932:. Cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium (LHe, T ≈ 4 K) temperatures in near-Earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from Earth, and consequently require large amounts of LHe coolant, which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life. Placing the satellite in solar orbit far from Earth allowed innovative passive cooling. The sun shield protected the rest of the spacecraft from the Sun's heat, the far side of the spacecraft was painted black to enhance passive radiation of heat, and the spacecraft bus was thermally isolated from the telescope. All of these design choices combined to drastically reduce the total mass of helium needed, resulting in an overall smaller and lighter payload, resulting in major cost savings, but with a mirror the same diameter as originally designed. This orbit also simplified telescope pointing, but did require the
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evolving scientific instrument payload. Several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation, possibly in association with a future space platform or space station. SIRTF would be a 1-meter class, cryogenically cooled, multi-user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments. It would be launched on the Space
Shuttle and remain attached to the Shuttle as a Spacelab payload during astronomical observations, after which it would be returned to Earth for refurbishment prior to re-flight. The first flight was expected to occur about 1990, with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later. However, the Spacelab-2 flight aboard
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1322:, who discovered the object, believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development, with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it. Early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from Earth but along the same line of sight as L1014. Follow-up observation from ground-based near-infrared observatories detected a faint fan-shaped glow in the same location as the object found by Spitzer. That glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core, leading to the conclusion that the object is located within L1014. (Young
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1217:) for use by the community, again ensuring the rapid scientific return of the mission. The international scientific community quickly realized the value of delivering products for others to use, and even though Legacy projects were no longer explicitly solicited in subsequent proposal calls, teams continued to deliver products to the community. The Spitzer Science Center later reinstated named "Legacy" projects (and later still "Exploration Science" projects) in response to this community-driven effort.
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arise only if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star. Such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory, developed in the early 1990s, where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed, highly heated material from the inner disk, adjacent to the protostar, to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar.
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1176:, 32 × 32 pixels at 70 μm, 2 × 20 pixels at 160 μm). The 24 μm detector is identical to one of the IRS short-wavelength modules. The 70 μm detector used gallium-doped germanium technology, and the 160 μm detector also used gallium-doped germanium, but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long-wavelength. The principal investigator was
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telescope failed early and/or ran out of cryogen very quickly, these so-called Legacy
Projects would ensure the best possible science could be obtained quickly in the early months of the mission. As a requirement tied to the funding these Legacy teams received, the teams had to deliver high-level data products back to the Spitzer Science Center (and the
1528:, was a series of surveys that spanned 360° of the inner region of the Milky Way galaxy, which provided the first large-scale mapping of the galaxy. It consists of more than 2 million snapshots taken in four separate wavelengths using the Infrared Array Camera. The images were taken over a 10-year period beginning in 2003 when Spitzer launched.
1288:, although it did not resolve that light into actual images. This was one of the first times the light from extrasolar planets had been directly detected; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting. The telescope also discovered in April 2005 that
1696:
Spitzer was also put to work studying exoplanets thanks to creatively tweaking its hardware. This included doubling its stability by modifying its heating cycle, finding a new use for the "peak-up" camera, and analyzing the sensor at a sub-pixel level. Although in its "warm" mission, the spacecraft's
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Late in the mission, ~2016, Spitzer's distance to Earth and the shape of its orbit meant the spacecraft had to pitch over at an extreme angle to aim its antenna at Earth. The solar panels were not fully illuminated at this angle, and this limited those communications to 2.5 hours due to the battery
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Scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals, which need high temperatures to form, have found their way into frozen comets, born in the very cold environment of the Solar System's outer edges. The crystals would have begun as non-crystallized, amorphous silicate particles, part of the
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and the telescope itself will radiate (glow) brightly. Additionally, the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths. This necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects. It could be compared to trying to observe the stars in the optical at noon
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mission was the engineering challenges of operating
Spitzer in its progressing orbital phase. As the spacecraft moved farther from Earth on the same orbital path from the Sun, its antenna had to point at increasingly higher angles to communicate with ground stations; this change in angle imparted
1586:
In
January 2012, it was reported that further analysis of the Spitzer observations of EX Lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of 38 kilometres per second (24 mi/s). It would appear that such high speeds can
1578:
HOPS-68. The discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the protostar is surprising because the crystals form at lava-like high temperatures, yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about −170 °C (103 K; −274 °F). This led the
851:
upper stage, which would have been required to place it into its final orbit, was abandoned. The mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s, primarily due to budget considerations. This resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission that could use the smaller Delta II
826:
Most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the NASA Space
Shuttle. This approach was developed in an era when the Shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration. A May 1983 NASA proposal described SIRTF as a Shuttle-attached mission, with an
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While some time on the telescope was reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects, astronomers around the world also had the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time. Prior to launch, there was a proposal call for large, coherent investigations using
Spitzer. If the
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An infrared spectrometer with four sub-modules which operate at the wavelengths 5.3–14 μm (low resolution), 10–19.5 μm (high resolution), 14–40 μm (low resolution), and 19–37 μm (high resolution). Each module used a 128×128-pixel detector—the short-wavelength pair used
1089:
Spitzer ran out of liquid helium coolant on 15 May 2009, which stopped far-IR observations. Only the IRAC instrument remained in use, and only at the two shorter wavelength bands (3.6 μm and 4.5 μm). The telescope equilibrium temperature was then around 30 K (−243 °C;
765:, jointly developed by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky, whetted the appetites of scientists worldwide for follow-up space missions capitalizing on the rapid improvements in infrared detector technology.
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detector in the creation of the infrared detectors. These detectors are 100 times more sensitive than what was available at the beginning of the project during the 1980s. The far-infrared detectors (70–160 micrometers) were developed jointly by the
University of Arizona and
569:
During the warm mission, the two short wavelength channels of IRAC operated at 28.7 K and were predicted to experience little to no degradation at this temperature compared to the nominal mission. The
Spitzer data, from both the primary and warm phases, are archived at the
758:", a shuttle-borne platform. Anticipating the major results from an upcoming Explorer satellite and from the Shuttle mission, the report also favored the "study and development of ... long-duration spaceflights of infrared telescopes cooled to cryogenic temperatures."
831:
showed that the
Shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively "dirty" vacuum associated with the orbiters. By September 1983, NASA was considering the "possibility of a long duration SIRTF mission".
1705:
techniques to perform these observations. According to NASA's Sean Carey, "We never even considered using
Spitzer for studying exoplanets when it launched. ... It would have seemed ludicrous back then, but now it's an important part of what Spitzer does."
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the telescope, was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed. Kashlinsky and Mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the
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region in multiple wavelengths. The first set of observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope was completed from 21 September 2006 through 27 September. Resulting from these observations, the team of astronomers led by Dr. Robert Gutermuth, of the
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supply was exhausted. This occurred on 15 May 2009. Without liquid helium to cool the telescope to the very low temperatures needed to operate, most of the instruments were no longer usable. However, the two shortest-wavelength modules of the
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that are named by a board of scientists, typically after famous deceased astronomers, the new name for SIRTF was obtained from a contest open to the general public. The contest led to the telescope being named in honor of astronomer
1493:
In May 2009, Spitzer researchers from Germany, Hungary, and the Netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star. They detected the infrared signature of
1713:
in 2015, which was shown to be a rocky planet about 1.5 times as large as Earth in a three-day orbit around its star; and an unnamed planet found using microlensing located about 13,000 light-years (4,000 pc) from Earth.
1628:, the first time two space telescopes have observed the same microlensing event. This method was possible because of the large separation between the two spacecraft: Swift is in low-Earth orbit while Spitzer is more than one
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distant in an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit. This separation provided significantly different perspectives of the brown dwarf, allowing for constraints to be placed on some of the object's physical characteristics.
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1098:(GDSCC) instructing the telescope to go into safe mode. After receiving confirmation that the command was successful, Spitzer Project Manager Joseph Hunt officially declared that the mission had ended.
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silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star EX Lupi during one of its frequent flare-ups, or outbursts, seen by Spitzer in April 2008. These crystals were not present in Spitzer
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1733:, Spitzer helped measure the sizes of the seven planets and estimate the mass and density of the inner six. Further observations will help determine if there is liquid water on any of the planets.
1124:
An infrared camera which operated simultaneously on four wavelengths (3.6 μm, 4.5 μm, 5.8 μm and 8 μm). Each module used a 256×256-pixel detector—the short-wavelength pair used
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at the galaxy's center, 300 light-years (92 pc) from the nebula and 25,000 light-years (7,700 pc) from Earth. This nebula was discovered by Spitzer and published in the magazine
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describing the advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory and how it could be realized with available or upcoming technology. He has been cited for his pioneering contributions to
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3212:
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1307:
In 2004, it was reported that Spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen. The telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as
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arsenic-doped silicon blocked impurity band technology, the long-wavelength pair used antimony-doped silicon blocked impurity band technology. The principal investigator was
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All three instruments used liquid helium for cooling the sensors. Once the helium was exhausted, only the two shorter wavelengths in IRAC were used in the "warm mission".
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previous observations of the star's disk during one of its quiet periods. These crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0.5 AU of EX Lupi.
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6227:
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Poteet, Charles A.; Megeath, S. Thomas; Watson, Dan M.; Calvet, Nuria; Remming, Ian S.; McClure, Melissa K.; Sargent, Benjamin A.; Fischer, William J.; Furlan, Elise;
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1423:, which is, as the name implies, twisted into a double spiral shape. This is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the
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613:
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Stauffer, John R.; Mannings, Vincent; Levine, Deborah; Chary, Ranga Ram; Wilson, Gillian; Lacy, Mark; Grillmair, Carl; Carey, Sean; Stolovy, Susan (August 2007).
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launched in 2003, that was deactivated when operations ended on 30 January 2020. Spitzer was the third space telescope dedicated to infrared astronomy, following
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The first released images from Spitzer were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery, a big swirling, dusty
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The planned mission period was to be 2.5 years with a pre-launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard
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1303:, blue shows infrared light of 3.6 to 4.5 micrometers, green shows infrared light of 5.8 to 8 micrometers, and red shows infrared light of 24 micrometers.
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Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar (25 March 2013). "A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m-dwarfs".
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had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized, leading to new understandings of how planets are formed.
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were reported as co-discovering one of the most distant planets ever identified: a gas giant about 13,000 light-years (4,000 pc) away from Earth.
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1913:
793:, the Infrared Space Observatory) were launched during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then.
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1261:, a disc of planet-forming debris, and organic material in the distant universe. Since then, many monthly press releases have highlighted Spitzer
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MIPSGAL, a similar survey that complements GLIMPSE, covers 248° of the galactic disk using the 24 and 70 μm channels of the MIPS instrument.
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In keeping with NASA tradition, the telescope was renamed after its successful demonstration of operation, on 18 December 2003. Unlike most
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camera continued to operate with the same sensitivity as before the helium was exhausted, and continued to be used into early 2020 in the
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1516:, which was found with the telescope; the ring is a huge, tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn.
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598:, as well as "his vision and leadership in articulating the advantages and benefits to be realized from the Space Telescope Program."
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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As one of its most noteworthy observations, in 2005, Spitzer became one of the first telescopes to directly capture light from
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Liffman, K.; Brown, M. (October 1995). "The motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk".
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947:. The individual instruments were developed jointly by industrial, academic, and government institutions. The principals were
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In August 2009, the telescope found evidence of a high-speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star.
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3037:Ábrahám, P.; et al. (14 May 2009). "Episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young Sun-like star".
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3989:" Spitzer Space Telescope: Discovering "More Things in the Heavens" with NASA's Spitzer Project Scientist Michael Werner"
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In October 2009, astronomers Anne J. Verbiscer, Michael F. Skrutskie, and Douglas P. Hamilton published findings of the "
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2873:"SSC MIPS (long wavelength 24um, 70um, & 160um) imaging photometer and spectrometer science users' information page"
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from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star's surface to the chilly outer cloud.
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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1315:), a predecessor to Spitzer. The advanced technology of Spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of L1014.
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1721:, all of which are approximately Earth-sized and likely rocky. Three of the discovered planets are located in the
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1090:−406 °F), and IRAC continued to produce valuable images at those wavelengths as the "Spitzer Warm Mission".
1224:, or YSOs), planets, and other galaxies. Images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes.
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In September–October 2016, Spitzer was used to discover five of a total of seven known planets around the star
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drain. The telescope was retired on 30 January 2020 when NASA sent a shutdown signal to the telescope from the
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above the obscuring effects of Earth's atmosphere. In 1979, a report from the National Research Council of the
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511:, shown. This shows how the Spitzer IRAC camera was able to see beyond the wavelengths of Hubble's instruments.
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mix of gas and dust from which the Solar System developed. This mystery has deepened with the results of the
1319:
754:, identified a Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) as "one of two major astrophysics facilities for
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1360:, thought to be generated at the galactic center by magnetic torsion 1000 times greater than the Sun's.
1312:
1037:: 5 - service module shield; 6 - star tracker; 7 - batteries; 8 - high-gain antenna; 9 - nitrogen tank;
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passive cooling system kept the sensors at 29 K (−244 °C; −407 °F). Spitzer used the
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Juhász, A.; et al. (January 2012). "The 2008 Outburst of EX Lup—Silicate Crystals in Motion".
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1490:. Many of the Stardust particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1,000 K.
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586:, who had promoted the concept of space telescopes in the 1940s. Spitzer wrote a 1946 report for
3284:"A 24 and 70 Micron Survey of the Inner Galactic Disk with MIPS (MIPSGAL) Data Collection Atlas"
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Verbiscer, Anne; Michael Skrutskie; Douglas Hamilton (7 October 2009). "Saturn's largest ring".
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Reported in March 2016, Spitzer and Hubble were used to discover the most distant-known galaxy,
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3779:"NASA Telescope Reveals Largest Batch of Earth-Size, Habitable-Zone Planets Around Single Star"
3433:"A Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Detection of Crystalline Silicates in a Protostellar Envelope"
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Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980's, Volume 1: Report of the Astronomy Survey Committee)
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earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe. An image of a
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determined, on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the Spitzer Space Telescope, that the
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viewed by different instruments in March 2004. The separate IRAC and MIPS images are at right.
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3431:; Bjorkman, Jon E.; Hartmann, Lee; Muzerolle, James; Tobin, John J.; Ali, Babar (June 2011).
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The Last of the Great Observatories: Spitzer and the Era of Faster, Better, Cheaper at NASA
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The universe in a mirror: the saga of the Hubble Telescope and the visionaries who built it
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more and more solar heating on the vehicle while its solar panels received less sunlight.
8:
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1944:
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1538:, created by stitching together more than 800,000 snapshots, at the 212th meeting of the
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Starting in September 2006, the telescope participated in a series of surveys called the
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More Things in the Heavens: How Infrared Astronomy is Expanding Our View of the Universe
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1992:
1672:, also an infrared telescope, by identifying candidates for more detailed observations.
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On 3 June 2008, scientists unveiled the largest, most detailed infrared portrait of the
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which had previously appeared completely dark to ground-based observatories and to ISO (
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2787:"Spitzer Observers' Manual - reference for technical instrument information, Ver 8"
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The primary instrument package (telescope and cryogenic chamber) was developed by
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from a telescope built out of light bulbs. Previous space observatories (such as
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Earlier infrared observations had been made by both space-based and ground-based
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3934:
2790:
2521:"Raytheon Technology Enables Superior Space Images From Spitzer Space Telescope"
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742:
By the early 1970s, astronomers began to consider the possibility of placing an
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Three detector arrays in the mid- to far-infrared (128 × 128 pixels at 24
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contains three instruments that allowed it to perform astronomical imaging and
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3178:"NASA's Spitzer Telescope Brings 360-Degree View of Galaxy to Our Fingertips"
2983:
Press Release: NASA's Spitzer Marks Beginning of New Age of Planetary Science
2683:
Hautaluoma, Grey; Landau, Elizabeth; Cofield, Calla, eds. (30 January 2020).
2379:
2346:. Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980's (Report). The
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1388:
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840:
583:
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479:
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2401:
1601:
An illustration of a brown dwarf combined with a graph of light curves from
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In May 2007, astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of
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1300:
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628:) orbit trailing and drifting away from Earth's orbit at approximately 0.1
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2722:
1940:
Ending in 2020, NASA's Infrared Spitzer Mission Leaves a Gap in Astronomy.
28:
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8654:
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8349:
6303:
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5245:
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1710:
1610:
1550:. This composite survey is now viewable with the GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL Viewer.
1509:
1437:
1281:
769:
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3147:
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1668:. One of the goals of this extended mission was to help prepare for the
1562:
An arrow points to the embryonic star HOPS-68, where scientists believe
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8642:
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7034:
6736:
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6244:
5724:
5036:
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2820:
2685:"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope Ends Mission of Astronomical Discovery"
1967:
1718:
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1563:
1495:
1448:
1412:
1200:
773:
714: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Infrared observations can see objects hidden in visible light, such as
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Van Dyk, Schuyler; Werner, Michael; Silbermann, Nancy (March 2013) .
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1543:
1535:
1440:, thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet.
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1027: : 1 - secondary mirror; 3 - primary mirror; 2 - outer shell;
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Chou, Felicia; Potter, Sean; Landau, Elizabeth (22 February 2017).
3233:
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1640:. This object was seen as it appeared 13.4 billion years ago.
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2063:"NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope Ends 16-Year Mission of Discovery"
117:
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Hubble vision: further adventures with the Hubble Space Telescope
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1285:
1250:
1012:
992:
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1570:
Spitzer observations, announced in May 2011, indicate that tiny
1128:
technology, the long-wavelength pair used arsenic-doped silicon
772:. Ground-based observatories have the drawback that at infrared
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967:. The shorter-wavelength infrared detectors were developed by
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4170:
2652:"RIP Spitzer, the Coolest Heat Telescope in the Solar System"
2556:"NASA's Spitzer Sees the Cosmos Through 'Warm' Infrared Eyes"
1650:
On 1 October 2016, Spitzer began its Observation Cycle 13, a
1308:
905:
752:
A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s
342:
329:
3597:"Newfound Alien Planet Is One of the Farthest Ever Detected"
3406:"Spitzer Sees Crystal 'Rain' in Outer Clouds of Infant Star"
1605:: Ground-based data (grey), Swift (blue), and Spitzer (red).
1173:
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sample return mission, which captured particles from Comet
1141:
928:
One of the most important advances of this redesign was an
786:
762:
535:
503:
129:
Primary mission: 5 years, 8 months, 19 days
65:
819:
The launch of SIRTF in 2003 aboard the 300th Delta rocket.
3426:
3243:, University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Astronomy
2813:"SSC IRAC (Mid IR camera) science users information page"
1266:
919:
606:
220:
8187:
3234:
Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire
2843:"SSC IRS (spectrometer) science users' information page"
1709:
Examples of exoplanets discovered using Spitzer include
1526:
Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire
605:
Spitzer was launched on 25 August 2003 at 05:35:39
6088:
3991:, 'Bridging the Gaps: A Portal for Curious Minds', 2019
3201:"Where Are Stars Made? NASA's Spitzer Spies a Hot Spot"
2995:
Infrared Glow of First Stars Found: Scientific American
2682:
2554:
Clavin, Whitney B.; Harrington, J. D. (5 August 2009).
2024:
3404:
Clavin, Whitney; Perrotto, Trent, eds. (26 May 2011).
3335:"Spitzer Captures Stellar Coming of Age in Our Galaxy"
2542:
Spitzer Science Center Home Page -- Public information
1419:) nebula near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, the
843:, as was originally intended. However, after the 1986
2418:
2119:
1906:"Spitzer Space Telescope: Launch/Orbital Information"
1566:
crystals are raining down onto the central dust disk.
3810:"Figure 1: The TRAPPIST-1 system as seen by Spitzer"
3745:"NASA's Spitzer Spots Planet Deep Within Our Galaxy"
3683:"How Engineers Revamped Spitzer to Probe Exoplanets"
3630:"NASA Space Telescopes Pinpoint Elusive Brown Dwarf"
2895:"Spitzer Documentation & Tools: Legacy Programs"
1873:"300th Delta rocket launches new window on Universe"
1740:
3743:Clavin, Whitney B.; Chou, Felicia (14 April 2015).
2887:
1574:crystals might be falling down like rain on to the
1454:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
1138:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
542:(1995–1998). It was the first spacecraft to use an
3712:Chou, Felicia; Clavin, Whitney B. (30 July 2015).
2458:"Finding a Way: The Spitzer Space Telescope Story"
2281:
2061:
1084:
33:An artist rendering of the Spitzer Space Telescope
3808:Gillon, Michaël; et al. (23 February 2017).
3714:"NASA's Spitzer Confirms Closest Rocky Exoplanet"
3588:
2921:
2629:"How NASA's Spitzer Has Stayed Alive for So Long"
2512:
2249:Carolyn Collins Petersen; John C. Brandt (1998).
8799:
3776:
3420:
3361:"Released Images and Videos of Milky Way Mosaic"
3307:
3016:"Spitzer Catches Star Cooking Up Comet Crystals"
2737:
2553:
1692:An artist's impression of the TRAPPIST-1 system.
131:Final: 16 years, 5 months, 4 days
3772:
3770:
3644:
2707:
2598:"Spitzer Space Telescope Begins 'Beyond' Phase"
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
1866:
1864:
1169:Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS)
807:The SIRTF in a Kennedy Space Center clean room.
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2209:
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1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
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1809:
1807:
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1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
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1519:
1003:. The mission was operated and managed by the
883:Around the Sun - Frame rotating with the Earth
8173:
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7535:
6104:
4010:
3801:
3170:
2547:
2020:
2018:
1839:
1725:, which means they are capable of supporting
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2372:
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1935:
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1349:across its core than previously recognized.
1236:– The Spitzer Space Telescope (30 May 2019).
1114:Spitzer carries three instruments on board:
643:is 85 centimeters (33 in) in diameter,
3652:"Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record"
3632:. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3312:. Princeton University Press. p. 101.
3308:Werner, Michael; Eisenhardt, Peter (2019).
2779:
2495:. The University of Arizona Press. p.
2204:
2053:
1951:
1792:
1620:detection method in a joint effort between
1132:technology. The principal investigator was
1096:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
1045:
789:, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, and
8180:
8166:
7542:
7528:
6483:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
6111:
6097:
4017:
4003:
3742:
3711:
2715:"SSC Observatory general information page"
2449:
2336:
2213:
2129:The Spitzer Warm Mission Science Prospects
2015:
1898:
1579:team of astronomers to speculate that the
1411:In March 2006, astronomers reported an 80-
1220:Important targets included forming stars (
478:
91:
8838:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
7377:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
3890:
3876:
3853:
3827:
3518:
3475:
3457:
3288:NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive (IRSA)
3052:
2279:
1928:
730:Learn how and when to remove this message
2649:
2424:
2306:
1985:
1687:
1626:Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment
1596:
1592:Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment
1557:
1466:
1351:
1294:
1240:
1226:
1194:
1105:
1017:
502:
469:Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer
8843:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
7462:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
3680:
3349:from the original on 28 September 2023.
3254:"GLIMPSE the Galaxy All the Way Around"
3227:
3198:
3188:from the original on 28 September 2023.
3036:
2626:
2620:
2099:(Press release). Pasadena, California:
1870:
1857:from the original on 28 September 2023.
1729:given sufficient parameters. Using the
8800:
6250:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
3807:
3662:from the original on 28 September 2023
3628:Landau, Elizabeth (10 November 2016).
3627:
3609:from the original on 26 September 2023
3594:
3502:
3492:from the original on 26 February 2024.
3416:from the original on 25 February 2024.
3332:
3199:Cofield, Calla, ed. (25 August 2020).
3113:from the original on 10 December 2023.
2595:
2472:from the original on 25 September 2022
2288:. Princeton University Press. p.
2170:
2166:from the original on 27 December 2023.
2094:
1916:from the original on 24 September 2023
8833:Lockheed Martin satellites and probes
8161:
7680:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
7523:
7040:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
6092:
3998:
3789:from the original on 16 February 2024
3755:from the original on 20 February 2024
3674:
3264:from the original on 26 December 2023
3215:from the original on 26 February 2024
2909:from the original on 10 December 2023
2639:from the original on 1 February 2024.
2608:from the original on 20 February 2024
2518:
2490:
2324:from the original on 14 February 2024
1460:, a cluster of 50 young stars in the
989:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
957:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
672:from 5.2 to 38 micrometers, and
7502:
4024:
3333:Clavin, Whitney, ed. (3 June 2008).
3026:from the original on 7 January 2024.
2939:from the original on 1 February 2024
2865:
2805:
2695:from the original on 1 February 2024
2650:Oberhaus, Daniel (29 January 2020).
2627:Cofield, Calla, ed. (13 June 2019).
2596:Landau, Elizabeth (25 August 2016).
2519:Kopec, Janet, ed. (8 January 2004).
2455:
2425:Watanabe, Susan (22 November 2007).
2314:"Spitzer Space Telescope Fast Facts"
2230:from the original on 21 January 2024
2214:Applewhite, Denise (11 March 2004).
2097:"NASA's Spitzer Begins Warm Mission"
2059:
1993:"About Spitzer: Spitzer's Telescope"
1049:
1032:: 4 - instruments; 10 - helium tank;
858:Animation of Spitzer Space Telescope
712:adding citations to reliable sources
683:
16:Infrared space telescope (2003–2020)
3681:Hadhazy, Adam (24 September 2013).
3595:Howell, Elizabeth (16 April 2015).
2835:
2531:from the original on 9 August 2018.
2427:"Studying the Universe in Infrared"
2107:from the original on 3 January 2024
2003:from the original on 3 October 2023
1871:Harwood, William (25 August 2003).
1827:from the original on 3 October 2023
1780:List of largest infrared telescopes
1184:; the flight hardware was built by
1162:; the flight hardware was built by
1140:; the flight hardware was built by
620:7920H rocket. It was placed into a
275:Deactivated in Earth-trailing orbit
13:
7692:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
6156:National Aeronautics and Space Act
3979:by NASA's Solar System Exploration
3927:
3693:from the original on 28 March 2023
3101:"Traces of planet collision found"
3013:
2899:NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
2566:from the original on 26 March 2023
2076:from the original on 2 August 2023
2041:from the original on 10 April 2023
1910:National Space Science Data Center
1886:from the original on 21 March 2023
1215:NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
1110:Cryogenic Telescope Assembly (CTA)
761:The launch in January 1983 of the
668:from 3.6 to 160 micrometers,
660:(−268 °C; −450 °F). The
14:
8864:
8082:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
8029:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
7110:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
6664:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
6045:List of proposed space telescopes
4726:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3946:
3879:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
3724:from the original on 7 April 2023
3441:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
2774:SSC Science Information home page
2664:from the original on 24 July 2023
2135:. Spitzer Warm Mission Workshop.
1643:
1475:imaged by MIPS at 24 micrometers.
1356:An artificial color image of the
941:Ball Aerospace & Technologies
521:Space Infrared Telescope Facility
42:Space Infrared Telescope Facility
8147:Space Flight Operations Facility
7939:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
7501:
7490:
7489:
7405:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
7163:Space Flight Operations Facility
6349:Operations and Checkout Building
6073:
6072:
3952:
2959:"Spitzer Space Telescope Images"
1743:
1683:
1664:year extended mission nicknamed
1624:, Spitzer, and the ground-based
1053:
1015:campus in Pasadena, California.
876:
864:
812:
800:
688:
676:from 55 to 95 micrometers.
559:
27:
7996:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
6624:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
4947:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
3551:
3496:
3379:
3353:
3301:
3276:
3117:
3030:
2988:
2976:
2951:
2767:
2535:
2484:
2456:Kwok, Johnny (1 October 2006).
2273:
2242:
2095:Clavin, Whitney (15 May 2009).
1590:In April 2015, Spitzer and the
1085:Warm mission and end of mission
893: Spitzer Space Telescope
835:Spitzer is the only one of the
763:Infrared Astronomical Satellite
699:needs additional citations for
8853:2003 establishments in Florida
3658:. 3 March 2016. feature16-04.
3260:. 20 March 2014. ssc2014-02a.
2344:"Strategy and Recommendations"
2060:Mann, Adam (30 January 2020).
2027:"3.2: Observatory Description"
1345:galaxy has a more substantial
1329:In 2005, astronomers from the
1265:capabilities, as the NASA and
1101:
999:. The spacecraft was built by
103:
1:
8848:Space probes launched in 2003
8076:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
6055:List of heliophysics missions
3450:American Astronomical Society
3184:. 20 March 2014. ssc2014-02.
2141:American Institute of Physics
1785:
1540:American Astronomical Society
1320:University of Texas at Austin
1231:
182:851.5 kg (1,877 lb)
8142:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
8002:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
7686:Soil Moisture Active Passive
7589:Atmospheric infrared sounder
7442:Space program on U.S. stamps
7367:Gemini and Apollo medallions
7317:Solar System Family Portrait
7093:Joint Polar Satellite System
6962:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
6216:Vision for Space Exploration
6186:Space Exploration Initiative
3983:GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL image viewer
1376:reported that one of Spitzer
1280:, namely the "hot Jupiters"
748:National Academy of Sciences
7:
8813:Great Observatories program
7661:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
7437:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
7394:We choose to go to the Moon
7357:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
6915:International Space Station
6895:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
6634:Great Observatories program
6478:International Space Station
6456:Roscosmos State Corporation
6373:Science Mission Directorate
6319:Manned Space Flight Network
6035:Great Observatories program
3537:10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/118
3477:10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/L32
3345:. ssc2008-11, jpl2008-095.
2103:. ssc2009-12, jpl2009-086.
1817:"About Spitzer: Fast Facts"
1736:
1609:In June and July 2015, the
1520:GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL surveys
1374:Goddard Space Flight Center
1150:Infrared Spectrograph (IRS)
1145:Goddard Space Flight Center
852:expendable launch vehicle.
656:and was cooled to 5.5
174:884 kg (1,949 lb)
166:950 kg (2,094 lb)
10:
8871:
8119:Table Mountain Observatory
7254:NASA cameras on spacecraft
7065:James Webb Space Telescope
6977:Solar Dynamics Observatory
6198:U.S. National Space Policy
5526:Orbiting Solar Observatory
3909:10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L8
2745:"SSC Observatory Overview"
2280:Zimmerman, Robert (2008).
2137:AIP Conference Proceedings
2031:Spitzer Telescope Handbook
1847:"The Solar Panel Assembly"
1759:Herschel Space Observatory
1703:gravitational microlensing
1670:James Webb Space Telescope
1618:gravitational microlensing
1456:reported the discovery of
1364:Also in 2005, astronomers
1313:Infrared Space Observatory
1234:Cepheus C & B Regions.
1207:
1022:Schematic view of Spitzer:
965:Goddard Spaceflight Center
679:
8828:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
8783:
8724:
8683:
8625:
8579:
8529:
8508:
8406:
8370:
8318:
8288:
8267:
8212:
8132:
8091:
8068:
8047:
8034:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
8016:
7945:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
7727:
7624:Large Binocular Telescope
7557:
7551:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
7485:
7385:
7262:
7177:
7122:
7085:
6884:
6694:
6681:
6611:
6525:
6515:
6470:
6396:
6385:
6329:Vehicle Assembly Building
6237:
6136:
6126:
6078:Category:Space telescopes
6068:
6027:
5882:
5783:
5752:
5005:
4857:
4702:
4605:
4420:
4311:
4145:
4100:
4039:
4032:
3935:"A Spitzer retrospective"
3749:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3718:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3687:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3656:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3506:The Astrophysical Journal
3410:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3343:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3258:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3209:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3182:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3020:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2877:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2847:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2817:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2749:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2719:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2689:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2633:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2602:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2318:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2220:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2186:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2101:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1997:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1972:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1851:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1821:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1616:was discovered using the
1011:, located at IPAC on the
1005:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
477:
465:
457:
449:
442:
438:
434:
420:
412:
408:0.85 m (2.8 ft)
404:
394:
389:
385:
381:
371:
361:
351:
341:
328:
318:
310:
300:
295:
291:
287:
279:
271:
266:
262:
258:
250:
237:
226:
207:
202:
198:
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
148:
143:
139:
135:
127:Planned: 2.5 to 5+ years
123:
113:
100:
79:
61:
50:
46:
38:
26:
8124:Solar System Ambassadors
7951:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
7400:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
7324:The Day the Earth Smiled
6659:Solar Terrestrial Probes
6118:
6040:List of space telescopes
2386:National Academies Press
2348:National Academies Press
2035:Infrared Science Archive
1968:"HORIZONS Web-Interface"
1775:List of space telescopes
1553:
1391:, intended only to help
1130:impurity band conduction
1046:Launch and commissioning
572:Infrared Science Archive
486:NASA Great Observatories
416:10.2 m (33 ft)
211:25 August 2003, 05:35:39
8808:Spitzer Space Telescope
8109:NASA Deep Space Network
7957:Spitzer Space Telescope
7877:Mars Exploration Rovers
7668:Mars Science Laboratory
7595:Deep Space Atomic Clock
7457:Other primates in space
7169:Deep Space Atomic Clock
6989:Mars Science Laboratory
6777:Spitzer Space Telescope
6366:Lunar Sample Laboratory
6309:Launch Services Program
3977:Spitzer Space Telescope
3971:Spitzer Space Telescope
3965:Spitzer Space Telescope
3959:Spitzer Space Telescope
3339:www.spitzer.caltech.edu
3014:Clavin, Whitney (ed.).
3000:10 October 2007 at the
2929:"IPAC Image Use Policy"
2255:. CUP Archive. p.
1425:supermassive black hole
1331:University of Wisconsin
934:NASA Deep Space Network
517:Spitzer Space Telescope
118:www.spitzer.caltech.edu
22:Spitzer Space Telescope
7674:Microwave limb sounder
7472:National Astronaut Day
7415:The Astronaut Monument
7237:Space Shuttle missions
6937:Mars Exploration Rover
6920:Hubble Space Telescope
6829:Kepler space telescope
6629:Earth Observing System
6603:Mars Exploration Rover
6314:Mercury Control Center
5366:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
3582:10.1006/icar.1995.1126
2491:Rieke, George (2006).
2182:Spitzer Science Center
2178:"Cycle-6 Warm Mission"
1942:Jonathan O'Callaghan.
1693:
1675:Another aspect of the
1606:
1567:
1476:
1361:
1304:
1271:Hubble Space Telescope
1254:
1238:
1204:
1111:
1062:This section is empty.
1042:
1009:Spitzer Science Center
634:"Earth-trailing" orbit
512:
377:16 March 2017 00:00:00
8092:Related organizations
7420:Lunar sample displays
7410:Space Mirror Memorial
7352:Voyager Golden Record
7244:United States rockets
6436: (with the
6344:Launch Control Center
4987:Space Solar Telescope
1691:
1600:
1561:
1470:
1355:
1298:
1244:
1230:
1222:young stellar objects
1198:
1182:University of Arizona
1119:Infrared Array Camera
1109:
1021:
953:University of Arizona
506:
461:Infrared Spectrograph
453:Infrared Array Camera
301:Reference system
215:2003-08-25UTC05:35:39
144:Spacecraft properties
8449:Optus and Defence C1
8196:Orbital launches in
8137:JPL Science Division
7871:Mars Global Surveyor
7839:Mars Climate Orbiter
6438:Soviet space program
6356:Johnson Space Center
6324:Kennedy Space Center
6287:spinoff technologies
6060:List of planetariums
4957:NRO donation to NASA
3961:at Wikimedia Commons
2388:. 1982. p. 54.
2350:. 1979. p. 19.
2224:Princeton University
1877:Spaceflight Now for
1366:Alexander Kashlinsky
1318:Scientists from the
936:for communications.
930:Earth-trailing orbit
839:not launched by the
708:improve this article
564:Spitzer Warm Mission
546:, later used by the
544:Earth-trailing orbit
8823:Infrared telescopes
7447:Apollo 17 Moon mice
7303:Pillars of Creation
7210:Space Shuttle crews
6688:(human and robotic)
6682:Individual featured
6265:Ranks and positions
5756:(Mission completed)
4041:Radio and Microwave
3901:2013ApJ...767L...8K
3846:10.1038/nature21360
3838:2017Natur.542..456G
3574:1995Icar..116..275L
3529:2012ApJ...744..118J
3468:2011ApJ...733L..32P
3391:www.alienearths.org
3148:10.1038/nature08515
3140:2009Natur.461.1098V
3071:10.1038/nature08004
3063:2009Natur.459..224A
2883:on 8 November 2009.
2149:2007AIPC..943...43S
1945:Scientific American
1770:List of deep fields
1421:Double Helix Nebula
1358:Double Helix Nebula
845:Challenger disaster
837:Great Observatories
780:, both the Earth's
330:Perihelion altitude
23:
7249:NASA cancellations
7144:Deep Space Network
7134:Near Earth Network
6619:Living With a Star
6593:Project Prometheus
6573:Planetary Observer
5693:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
5518:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
5502:Mikhailo Lomonosov
5350:Hinotori (Astro-A)
4952:New Worlds Mission
3985:at Alienearths.org
3239:8 May 2021 at the
3134:(7267): 1098–100.
3109:. 11 August 2009.
2823:on 1 November 2009
2793:on 11 October 2009
2755:on 10 October 2009
2725:on 6 February 2010
2216:"Lyman Spitzer Jr"
2143:. pp. 43–66.
2069:The New York Times
1765:Infrared astronomy
1699:transit photometry
1694:
1614:OGLE-2015-BLG-1319
1607:
1603:OGLE-2015-BLG-1319
1568:
1477:
1433:on 16 March 2006.
1362:
1305:
1269:images do for the
1255:
1239:
1205:
1160:Cornell University
1112:
1043:
973:Goleta, California
949:Cornell University
744:infrared telescope
630:astronomical units
513:
296:Orbital parameters
21:
8795:
8794:
8155:
8154:
8114:Goldstone Complex
8069:Canceled missions
8048:Proposed missions
7865:Mars Polar Lander
7517:
7516:
7430:stolen or missing
7227:uncrewed missions
7205:Apollo astronauts
7200:Gemini astronauts
7118:
7117:
6902:2001 Mars Odyssey
6677:
6676:
6553:Mars Surveyor '98
6511:
6510:
6454: (with
6387:Human spaceflight
6381:
6380:
6339:Launch Complex 48
6334:Launch Complex 39
6086:
6085:
5984:SIM & SIMlite
5358:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
5318:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
4872:Astro-1 Telescope
4698:
4697:
3957:Media related to
3822:(7642): 456–460.
3781:(Press release).
3747:(Press release).
3716:(Press release).
3685:(Press release).
3654:(Press release).
3408:(Press release).
3341:(Press release).
3319:978-0-691-17554-6
3256:(Press release).
3203:(Press release).
3180:(Press release).
3047:(7244): 224–226.
3018:(Press release).
2776:, 4 October 2009.
2687:(Press release).
2631:(Press release).
2600:(Press release).
2558:(Press release).
2523:(Press release).
2462:NASA ASK Magazine
2411:978-0-309-03249-0
2365:978-0-309-33285-9
2299:978-0-691-13297-6
2266:978-0-521-59291-8
2157:10.1063/1.2806787
2139:. Vol. 943.
1445:Gould Belt Survey
1126:indium antimonide
1082:
1081:
977:indium antimonide
945:Boulder, Colorado
740:
739:
732:
674:spectrophotometry
624:(as opposed to a
501:
500:
473:
472:
343:Aphelion altitude
8860:
8818:Space telescopes
8201:
8200:
8199:
8182:
8175:
8168:
8159:
8158:
8017:Planned missions
8008:Lunar Flashlight
7619:Keck observatory
7558:Current missions
7544:
7537:
7530:
7521:
7520:
7505:
7504:
7493:
7492:
7331:Fallen Astronaut
6972:Van Allen Probes
6692:
6691:
6598:Mars Exploration
6523:
6522:
6394:
6393:
6162:Space Task Group
6134:
6133:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6090:
6089:
6076:
6075:
5875:
5871:Hitomi (Astro-H)
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5776:
5768:
5757:
5745:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5665:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5617:
5609:
5601:
5593:
5585:
5577:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5482:
5474:
5466:
5458:
5450:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4608:or unclassified)
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4353:Hinode (Solar-B)
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4244:Hinode (Solar-B)
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4167:
4159:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4037:
4036:
4026:Space telescopes
4019:
4012:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3956:
3942:
3941:. 14 April 2020.
3921:
3920:
3894:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3831:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3522:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3479:
3461:
3437:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3250:
3244:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3056:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3011:
3005:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2879:. Archived from
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2853:on 3 August 2009
2849:. Archived from
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2819:. Archived from
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:. Archived from
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2751:. Archived from
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2721:. Archived from
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2593:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2433:. Archived from
2422:
2416:
2415:
2402:2060/19830018496
2376:
2370:
2369:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2188:. Archived from
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1964:
1949:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1813:
1753:
1751:Astronomy portal
1748:
1747:
1746:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1615:
1604:
1501:
1473:Andromeda Galaxy
1447:, observing the
1406:cosmic expansion
1379:
1290:Cohen-kuhi Tau/4
1264:
1077:
1074:
1064:You can help by
1057:
1050:
1035:C Service module
975:. Raytheon used
922:
917:
908:
903:
894:
892:
880:
871:Around the Earth
868:
816:
804:
735:
728:
724:
721:
715:
692:
684:
650:
648:
604:
588:RAND Corporation
482:
445:
440:
439:
399:Ritchey–Chrétien
254:18 December 2003
218:
216:
203:Start of mission
124:Mission duration
105:
96:
95:
89:
31:
24:
20:
8870:
8869:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8779:
8720:
8679:
8621:
8575:
8525:
8504:
8458:Molniya-3 No.53
8402:
8366:
8326:Molniya-1 No.92
8314:
8284:
8263:
8208:
8207:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8186:
8156:
8151:
8128:
8087:
8064:
8043:
8012:
7859:Mars Pathfinder
7736:Cassini-Huygens
7723:
7703:Voyager program
7553:
7548:
7518:
7513:
7481:
7381:
7372:Mission patches
7347:Pioneer plaques
7310:Mystic Mountain
7287:Family Portrait
7280:The Blue Marble
7264:
7258:
7232:Apollo missions
7173:
7125:
7114:
7081:
6886:
6880:
6717:Mercury-Atlas 6
6687:
6683:
6673:
6607:
6543:Mariner Mark II
6507:
6488:Commercial Crew
6466:
6389:
6377:
6361:Mission Control
6260:Astronaut Corps
6255:Chief Scientist
6233:
6138:
6122:
6117:
6087:
6082:
6064:
6050:X-ray telescope
6023:
5905:Constellation-X
5878:
5873:
5865:
5857:
5849:
5841:
5833:
5825:
5817:
5809:
5801:
5793:
5779:
5774:
5766:
5755:
5754:
5748:
5743:
5741:Yokoh (Solar-A)
5735:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5709:Tenma (Astro-B)
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5615:
5607:
5599:
5591:
5583:
5575:
5520:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5488:
5480:
5472:
5470:LISA Pathfinder
5464:
5456:
5448:
5440:
5432:
5424:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5326:HALCA (MUSES-B)
5320:
5312:
5304:
5302:Ginga (Astro-C)
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5023:
5021:Akari (Astro-F)
5015:
5001:
4853:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4694:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4607:
4606:Other (particle
4601:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4416:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4157:
4141:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4028:
4023:
3949:
3933:
3930:
3928:Further reading
3925:
3924:
3875:
3871:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3593:
3589:
3556:
3552:
3501:
3497:
3435:
3425:
3421:
3402:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3367:on 4 March 2016
3359:
3358:
3354:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3241:Wayback Machine
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3197:
3193:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3122:
3118:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3035:
3031:
3012:
3008:
3002:Wayback Machine
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2648:
2644:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2464:. No. 25.
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2023:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1948:. June 4, 2019.
1938:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1869:
1862:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1793:
1788:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1686:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1613:
1602:
1581:bipolar outflow
1556:
1522:
1499:
1464:constellation.
1377:
1262:
1237:
1210:
1178:George H. Rieke
1104:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1001:Lockheed Martin
926:
925:
924:
923:
915:
914:
901:
900:
890:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
873:
872:
869:
860:
859:
849:Shuttle-Centaur
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
817:
809:
808:
805:
736:
725:
719:
716:
705:
693:
682:
646:
645:
603:US$ 776 million
602:
550:planet-finder.
532:space telescope
519:, formerly the
497:
496:
489:
443:
427:, 3.6–160
283:30 January 2020
251:Entered service
214:
212:
155:
130:
128:
90:
85:
56:space telescope
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8868:
8867:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8793:
8792:
8788:Crewed flights
8784:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8739:
8734:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8707:
8698:
8693:
8687:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8663:
8658:
8651:
8646:
8639:
8629:
8627:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8606:
8593:
8583:
8581:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8434:Progress M1-10
8431:
8426:
8421:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8380:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8333:
8328:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8298:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8271:
8269:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8252:
8247:
8231:
8222:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8203:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8162:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8079:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8024:Europa Clipper
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7988:
7981:
7979:TOPEX/Poseidon
7976:
7971:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7948:
7942:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7902:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7887:
7874:
7867:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7842:
7835:
7830:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7647:
7634:
7627:
7621:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7569:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7524:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7499:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7467:Astronauts Day
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7283:
7276:
7268:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7141:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7126:and navigation
7124:Communications
7120:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7104:Europa Clipper
7100:
7095:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6890:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6831:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6807:
6800:
6795:
6787:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6689:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6558:New Millennium
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6446:
6441:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6146:
6144:
6131:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6093:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5769:
5760:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5523:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5182:Compton (CGRO)
5179:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5114:
5109:ASCA (Astro-D)
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4907:Hypertelescope
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:Fresnel Imager
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4530:Max Valier Sat
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4466:HXMT (Insight)
4463:
4458:Einstein Probe
4455:
4447:
4442:Chandra (AXAF)
4439:
4430:
4428:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4173:constellation
4168:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4045:
4043:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3973:at Caltech.edu
3968:
3962:
3948:
3947:External links
3945:
3944:
3943:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3869:
3800:
3766:
3735:
3704:
3673:
3643:
3620:
3587:
3568:(2): 275–290.
3550:
3495:
3429:Allen, Lori E.
3419:
3396:
3378:
3352:
3325:
3318:
3300:
3275:
3245:
3226:
3211:. ssc2020-14.
3191:
3169:
3116:
3092:
3029:
3006:
2987:
2975:
2950:
2920:
2886:
2864:
2834:
2804:
2778:
2766:
2736:
2706:
2691:. ssc2020-08.
2675:
2642:
2635:. ssc2019-10.
2619:
2577:
2546:
2534:
2511:
2504:
2483:
2448:
2437:on 7 July 2019
2417:
2410:
2371:
2364:
2356:10.17226/19837
2335:
2305:
2298:
2272:
2265:
2241:
2203:
2192:on 4 July 2010
2169:
2118:
2087:
2052:
2014:
1984:
1950:
1927:
1897:
1860:
1838:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1738:
1735:
1731:transit method
1723:habitable zone
1685:
1682:
1647:
1645:Spitzer Beyond
1642:
1555:
1552:
1521:
1518:
1415:long (25
1245:The Spitzer's
1209:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1186:Ball Aerospace
1170:
1167:
1164:Ball Aerospace
1156:James R. Houck
1151:
1148:
1134:Giovanni Fazio
1122:
1103:
1100:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1040:D Solar panels
961:Ball Aerospace
888:
887:
882:
875:
874:
870:
863:
862:
861:
857:
856:
855:
854:
818:
811:
810:
806:
799:
798:
797:
796:
795:
738:
737:
696:
694:
687:
681:
678:
641:primary mirror
611:Cape Canaveral
499:
498:
491:
490:
483:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
436:
435:
432:
431:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
391:
390:Main telescope
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
332:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
314:Earth-trailing
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
267:End of mission
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
242:Cape Canaveral
239:
235:
234:
228:
224:
223:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
157:Ball Aerospace
150:
146:
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
107:
98:
97:
83:
77:
76:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8866:
8865:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8789:
8782:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8770:Ekspress AM22
8768:
8766:
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8761:
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8723:
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8708:
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8699:
8697:
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8689:
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8673:
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8667:
8664:
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8659:
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8652:
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8649:Resourcesat-1
8647:
8645:
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8640:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8630:
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8624:
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8614:
8610:
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8601:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8566:Progress M-48
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8500:Cubesat XI-IV
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8468:Monitor-E GVM
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8396:
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8391:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8275:Progress M-47
8273:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8202:
8191:
8183:
8178:
8176:
8171:
8169:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
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8131:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8083:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:Europa Lander
8053:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7949:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7852:Mars Observer
7849:
7846:
7845:Mars Cube One
7843:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:Past missions
7726:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7652:
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7646:
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7640:
7639:
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7635:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
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7577:
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7563:
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7533:
7531:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7510:
7509:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7478:
7477:Nikon NASA F4
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
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7408:
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7398:
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7391:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7362:NASA insignia
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7342:Lunar plaques
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7294:Pale Blue Dot
7291:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7222:NASA missions
7220:
7218:
7217:NASA aircraft
7215:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
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7187:
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7180:
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7167:
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7156:
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7149:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7139:Space Network
7137:
7135:
7132:
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7129:
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7121:
7111:
7108:
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7105:
7101:
7099:
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7059:
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7038:
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7033:
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7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7009:
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7002:
6999:
6995:
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6990:
6987:
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6889:
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6875:
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6857:
6855:
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6801:
6799:
6796:
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6784:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6772:Space Shuttle
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6751:
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6697:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:New Frontiers
6652:
6650:
6647:
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6642:
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6637:
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6566:
6564:
6563:Lunar Orbiter
6561:
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6514:
6504:
6503:Lunar Gateway
6501:
6499:
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6491:
6489:
6486:
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6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6462:Constellation
6460:
6457:
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6445:
6444:Space Shuttle
6442:
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6409:
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6399:
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6388:
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6371:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
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6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
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6330:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6320:
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6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6282:NASA research
6280:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
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6220:
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6132:
6129:
6125:
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6114:
6109:
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6100:
6095:
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6079:
6071:
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6026:
6020:
6017:
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6002:
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5997:
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5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
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5962:
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5957:
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5937:
5935:
5932:
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5925:
5923:
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5915:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
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5891:
5888:
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5885:
5881:
5872:
5869:
5864:
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5853:
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5824:
5821:
5816:
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5808:
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5800:
5797:
5792:
5789:
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5773:
5770:
5765:
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5759:
5751:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5731:
5726:
5723:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5701:Taiyo (SRATS)
5699:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5662:
5659:
5654:
5651:
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5635:
5630:
5627:
5622:
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5611:
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5598:
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5590:
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5508:
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5500:
5495:
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5487:
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5468:
5463:
5460:
5455:
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5444:
5439:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5412:
5407:
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5399:
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5388:
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5380:
5375:
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5367:
5364:
5359:
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5340:
5335:
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5327:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5255:
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5236:
5231:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5207:
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5199:
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5188:
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5172:
5167:
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5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5099:
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5078:
5075:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5038:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4782:Solar-C EUVST
4780:
4775:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4679:Solar Orbiter
4677:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4629:
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4604:
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4507:
4504:
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4464:
4459:
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4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4393:Solar Orbiter
4391:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4359:
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4343:
4338:
4335:
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4327:
4322:
4319:
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4310:
4301:
4298:
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4285:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4258:
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4250:
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4234:
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4221:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4205:
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4178:
4172:
4169:
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4156:
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4152:
4150:
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4144:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4057:Solar Orbiter
4055:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
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3955:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3918:
3914:
3910:
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3898:
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3692:
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3598:
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3329:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3289:
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3279:
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3259:
3255:
3249:
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3235:
3230:
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3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3187:
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3179:
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3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2908:
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2900:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2505:0-8165-2558-7
2501:
2497:
2494:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
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2382:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1915:
1912:. 2003-038A.
1911:
1907:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1684:Planet hunter
1681:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:GLIMPSE, the
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:Serpens South
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:constellation
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:bar structure
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1076:
1073:December 2021
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
921:
912:
907:
898:
879:
867:
853:
850:
846:
842:
841:Space Shuttle
838:
833:
830:
815:
803:
794:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:observatories
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
734:
731:
723:
713:
709:
703:
702:
697:This section
695:
691:
686:
685:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
642:
637:
635:
632:per year (an
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
608:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Lyman Spitzer
580:
575:
573:
567:
565:
561:
556:
555:liquid helium
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:
505:
495:
492:←
488:
487:
481:
476:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
397:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
344:
340:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
210:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
106:
99:
94:
88:
84:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
8787:
8709:
8670:Chuang Xin 1
8653:
8641:
8560:
8414:Mars Express
8393:Hellas Sat 2
8354:
8280:Intelsat 907
8240:SpaceHab RDM
8233:
7984:
7962:
7956:
7927:
7905:
7890:
7882:
7869:
7857:
7850:
7837:
7826:
7794:
7780:
7764:Deep Space 2
7762:
7757:Deep Space 1
7755:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7714:
7707:
7659:
7650:
7643:Perseverance
7642:
7631:Mars Odyssey
7629:
7612:
7604:
7571:
7564:
7507:
7495:
7329:
7322:
7316:
7308:
7301:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7102:
7051:Perseverance
7050:
7012:
7005:
6982:
6942:
6925:
6909:New Horizons
6907:
6900:
6893:
6866:
6858:
6834:
6822:
6815:
6802:
6790:
6782:
6776:
6743:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6450:
6434:Apollo–Soyuz
5926:
5909:
5753:Hibernating
5684:
5505:(2016–2019?)
5048:(1962, 1964)
4942:Nano-JASMINE
4766:NEO Surveyor
4690:(since 2006)
4682:(since 2020)
4674:(since 1995)
4666:(since 2019)
4658:(since 2017)
4650:(since 2008)
4642:(since 2015)
4634:(since 2015)
4626:(since 2011)
4618:(since 1997)
4597:(since 1999)
4589:(since 2024)
4581:(since 2023)
4573:(since 2022)
4565:(since 2012)
4557:(since 2017)
4549:(since 2018)
4541:(since 2009)
4533:(since 2017)
4525:(since 2004)
4517:(since 2024)
4509:(since 2019)
4501:(since 2021)
4493:(since 2020)
4485:(since 2008)
4477:(since 2002)
4469:(since 2017)
4461:(since 2024)
4453:(since 2015)
4445:(since 1999)
4437:(since 2015)
4412:(since 2004)
4404:(since 2006)
4396:(since 2020)
4388:(since 2008)
4380:(since 1995)
4372:(since 2010)
4364:(since 2013)
4356:(since 2006)
4348:(since 2021)
4340:(since 2015)
4332:(since 2022)
4324:(since 2023)
4303:(since 2018)
4295:(since 2004)
4287:(since 2008)
4279:(since 1995)
4271:(since 2010)
4263:(since 2001)
4255:(since 2013)
4247:(since 2006)
4239:(since 1990)
4231:(since 2005)
4223:(since 2013)
4215:(since 2021)
4207:(since 2023)
4199:(since 2015)
4191:(since 2019)
4183:(since 2021)
4175:(since 2013)
4166:(since 2015)
4158:(since 2018)
4137:(since 2009)
4129:(since 2008)
4121:(since 2001)
4113:(since 2022)
4092:(since 2024)
4084:(since 1994)
4076:(since 2018)
4068:(since 2006)
4060:(since 2020)
4052:(since 2018)
3938:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3819:
3813:
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3757:. Retrieved
3751:. 2015-128.
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3720:. 2015-251.
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3689:. 2013-289.
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3600:
3590:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3445:
3439:
3422:
3412:. 2011-161.
3399:
3390:
3381:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3355:
3338:
3328:
3309:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3248:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3194:
3172:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3104:
3095:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3022:. 2009-083.
3009:
2990:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2898:
2889:
2881:the original
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:the original
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2781:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2753:the original
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2655:
2645:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2604:. 2016-221.
2568:. Retrieved
2562:. 2009-116.
2549:
2537:
2514:
2492:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2420:
2394:10.17226/549
2380:
2374:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2308:
2283:
2275:
2251:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2196:16 September
2194:. Retrieved
2190:the original
2181:
2172:
2128:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2067:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2030:
2005:. Retrieved
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1943:
1918:. Retrieved
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1876:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1727:liquid water
1716:
1708:
1695:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1608:
1589:
1585:
1569:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1507:
1504:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1449:Gould's Belt
1442:
1435:
1428:
1410:
1363:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1306:
1301:Helix Nebula
1275:
1256:
1219:
1211:
1191:
1113:
1092:
1088:
1070:
1066:adding to it
1061:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1008:
938:
927:
910:
896:
834:
825:
767:
760:
751:
741:
726:
720:January 2020
717:
706:Please help
701:verification
698:
670:spectroscopy
638:
622:heliocentric
600:
576:
568:
563:
552:
524:
520:
516:
514:
484:
413:Focal length
320:Eccentricity
305:Heliocentric
179:Payload mass
149:Manufacturer
72: /
68: /
51:Mission type
18:
8750:Kosmos 2404
8746:Kosmos 2403
8742:Kosmos 2402
8696:Shen Tong 1
8655:Soyuz TMA-3
8556:Kosmos 2401
8552:Kosmos 2400
8542:Kosmos 2399
8537:EchoStar IX
8516:Opportunity
8492:AAU-Cubesat
8424:Kosmos 2398
8356:Soyuz TMA-2
8350:Kosmos 2397
7891:Opportunity
7750:Deep Impact
7337:Deep fields
7265:and artwork
7263:NASA images
6835:Opportunity
6304:NASA Social
6130:and history
5866:(2014–2015)
5818:(2012–2013)
5784:Lost/Failed
5775:(1998–2010)
5767:(1998–2005)
5744:(1991–2001)
5736:(2001–2010)
5720:(1970–1973)
5712:(1983–1985)
5704:(1975–1980)
5696:(2005–2015)
5688:(2003–2020)
5680:(2011–2019)
5672:(1979–1985)
5664:(1975–1979)
5656:(1972–1973)
5648:(1992–2004)
5640:(1995–2012)
5632:(1990–1999)
5624:(2002–2018)
5616:(1983–1984)
5608:(2009–2013)
5592:(2006–2016)
5521:(1972–1981)
5513:(1968–1973)
5497:(1996–1997)
5489:(2003–2019)
5481:(2015–2017)
5473:(2015–2017)
5465:(1997–2002)
5457:(1990–2001)
5449:(2009–2018)
5441:(1996–2004)
5433:(1978–1996)
5425:(1996–1998)
5417:(1995–1996)
5393:(1989–1993)
5385:(2000–2008)
5377:(1979–1981)
5369:(1978–1982)
5361:(2013–2023)
5353:(1981–1991)
5345:(2009–2013)
5337:(1977–1979)
5329:(1997–2005)
5321:(1979–1985)
5313:(1989–1998)
5305:(1987–1991)
5297:(1990–1992)
5289:(2003–2013)
5281:(1987–2001)
5273:(1999–2007)
5265:(1992–2001)
5257:(1983–1986)
5246:Explorer 11
5217:(2017–2019)
5209:(1989–1993)
5201:(1975–1982)
5193:(2006–2013)
5185:(1991–2000)
5177:(2003–2008)
5169:(1996–2003)
5161:(1974–1976)
5153:(1983–1991)
5112:(1993–2000)
5104:(1973–1974)
5096:(2017–2019)
5088:(1979–1982)
5080:(1974–1980)
5072:(1971–1972)
5064:(1967–1969)
5040:(1962–1972)
5032:(1993–2005)
5024:(2006–2011)
5016:(2007–2024)
4313:Ultraviolet
3967:at NASA.gov
3759:15 December
3728:15 December
3697:14 December
3666:14 December
3636:18 December
3613:14 December
2699:10 February
1761:(2009–2013)
1711:HD 219134 b
1611:brown dwarf
1510:Phoebe ring
1438:HD 189733 b
1370:John Mather
1282:HD 209458 b
1247:first light
1102:Instruments
778:frequencies
774:wavelengths
538:(1983) and
444:Instruments
421:Wavelengths
353:Inclination
280:Deactivated
238:Launch site
208:Launch date
163:Launch mass
8802:Categories
8737:Gruzomaket
8643:Shenzhou 5
8637:Horizons-1
7787:spacecraft
7653:helicopter
7425:Moon rocks
7185:Astronauts
7178:NASA lists
7035:OSIRIS-REx
6869:helicopter
6737:Pioneer 11
6730:Pioneer 10
6533:Hitchhiker
6408:suborbital
6245:Space Race
5725:Vanguard 3
5037:Alouette 1
4877:AstroSat-2
4594:XMM-Newton
4110:James Webb
3829:1703.01424
3785:. 17-015.
3513:(2): 118.
2668:29 January
2612:9 December
2570:30 January
2476:9 December
2441:8 December
2080:4 February
2045:18 October
1890:1 December
1786:References
1719:TRAPPIST-1
1572:forsterite
1564:forsterite
1496:forsterite
1413:light-year
1402:redshifted
1372:of NASA's
1339:Whitewater
1278:exoplanets
1201:Henize 206
1030:B Cryostat
782:atmosphere
666:photometry
652:, made of
626:geocentric
579:telescopes
527:), was an
367:373.2 days
8705:Yamal-202
8701:Yamal-201
8633:Galaxy 13
8580:September
8521:Rainbow 1
8463:Orbview-3
8439:Thuraya 2
8398:Beidou 1C
8345:AsiaSat-4
8340:Galaxy 12
7770:Explorers
7716:Voyager 2
7709:Voyager 1
7651:Ingenuity
7637:Mars 2020
7452:Moon tree
7273:Earthrise
7148:Goldstone
7045:Mars 2020
7014:Voyager 2
7007:Voyager 1
6943:Curiosity
6887:operating
6885:Currently
6867:Ingenuity
6804:MESSENGER
6783:Sojourner
6712:Mercury 3
6702:Apollo 11
6649:Discovery
6639:Explorers
6228:Augustine
6192:Augustine
5928:Eddington
5883:Cancelled
5390:Hipparcos
4798:Spektr-UV
4663:Mini-EUSO
4655:ISS-CREAM
4506:Spektr-RG
4426:Gamma-ray
4321:Aditya-L1
4212:Hayabusa2
4089:Queqiao 2
4033:Operating
3917:119103101
3892:1303.2649
3885:(1): L8.
3602:Space.com
3520:1110.3754
3459:1104.4498
3387:"Glimpse"
3293:26 August
3268:26 August
3219:31 August
3054:0906.3161
2968:26 August
2943:26 August
2913:26 August
2857:4 October
2827:4 October
2797:15 August
2759:4 October
2729:4 October
2328:21 August
2234:6 January
1576:protostar
1544:St. Louis
1536:Milky Way
1393:calibrate
1343:Milky Way
1249:image of
997:germanium
662:satellite
654:beryllium
616:aboard a
596:astronomy
87:2003-038A
81:COSPAR ID
54:Infrared
8775:Tan Ce 1
8725:December
8684:November
8675:SERVIS-1
8613:INSAT-3E
8600:BILSAT-1
8547:SCISAT-1
8488:QuakeSat
8418:Beagle 2
8383:Hayabusa
8336:INSAT-3A
8268:February
8220:Coriolis
7969:Surveyor
7963:Stardust
7917:QuikSCAT
7827:Magellan
7806:Herschel
7600:GRACE-FO
7579:ACRIMSAT
7496:Category
7158:Canberra
7070:timeline
7058:timeline
6994:timeline
6950:timeline
6847:observed
6842:timeline
6810:Aquarius
6750:timeline
6723:Magellan
6685:missions
6583:Surveyor
6519:programs
6449:Shuttle–
6390:programs
6222:Aldridge
6141:creation
5979:Sentinel
5677:Spektr-R
5613:RELIKT-1
5454:Kristall
5342:Herschel
5166:BeppoSAX
4922:JEM-EUSO
4917:iWF-MAXI
4859:Proposed
4822:LiteBIRD
4814:Spektr-M
4546:MinXSS-2
4474:INTEGRAL
4337:Astrosat
4163:Astrosat
4102:Infrared
3864:28230125
3787:Archived
3753:Archived
3722:Archived
3691:Archived
3660:Archived
3607:Archived
3545:53550709
3490:Archived
3486:28545814
3414:Archived
3347:Archived
3262:Archived
3237:Archived
3213:Archived
3186:Archived
3156:19812546
3111:Archived
3106:BBC News
3079:19444209
3024:Archived
2998:Archived
2963:Astropix
2937:Archived
2907:Archived
2693:Archived
2662:Archived
2637:Archived
2606:Archived
2564:Archived
2529:Archived
2525:Raytheon
2470:Archived
2322:Archived
2228:Archived
2161:Archived
2111:26 April
2105:Archived
2074:Archived
2039:Archived
2007:22 April
2001:Archived
1977:16 March
1920:26 April
1914:Archived
1884:Archived
1879:CBS News
1855:Archived
1831:22 April
1825:Archived
1823:. 2008.
1737:See also
1548:Missouri
1483:Stardust
1398:Big Bang
1326:, 2004)
1025:A Optics
1007:and the
969:Raytheon
829:STS-51-F
756:Spacelab
618:Delta II
592:rocketry
574:(IRSA).
529:infrared
509:HUDF-JD2
425:infrared
405:Diameter
347:1.026 AU
272:Disposal
231:Delta II
171:Dry mass
153:Lockheed
62:Operator
8760:USA-175
8755:USA-174
8732:USA-173
8691:FSW-3 1
8666:CBERS-2
8661:USA-172
8626:October
8617:SMART-1
8604:STSat-1
8591:Orion 5
8587:USA-171
8571:USA-170
8561:Spitzer
8453:BSAT-2c
8387:Minerva
8331:USA-169
8310:USA-168
8296:USA-167
8255:USA-166
8235:STS-107
8229:CHIPSat
8213:January
8104:Caltech
8084:(MAX-C)
8060:FINESSE
8039:SPHEREx
7985:Ulysses
7928:Rosetta
7912:Pioneer
7906:Phoenix
7847:(MarCO)
7833:Mariner
7816:Jason-1
7795:Genesis
7781:Galileo
7606:InSight
7508:Commons
7386:Related
7195:by year
7190:by name
6967:GOES 15
6957:GOES 14
6874:flights
6860:InSight
6816:Cassini
6744:Galileo
6669:SIMPLEx
6644:Voyager
6612:Current
6568:Pioneer
6538:Mariner
6517:Robotic
6498:Artemis
6471:Current
6414:Mercury
6406: (
6299:NASA TV
6238:General
6137:History
6028:Related
5939:FINESSE
5917:Destiny
5900:Astro-G
5863:Tsubame
5855:Astro-E
5831:ABRIXAS
5685:Spitzer
5669:Solwind
5621:R/HESSI
5581:Orion 2
5573:Orion 1
5278:Kvant-1
5174:CHIPSat
5137:Astro-2
5117:Astro-1
5093:ASTERIA
5085:Ariel 6
5077:Ariel 5
5069:Ariel 4
5061:Ariel 3
5053:Ariel 2
5045:Ariel 1
5006:Retired
4997:THESEUS
4982:Solar-D
4977:PhoENiX
4817:(2030+)
4774:JASMINE
4742:Xuntian
4710:SPHEREx
4703:Planned
4252:NEOSSat
4147:Optical
4073:Queqiao
3897:Bibcode
3855:5330437
3834:Bibcode
3793:3 March
3570:Bibcode
3525:Bibcode
3464:Bibcode
3452:: L32.
3164:4349726
3136:Bibcode
3087:4426934
3059:Bibcode
2145:Bibcode
1659:⁄
1462:Serpens
1384:in the
1335:Madison
1286:TrES-1b
1251:IC 1396
1208:Results
1180:of the
1013:Caltech
995:-doped
993:gallium
984:silicon
680:History
614:SLC-17B
494:Chandra
245:SLC-17B
213: (
114:Website
102:SATCAT
74:Caltech
8765:Amos-2
8715:IGS-2B
8711:IGS-2A
8609:e-Bird
8596:UK-DMC
8530:August
8496:CanX-1
8484:Cute-I
8476:DTUSat
8472:MIMOSA
8444:Spirit
8378:GSAT-2
8305:IGS-1B
8301:IGS-1A
8259:XSS-10
8225:ICESat
8205:2004 →
8190:← 2002
8004:(WIRE)
7998:(WFPC)
7991:Viking
7941:(SRTM)
7934:Seasat
7922:Ranger
7883:Spirit
7821:Kepler
7688:(SMAP)
7682:(MISR)
7591:(AIRS)
7573:Psyche
7566:Euclid
7153:Madrid
7086:Future
7001:NuSTAR
6932:THEMIS
6854:RHESSI
6791:Spirit
6588:Viking
6578:Ranger
6429:Skylab
6424:Apollo
6419:Gemini
6277:Budget
6230:(2009)
6224:(2004)
6218:(2004)
6212:(2003)
6206:(2002)
6204:CFUSAI
6200:(1996)
6194:(1990)
6188:(1989)
6182:(1987)
6176:(1986)
6174:Rogers
6170:(1986)
6164:(1958)
6158:(1958)
6152:(1915)
6128:Policy
6004:TAUVEX
5911:Darwin
5890:Aelita
5874:(2016)
5858:(2000)
5850:(1999)
5842:(1996)
5839:HETE-1
5834:(1999)
5826:(1965)
5810:(1976)
5802:(1970)
5794:(1966)
5728:(1959)
5645:SAMPEX
5605:Planck
5600:(2018)
5597:PicSat
5589:PAMELA
5584:(1973)
5576:(1971)
5478:MinXSS
5446:Kepler
5409:(1983)
5401:(2024)
5382:HETE-2
5374:HEAO-3
5334:HEAO-1
5310:Granat
5254:EXOSAT
5249:(1961)
5241:(2010)
5233:(2008)
5225:(1993)
5214:CXBN-2
5150:Astron
5145:(1995)
5120:(1990)
5056:(1964)
5029:ALEXIS
4972:PETREL
4932:LUVOIR
4882:EXCEDE
4849:(2035)
4841:(2035)
4838:Athena
4833:(2033)
4825:(2032)
4809:(2030)
4801:(2030)
4793:(2029)
4785:(2028)
4777:(2028)
4769:(2027)
4761:(2027)
4753:(2027)
4745:(2026)
4737:(2026)
4729:(2026)
4721:(2026)
4718:K-EUSO
4713:(2025)
4687:STEREO
4623:AMS-02
4586:XPoSat
4562:NuSTAR
4401:STEREO
4345:Hibari
4236:Hubble
4228:HiRISE
4204:Euclid
4196:DSCOVR
4188:CHEOPS
4065:STEREO
3939:Nature
3915:
3862:
3852:
3815:Nature
3561:Icarus
3543:
3484:
3371:11 May
3316:
3207:&
3162:
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3127:Nature
3085:
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3040:Nature
2935:IPAC.
2502:
2408:
2384:. The
2362:
2296:
2263:
2222:&
1677:Beyond
1666:Beyond
1638:GN-z11
1514:Saturn
1500:'s
1488:Wild 2
1430:Nature
1382:quasar
1378:'s
1324:et al.
1263:'s
1259:galaxy
1121:(IRAC)
991:using
979:and a
963:, and
955:, the
951:, the
918:
916:
911:·
909:
904:
902:
897:·
895:
891:
847:, the
548:Kepler
363:Period
334:1.003
311:Regime
227:Rocket
219:
8429:AMC-9
8362:GALEX
8319:April
8289:March
8250:SORCE
8078:(AFL)
7974:SVLBI
7953:(SIR)
7947:(SME)
7900:NSCAT
7893:rover
7885:rover
7801:GRACE
7775:GALEX
7694:(TES)
7676:(MLS)
7670:(MSL)
7664:(MRO)
7645:rover
7626:(LBT)
7584:ASTER
7098:NISAR
7053:rover
7025:MAVEN
6945:rover
6926:Swift
6837:rover
6798:LADEE
6793:rover
6785:rover
6762:GRAIL
6757:GALEX
6548:MESUR
6493:Orion
6294:NASA+
6270:Chief
6168:Paine
5999:SPOrt
5994:SPICA
5974:OSO K
5969:OSO J
5823:OSO C
5807:CORSA
5799:OAO-B
5791:OAO-1
5772:TRACE
5717:Uhuru
5661:SAS-C
5653:SAS-B
5629:ROSAT
5566:OSO 8
5561:OSO 7
5556:OSO 6
5551:OSO 5
5546:OSO 4
5541:OSO 3
5536:OSO B
5531:OSO 1
5510:OAO-2
5462:LEGRI
5398:ILO-X
5294:Gamma
5286:GALEX
5238:EPOXI
5230:EPOCh
5198:Cos-B
5190:CoRoT
5125:BBXRT
5013:AGILE
4992:THEIA
4962:ORBIS
4912:ILO-1
4897:HabEx
4892:FOCAL
4867:Arcus
4830:Taiji
4790:ARIEL
4734:PLATO
4639:DAMPE
4631:CALET
4578:XRISM
4554:NICER
4522:Swift
4490:GECAM
4482:Fermi
4450:DAMPE
4434:CALET
4422:X-ray
4409:Swift
4385:SOLAR
4329:ASO-S
4292:Swift
4284:SOLAR
4180:CHASE
4171:BRITE
4126:SOLAR
3913:S2CID
3887:arXiv
3824:arXiv
3541:S2CID
3515:arXiv
3482:S2CID
3454:arXiv
3448:(2).
3436:(PDF)
3160:S2CID
3083:S2CID
3049:arXiv
2657:Wired
2164:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
1622:Swift
1554:2010s
1512:" of
1386:Draco
1309:L1014
981:doped
943:, in
913:
906:Earth
899:
609:from
525:SIRTF
373:Epoch
357:1.13°
324:0.011
233:7920H
190:427 W
187:Power
109:27871
39:Names
8509:July
8480:MOST
8407:June
8198:2003
8099:NASA
7811:IRAS
7743:Dawn
7698:SWOT
7613:Juno
7077:PACE
7020:WISE
6983:Juno
6823:Dawn
6767:WMAP
6707:COBE
6695:Past
6526:Past
6404:X-15
6397:Past
6210:CAIB
6180:Ride
6150:NACA
6120:NASA
6019:XIPE
6014:XEUS
5989:SNAP
5964:LOFT
5959:JDEM
5944:GEMS
5934:FAME
5922:EChO
5895:AOSO
5847:WIRE
5815:CXBN
5764:SWAS
5733:WMAP
5637:RXTE
5486:MOST
5438:IXAE
5414:IRTS
5406:IRAS
5270:FUSE
5262:EUVE
5206:COBE
4937:Lynx
4927:LUCI
4846:LISA
4806:UVEX
4758:LORD
4750:COSI
4671:SOHO
4647:IBEX
4570:LEIA
4538:MAXI
4514:SVOM
4498:IXPE
4424:and
4377:SOHO
4361:IRIS
4300:TESS
4276:SOHO
4260:Odin
4220:Gaia
4134:WISE
4118:Odin
4081:Wind
4049:NCLE
3860:PMID
3795:2017
3783:NASA
3761:2016
3730:2016
3699:2016
3668:2016
3638:2016
3615:2016
3373:2014
3314:ISBN
3295:2020
3270:2020
3221:2020
3205:NASA
3152:PMID
3075:PMID
2970:2020
2945:2020
2933:NASA
2915:2020
2903:NASA
2859:2009
2829:2009
2799:2008
2761:2009
2731:2009
2701:2020
2670:2020
2614:2016
2572:2016
2560:NASA
2500:ISBN
2478:2007
2466:NASA
2443:2007
2431:NASA
2406:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2330:2020
2294:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2236:2009
2198:2009
2113:2015
2082:2020
2047:2015
2009:2007
1979:2017
1922:2015
1892:2016
1833:2007
1701:and
1471:The
1368:and
1337:and
1299:The
1284:and
1232:The
1142:NASA
787:IRAS
639:The
601:The
594:and
560:IRAC
536:IRAS
515:The
466:MIPS
450:IRAC
395:Type
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8371:May
8244:EDO
7030:MMS
6451:Mir
6009:TPF
5954:IXO
5949:HOP
5494:MSX
5430:IUE
5422:ISO
5222:DXS
5158:ANS
5141:HUT
5130:HUT
5101:ATM
4967:OST
4902:HWO
4615:ACE
4369:SDO
4268:SDO
4155:Aoi
3905:doi
3883:767
3850:PMC
3842:doi
3820:542
3578:doi
3566:116
3533:doi
3511:744
3472:doi
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3144:doi
3132:461
3067:doi
3045:459
2398:hdl
2390:doi
2352:doi
2257:193
2153:doi
1542:in
1404:by
1333:at
1267:ESA
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