industrial Applications of Fundamental Principles", has been credited with popularizing the 18-column form.

1135:, a professor of chemistry, published a survey and analysis of about seven hundred periodic tables that had been published in the preceding one hundred years; he recognized short, medium, long, helical, spiral, series tables, and tables not classified. 2201:

2010 — Harrison Spiral Periodic Table: The organisation of the elements closely follows H. G. Deming's 1923 Periodic Table where A B numeration was first utilized to correspond the characteristic oxides of the 'B' groups to those of the 'A'

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A redrawn version of Kapustinsky's triangular or step pyramid periodic table (1953). Period 0 includes the electron and neutron. Each period repeats once. Two kinds of bilateral symmetry are present: shape; and metals and nonmetals in each

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Long tables have around 32 columns. Early examples are given by Bassett (1892), with 37 columns arranged albeit vertically rather than horizontally; Gooch & Walker (1905), with 25 columns; and by Werner (1905), with 33 columns.

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Kapustinsky, AF (1953). "Periodicity in the structure of the electron envelopes and nuclei of atoms Communication 1. Periodic system of the elements and its connection with the theory of numbers and with physicochemical analysis".

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A modern periodic table colour-coded to show some common or more commonly used names for sets of elements. The categories and their boundaries differ somewhat between sources. Lutetium and lawrencium in group 3 are also transition

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Medium tables have around 18 columns. The popularity of this form is thought to be a result of it having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size, and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends.

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A periodic table having the appearance of a multi-layered cake. There are eight wooden layers that sit on top of one another and can be rotated. Layers are divided into chemical elements with the engraved element name and atomic

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LeRoy referred to Deming's table, "this...being better known as the 'eighteen columns'-form" as representing "a very marked improvement over the original Mendeleef type as far as presentation to beginning classes is concerned."

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1964 — Ternstrom's A periodic table: A triple-combo table drawing on the advantages of the complete block system according to Werner (1905) and a horizontal Bohr line-system; the outcome resembles the left step form of Janet

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The s-block is shifted up one row, thus all elements not in the s-block are now one row lower than in the standard table. For example, most of the fourth row in the standard table is the fifth row in this

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1953 — Kapustinsky's table: Electron and neutron added to period 0; each period repeats once. There is a secondary diagonal relationship between the neutron (which decays to a proton, electron and

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1914 — Hackh's periodic table: First spiral to take account of Mosley's atomic numbers, and the first to show successively larger pairs of coils. Also interesting as H stands alone in the centre

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2002 — Tabla Periódica de Los Elementos Químicos-Forma Armonica - Sistema A-2 (Periodic Table of Chemical Elements-Harmonic Form): Left step variation in which groups 1 and 2 are redistributed

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1867 — Hinrichs's programme of atomechanics: Captures many of the primary periodic relationships seen in the modern table while not being cluttered by attempts to show secondary relationships

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2003 — Chemical galaxy II: Starry pathway to link the elements, express the astronomical reach of chemistry, stimulate the imagination and evoke wonder at the order underlying the universe

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In some ways they represent a form intermediate between the short and medium tables, since the average width of the fully mature version (with widths of 2+8+18+32 = 60) is 15 columns.

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McCutchon's periodic table of 1950, with two double-sided flaps attached. The top flap shows the first half of the f-block. The flap under that shows the first half of the d- block.

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Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Periodic Table, Cuzco, Peru 14–16 August 2012

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The collocation of manganese with iron, nickel and cobalt is later seen in the modernised version of von Bichowsky's table of 1918, in the unclassified section of this article.

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in only to save space" (rare earths between Ba and eka-Yt; radioactive elements between eka-Te and eka-I). See: Elliot Q. A. (1911). "A modification of the periodic table".

36:. The elements form a two-dimensional spiral, starting from hydrogen, and folding their way around two peninsulas, the transition metals, and lanthanides and actinides. A 6144:

Semenov NN 1969, 100 лет периодического закона химических элементов. 1869-1969 (100 years of the periodic law of chemical elements. 1869-1969), in Russian, Nauka, Moscow

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The advantages of the short form of periodic table are its compact size and that it shows the relationships between main group elements and transition metal groups

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2018 — Beylkin's periodic table of the elements:4n periods, where n = 2,3..., and shows symmetry, regularity, and elegance, more so than Janet's left step table

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2019 — Grainger's elemental periodicity with "concentric spheres intersecting orthogonal planes" formulation: A table in or on the corner of a room or table

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referred to the three principle types of periodic table as helical, rectilinear, and spiral. He added that, "unfortunately there also a number of freaks".

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properties like boiling point or melting point. This expanded information can offer a more complete picture of the elements and their characteristics.

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for specialized research, advanced education, or specific areas of study where a deeper understanding of multidimensional relationships is desired.

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An early drawback of this form was to make predictions for missing elements based on considerations of symmetry. For example, Bayely considered the

2713:. Adams omits the rare earths and the "radioactive elements" (i.e. the actinides) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being " 1062: 1356:

1919 — Hackh's table, with 9 columns in the top half and 11 in the bottom half. The position of an element in the table determines its properties.

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to be indirect analogues of other elements such as, for example, zirconium and niobium, a presumption which turned out to be largely unfounded.

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These elements are generally regarded as being too diverse to merit a collective classification and, in this context, have been referred to as

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These elements are generally regarded as being too diverse to merit a collective classification and, in this context, have been referred to as

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tables, "Mendeleev...steadfastly refused to depict the system as ...His objection was that he could not express this function mathematically."

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1950 — McCutchon published a short table in which the d- and f-blocks were depicted as folding flaps positioned on top of the s- and p-blocks.

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Stewart, PJ (2018). "Chapter 3: Amateurs and professionals in chemistry: The case of the periodic system". In Scerri, E; Restrepo, G (eds.).

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The advantage of the long form is that shows where the lanthanides and actinides fit into the periodic table; its disadvantage is its width.

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Certainly the most useful of these modifications, and at the same time one of the earliest to be proposed, is the so-called long or ...table.

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Van den Broek (1911) constructed a "cubic" table of dimensions three elements deep, eight across and five deep. It was not successful.

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1905 — Gooch & Walker's primary, secondary, and tertiary series of elements: An early depiction of double periodicity among the Ln

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1920 — Kohlweiler's system: First spatial system—Parallel planes connected by pillars of transition group and lanthanide element

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Triangular tables have column widths of 2-8-18-32 or thereabouts. An early example, appearing in 1882, was provided by Bayley.

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2019 — Alexander arrangement unwrapped... and rewrapped: p, d and f blocks moving away from the s block in 3-dimensional space

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Rae, ID (2013). "David Orme Masson, the Periodic Classification of the Elements and His 'Flap' Model of the Periodic Table".

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1992 — Magarshak & Malinsky's three-dimensional periodic table: Quantum mechanics-based table with group 3 as Sc-Y-La-Ac

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paramagnetic ions; and lack of reasonable positions for hydrogen, the lanthanide elements, and the actinide elements."

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arrangement is an example of a continuous (spiral) table. First published in 1964, it explicitly showed the location of

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2023 — Marks' snub-triangular version of Mendeleyev's 1869 table: First tier has sp elements rather than H and He alone

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Through the use of connecting lines, such tables make it easier to indicate analogous properties among the elements.

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In contrast, Walden reported in 1908 that more than a hundred different periodic tables had already been published.

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1907 — Grouping of the elements to illustrate refractivity: Runs from group 12 on the left to group 13 on the right

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Crookes's lemniscate periodic table, shown in this section, has the following elements falling under one another:

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Quam GN & Quam MB 1934, Types of graphic classifications of the elements I. Introduction and short tables,

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1945 — Talpain's gnomonic classification of the elements: Diagram in space having the form of a double pyramid

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1954 — Sabo & Lakatosh's volumetric model of the periodic table: Modular apartment building complex form

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Mendeleev, DI (1869). "On the correlation between the properties of the elements and their atomic weight".

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1949 — Antropoff's representation revised by Fritz Scheele: Lanthanides and actinides included in main body

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A Text-book of Experimental Chemistry (with Descriptive Notes) for Students of General Inorganic Chemistry

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2005 — Rich's periodic chart exposing diagonal relationships: Non-metals of the left; metals on the right

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1925 — Courtines's a model of the periodic table: A helix with the appearance of a submarine or a castle

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id., Types of graphic classifications of the elements III. Spiral, helical, and miscellaneous charts,

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1934 — Romanoff's system: First long form with actinides under lanthanides (including a split d-block)

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1886 — Shepard's natural classification: A spiral form with instructions for turning it into a tube

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these tables may require additional effort and familiarity to navigate and interpret effectively.

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This table, which is a modernised version of von Bichowsky's table of 1918, has 24 columns and

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1895 — Thomsen's systematic arrangement: Electropositive and electronegative elements labelled

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Short tables have around eight columns. This form became popular following the publication of

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2014 — ADOMAH Periodic table glass cube: A separated table inside a tetrahedron inside a cube

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Creating a Symbol of Science: The Development of a Standard Periodic Table of the Elements

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Creating a Symbol of Science: The Development of a Standard Periodic Table of the Elements

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this being a notional sequence in which the electron shells of the neutral atoms in their

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included a periodic table with a fold (or flap) that can be moved from page 220 to 221.

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1982 — Periodiska systems rätta form: Left step variation with novel placement of H-He

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2018 — Beylkin's table: Symmetrical table with lanthanides and actinides incorporated

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Left step periodic table with 33rd shadow column showing that the periods wrap around

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Crookes, W. "The position of helium, argon, and krypton in the scheme of elements".

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groups. Group 8 forms a connecting link or transitional zone between groups 7 and 1.

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Katz, G (2001). "The Periodic Table: An Eight Period Table For The 21st Century".

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1945 — Seaborg's table: Suggested an actinide series to complement the lanthanides

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1987 — Step-pyramid form of the periodic chart: Modernised version of 1882 Bayley

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The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

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2023 — Yin Yang periodic table: Fusion of left step table and traditional table

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not familiar with the specific representation or visualization techniques used.

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1906 — Mendeleev's table: with six supposedly missing elements between H and He

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McCutchon, KB (1950). "A simplified periodic classification of the elements".

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The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years

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1920 — Stewart's arrangement of the elements: With 14 lanthanides incorporated

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1911 — Adam's table: Separation of lanthanides (left) and radioactives (right)

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2011 — Tresvyatskii's table: Assignment of lanthanides and actinides to groups

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between comprehensive information and clarity can be a significant challenge.

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Such tables, which incorporate a folding mechanism, are relatively uncommon:

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1956 — Remy's "long" period form: Uranides competing with Seaborg's actinides

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Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science

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1927 — LeRoy's table: Left step precursor; three sets of transition elements

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A more conventional long form of periodic table is included for comparison.

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1920 — Stewart's arrangement: The lanthanides accommodated in its 18 columns

425: 6902: 6567: 6562: 6316: 6251: 5101:"Ramsay's The Elements Arranged in The Periodic System (with movable flap)" 3927: 2255: 1739: 1464: 1322: 1080: 728: 716: 604: 438: 341: 52: 5220: 4788:"Gooch & Walker's Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Series of Elements" 2891:"Dmitri Iwanowitscii Mendelejeff (27. Januar 1834—20. Januar 1907 a. St.)" 1412: 1350:

1902 — Brauner's table: Intraperiodic accommodation of the rare earths (b)

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1939 — Irwin's periodic table: Extensive analysis of periodicity patterns

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Graphic Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years,

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1918 — Cherkesov: Two periodic tables: Mn in group 8 rather than group 7

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id., Types of graphic classifications of the elements II. Long charts,

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A New Periodic Table of the Elements Based on the Structure of the Atom

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1893 — Rang's 17-column table: Forerunner of the modern 18-column table

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LeRoy, RH (1927). "Teaching the periodic classification of elements".

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Also shown in this section is a modernized version of the same table.

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1895 — An early example is the 'Flap' Model of the periodic table by

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2002 — Inorganic chemist's table: Major and minor patterns indicated.

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2003 — Graphic representations of the periodic system: As a building

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In the first image in this section, of a so-called left step table:

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Advantages of periodic tables of three or more dimensions include:

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in this long table follow the conventional order: s-, f-, d- and p-

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1895 — Retger's Periodic Table: Intraperiodic accommodation of the

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uncovering hidden connections and correlations among the elements.

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relationships between main group elements and transition metals.

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Some other notable forms of continuous periodic tables include:

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2016 — A left step periodic table in the traditional Japanese "

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1960 — International Rectifier Corporation table: Rainbow style

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1952 — Coryell's table: Bifurcating groups limited to 3 and 13

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2023 — Deming's 1923 periodic table, updated: 25 columns wide

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including for teaching, aesthetic or philosophical purposes.

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University of Alabama Press, Alabama, ISBN 978-0-8173-3200-6

3503:"Thomsen's Systematic Arrangement of the Chemical Elements" 2188:

1940 — Gamow ribbon periodic table: Noble gases as Group 0

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1928 — Corbino's right-step table: No gaps between elements

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1995 — Klein's table: Breaks at the start of each new block

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1989 — Stowe's A physicist's periodic table: 4-dimensional

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richer understanding of complex patterns and interactions.

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compared. Tellurium was situated at the centre, prompting

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1892 — Bassett's vertical arrangement: 37 columns sideways

1111:

expressed disdain as to the many types of periodic table:

3384:. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co. p. 173. 2709:

An antecedent of Deming's 18-column table may be seen in

1655:

1976 — Seaborg's futuristic table: Elements up to Z = 168

2828:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 66–79 (68). 5949:"Rich's Periodic Chart Exposing Diagonal Relationships" 4033:

Emsley, J. (7 March 1985). "Mendeleyev's dream table".

2443:

Unclassified periodic tables defy easy classification:

2195:

1999 — Moran's spiral periodic table: In hexagonal form

1441:

Some other notable triangular periodic tables include:

4423:"Gooch & Walker's Periodic System of The Elements" 4015:. New York: Chemsource, Inc. p. 3. Archived from 2406:

2011 — Aldersley 3D periodic table: As four apartments

5768:"Grouping of The Elements to Illustrate Refractivity" 4344:"Gooch & Walker's Periodic System of The Elemens" 3659:"Sanderson's Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements" 2853:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 120–121. 2363:

1925 — Friend's periodic sphere: First spherical form

2352:

information between different periodic table formats.

540: 2462:

1934 — Romanoff's system: Combined spiral-lemniscate

2356:

Some other notable spatial periodic tables include:

1476:

1989 — Seaborg's electron shell table: Up to Z = 168

533: 526: 512: 5295:"Talpain's Gnomonic Classification of the Elements" 2468:

1950 — Clark's updated periodic table: Arena system

2369:

1949 — Wringley's Lamina System: First 2D/3D hybrid

1470:

1967 — Sanderson's table: 2-8-10-14 stacked periods

1451:

1922 — Bohr's system: Based on modern atomic theory

519: 505: 6001:"Alexander Arrangement Unwrapped... and Rewrapped" 5683: 1359:1923 — Deming's other table: Mendeleev style with 1336:Some other notable short periodic tables include: 6027:"Deming's 1923 Periodic Table, Updated by Vernon" 4605:"Sistema Periódico Armonico de Gutierrez-Samanez" 3763:"Marks' Version of Mendeleyev's 1869 Formulation" 2675:is shown in the gallery as "Short (9/11 columns)" 1708:) have been moved to the right side of the table. 1171:Modern form of a short eight-group periodic table 6952: 5555:"Graphic Representations of the Periodic System" 5179: 3016:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. 2128:lemniscate (figure eight) periodic table of 1898 498: 5686:"The place of manganese in the periodic system" 3449: 2781:Zhurnal Russkoe Fiziko-Khimicheskoe Obshchestvo 1374:1950 — Sidgwick's classification (Mendeleeff): 1365:1924 — Hubbard chart of atoms: American classic 1340:1862 — Meyer's system: 28 elements in 6 columns 2989:The Periodic Table: Its Story and Significance 2922:"Mendeleev's predictions: success and failure" 2895:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 2447:1891 — Wendt's generation-tree of the elements 2403:2003 — Two-amphitheatre pyramid periodic table 1758:1905 — Gooch & Walker's system: 25 columns 1715:Helium is placed in group 2 (not in group 18). 1454:1935 — Zmaczynski's table: Period 0 above H-He 1408:A rendering of Bayley's periodic table of 1882 6183: 5152: 5125: 4891:"Gamow [First] Ribbon Periodic Table" 4695:10.1038/scientificamerican08271898-18948asupp 4082:"Rang's Periodic Arrangement of The Elements" 4009:Periodicity:A source book module, version 1.0 3875:The periodic table: A very short introduction 3792:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 165. 2115:A continuous two-dimensional periodic pyramid 1368:1935 — Rysselberghe's table: Separated blocks 1056: 5018: 5016: 4005: 3476: 3173:"Deming's other 1923 table: Mendeleev style" 2878:. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 3, 25. 1661:1990 — IUPAC Red Book table: 15-wide f-block 6053:"Vernon's Yin Yang of The Periodic Table n" 3397: 3303:"International Rectifier Corporation table" 2968:. Le Moyne College, Department of Chemistry 1719:The elements remain positioned in order of 6190: 6176: 5975:"Beylkin's Periodic Table of The Elements" 4707: 4631:"Beylkin's Periodic Table of The Elements" 4368: 4341: 4314: 3159:10.1038/scientificamerican03081919-146supp 3014:Inorganic chemistry, a modern introduction 2959: 2957: 2313:on specific areas of interest or research. 1639:Some other notable medium tables include: 1361:dividing line between metals and nonmetals 1063: 1049: 5716:"Wendt's Generation-Tree of the Elements" 5581:"Two-Amphitheater Pyramid Periodic Table" 5022: 5013: 4710:"Béguyer de Chancourtois' Vis Tellurique" 4065: 3685:"Step-Pyramid Form of the Periodic Chart" 2937: 2873: 2778: 2382:1972 — Octagonal prismatic periodic table 1087:, authors have experimented with varying 6163:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 6057:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 6031:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 6005:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5979:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5953:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5927:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5901:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5875:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5850:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5824:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5798:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5772:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5746:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5720:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5690:Journal of the American Chemical Society 5663:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5637:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5611:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5585:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5559:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5533:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5507:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5481:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5455:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5429:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5403:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5377:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5351:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5325:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5299:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5273:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5247:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5186:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5159:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5132:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5105:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 5060:Historical Records of Australian Science 4999:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4973:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4947:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4921:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4895:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4869:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4843:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4817:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4792:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4766:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4740:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4714:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4658:Secret lanthanides: Road to independence 4655: 4635:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4609:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4583:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4557:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4531:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4505:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4479:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4453:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4427:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4401:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4375:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4348:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4321:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4294:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4268:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4216:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4190:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4164:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4160:"Remy's Long Period Form Periodic Table" 4138:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4112:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 4086:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3947: 3767:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3741:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3737:"Klein's Periodic Table of The Elements" 3715:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3689:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3663:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3637:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3611:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3585:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3581:"Zmaczynski's Triangular Periodic Table" 3559:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3533:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3507:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3456:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3359:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3333:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3307:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3281:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3277:"Sidgwick's classification (Mendeleeff)" 3255:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3229:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3203:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3177:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3120:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3094:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3068:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 3042:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 2963: 2803:The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 2719:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2420: 2270: 2210: 2133: 2120: 2110: 1791: 1751:Some other notable long tables include: 1683: 1675: 1498: 1490: 1411: 1403: 1166: 1158: 1150: 20: 16:Different forms of the table of elements 5820:"Stewart's Arrangement of The Elements" 4108:"Stewart's Arrangement of The Elements" 3790:General chemistry: An elementary survey 3633:"Coryell's Periodic Table in Long Form" 3011: 2954: 2919: 2848: 2823: 2711:Adams' 16-column Periodic Table of 1911 2471:1971 — Clark, John O. E. periodic table 2148:Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois 6953: 5684:von Bichowsky, FR; Ponce, JAD (1918). 5477:"Stowe's A Physicist's Periodic Table" 5084: 4032: 3890: 3872: 3836: 3787: 3425: 2986: 2888: 2744: 1761:1905 — Werner's arrangement: 33 groups 6171: 5089:. London: McMillan. pp. 220–221. 4969:"Philip Stewart's Chemical Galaxy II" 4736:"Hinrichs' Programme of Atomechanics" 4501:"Corbino's Right-Step Periodic Table" 4186:"Seaborg's Futuristic Periodic Table" 4047: 3978: 3937:from the original on 25 October 2012. 3804:"Periodic Table of Chemical Elements" 3199:"Hubbard Periodic Chart Of The Atoms" 3140: 2851:Inorganic Chemistry: An Advanced Text 2754:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry 2385:1982 — Cement chemist's periodic cube 1730:The left step table was developed by 1658:1980 — Jodogne's tableau: Upside down 1290:eight-column periodic table in 1871. 1083:in 1871, and published an associated 6149:The Development of the Periodic Law, 5399:"Octagonal Prismatic Periodic Table" 5206: 5182:"Kaleidocycle of the Periodic Table" 4290:"Eric Scerri's Triad Periodic Table" 4264:"Inorganic Chemist's Periodic Table" 3818:from the original on 3 February 2021 3481:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 148. 3393: 3391: 2738: 1506: 1173: 42: 6934: 6151:Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, PA 5155:"NAWA's byobu-Janet Periodic Table" 5057: 4917:"Alexander Arrangement of Elements" 4680: 4050:"New notations in the period table" 3877:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3796: 3379: 2540:Partially disordered (unclassified) 2303:Exploration of higher-level trends: 2244:2015 — Quantum Fold Periodic Table. 1085:periodic table of chemical elements 13: 6197: 6075: 5923:"Clark, John O. E. Periodic Table" 5633:"ADOMAH Periodic Table Glass Cube" 4762:"Shepard's Natural Classification" 4134:"Seaborg's Periodic Table of 1945" 3993:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1927.tb05776.x 2799:"van den Broek's Periodic Table 2" 1667:2006 — Scerri's table: Symmetrical 14: 6972: 6155: 4660:. Utrecht: Stichting Alonnissos. 4006:Abraham, M.; Coshow, D.; Fix, W. 3388: 3116:"Mendeleev's 1906 Periodic Table" 2379:periodic table: Weather vane form 1371:1945 — Krafft's table: Ten groups 6933: 6922: 6921: 6045: 6019: 5993: 5967: 5941: 5915: 5897:"Clark's Updated Periodic Table" 5889: 5863: 5838: 5812: 5794:"Cherkesov: Two Periodic Tables" 5786: 5760: 5734: 5708: 5677: 5651: 5625: 5599: 5573: 5547: 5521: 5495: 5469: 5443: 5425:"Cement chemist's periodic cube" 5417: 5391: 5365: 5339: 5313: 5287: 5261: 4995:"Harrison Spiral Periodic Table" 4397:"Bassett's Vertical Arrangement" 4317:"Bassett's Vertical Arrangement" 4212:"Jodogne's Tableau des Éléments" 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2450:1893 — Nechaev's truncated cones 40:peninsula is already slotted in. 5235: 5200: 5173: 5146: 5119: 5093: 5078: 5051: 4987: 4961: 4943:"Moran's Spiral Periodic Table" 4935: 4909: 4883: 4857: 4831: 4813:"Hackh's Spiral Periodic Table" 4805: 4780: 4754: 4728: 4701: 4674: 4649: 4623: 4597: 4579:"Periodiska Systems Rätta Form" 4571: 4545: 4519: 4493: 4467: 4441: 4415: 4389: 4362: 4335: 4308: 4282: 4256: 4230: 4204: 4178: 4152: 4126: 4100: 4074: 4041: 4026: 3999: 3972: 3941: 3866: 3830: 3781: 3755: 3729: 3711:"Electron Shell Periodic Table" 3703: 3677: 3651: 3625: 3599: 3573: 3547: 3521: 3495: 3470: 3419: 3373: 3355:"Tresvyatskii's Periodic Table" 3347: 3321: 3295: 3269: 3243: 3225:"Rysselberghe's Periodic Table" 3217: 3191: 3165: 3134: 3108: 3082: 3056: 3030: 3005: 2980: 2913: 2703: 2678: 2666: 2641: 2416: 1495:Deming's periodic table of 1923 1163:Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table 1155:Newlands' 1866 table of octaves 6252:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals) 6125:Journal of Chemical Education, 6111:Journal of Chemical Education, 6097:Journal of Chemical Education, 4683:Scientific American Supplement 3981:School Science and Mathematics 2882: 2867: 2842: 2817: 2791: 2772: 2632: 2623: 2310:Flexibility and customization: 2296:Inclusion of extra properties: 1: 6794:Thermal expansion coefficient 6490:Lists of metalloids by source 6127:vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 288–297, 6113:vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 217–223, 5607:"Aldersley 3D Periodic Table" 5128:"Quantum Fold Periodic Table" 5025:Journal of Chemical Education 2731: 2394:1990 — Dufour's periodic tree 2331:Difficulty in representation: 1787: 1736:Madelung energy ordering rule 1399: 652:dividing metals and nonmetals 4553:"Ternström's Periodic Table" 3842:"The Periodic Law and Table" 3329:"Shukarev's Periodic System" 2236:The Gases of The Atmosphere, 7: 6533:Platinum-group metals (PGM) 6236:By periodic table structure 6099:vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 27–32, 5742:"Nechaev's Truncated Cones" 5087:The Gases of The Atmosphere 3153:(supp. no. 2253): 146–149. 3090:"Brauner's Periodic System" 2465:1944 — Müller's tree system 1098: 320:By periodic table structure 10: 6977: 6678:Goldschmidt classification 5373:"Giguère's Periodic Table" 5321:"Wringley's lamina system" 5269:"Friend's Periodic Sphere" 4054:Pure and Applied Chemistry 3452:"Bayley's Periodic System" 2672: 2564:Short (9/11 columns) notes 2516:Curled ribbon (continuous) 2490: 2266: 2206: 1388:1975 — Shukarev's system: 1010:expansion coefficient 886:Goldschmidt classification 6916: 6878: 6811: 6691: 6648: 6609: 6600: 6525: 6503: 6480: 6447: 6437: 6415: 6345: 6257:2 (Alkaline earth metals) 6242: 6235: 6226: 6205: 5180:Pablo Cassinello (2022). 3812:American Chemical Society 3477:van Spronsen, JW (1969). 3444:10.1080/14786448208627140 3064:"Retger's Periodic Table" 3038:"Meyer's Periodic System" 2939:10.1007/s10698-018-9312-0 2907:10.1002/cber.190804103191 2612:4D Stowe-Scerri (spatial) 1796:A circular periodic table 1486: 794:List of chemical elements 5503:"Dufour's Periodic Tree" 4865:"Irwin's Periodic Table" 4475:"LeRoy's Periodic Table" 3450:Quam & Quam (1934). 2926:Foundations of Chemistry 2745:Benfey, Theodor (2009). 2617: 2349:Lack of standardization: 1146: 1089:types of periodic tables 687:By other characteristics 297:Systematic element names 6896:systematic element name 6868:in East Asian languages 6218:Extended periodic table 4067:10.1351/pac198860030431 3891:Francl, M. (May 2009). 3529:"Adams' Periodic Table" 2901:(3): 4719–4800 (4756). 2588:Ziggurat (unclassified) 2528:Four loops (continuous) 2388:1983 — Periodic pyramid 2289:Enhanced visualization. 1800:Encompassing circular, 1671: 1392:turn back on themselves 1321:Fellow English chemist 1306:London Chemical Society 910:Data pages for elements 589:metallic classification 355:(alkaline earth metals) 6739:Electron configuration 6729:Electrical resistivity 6668:Electron configuration 6472:Post-transition metals 6161:Leach M 1999 to date, 5871:"Müller's Tree System" 5153:Nagayasu Nawa (2015). 5126:Brian Gregory (2016). 4656:Scholten, Jan (2005). 4449:"Werner's Arrangement" 4371:"Werner's Arrangement" 3788:Deming, H. G. (1923). 2874:Tomkeieff, SI (1954). 2692:, located between the 2655:, located between the 2440: 2277: 2216: 2139: 2129: 2116: 1797: 1693: 1681: 1616: 1588:Unclassified nonmetals 1568:Post-transition metals 1496: 1418: 1409: 1300:An earlier attempt by 1283: 1255:Unclassified nonmetals 1235:Post-transition metals 1164: 1156: 1122: 946:Electrical resistivity 838:Properties of elements 221:Periodic table history 152: 6573:Transuranium elements 5243:"Kohlweiler's System" 5221:10.1007/s00897010515a 5209:The Chemical Educator 2688:or, more plainly, as 2651:or, more plainly, as 2424: 2340:Information overload: 2274: 2214: 2146:The French geologist 2137: 2124: 2114: 1795: 1687: 1679: 1527:Alkaline earth metals 1502: 1494: 1415: 1407: 1194:Alkaline earth metals 1170: 1162: 1154: 1113: 698:Platinum-group metals 247:Discovery of elements 104:Post-transition metal 24: 6789:Thermal conductivity 6764:Heat of vaporization 6206:Periodic table forms 5215:(6): 324–332 (331). 3987:(8): 793–799 (793). 3948:Robinson, R (2018), 2920:Stewart, PJ (2019). 2552:Short (9/11 columns) 1704:Groups 1 and 2 (the 980:of vaporization 845:Relative atomic mass 818:by isotope stability 813:by atomic properties 176:Periodic table forms 63:Alkaline earth metal 6821:Element discoveries 6578:Superheavy elements 6538:Rare-earth elements 5846:"Romanoff's System" 5702:10.1021/ja02240a008 5037:1950JChEd..27...17M 4708:Mark Leach (1905). 4527:"Romanoff's System" 4369:Mark Leach (1905). 4342:Mark Leach (1905). 4315:Mark Leach (1892). 3912:2009NatCh...1...97F 3873:Scerri, E. (2011). 3147:Scientific American 3141:Hackh, IWD (1919). 3012:Moeller, T (1982). 2849:Moeller, T (1952). 2317:Disadvantages are: 1104:V. miscellaneous. 746:Rare-earth elements 741:Main-group elements 124:Polyatomic nonmetal 5451:"Periodic Pyramid" 5085:Ramsay, W (1915). 4048:Fluck, E. (1988). 3838:Jensen, William B. 3426:Bayley, T (1882). 3413:10.1007/bf01188227 2987:Scerri, E (2020). 2889:Walden, P (1908). 2441: 2278: 2217: 2140: 2130: 2117: 1798: 1694: 1682: 1617: 1497: 1419: 1410: 1284: 1165: 1157: 153: 6948: 6947: 6807: 6806: 6769:Ionization energy 6744:Electronegativity 6734:Electron affinity 6673:Electronegativity 6663:Crystal structure 6658:Aqueous chemistry 6635:Nuclear stability 6630:Atomic properties 6596: 6595: 6543:Refractory metals 6521: 6520: 6467:Transition metals 6433: 6432: 6147:Venable FP 1896, 6137:Robinson A 2018, 6133:10.1021/ed011p288 6119:10.1021/ed011p217 4667:978-90-74817-16-5 3920:10.1038/nchem.183 3884:978-0-19-958249-5 3488:978-0-444-40776-4 3023:978-0-471-61230-8 2998:978-0-19-091436-3 2964:Giunta C (2002). 2860:978-0-471-61215-5 2835:978-0-86380-292-8 2787:: 60–77 (note 2). 2225:David Orme Masson 2144: 2143: 2102: 2101: 1614: 1613: 1557:Transition metals 1432:rare earth metals 1390:Transition metals 1281: 1280: 1224:Transition metals 1077:Dimitri Mendeleev 1073: 1072: 985:Ionization energy 961:Electronegativity 870:Electronegativity 850:Crystal structure 710:Refractory metals 559:(s, p, d, f, ...) 150: 149: 134:Diatomic nonmetal 6968: 6937: 6936: 6925: 6924: 6908:Dmitri Mendeleev 6836:1869 predictions 6826:Dmitri Mendeleev 6607: 6606: 6445: 6444: 6425:Aufbau principle 6337:18 (Noble gases) 6240: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6228:Sets of elements 6192: 6185: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6105:10.1021/ed011p27 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5696:(7): 1040–1046. 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5045:10.1021/ed027p17 5020: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4242:Internet Archive 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3960:10.7275/12706048 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3900:Nature Chemistry 3897: 3888: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3847:. Archived from 3846: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3447: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3251:"Krafft's table" 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2751: 2742: 2726: 2707: 2701: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2107: 2106: 1818: 1817: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1566: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1545: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1507: 1467:), and hydrogen. 1273: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1253: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1192: 1190: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1065: 1058: 1051: 1036:Chemistry Portal 670:nonmetal halogen 573:Aufbau principle 549: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 481: 471: 461: 451: 441: 434: 427: 420: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 346: 338: 310:Sets of elements 238:1869 predictions 208: 202: 198: 155: 154: 142: 140: 132: 130: 122: 120: 112: 110: 102: 100: 93:Transition metal 91: 89: 81: 79: 71: 69: 61: 59: 51: 49: 43: 26:Theodor Benfey's 6976: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6912: 6874: 6803: 6779:Oxidation state 6687: 6644: 6592: 6588:Minor actinides 6583:Major actinides 6548:Precious metals 6517: 6499: 6476: 6429: 6411: 6341: 6327:16 (Chalcogens) 6322:15 (Pnictogens) 6222: 6201: 6196: 6158: 6078: 6076:Further reading 6073: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5083: 5079: 5072:10.1071/HR12018 5056: 5052: 5021: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4706: 4702: 4689:(1182): 18948. 4679: 4675: 4668: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4027: 4022:on 14 May 2012. 4019: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3895: 3893:"Table manners" 3885: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3555:"Bohr's System" 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3424: 3420: 3396: 3389: 3380:Lee, E (1908). 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2918: 2914: 2887: 2883: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2708: 2704: 2686:other nonmetals 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2649:other nonmetals 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2598: 2589: 2586: 2577: 2574: 2565: 2562: 2553: 2550: 2541: 2538: 2529: 2526: 2517: 2514: 2505: 2502: 2493: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2419: 2269: 2258:periodic table. 2209: 2138:A helical table 2051:( ) 2004:( ) 1790: 1674: 1615: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1489: 1402: 1282: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1228: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1178: 1177: 1149: 1101: 1079:formulated the 1069: 1020: 1019: 995:Oxidation state 911: 903: 902: 840: 830: 829: 796: 786: 775: 774: 705:Precious metals 688: 680: 679: 622:post-transition 591: 580: 579: 568:Atomic orbitals 321: 313: 302: 301: 223: 213: 212: 206: 200: 196: 177: 151: 138: 137: 136: 128: 127: 126: 118: 117: 116: 108: 107: 106: 98: 97: 87: 86: 85: 77: 76: 75: 67: 66: 65: 57: 56: 55: 47: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6974: 6964: 6963: 6961:Periodic table 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6930: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6799:Vapor pressure 6796: 6791: 6786: 6784:Speed of sound 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6759:Heat of fusion 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6714:Critical point 6711: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6615: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6553:Coinage metals 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6199:Periodic table 6195: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6156:External links 6154: 6153: 6152: 6145: 6142: 6135: 6121: 6107: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6044: 6018: 5992: 5966: 5940: 5914: 5888: 5862: 5837: 5811: 5785: 5759: 5733: 5707: 5676: 5650: 5624: 5598: 5572: 5546: 5520: 5494: 5468: 5442: 5416: 5390: 5364: 5338: 5312: 5286: 5260: 5234: 5199: 5172: 5145: 5118: 5092: 5077: 5050: 5012: 4986: 4960: 4934: 4908: 4882: 4856: 4830: 4804: 4779: 4753: 4727: 4700: 4673: 4666: 4648: 4622: 4596: 4570: 4544: 4518: 4492: 4466: 4440: 4414: 4388: 4361: 4334: 4307: 4281: 4255: 4229: 4203: 4177: 4151: 4125: 4099: 4073: 4060:(3): 431–36 . 4040: 4025: 3998: 3971: 3940: 3883: 3865: 3829: 3795: 3780: 3754: 3728: 3702: 3676: 3650: 3624: 3598: 3572: 3546: 3520: 3494: 3487: 3469: 3418: 3387: 3372: 3346: 3320: 3294: 3268: 3242: 3216: 3190: 3164: 3133: 3107: 3081: 3055: 3029: 3022: 3004: 2997: 2979: 2953: 2912: 2881: 2866: 2859: 2841: 2834: 2816: 2790: 2771: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2702: 2677: 2665: 2640: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2600:Ziggurat notes 2599: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2234:, in his book 2232:William Ramsay 2228: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2157:telluric screw 2153:vis tellurique 2142: 2141: 2131: 2118: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048:( ) 2046: 2045:( ) 2043: 2042:( ) 2040: 2039:( ) 2037: 2036:( ) 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024:( ) 2022: 2021:( ) 2019: 2018:( ) 2016: 2015:( ) 2013: 2010: 2009:( ) 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001:( ) 1999: 1998:( ) 1996: 1995:( ) 1993: 1992:( ) 1990: 1989:( ) 1987: 1986:( ) 1984: 1983:( ) 1981: 1980:( ) 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1612: 1611: 1559: 1505: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1386: 1383: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1341: 1316:John Gladstone 1310:Law of Octaves 1279: 1278: 1226: 1172: 1148: 1145: 1118: 1100: 1097: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1053: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015:Vapor pressure 1012: 1002: 1000:Speed of sound 997: 992: 987: 982: 976:of fusion 968: 963: 958: 950:Electron 948: 943: 938: 933: 931:Critical point 928: 923: 918: 912: 909: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 889: 888: 882: 881: 866: 865: 860: 853: 852: 847: 841: 836: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 821: 820: 815: 809: 808: 797: 792: 791: 788: 787: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 757: 756: 749: 748: 743: 737: 736: 731: 725: 724: 719: 713: 712: 707: 701: 700: 695: 693:Coinage metals 689: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 666: 665: 657: 656: 655: 654: 646: 645: 637: 636: 631: 625: 624: 619: 613: 612: 610:alkaline earth 607: 601: 600: 592: 586: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577: 576: 575: 570: 562: 561: 552: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 494: 493: 484: 483: 473: 463: 453: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 349: 332: 331: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 293: 292: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 263: 262: 250: 249: 243: 242: 241: 240: 235: 224: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 190: 189: 184: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 168:Periodic table 164: 163: 148: 147: 95: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6973: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6941: 6940: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:controversies 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6774:Melting point 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Heat capacity 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6709:Boiling point 6707: 6705: 6704:Atomic radius 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568:Native metals 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6495:Dividing line 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:17 (Halogens) 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4035:New Scientist 4029: 4018: 4011: 4010: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3854:on 2020-11-10 3850: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3438:(78): 26–37. 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3407:(1): 1–9(2). 3406: 3402: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3376: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2737: 2725:(5): 684–88 . 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2673:Hackh's table 2669: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2622: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2504:ADOMAH (long) 2500: 2495: 2494: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2423: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1740:ground states 1737: 1733: 1732:Charles Janet 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721:atomic number 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1609: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1548: 1538: 1528: 1518: 1517:Alkali metals 1509: 1508: 1501: 1493: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1414: 1406: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1276: 1266: 1256: 1246: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1215: 1205: 1195: 1185: 1184:Alkali metals 1176: 1175: 1169: 1161: 1153: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1133:Edward Mazurs 1129: 1127: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: / 1007: 1004:Thermal 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 990:Melting point 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: / 977: 974: / 973: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 956:configuration 954: / 953: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 926:Boiling point 924: 922: 921:Atomic radius 919: 917: 914: 913: 907: 906: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 887: 884: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863:configuration 861: 859: 855: 854: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 839: 834: 833: 826: 823: 822: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 806: 805:in human body 802: 799: 798: 795: 790: 789: 785: 784: 779: 778: 770: 766: 762: 759: 758: 754: 751: 750: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 735: 732: 730: 729:Native metals 727: 726: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 684: 683: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 659: 658: 653: 650: 649: 648: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 594: 593: 590: 584: 583: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563: 560: 558: 554: 553: 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 495: 492: 490: 486: 485: 482: 480: 479:(noble gases) 474: 472: 470: 464: 462: 460: 454: 452: 450: 444: 442: 437: 435: 430: 428: 423: 421: 416: 414: 409: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 388: 386: 381: 379: 374: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 356: 350: 347: 345: 344:alkali metals 339: 334: 333: 330: 328: 324: 323: 317: 316: 312: 311: 306: 305: 298: 295: 294: 290: 286: 285: 280: 279:controversies 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 265: 264: 261: 260: 256: 252: 251: 248: 245: 244: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 217: 216: 205: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 173: 172: 169: 166: 165: 161: 157: 156: 145: 135: 125: 115: 105: 96: 94: 84: 74: 64: 54: 45: 44: 39: 38:superactinide 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 6932: 6920: 6903:Trivial name 6891:nomenclature 6563:Heavy metals 6558:Noble metals 6317:14 (Tetrels) 6213:Alternatives 6212: 6148: 6124: 6110: 6096: 6089: 6061:. Retrieved 6056: 6047: 6035:. Retrieved 6030: 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 6004: 5995: 5983:. Retrieved 5978: 5969: 5957:. Retrieved 5952: 5943: 5931:. Retrieved 5926: 5917: 5905:. Retrieved 5900: 5891: 5879:. Retrieved 5874: 5865: 5853:. Retrieved 5849: 5840: 5828:. Retrieved 5823: 5814: 5802:. Retrieved 5797: 5788: 5776:. Retrieved 5771: 5762: 5750:. Retrieved 5745: 5736: 5724:. Retrieved 5719: 5710: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5667:. Retrieved 5662: 5653: 5641:. Retrieved 5636: 5627: 5615:. Retrieved 5610: 5601: 5589:. Retrieved 5584: 5575: 5563:. Retrieved 5558: 5549: 5537:. Retrieved 5532: 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5506: 5497: 5485:. Retrieved 5480: 5471: 5459:. Retrieved 5454: 5445: 5433:. Retrieved 5428: 5419: 5407:. Retrieved 5402: 5393: 5381:. Retrieved 5376: 5367: 5355:. Retrieved 5350: 5341: 5329:. Retrieved 5324: 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5298: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5272: 5263: 5251:. Retrieved 5246: 5237: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5190:. Retrieved 5188:. Mark Leach 5185: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5161:. Mark Leach 5158: 5148: 5136:. Retrieved 5134:. Mark Leach 5131: 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5104: 5095: 5086: 5080: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5031:(1): 17–19. 5028: 5024: 5003:. Retrieved 4998: 4989: 4977:. Retrieved 4972: 4963: 4951:. Retrieved 4946: 4937: 4925:. Retrieved 4920: 4911: 4899:. Retrieved 4894: 4885: 4873:. Retrieved 4868: 4859: 4847:. Retrieved 4842: 4833: 4821:. Retrieved 4816: 4807: 4795:. Retrieved 4791: 4782: 4770:. Retrieved 4765: 4756: 4744:. Retrieved 4739: 4730: 4718:. Retrieved 4716:. Mark Leach 4713: 4703: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4657: 4651: 4639:. Retrieved 4634: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4608: 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4582: 4573: 4561:. Retrieved 4556: 4547: 4535:. Retrieved 4530: 4521: 4509:. Retrieved 4504: 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4478: 4469: 4457:. Retrieved 4452: 4443: 4431:. Retrieved 4426: 4417: 4405:. Retrieved 4400: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4377:. Mark Leach 4374: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4350:. Mark Leach 4347: 4337: 4325:. Retrieved 4323:. Mark Leach 4320: 4310: 4298:. Retrieved 4293: 4284: 4272:. Retrieved 4267: 4258: 4246:. Retrieved 4241: 4232: 4220:. Retrieved 4215: 4206: 4194:. Retrieved 4189: 4180: 4168:. Retrieved 4163: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4137: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4111: 4102: 4090:. Retrieved 4085: 4076: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4034: 4028: 4017:the original 4008: 4001: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3963:, retrieved 3950: 3943: 3906:(2): 97–98. 3903: 3899: 3874: 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3849:the original 3832: 3820:. Retrieved 3807: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3771:. Retrieved 3766: 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3740: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3714: 3705: 3693:. Retrieved 3688: 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3662: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3636: 3627: 3615:. Retrieved 3610: 3601: 3589:. Retrieved 3584: 3575: 3563:. Retrieved 3558: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3532: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3506: 3497: 3478: 3472: 3460:. Retrieved 3458:. Mark Leach 3455: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3381: 3375: 3363:. Retrieved 3358: 3349: 3337:. Retrieved 3332: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3306: 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3280: 3271: 3259:. Retrieved 3254: 3245: 3233:. Retrieved 3228: 3219: 3207:. Retrieved 3202: 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3176: 3167: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3124:. Retrieved 3119: 3110: 3098:. Retrieved 3093: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3067: 3058: 3046:. Retrieved 3041: 3032: 3013: 3007: 2988: 2982: 2972:November 27, 2970:. Retrieved 2929: 2925: 2915: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2825: 2819: 2807:. Retrieved 2802: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2760:(2): 141–145 2757: 2753: 2740: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2442: 2417:Unclassified 2355: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2261: 2256:hexaflexagon 2235: 2218: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2103: 1814: 1799: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1742:are filled. 1729: 1724: 1718: 1699: 1695: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1465:antineutrino 1440: 1436: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1378:collocated; 1335: 1331: 1328: 1323:Carey Foster 1320: 1314: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1285: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1093: 1088: 1081:periodic law 1074: 1034: 1027: 1006:conductivity 801:by abundance 781: 753:Transuranium 734:Noble metals 722:Light metals 717:Heavy metals 660: 640: 595: 555: 487: 478: 468: 459:(chalcogens) 458: 449:(pnictogens) 448: 354: 343: 325: 308: 289:in East Asia 253: 228:D. Mendeleev 193: 53:Alkali metal 18: 6939:WikiProject 6683:Term symbol 6513:Noble gases 6457:Lanthanides 6440:metallicity 6312:13 (Triels) 3858:10 December 3808:www.acs.org 2322:Complexity: 1892:Mn·Fe·Ni·Co 1608:Noble gases 1537:Lanthanides 1376:Lanthanides 1345:rare earths 1288:Mendeleev's 1275:Noble gases 1204:Lanthanides 194:Alternative 30:lanthanides 6863:for people 6858:for places 6831:1871 table 6724:Elasticity 6692:Data pages 6650:Properties 6526:Other sets 6482:Metalloids 2764:20 January 2732:References 2694:metalloids 2657:metalloids 1806:lemniscate 1788:Continuous 1578:Metalloids 1400:Triangular 1382:fragmented 1245:Metalloids 970:Heat 941:Elasticity 642:Metalloids 629:lanthanide 617:transition 491:(1–7, ...) 469:(halogens) 274:for places 269:for people 233:1871 table 73:Lanthanide 6848:etymology 6699:Abundance 6624:in humans 6620:Abundance 6505:Nonmetals 6462:Actinides 6086:Mazurs EG 6082:Leningrad 5066:: 40–52. 4037:: 32–36 . 2948:254513286 2690:nonmetals 2653:nonmetals 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