1979:(sosiaalinen yritys) as being any sort of enterprise that is entered on the relevant register and at least 30% of whose employees are disabled or long-term unemployed. As of March 2007, 91 such enterprises had been registered, the largest with 50 employees. In the UK the more specific term "social firm" is used to distinguish such "integration enterprises". This legal definition of a social enterprise (sosiaalinen yritys) made it hard for actual social entrepreneurship to enter the Finnish consciousness and public debate so a new term Yhteiskunnallinen Yrittäjyys (societal entrepreneurship) was dubbed and promoted by the early players in the field. Nowadays the term is recognized, accepted and even promoted by entrepreneurial NGOs, entrepreneurs themselves, co-operatives and government organisations. Finnish Social Enterprise Research Network FinSERN collects and exchanges national and international research data, maintains connections with social enterprise researchers and research networks around the world, and finds financing opportunities for research. There is also a growing interest in impact investment in Finland.
803:(CSR) is a practise that businesses can use to be conscious of the social and environmental impacts of their activities. There are a variety of CSR markers, such as accountability and internal and external elements. Social enterprises place a lot of emphasis on external social responsibility as a result of their social objectives, so social impact is built into the organisation. However, there has been debate on whether or not social enterprises place enough emphasis on internal CSR. Internal CSR includes human resources and capital management, health and safety standards, adaptation to innovation and change, and the quality of management within the organisation. Since a large majority of social enterprises do not have sufficient funding, they are unable to pay competitive wages to their employees, and as a result, they have to resort to other (non-financial) techniques to recruit employees. Many managers utilise the social component of the social enterprise's dual mission and purpose for this.
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enterprise organisations. Due to the dual-purpose missions of social enterprises, organisations cannot directly employ the typical management strategies of established business models. Recent academic literature has argued against prior positively held views of social enterprises success in striking a balance between the two tensions and instead argued that the social mission is being compromised in favour of financial stability. Prioritising social good over financial stability contradicts rational firm management, which typically prioritises financial and profit-seeking goals. As a result, different management issues arise that range from stakeholders (and management) agreeing on the firm's goals but disagreeing on an action plan to management and stakeholders disagreeing on the firm's goals. Some social enterprises have taken on same-sector and cross-sector partnerships, while others continue to operate independently.
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second definition provided by The Social
Enterprise Alliance (SEA) defines a social enterprise as an organisation that uses business methods to execute its social or environmental mission. According to this definition, the social enterprise's social mission is to help the disadvantaged, which is executed by directly providing goods or services (not money). Additionally, earned revenue must be the main source of income for the organisation or venture. A third definition is purely based on how the organisation is legally structured or formed as a legal entity. In this context, a social enterprise is a legal entity that, through its entity choice, chooses to forgo a profit motive. A fourth definition asserts that a social enterprise consists of a community of dedicated individuals that are continuously thinking about social impact and, as a result, employ business and management techniques to approach social causes.
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business and philanthropy. For government, the network creates opportunities to diversify social procurement spending or to explore social innovation and transform policy approaches to tackle intractable or wicked problems. For business, the networks provide inspiration, demonstrate business innovation through commercially viable social or environmentally sustainable operations, and creative ways for motivating or developing staff or diversifying CSR strategies. For philanthropy, social enterprise is not well understood or recognised. The networks provide opportunities to discover social innovation, and to generate lasting system-level impact by harnessing the collaborative ingenuity of social enterprise networks.
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environmental impact through Impact-Driven
Enterprises (IDEs)". On April 23, 2022, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob outlined a new direction for the country on social entrepreneurship development. "The newly launched Social Entrepreneurship Action Framework 2030 or SEMy2030 provides a new national direction for the development of social entrepreneurship in Malaysia", remarked the Prime Minister. SEMy2030 will provide a more structured training on the adaptation of technology and digitalisation, widen access to financing and financial support, and provide access to the domestic and international markets.
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created and developed on the base of concept of triple bottom line—economic, social and environmental benefits. Social economy enables citizens to get involved actively in the regional development. Making profit/surplus is desirable, however is not a primary goal. Contingent profit is used in preference for development of activities of organization and for the needs of local community. Internal relations in the social enterprises are headed to the maximum involvement of members/employees in decision-making and self-management while external relations strengthen
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people, of whom two-thirds are full-time, plus a further 300,000 volunteers. Their combined annual turnover is £18 billion, and the median turnover is £285,000. Of this, 84% is from trading. In 2006, the government revised this estimate upwards to 55,000, based on a survey of a sample of owners of businesses with employees, which found that 5% of them define themselves as social enterprises. The most up to date estimates suggest that there are approximately 68,000 social enterprises in the UK, contributing £24 billion to the UK economy.
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864:, a global software and CRM company that had begun using the term 'social enterprise' to describe its products and had applied for 'social enterprise' trademarks in the EU, US, Australia, and Jamaica. The campaign was supported by similar organisations in the US (the Social Enterprise Alliance), Canada, South Africa, and Australia. An open letter was sent to the CEO and Chairman of Salesforce.com asking Salesforce.com to stop using the term 'social enterprise'. It was signed by people and organisations around the world, including
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disadvantaged, as an enterprise certified according to the requirements prescribed in
Article 7", "the disadvantaged" as "people who have difficulty in purchasing social services necessary to themselves for a market price, the detailed criteria thereof shall be determined by the Presidential Decree", and "social services" as "service in education, health, social welfare, environment and culture and other service proportionate to this, whose area is prescribed by the Presidential Decree".
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below), policy development was increasingly influenced by organisations in the conventional "non-profit" sector rather than those with their origins in employee-ownership and co-operative sectors. The 2003 DTI report on the consultation shows the disproportionate influence of charitable trusts and umbrella organisations in the voluntary sector, and evidence now exists that the voices of progressive employee-owned organisations were marginalised in the course of producing the report.
2492:" to prevent the assets and profits being distributed, except as permitted by legislation. This ensures the assets and profits are retained within the CIC for community purposes, or transferred to another asset-locked organisation, such as another CIC or charity. A CIC cannot be formed to support political activities and a company that is a charity cannot be a CIC, unless it gives up its charitable status. However, a charity may apply to register a CIC as a subsidiary company.
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disadvantaged groups active in business and also complementary activities of NGOs destined to reinvest profit into the main public benefit activity of an organization. Social entrepreneurship defined in such a wide way should not be directly bound to legal benefits and financial support because the concept of social entrepreneurship might be then threatened by misuse and disintegration. Conditions of eventual legal and financial support should be discussed by experts.
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425:, and revolving loan funds are membership-owned social enterprises. Credit unions were first established in the 1850s in Germany and spread internationally. Cooperative banks have likewise been around since the 1870s, owned as a subsidiary of a membership co-operative. In recent times, microcredit organisations have sprung up in many developing countries to great effect. Local currency exchanges and social value exchanges are also being established.
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maximizing social impact above shareholder profit. It ensures the social enterprise business model remains ethical, credible and commercial through accreditation. There are over 200 organisations that currently hold Social
Enterprise Mark/Gold Mark accreditation. The assessment and accreditation process is overseen by an independent Certification Panel, which ensures that the Social Enterprise Mark/Gold Mark criteria are rigorously applied.
2485:(CIC). CICs are a new type of limited company designed specifically for those wishing to operate for the benefit of the community rather than for the benefit of the owners of the company. This means that a CIC cannot be formed or used solely for the personal gain of a particular person, or group of people. Legislation caps the level of dividends payable at 35% of profits and returns to individuals are capped at 4% above the bank base rate.
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903:(B-Corp). L3C's main objective is to achieve socially beneficial goals. They are able to go about achieving these goals by employing the financial and flexible advantages of a limited liability company. States that have authorised the use of the L3C model have established three requirements: to operate for charitable or educational purposes, not the production of income, and not the fulfilment of a political or legislative agenda. A
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1476:. According to Bala Vikasa Social Service Society sister organization of SOPAR-Canada "Social Enterprise is a hybrid business with a goal of solving social problems, while also generating revenues and profits like any other enterprise. However, when it comes to choosing between profits or social cause, social cause is paramount for social enterprises, while profits are considered only for sustainability."
1456:(NGO), often registered as a Society under Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860, a Trust registered under various Indian State Trust Acts or a Section 25 Company registered under Indian Companies Act, 1956. India has around 3 million NGOs, including a number of religious organizations and religious trusts, like Temples, Mosque and Gurudwara associations etc., who are not deemed as social enterprises.
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form and are treated in academic literature on the subject as a branch or sub-set of nonprofit activity (especially when contrasted with Social
Businesses). Social enterprises in the nonprofit form can earn income for their goods or services; they are typically regarded as non-profits that use business strategies to generate revenue to support their charitable missions.
1221:. Here the two are not contradictory; however, proper financial management to achieve positive profits is necessary in order to undertake the organizations social goals. The triple bottom line is essentially the double bottom line, with the addition of environmental sustainability. It focuses on economic vitality, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility.
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enterprises. Specific types of enterprises, that are undergoing pilot verification within CIP EQUAL projects and that are already functioning in the Czech
Republic, are social firms employing seriously disadvantaged target groups, and municipal social cooperatives as a suitable form of entrepreneurship with the view of development of local communities and microregions.
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for like-minded individuals to share their interests and pass on their experience to others. One of its projects eventually was adopted by the
Foundations for People Development. It is called the Cooperative Marketing Enterprise. CME is devoted solely to providing the need for cooperatives, micro, small, and medium enterprises for the marketing of their products.
797:. Social enterprises differ in that their commitment to impact is central to the mission of the business. Some may not aim to offer any benefit to their investors, except where they believe that doing so will ultimately further their capacity to realise their social and environmental goals, although there is a huge amount of variation in forms and activities.
1436:. They are normally registered as companies or non-profit organisations. The Hong Kong Government defines social enterprises as businesses that achieve specific social objectives, and its profits will be principally reinvested in the business for the social objectives that it pursues, rather than distribution to its shareholders. In recent years,
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that was informed by and made sense to those working in or with social enterprises. The research design therefore included workshops to explore and test what social enterprise managers, researchers, and relevant policymakers meant by the term 'social enterprise'. This was the resulting definition: Social enterprises are organisations that are:
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230:. Social enterprises are businesses created to further a social purpose in a financially sustainable way. Social enterprises can provide income generation opportunities that meet the basic needs of people who live in poverty. They are sustainable, and earned income from sales is reinvested in their mission. They do not depend on
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collaborative project was then formed coordinated by the
English Family Foundation, a philanthropic fund, to begin the sector-led journey to a national strategy. The Yunus Centre at Griffith University conducted research across the social enterprise sector, in Australia and overseas. The research is presented in two parts:
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increase their funding and sustainability and assist them in the pursuit of their social mission. However, two potential issues emerge: 1) distraction from the social goal in pursuit of contradictory business activities; and 2) inadequate skills, resources, and capabilities for the adoption of the social enterprise model.
392:. They can also take more conventional structures. Social enterprises are dynamic, requiring adaptation to ensure they meet the needs of communities and individuals in an ever-changing world. Their shared common thread is that they all operate to achieve a balanced financial, social and environmental set of objectives.
1763:: social enterprises are created voluntarily by groups of citizens and are managed by them, and not directly or indirectly by public authorities or private companies, even if they may benefit from grants and donations. Their members have the right to participate ('voice') and to leave the organisation ('exit').
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governments or city councils. 680 entities have been recognised as social enterprises as of
October 2012. The majority of Korean social enterprises are primarily concerned with job creation. The Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency was established to promote social enterprises, which include Happynarae and
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Recipients of these grants demonstrate that social enterprises work for more than profit alone; they foster social and environmental innovation and are accountable for their employees, consumers and the communities. They offer a business model where people can be given direct voice in running the organisation.
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global competitiveness while also achieving social goals. Trends in the region point to an increasingly important role and potential for such activities and for social entrepreneurship in general. These include the growing interest among youth in achieving social impact and growth in volunteerism among youth.
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Chile is promoting social inclusion and further development of the private sector through Social
Enterprises. Support to social enterprises has been included as part of the Productivity, Innovation and Growth Agenda, which has 47 measures, 10 bills and 37 administrative initiatives with an investment
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In an effort to develop social enterprises and measure social impact, the Italian governmental work placement agency—Italia Lavoro—has developed a method to calculate the social efficiency of their project, from an economic point of view. For example, they measure the economic value to the society of
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The legal form a social enterprise takes may not always be seen as important—however, they must be subject of private law. According to the existing legal system, they can function in a form of cooperatives, civic associations, public benefit associations, church legal entities, Ltd., stock companies
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School of Management in 2000. This course was developed and taught by Dr. Jose Rene C. Gayo, then Dean of the School of Management. It was offered as an elective for the senior students of the Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurial Management. In March 2001, a seminar on "Social Enterprises: Creating
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However, social enterprises in the Middle East are active and innovating in a variety of sectors and industries. A majority of the existing social enterprises are engaged in human capital development. Many are nurturing a cadre of leaders with the experiences and skills needed to enhance the region's
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In the absence of a national social enterprise census, intermediaries provide an important source of data. The Impact Investment Ready Growth Grant, launched in 2015, noted that the majority of social enterprises were concentrated in three Australian states: Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland.
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The Victorian Government has taken a lead role nationally by releasing the first Social Enterprise Strategy in 2017 and supporting it's independent practitioners-led network (SENVIC) to establish and grow. SENVIC accelerated the maturity and growth of the sector in Victoria and nationally, and took a
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While the social enterprise networks are at differing stages of emergence, ASENA is providing a channel for cooperation, network-building practice, intelligence and resource sharing that is enabling all parts of the national community to benefit from others. Broadly, the networks have five functions:
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Many community organisations are registered social enterprises: community enterprises, housing co-operatives, community interest companies with asset locks, community centres, pubs and shops, associations, housing associations, and football clubs. These are membership organisations that usually exist
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and can sustain themselves over the long term. Attempting a comprehensive definition, social enterprises are market-oriented entities that aim to create social value while making a profit to sustain their activities. They uniquely combine financial goals with a mission for social impact. Their models
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In 2002, the British government launched a unified Social Enterprise Strategy, and established a Social Enterprise Unit (SEnU) to co-ordinate its implementation in England and Wales, primarily to consult on a new type of company to support social enterprise development. After a consultation (see CIC
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Social entrepreneurship develops independent business activities and is active on the market in order to solve issues of employment, social coherence and local development. Its activities support solidarity, social inclusion and growth of social capital mainly on local level with the maximum respect
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In December 1999, a group was organized called Social Enterprise Network. Its members, based in Metro Manila, include entrepreneurs, executives, and academics who believe in social entrepreneurship (setting up businesses by creating opportunities for the poor). SEN served is a networking opportunity
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defines a "social enterprise" as "businesses owned by nonprofit organizations, that is directly involved in the production and/or selling of goods and services for the blended purpose of generating income and achieving social, cultural, and/or environmental aims. Social enterprises are one more tool
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Social enterprises are not only a structural element of a non-profit. A large portion of social enterprises are non-profits; however, there are also for-profit social enterprises. Social enterprises are often regarded—erroneously—as nonprofit organisations, although many do take on a nonprofit legal
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A social enterprise is an operator in the social economy whose main objective is to have a social impact rather than make a profit for their owners or shareholders. It operates by providing goods and services for the market in an entrepreneurial and innovative fashion and uses its profits primarily
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Singha Park Chiangrai is also a social enterprise. With eco-agricultural tourism concept as main idea to attract tourists to the 8500-rai park, 1200 unemployed people became employee generating income for local people and their families. This not only helps prevent drugs problem because of constant
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This Finding Australia's Social Enterprise Sector (FASES) project produced its final report in June 2010. The project was led by Professor Jo Barraket, an Australian social enterprise academic. One of the key features of this Australian research is its intention to define social enterprise in a way
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are caused by inconsistencies in organizational structure, culture, and human resource practices. Many social organisations grapple with whom to hire, as many want to help disadvantaged people but also need workers with business skills to ensure the success of the enterprise. Organisations face the
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may refer to the overall effects of a business, but a business that has social impact may or may not be a social enterprise. Social enterprises have socially bound mission statements and operate with the goal of solving a social problem as a part of their mission. Social enterprise has emerged as a
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Muhammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank, believes that a social enterprise should be modelled exclusively to achieve a social goal. Another view is that social enterprises should not be motivated by profit motives, but rather that profit motives should be secondary to the primary social goal. A
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Following five weeks of sustained campaigning by the global social enterprise movement in summer 2012, US company Salesforce publicly announced to withdraw its applications to trademark the term 'social enterprise', and remove any references to 'social enterprise' in its marketing materials in the
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Social enterprise networks create a unique place to connect and grow the community of practitioners and enablers that are meeting at the nexus between business and charity. For example, SENVIC's Annual Review 2020-2021 notes that of its 700 members, there are 250 associate members from government,
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An enterprise that is owned by those who work in it and/or reside in a given locality, is governed by registered social as well as commercial aims and objectives and run cooperatively may be termed a social enterprise. Traditionally, 'capital hires labour' with the overriding emphasis on making a
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The above mentioned definitions stem from the four basic principles that should be followed by social enterprises. Standards with a commentary were settled for each principle. These standards were settled as the minimum so that they should be observed by all legal entities and all types of social
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It is a complex of autonomous private activities realized by different types of organizations that have the aim to serve their members or local community first of all by doing business. The social economy is oriented on solving issues of unemployment, social coherence and local development. It is
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is obliged to "establish the Basic Plan for Social Enterprises Support" every five years (Article 5), and not only enterprises but also cooperatives and non-profits can be recognised as social enterprises, which are eligible for tax reduction and/or financial supports from the Korean / provincial
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Victoria's social enterprises contribute over $ 5.2 billion in gross output to Victoria's economy. Social enterprise is a significant contributor to the economy - from local manufacturing and agriculture, to hospitality and professional services - they are not only local enterprises serving local
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businesslike contrast to traditional nonprofit organisations. Social enterprise is going to continue its evolution away from forms that focus on broad frame-breaking and innovation to a narrower focus on market-based solutions and businesslike solutions to measure the social impact of programmes.
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In recent years, many non-profits have chosen to take on social enterprise models as it has become increasingly difficult to obtain financing from outside sources. The social enterprise model offers non-profit organisations an alternative to relying on charitable donations. This may allow them to
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Social enterprises are viewed to have been created as a result of the evolution of non-profits. This formation process resulted in a type of hybrid organisation that does not have concrete organisational boundaries. Various scholars (e.g. Eikenberry & Kluver, Liu & Ko, and Mullins et al.)
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in Spain to medium-sized enterprises owned by their staff with traditional management hierarchies and pay differentials to quite small worker cooperatives with only a few directors and employees who work in less hierarchical ways and practice wage parity. Within the trading enterprises, there are
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Social aims: They have explicit social aims such as job creation, training or the provision of local services. They have ethical values including a commitment to local capacity building, and they are accountable to their members and the wider community for their social environmental and economic
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provides financial, operational and management support to social start-ups. In 2010, they organized the first edition of a contest to elect the "Social entrepreneur of the year", as well as another contest entitled "The World's Most Beautiful Job". This year's winner of the former was the social
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businesses with a method of production of goods or services with a social objective (social and professional integration via access to employment for people disadvantaged in particular by insufficient qualifications or social or professional problems leading to exclusion and marginalisation) but
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The FASES definition of social enterprise is adopted by ASENA and the state and territory networks, with many also welcoming emerging social enterprises that have the intention but are yet to meet the eligibility criteria. Social Traders provides the Social Enterprise certification in Australia.
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is the accreditation body responsible for the only internationally available social enterprise accreditation—the Social Enterprise Mark and Social Enterprise Gold Mark. It exists to recognize and promote the capabilities of social enterprises as competitive, sustainable businesses, dedicated to
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A survey conducted for the Social Enterprise Unit in 2004 found that there were 15,000 social enterprises in the UK (counting only those that are incorporated as companies limited by guarantee or industrial and provident societies). This is 1.2% of all enterprises in the UK. They employ 450,000
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partner of the Global Social Venture Competition (GSVC-SEA). Every year new emerging social enterprises present their business model showcasing variety of business models ranging from agriculture, to technology, tourism and education. In 2013 the winners of GSVC-SEA were Wedu (female leadership
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are a result of conflicting time horizons (i.e., short-term vs. long-run). In the short term, organisations aim for stability, which can be evaluated based on metrics such as costs, profits, and revenues, but in the long run, they want growth, flexibility, and progress in achieving their social
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When social enterprise first emerged, much of the scholarly literature focused on defining the key characteristics and definitions of social enterprise. Currently, there is more literature and research on the emergence of the social enterprise sector as well as the internal management of social
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has implemented programs like the Social Innovation Program and the Seed Subsidy for Flexible Asignation to Support Social Innovation Start-up Program. Through these programs they have provided access to seed capital to social entrepreneurs and financial support to incubators supporting social
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Social enterprise in Kenya has grown to include spaces with IT infrastructure such as internet connectivity and computer hardware. Two of these, the iHub and NaiLab, are centers for technological enterprise, with ventures such as Tandaa in cooperation with the ICT Board of Kenya and Akirachix.
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has a variety of existing definitions. Currently, there is not a widely accepted standard definition for the term, and descriptions vary in level of detail. There is an emphasis on change agents for social entrepreneurship, in contrast to the organisational focus of social enterprises. Social
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Many commercial enterprises would consider themselves to have social objectives, but commitment to these objectives is motivated by the perception that such commitment will ultimately make the enterprise more financially valuable. These are organisations that might be more properly said to be
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Social Enterprise Alliance Malaysia defines social enterprises as "organizations created to address social problems that use business models to sustain themselves financially. Social enterprises seek to create not only financial returns but also social returns to their beneficiaries." Social
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ASENA's first act was to make a submission to the Prime Minister's Social Impact Investing Taskforce that recommended the Australian Government partner with the sector to develop a national social enterprise strategy, and leverage the achievements of governments in Victoria and Queensland. A
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Following the 'Map for Impact, the Victorian Government has commissioned further research and digital platforms to support the collection and sharing of social enterprise research and knowledge. The Social Entrepreneur Evidence Space (SEES) is an open research platform for Australia's social
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practises were common in the establishment of Australia's immigrant populations. Australia's suburban landscape is marked by clubs and associations that operate hospitality, learning, or community-oriented enterprises together with inclusive and culturally strengthening employment practises.
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While the terminology of 'social enterprise' is new in Australia, the contemporary values, principles, and practises of social enterprise are strongly aligned with the culture and lore of Australia's first peoples, which have been practised for over 60,000 years. Similarly, social enterprise
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There are many NGOs and charities that operate commercial consulting and training enterprises or subsidiary trading enterprises, such as Oxfam International. The profits are used to provide salaries for people who provide free services to specific groups of people or to further the social or
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Social entrepreneurship is defined very broadly. Beside employment of the people disadvantaged at the labour market it also includes organizations providing public benefit services in the area of social inclusion and local development including environmental activities, individuals from the
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The organisational and legal principles embedded in social enterprises are believed to have come from non-profit organisations. Originally, non-profit organisations relied on governmental and public support, but more recently they have started to rely on profits from their own social change
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Social ownership: They are autonomous organisations with governance and ownership structures based on participation by stakeholder groups (users or clients, local community groups etc.) or by trustees. Profits are distributed as profit sharing to stakeholders or used for the benefit of the
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Buy for Impact gathers like-minded people and organisations to promote conscious buying behaviour among the general public and the private sector. This initiative "promotes and supports the notion of utilising the general public's purchasing power to generate sustainable positive social or
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Social Enterprises often use for-profit business strategies to fund social change. The methods by which these Social enterprises create sustainable revenue streams differ from social business to social business, but all share the goal of abandoning the need for government or donor support.
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Aiken, M. (2010) "Taking the Long View: Conceptualizing the challenges facing UK third sector organisations in the social and welfare field", in Evers, A. and Zimmer, A. (eds) Turbulent environments: The impact of commercialization on organisational legitimacy and the quality of services.
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have the mission of strengthening Malaysia's position as an emerging innovation nation. One of MaGIC's key missions is "nurturing and navigating local startup and social enterprise into successful and sustainable businesses". One initiative by MaGIC in 2017 is the Impact Driven Enterprise
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NGOs in India raise funds through some services (often fund raising events and community activities) and occasionally products. Despite this, in India the term "social enterprise" is not widely used, instead terms like NGOs and NPOs (non-profit organizations) are used, where these kind of
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The forms social enterprises can take and the industries they operate in are so many and varied that it has always been a challenge to define, find, and count social enterprises. In 2009, Social Traders partnered with the Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies (ACPNS) at
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in the UK in 1978 and later written as a publication in 1981. One of the first examples of a social enterprise, in the form of a social cooperative, can be traced back to the Victorian era. Like social cooperatives, social enterprises are believed to have emerged as a result of state and
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for a specific purpose and trade commercially. All operate to reinvest profits in the community. They have large memberships that are customers or supporters of the organisation's key purpose. There are village cooperatives in India and Pakistan that were established as far back as 1904.
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Article 2 defines a social enterprise as "an organization which is engaged in business activities of producing and selling goods and services while pursuing a social purpose of enhancing the quality of local residents' life by means of providing social services and creating jobs for the
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Using the EU definition of social economy, the annual contribution of social enterprises to the UK economy is four times larger at £98 billion because it includes the contribution of all co-operatives, mutuals and associations that produce goods or services to improve human well-being.
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In 2017, the Centre for Social Impact at Swinburne University undertook a comprehensive mapping project of social enterprise in Victoria. The 'Map for Impact' Report identified 3,500 social enterprises in Victoria alone, employing over 60,000 people or 1.8% of the state's workforce.
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Organizations that do not take the distinct form of either a private, public, or non-profit organization are classified as hybrid organizations. For legal and tax purposes, hybrid forms are classified as for-profit entities. The two main types of hybrid organisations are the L3C, or
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Social enterprises in Chile adopt various forms like cooperatives, associations, private limited companies or corporations. The Ministry of Economy is developing a law project to create a new legal form through which they will establish the rights and duties for social enterprises.
2463:, supports social entrepreneurs through a variety of activities, including a weekly email bulletin by co-founder Lawrence Demarco. The Social Enterprise Academy "deliver leadership, enterprise, and social impact programmes" throughout Scotland, and further support is provided by
1926:. Legal form of social economy entities is not decisive—what is crucial is observing public benefit aims as listed in the articles. Subjects of the social economy are social enterprises and organizations supporting their work in the areas of education, consulting and financing.
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Enterprise Alliance Malaysia regards social enterprises as businesses with a social focus, distinct from non-profit organisations. In Malaysia, the government initiated several programs that helped Malaysia become a top location for social enterprises. Government bodies like
2175:, in social enterprises the surplus tends to go towards one or more social aims which the business has – for example education for the poor, vocational training for disabled people, environmental issues or for animal rights, although this may not always be the case.
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businesses providing social services and/or goods and services to vulnerable persons (access to housing, health care, assistance for elderly or disabled persons, inclusion of vulnerable groups, child care, access to employment and training, dependency management, etc.);
1993:, to which the government has given form and definition by Legislative Decree no. 155, dated 24 March 2006. Under Italian law a social enterprise is a private entity that provides social utility goods and services, acting for the common interest and not for profit.
1237:" and others. All these types of entities grapple with social needs in a variety of ways, but unless they directly address social needs through their products or services or the numbers of disadvantaged people they employ, they do not qualify as social enterprises.
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According to a paper published by De Gruyter in 2019, some common challenges facing social enterprises in the US were - Legal form, governance challenges, difficulties in measuring impact, lack of clear identity, problems in accessing capital, management tensions.
2183:. An emerging view, however, is that social enterprise is a particular type of trading activity that sometimes gives rise to distinct organisation forms reflecting a commitment to social cause working with stakeholders from more than one sector of the economy.
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Social enterprises may directly address social needs through their products and services, the number of people they employ or the use of their financial surplus. This can distinguish them from "socially responsible for-profit businesses", which create positive
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arise from identification or a sense of belonging to contrasting goals and values, which creates internal organisational conflict. These tensions are amplified by the maintenance of relationships with stakeholders who may have conflicting identities within the
1113:. In addition to hosting the launch of the strategy to a virtual audience of over 450 viewers, SENVIC has enabled national forums to promote and support engagement with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals in partnership with the United Nations Association.
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Significant regional differences in legislation, financing, support agencies and corporate structures can be seen across Canada as a result of different historical development paths in the social economy. Common regional characteristics can be seen in
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Part two: a possible pathway for building the connective tissue across the Australian social enterprise sector so that collectively we can amplify our impact. It asks us to consider – what would it look like if we were to better organise at a national
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entrepreneurs. Additionally, the Ministry of Social Development also promoted matching grant funds like Mas por Chile (More for Chile) and Incubia Fund in order to support the development of solutions aiming to reduce poverty and strengthen youth.
920:(some 7,000 worker, and 8,000 social co-operatives) inspired the formation of the EMES network of social economy researchers who subsequently spread the language to the UK and the rest of Europe through influential English language publications.
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character, involving those affected by the activity: the users of social enterprises' services are represented and participate in their structures. In many cases one of the objectives is to strengthen democracy at local level through economic
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to conclude that non-profits have adopted social enterprise models, because such models have become legitimized and widely accepted. Some organizations have evolved into social enterprises, while some were established as social enterprises.
2024:. The tavern employs mums and children recently graduated from rehabilitation programs. The prize consisted of a grant of €30,000 and 12 months of professional consulting and support. The awards ceremony was included in the program of the
1821:: social enterprises include organisations that totally prohibit profit distribution as well as organisations such as co-operatives, which may distribute their profit only to a limited degree, thus avoiding profit maximising behaviour.
1804:: this generally means the principle of 'one member, one vote', or at least a voting power not based on capital shares. Although capital owners in social enterprises play an important role, decision-making rights are shared with other
1019:
Unlike traditional commercial businesses, Victorian social enterprises are intentionally labour-intensive, with the proportion of their labour force equating to approximately twice the proportion of Gross State Product they produce.
2405:
and Charity Bank, this project promoted the concept of sustainability through trading to voluntary groups and charities. From 2005 onward, NCVO began using the term social enterprise to refer to voluntary sector trading activities.
1181:
Social enterprises directly address social needs through their products and services or through the numbers of disadvantaged people they employ. This distinguishes them from "socially responsible businesses", which create positive
1145:
The Report highlighted the diversity of the sector but confirmed widespread support for a national strategy, shared goals and better coordination in the social enterprise sector. Consultation with the sector commenced in 2022.
915:
The first academic paper to propose worker co-operatives involved in health and rehabilitation work as a form social enterprise was published in 1993. The scale and integration of co-operative development in the 'red belt' of
537:
The first description of a social enterprise as a democratically owned and run trading organisation that is financially independent, has social objectives and operates in an environmentally responsible way, was put forward by
2937:
Smith, Brett R.; Cronley, Maria L.; Barr, Terri F. (2012). "Funding Implications of Social Enterprise: The Role of Mission Consistency, Entrepreneurial Competence, and Attitude Toward Social Enterprise on Donor Behaviour".
2122:'profit' over and above any benefit either to the business itself or the workforce. Contrasted to this is the social enterprise where 'labour hires capital' with the emphasis on social, environmental and financial benefit.
1123:
With government support for the central role of a vibrant and independent practitioner-led network, SENVIC launched its first multi-year strategy in 2022 with an action plan to build a system-shifting network of networks.
944:
arise as organisations seek to fulfil various conflicting goals, such as varying stakeholder demands, social mission goals, and performance metrics. A major challenge is figuring out how to gauge success with conflicting
2303:
Every two years, Social Enterprise UK carries out and publishes the findings of the state of social enterprise survey, the largest piece of research looking at the UK's social enterprise sector. The most recent report,
2320:(SEL)—was established in 1998 following collaboration between bodies supporting co-operative enterprise. SEL did more than provide support to emerging businesses: it created a community of interest by working with the
675:
Social enterprise (unlike private enterprise) is not taught exclusively in a business school context, as it is increasingly connected to the health sector and to public service delivery. However, Oxford University's
499:
Furthermore, it was intended as part of the original concept that social enterprises should plan, measure and report on financial performance, social-wealth creation, and environmental responsibility by the use of a
1468:
are examples of social enterprise, who raise funds through their services, fund-raising activities (organizing events, donations, and grants) or sometimes products, to further their social and environmental goals.
2439:, the world's first social investment wholesaler. Capitalized with a total of £600 million, it will distribute funds to intermediaries that will lend money to social enterprises, charities and community groups.
2116:
published in 1981 by Beechwood College. In the original publication the term social enterprise was developed to describe an organisation that uses Social Audit. Freer went on to describe a social enterprise as:
1947:
Social enterprise means "a subject of social entrepreneurship", i.e. legal entity or its part or a natural person which fulfils principles of the social enterprise; social enterprise must have appropriate trade
1825:
Ongoing research work characterises social enterprises as often having multiple objectives, multiple stakeholders and multiple sources of funding. However, their objectives tend to fall into three categories:
1264:
Canadian social enterprise characteristics vary by region and province in the ways they differentiate social enterprises from other types of businesses, not-for-profits, co-operatives and government agencies:
988:, to identify and map the social enterprise sector: its scope, its variety of forms, its reasons for trading, its financial dimensions, and the individuals and communities social enterprises aim to benefit.
1797:: social enterprises are the result of collective dynamics involving people belonging to a community or to a group that shares a certain need or aim. They must maintain this dimension in one form or another.
2178:
Social enterprises are often seen as distinct from charities (although charities are also increasingly looking at ways of maximising income from trading) and from private sector companies with policies on
202:
is an organization that applies commercial strategies to maximize improvements in financial, social and environmental well-being. This may include maximizing social impact alongside profits for co-owners.
1402:
Researcher Meng Zhao states that the emergence of social enterprise as a concept could be seen around 2012, although it was not yet a well-known idea among the general public or within the media, and the
603:
As of 2018 the field of social enterprise studies has not yet developed firm philosophical foundations, but its advocates and its academic community are much more engaged with critical pedagogies (e.g.
2413:
The Social Enterprise Unit was initially established within the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and in 2006 became part of the newly created Office of the Third Sector, under the wing of the
526:
have argued that this may have come about due to the marketization of the non-profit sector, which resulted in many non-profit firms placing more focus on generating income. Other scholars have used
2001:. To this aim, they help people who have fallen through the cracks of the general work system to reintegrate themselves into society through the creation of small and medium non-profit enterprises.
1770:: the financial viability of social enterprises depends on the efforts of their members, who have the responsibility of ensuring adequate financial resources, unlike most public institutions.
1440:
organizations, such as Social Ventures Hong Kong and Social Enterprise Business Centre of the HKCSS, have been set up to invest in viable social enterprises with a significant social impact.
1791:: one of the principal aims of social enterprises is to serve the community or a specific group of people. To the same end, they also promote a sense of social responsibility at local level.
2552:, which has produced over 200,000 sports balls from its stitching centre in Nairobi. Kenya's social enterprises include M-Pesa, which facilitated economic transactions via mobile phone.
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The Social Enterprise Alliance defines a "social enterprise" as "Organizations that address a basic unmet need or solve a social or environmental problem through a market-driven approach
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in 2007, which employs 50 stitchers and produces 2,000 sports balls a month. Zambikes produces a range of bicycles from their Lusaka factory, including 'Zambulances' and ones made from
4533:
886:). Salesforce said it would withdraw applications to trademark the term 'social enterprise', and remove any references to 'social enterprise' in its marketing materials in the future.
1872:
to achieve social objectives. It is managed in an open and responsible manner and, in particular, involve employees, consumers and stakeholders affected by its commercial activities.
1350:. Most social enterprises register as companies or non-profit organizations. There isn't a proper definition of social enterprises by the governments of the Middle Eastern countries.
882:
1101:
mobilise resources for the benefit of the social enterprise sector, to fill service gaps and reduce individual operating costs, to create streamlined access to support and training.
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subsidies. This distinguishes them from traditional nonprofits, which rely primarily on philanthropic and government support. The double bottom line consists of social goals and
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Enterprise orientation: They are directly involved in producing goods or providing services to a market. They seek to be viable trading organisations, with an operating surplus.
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Aiken, M. (2010) "Taking the Long View: Conceptualizing the challenges facing UK third sector organisations in the social and welfare field", in Evers, A. and Zimmer, A. (eds)
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Social enterprise practitioners have formed professional networks in each State and Territory of Australia. In 2020, they joined to form a national voice for the sector, the
1023:
20% of Victoria's social enterprise workforce is people with disability (i.e. 12,000 jobs) and 7% of jobs are held by people previously experiencing long-term unemployment.
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Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (2013). Bases Administrativas y Técnicas del Concurso Fondo de Iniciativas para la Superación de la Pobreza. Accessed on 30 September 2016
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4056:
572:. His work in the area of extending micro-credit especially to women in societies where they are economically repressed, led him to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.
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Communication from the Commission: Social Business Initiative: Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises, key stakeholders in the social economy and innovation
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Some of the popular social enterprises in Australia include Thank You, Who Gives a Crap, STREAT, Taboo Period Products, Good Cycles,Vanguard Laundry and Goodwill Wine.
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those for which the social or societal objective of the common good is the reason for the commercial activity, often in the form of a high level of social innovation,
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Outcome Monitoring Proposal – Sustainable Funding Project, submitted to NCVO, 20 March 2005. The proposal include a short history of the Sustainable Funding Project.
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2133:
Twenty years later Spreckley and Cliff Southcombe established the first specialist support organisation in the UK Social Enterprise Partnership Ltd. in March 1997.
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and Beth Anderson discuss this difference in funding strategies as the innovation that differentiates the social enterprise from the traditional non-profit actor.
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Cornelius, Nelarine; Todres, Mathew; Janjuha-Jivraj, Shaheena; Woods, Adrian; Wallace, James (2008). "Corporate Social Responsibility and the Social Enterprise".
696:
The first international social enterprise journal was established in 2005 by Social Enterprise London (with support from the London Development Association). The
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farmers and uses economies of scale to enable them to access high value markets for processed trees. Another example of this is RISE Kenya that runs projects to
1960:
and sole traders. Budgetary organizations and municipalities should not be social enterprises as they are not autonomous—they are parts of public administration.
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1137:
Part one: a summary of themes, tensions & provocations, capturing the history and learning in the social enterprise sector in Australia and internationally.
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Following broad consultation, SEnU adopted a broader definition which is independent of any legal model. This latitudinarian definition could include not only
652:. This intellectual foundation, however, does not extend as strongly into the field of social entrepreneurship, where there is more influence from writings on
458:
The idea of a social enterprise as a distinct concept first developed in the late 1970s in the UK as an alternative commercial organisational model to private
4307:
1997:
providing a job to a disabled person. Since 1997, Italia Lavoro provides work placements to people with mental and physical disabilities, health problems or
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and where the method of organisation or ownership system reflects their mission, using democratic or participatory principles or focusing on social justice.
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assistance. This distinguishes them from some traditional not-for-profit corporations, which may rely in whole or part on charitable and government support.
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or the not-for-profit sector) or as a significant part of a not-for-profit corporation's mixed income stream that may include charitable contributions and
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The terms "startup" is used because it carries some of the spirit associated with "enterprise" in English, such as innovation, risk taking or "venture".
748:
roots in the United Kingdom, European Union, and Asia. In the US, the term is associated with 'doing charity by doing trade', rather than 'doing charity
2455:. Activities are coordinated by the Scottish Social Enterprise Coalition, and intellectual leadership is provided by the Social Enterprise Institute at
1026:
Swinburne University estimates that there are over 20,000 social enterprises nationwide. Based on its Victorian analysis, it can be extrapolated that:
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4653:
Lincoln, A. (2006) Welcome address: DTI presentation to Third Annual UK Social Enterprise Research Conference, London South Bank University (22 June)
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2097:
1777:, although, like traditional non-profit organisations, social enterprises may combine financial and non-financial resources, voluntary and paid work.
2336:). SEL built a network of over 2,000 social enterprises and social entrepreneurs, directly brokered over 500 social enterprise jobs under the DWP's
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4689:
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facilitate open communications and knowledge sharing within the community and with those seeking to engage and enable social enterprise to thrive.
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Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. B. (2006). Framing A Theory of Social Entrepreneurship: Building On Two Schools Of Practice And Thought. 40-66.
2375:. SEUK's chief executive, Peter Holbrook, joined in January 2010 from the award-winning social enterprise, Sunlight Development Trust, based in
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5059:
Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. B. (2006). Framing A Theory of Social Entrepreneurship: Building On Two Schools Of Practice And Thought. 40–66.
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3108:; Todres, Mathew; Janjuha-Jivraj, Shaheena; Woods, Adrian; Wallace, James (2008). "Corporate Social Responsibility and the Social Enterprise".
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salary people earns every month, but the park attracts tourist from around the country to visit and spend money in Chiangrai province as well.
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In the U.S, two distinct characteristics differentiate social enterprises from other types of businesses, nonprofits, and government agencies:
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in "Fortune at the Base of the Pyramid". This seminal work has been a springboard for a robust area of both innovation and academic research.
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1225:
In the United States, "social enterprise" is also distinct from "social entrepreneurship", which broadly encompasses such diverse players as
1867:
developed the following definition based on three key criteria: social objective, limited profit distribution and participatory governance:
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2797:
1472:
However, there are social businesses with an aim for making profit, although the primary aim is to alleviate poverty through a sustainable
1653:
Members of the Royal Family of Thailand have been involved in social entrepreneurship like with the creation of the brand Doi Tung by the
2020:
The winner of the "World's Most Beautiful Job" prize was the "Tavern of the Good and Bad" project by a group called 'Domus de luna' from
1095:
engage and influence policy makers, institutions, communities and individuals to connect with and enable our social enterprise community.
1213:
or the nonprofit sector) or as a significant part of a nonprofit's mixed revenue stream that also includes charitable contributions and
466:. The concept, at that time, had five main principles divided into three values and two paradigm shifts. The two paradigm shifts were:
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3649:
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1050:(ASENA). ASENA has provided a federal channel for advocacy, collaboration and resource sharing for the emergent community of networks.
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The Victorian Social Enterprise Strategy 2021-25 received international praise and in June 2022 the Victorian Government received the
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The Government has launched several initiatives to support social enterprises. For example, the Chilean Economic Development Agency
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hold events and forums to build community among like-minded people, to create opportunities for collaboration and social innovation.
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3816:
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2126:
Later on, the three areas of social, environmental and financial benefits used for measuring social enterprise became known as the
1378:, the Social Enterprise Promotion Act was approved in December 2006 and was put into effect in July 2007. It was amended in 2010.
5514:
5103:
3713:"Directions Part 1: Perspectives, provocations and sense-making for strategy. Social Enterprise National Strategy (SENS) Project"
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In the UK the accepted Government-backed definition of social enterprise used by the UK social enterprise sector bodies such as
324:
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5206:
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In 2002, the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) established the Sustainable Funding Project. Using funds from
1664:
The government of Thailand supports the creation of new social enterprises via the Thai Social Entrepreneurship office (TSEO).
1278:(e.g., creating and implementing a charitable foundation; paying fair wages to their employees; using environmentally friendly
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Worker- and employee-owned trading enterprises, co-operatives, and collectives. These vary from very large enterprises such as
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5494:
5299:
4285:
1480:
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149:
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Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo. "42. Creación de marco jurídico de Empresa B." Accessed on 30 September 2016.
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Park, C., and Wilding, M. (2013). "Social enterprise policy design: Constructing social enterprise in the UK and Korea".
1110:
981:
303:
4044:
2504:, a business set up specifically to create employment for people otherwise severely disadvantaged in the labour market.
816:
entrepreneurship usually takes place in the non-profit sector, with a focus on creating and implementing new solutions.
534:
Social enterprise has a long history around the world, though under different names and with different characteristics.
5527:
5478:
5024:
http://sociedadcivil.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/RESOL-317-BASES-SUP-DE-LA-POBREZA.pdf
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4211:"PM Ismail Sabri: Newly launched SEMy2030 outlines new direction for social entrepreneurship development in Malaysia"
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projects whereby women who would traditionally engage in weaving make products that are marketed in the capital city
1722:
1639:
1577:
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companies, socially responsible investors, "for-benefit" ventures, Fourth Sector organizations, CSR efforts by major
343:
185:
167:
112:
63:
17:
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challenge of deciding which organisational structure and legal form (e.g., Non-Profit, for-profit) to operate under.
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5843:
5259:
2425:
2333:
593:
310:
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amplify and advocate to grow the social enterprise ecosystem into mainstream markets and across the public sector.
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1386:
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800:
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Turbulent environments: The impact of commercialization on organisational legitimacy and the quality of services
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3075:
1735:
The best established European research network in the field, EMES, works with a more articulated definition — a
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1704:
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2521:, many NGOs use business models to improve the lives of people, mainly in rural Kenya. An example of this is
1453:
1226:
360:, and may take the form (depending on in which country the entity exists and the legal forms available) of a
218:
goals. As a result, their social goals are embedded in their objective, which differentiates them from other
3994:
2359:(SEUK) (previously the Social Enterprise Coalition), and this liaises with similar groups in each region of
996:
Led by an economic, social, cultural, or environmental mission consistent with a public or community benefit
5675:
5162:
2421:
2025:
547:. However, market failure is emphasized in the UK, while state failure is emphasized in the United States.
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3181:
5823:
5705:
5598:
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5535:
5438:
4159:
2650:
2548:
Other development-oriented social enterprises in Kenya include the One Acre Fund, Nuru International and
1606:
is GKonomics International, Inc., a non-stock, non-profit organization, incorporated in 2009. They are a
720:. The European Social Enterprise Research Network (EMES) and the Co-operative Research Unit (CRU) at the
501:
4662:
2104:
A business with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principally reinvested for that purpose.
2052:
5645:
5589:
5523:
5423:
5402:
2635:
2482:
2476:
2223:
1909:
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Tensions are separated into four distinct categories: performing, organizing, belonging, and learning.
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operations. The Social Enterprise Alliance (SEA) defines the following as reasons for this transition:
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5383:
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2730:
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2325:
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2264:
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5407:
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4383:
3792:"SAP BrandVoice: Lessons In Procurement With A Purpose From Australia's Social Enterprise Pioneers"
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2317:
1654:
1610:
partner in social enterprise development. Their mission is building a new generation of producers.
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825:
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2731:"A Systematic Review of Performance Measurement Systems and Their Relevance to Social Enterprises"
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but also companies limited by shares, unincorporated associations, partnerships and sole traders.
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5755:
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5695:
5339:
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5012:
http://www.agendaproductividad.cl/ejes/mejores-mercados/creacion-de-marco-juridico-de-empresas-b/
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and/or sale of goods and services (rather than predominantly advisory or grant-giving functions).
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1544:
812:
759:
In recent years, there has been a rise in the concept of social purpose businesses, which pursue
724:
have also published research into social enterprise. The Skoll World Forum, organised jointly by
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2801:
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founder and 2006 Nobel Peace Prize laureate) used the term "social enterprise" in his 2009 book
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Three common characteristics of social enterprises as defined by Social Enterprise London are:
1998:
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629:
401:
357:
317:
239:
55:
3301:
Bielefeld, Wolfgang (Winter 2009). "Issues in Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship".
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The national membership and campaigning body for the social enterprise movement in Britain is
596:, and each made contributions to the development of the social entrepreneurship field through
5710:
5509:
5428:
5319:
5284:
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Enterprise for Communities: Report on the public consultation and the government's intentions
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1594:
From the academe, a course "Social Entrepreneurship and Management" was first offered at the
1487:
907:, or B-Corp, is a corporation that operates to achieve or create a "general public benefit".
760:
405:
4772:
1638:
A major player in the social entrepreneurship space in Thailand is ChangeFusion, led by the
474:
legal structure where members/owners have one voting share and different forms of investment
5715:
5650:
5224:
2356:
2112:
was first developed by Freer Spreckley in 1978, and later included in a publication called
2089:
2072:
1875:
The Commission uses the term 'social enterprise' to cover the following types of business:
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1437:
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685:
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Spear, R. (2001). "United Kingdom: Labour Market Integration and Employment Creation", in
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8:
5685:
5635:
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2436:
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2014:
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those where profits are mainly reinvested with a view to achieving this social objective,
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1218:
900:
649:
585:
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381:
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243:
211:
3516:. July 2013;23(3):407-442. Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed 4 April 2018.
1908:
In the Czech Republic a working party stemming from the development partnerships in the
1053:
ASENA brings together representatives from the social enterprise networks in Australia:
5773:
5545:
5473:
5378:
5324:
3924:
3875:
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3353:
Bielefeld, Wolfgang (2009). "Issues in Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship".
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1989:
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and delivers consultancy and business support across the world in countries including
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4045:
http://www.shababinclusion.org/files/1576_file_MEYI_Social_Entrepreneurship_final.pdf
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3916:
3510:
Managing Social-Business Tensions: A Review and Research Agenda for Social Enterprise
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Building Social Business is a book about social enterprise written by Muhammad Yunus.
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whose activity may be outside the realm of the provision of social goods or services.
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1358:
1311:
1234:
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Democratic governance, where each worker/community resident is a member with one vote
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5098:, eds. Spear, R., Defourney, J., Favreau, L. & Laville, J-L. Aldershot: Ashgate.
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for non-profits to use to meet their mission to contribute to healthy communities."
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Reinvest the majority of their profit or surplus in the fulfilment of their mission.
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3669:
Social Enterprise Network Victoria 'Annual Review 2020-2021' (October 2021) at 7.
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3362:
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2459:(Edinburgh), established under the directorship of Declan Jones. Senscot, based in
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universities, brings together researchers and practitioners from across the globe.
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Borzaga, C. and Defourny, J. (2001) The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Routelege.
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A social enterprises can be structured as a business, a partnership for profit or
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4286:"Mechai Viravaidya: How Mr. Condom made Thailand a better place | Video on"
4057:"Schwab / Work Economic Forum list of the Middle Easts top social entrepreneurs"
2004:
Also intended to generate more social enterprises is the non-profit cooperative
5314:
5169:
4421:"IMPRESA SOCIALE: Protocollo d'intesa tra Agenzia per le Onlus e Italia Lavoro"
4186:"Report: Malaysia ranks high as pioneering country for social entrepreneurship"
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1923:
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As part of its Social Business Initiative, which ran from 2011 until 2014, the
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Gordon Allinson, Paul Braidford, Maxine Houston, Fred Robinson and Ian Stone.
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http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0682:FIN:EN:PDF
4020:"Social Entrepreneurship in the Middle East: Old Practice, New Concept (SSIR)"
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1205:
Social enterprises use earned revenue strategies to pursue a double or triple
620:) in comparison to private-sector business education. Teaching related to the
5817:
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5076:
Social Enterprises in Europe: Between Market, Public Policies and Communities
4665:"Business Support For Social Enterprises: Findings from a longitudinal study"
4162:. Social Enterprise Alliance – Malaysia Chapter. 1 April 2014. Archived from
3920:
3417:
3063:
3018:
2906:
2750:
2432:
2213:
2153:
1855:
is being picked up and used in different ways in various European countries.
1607:
1460:
organizations are legally allowed to raise fund for non-business activities.
1298:
1271:
1214:
1183:
756:, democratic control of capital, and mutual principles than on philanthropy.
227:
3671:
https://senvic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/SENVIC_ANNUAL-REPORT_2021_web_d.pdf
2324:(LDA) to establish both an undergraduate degree in social enterprise at the
2218:
1194:; paying equitable wages to their employees; using environmentally friendly
235:
can be expanded or replicated to other communities to generate more impact.
5640:
5254:
4447:
2526:
2488:
CICs can be limited by shares, or by guarantee, and will have a statutory "
2451:, social enterprise is a devolved function and is part of the remit of the
2390:
2239:
2141:
2093:
1465:
1279:
1199:
1195:
877:
869:
845:
787:
741:
740:
The term 'social enterprise' has a mixed and contested heritage due to its
605:
569:
559:
418:
361:
231:
219:
3911:
3894:
3477:
Savio, M. and Rhigetti, A. (1993) "Co-operatives as a social enterprise",
2992:"Social Enterprises as Hybrid Organisations: A Review and Research Agenda"
5264:
5219:
2501:
2284:
2172:
2165:
1851:
Despite, and sometimes in contradiction to, such academic work, the term
1743:' rather than a prescriptive definition — which relies on nine criteria:
1603:
1599:
Wealth for the Poor" was held at the University of Asia and the Pacific.
1375:
1347:
1230:
1206:
764:
745:
625:
4364:
L'approche EMES de l'entreprise sociale dans une perspective comparative
3879:
3650:"Launch of the Alliance of Social Enterprise Networks Australia (ASENA)"
3374:
3129:
2959:
2951:
2040:
1486:
Another area of social enterprise in India and the developing world are
226:. A social enterprise's main purpose is to promote, encourage, and make
5604:
5388:
5090:
Fortune at the Base of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits
3748:"Paving Pathways: A review of the Impact Investment Ready Growth Grant"
3206:
3010:
2489:
1845:
1740:
1707: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
752:
doing trade'. In other countries, there is a much stronger emphasis on
653:
284: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4333:
4308:"Singha Park, A Social Enterprise to Help Farmers in Thailand's North"
2013:
cooperative "Cauto", which manages the entire trash life-cycle in the
1512:
which encourages companies to purchase products or services from SEs.
437:
5690:
5614:
5504:
5499:
5418:
5413:
5294:
4716:
2460:
2384:
2259:
2249:
2145:
1736:
1433:
1030:
Social enterprise contributes $ 29.7 billion to the national economy.
985:
633:
4263:"Global Social Venture Competition – South East Asia Regional Round"
3551:
2773:"Scaling Social Impact: Strategies for Spreading Social Innovations"
1682:
1529:
1245:
932:
575:
259:
5665:
5655:
4785:
4420:
3866:
Mathew, P. M. (2008). "Social Enterprises in the Competitive Era".
3409:
2798:"What is a Disregarded Entity – Disregarded Entity Definition"
2679:
Mathew, P. M. (2008). "Social Enterprises in the Competitive Era".
2448:
2402:
2368:
2021:
1619:
1483:
has helped pull millions of small farmers out of poverty in India.
1330:
806:
459:
207:
4885:
4811:
4611:"Charity vs social enterprise: What's best for your new business?"
3681:
3104:
2379:. Claire Dove is the Chair of SEUK and runs the social enterprise
1248:
offers third-party accreditation to social enterprise businesses.
4501:"Social Audit – A Management Tool for Co-operative Working"
4163:
2853:"Social Audit – A Management Tool for Co-operative Working"
2825:"Social Audit – A Management Tool for Co-operative Working"
2542:
2538:
2360:
2349:
2341:
2130:. Freer later revised the Social Audit in a more structured way.
1627:
1315:
1285:
Social enterprises may use earned revenue strategies to pursue a
617:
597:
568:, and in other essays. Muhammad Yunus used the term referring to
223:
5064:
Life Entrepreneurs: Ordinary People Creating Extraordinary Lives
4763:, HM Treasury. The appendices show quotations from contributors.
4146:"India has 31 lakh NGOs, more than double the number of schools"
3273:
Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change
3045:"What's in a Name? Making Sense of Social Enterprise Discourses"
2889:
Social enterprise : empowering mission-driven entrepreneurs
2705:
Social enterprise : empowering mission-driven entrepreneurs
1346:
There is no separate legal entity for social enterprises in the
5433:
5304:
4989:
4855:
3657:
ASENA Alliance of Social Enterprise Networks Australia launched
2577:
2573:
2565:
2522:
1635:
development and education) and CSA Munching box (agriculture).
1509:
1319:
1257:
840:(SRI) seeks to maximize both financial gain and social impact.
215:
2171:
Whereas conventional businesses distribute their profit among
2100:
report 'Social Enterprise: a strategy for success' report as:
2017:. One-third of Cauto's workers are disabled or disadvantaged.
5581:
4833:
3971:
3396:
Dart, Raymond (2004). "The legitimacy of social enterprise".
2602:
2568:
are often focused on the creation of sustainable employment.
2518:
2372:
2345:
1912:
programme agreed on the following distinctions (April 2008):
1449:
917:
409:
employee-owned enterprises and membership-owned enterprises.
5070:
Mission, Inc.: The Practitioner's Guide to Social Enterprise
1432:
There is no separate legal entity for social enterprises in
1333:
are some well known social enterprises operating in Canada.
1293:, either alone (as a social economy business, in either the
521:
the expansion in the demand for non-profit provided services
518:
increased competition due to growth in the charitable sector
86:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
5269:
5161:
4262:
4120:
3895:"Challenges Facing Social Enterprises in the United States"
3624:
2990:
Doherty, Bob; Haugh, Helen; Lyon, Fergus (1 October 2014).
2716:
1773:
Social enterprises' activities require a minimum number of
1410:
Zhao identified three forms of social enterprise in China:
1209:, either alone (as a social sector business, in either the
1073:
4237:"Impacting Communities as a Social Enterprise in Malaysia"
2500:
Another type of social enterprise category in the UK is a
1504:
1361:
there are 35 top social entrepreneurs in the Middle East.
1041:
515:
the decline in government and public philanthropic support
5566:
4341:
4043:
The "Social Entrepreneurship in the Middle East" report:
2891:(1st ed.). Chicago, Ill.: American Bar Association.
1841:
provision of social, community and environmental services
1109:
lead role in the development of the second strategy, the
819:
4071:
Social Enterprise Promotion Act: The Case of South Korea
2114:
Social Audit: A Management Tool for Co-operative Working
1282:; providing volunteers to help with community projects).
999:
Derive a substantial portion of their income from trade.
788:
Social enterprise versus corporate social responsibility
3817:"Social Enterprise Certification Launches in Australia"
3766:"Australians support doing business while doing good -"
3228:
1490:(BOP) businesses which were identified and analyzed by
1047:
984:
to define social enterprise and, for the first time in
4670:. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS)
4368:
http://www.emes.net/uploads/media/EMES-WP-13-02-FR.pdf
3594:
3592:
3590:
2481:
The UK has also developed a new legal form called the
1642:
Fellow Sunit Shrestha. A major figure in the space is
1127:
824:
Social impact and social enterprise are not the same.
3682:
Social Enterprise Network Victoria (September 2022).
1407:
was still "trying to understand the new phenomenon".
774:
648:
and its relationship to the competitive advantage of
3893:
Abramson, Alan J.; Billings, Kara C. (1 July 2019).
3570:"Infographic – Facts & Figures – Map for Impact"
2707:(1st ed.). Chicago, Ill.: American Bar Association.
1033:
Social enterprises employ 340,000 people nationally.
5119:
Community and Mutual Ownership: A historical review
3770:
Fundraising & Philanthropy Australasia Magazine
3587:
2800:. Biztaxlaw.about.com. 13 July 2013. Archived from
1975:In Finland a law was passed in 2004 that defines a
1329:Habitat for Humanity ReStore, Eva's Print Shop and
851:
438:
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and charities
238:A social enterprise can be more sustainable than a
5117:Woodin, T., Crook, D., and Carpentier, V. (2010).
4706:, published by Kellogg College, Oxford University.
3718:– via The Yunus Centre, Griffith University.
1830:integration of disadvantaged people through work (
1256:The Social Enterprise Council of Canada (SECC) of
1066:South Australian Social Enterprise Council (SASEC)
242:that may solely rely on grant money, donations or
3995:"3 Social Enterprises In Canada Making An Impact"
3736:– via The Yunus Centre Griffith University.
2580:, and provide three levels of mechanic training.
1069:West Australian Social Enterprise Council (WASEC)
933:Types of tensions in social enterprise management
576:Adoption of social enterprise across institutions
5815:
4589:"Do name and form matter for social enterprise?"
3892:
2989:
2936:
1648:Population and Community Development Association
1048:Alliance of Social Enterprise Networks Australia
807:Social enterprise versus social entrepreneurship
5681:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
4531:
4498:
4441:
4380:"Social entrepreneurship - European Commission"
2850:
2822:
2545:and in overseas markets of Europe and America.
2470:
1016:needs, nearly one-third trade internationally.
3251:"Princeton Social Entrepreneurship Initiative"
1622:social entrepreneurship is small but growing.
97:to make improvements to the overall structure.
5147:
3691:Social Enterprise Network Victoria - About Us
3207:"Social Enterprise – Harvard Business School"
2729:Cosa, Marcello; Urban, Boris (20 July 2023).
2525:, a social enterprise that plants trees with
2202:
1060:Social Enterprise Council NSW and ACT (SECNA)
710:and social enterprise is also covered by the
495:Operating in environmentally responsible ways
481:The three principles, now referred to as the
5062:Gergen, Christopher, Gregg Vanourek (2008),
4688:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4334:สำนักงานสร้างเสริมกิจการเพื่อสังคมแห่งชาติ.
2919:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2594:of US$ 1,500 million between 2014 and 2018.
2564:As in much of Africa, social enterprises in
832:
608:) and critical traditions in research (e.g.
4444:"Make a change per l'imprenditoria sociale"
4362:Jacques Defourny and Marthe Nyssens (2013)
3993:Reporter, IBTimes Staff (8 February 2019).
2999:International Journal of Management Reviews
2308:, details the findings of the 2013 survey.
1558:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1063:Queensland Social Enterprise Council (QSEC)
1057:Social Enterprise Network Victoria (SENVIC)
860:ran the 'Not In Our Name' campaign against
718:Annals of Co-operative and Public Economics
706:, and coverage of issues pertaining to the
660:in conjunction with the emerging fields of
489:Trading and financially viable independence
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5154:
5140:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4337:สำนักงานสร้างเสริมกิจการเพื่อสังคมแห่งชาติ
1508:Accreditation (IDEA). MaGIC also launched
1452:, a social enterprise may be a non-profit
1006:
512:the increase in non-profit operating costs
428:
5128:. London: Development Trusts Association.
5101:
5085:. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
4566:"Information provided by companies house"
3910:
3352:
3300:
2728:
1723:Learn how and when to remove this message
1578:Learn how and when to remove this message
872:founder and Nobel Peace Prize laureate),
412:
344:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
5047:Hybrid Organizations in the Third Sector
3992:
3042:
2940:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
2270:Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship
443:environmental aims of the organisation.
5515:Pollutant release and transfer register
4629:
4407:, 25 October 2011 COM(2011) 682 final,
4098:
4096:
4088:International Journal of Social Welfare
3038:
3036:
2467:and Co-operative Development Scotland.
2465:Development Trusts Association Scotland
1042:Social enterprise practitioner networks
417:Savings and loan organisations such as
372:(a form of business classification for
14:
5816:
5126:A History of Community Asset Ownership
4283:
4104:The Social Enterprise Emerges in China
3865:
3600:"Download the Report – Map for Impact"
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3286:Social Enterprise: A Global Comparison
3100:
3098:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2932:
2930:
2846:
2844:
1858:
820:Social impact versus social enterprise
395:
388:, a company limited by guarantee or a
5300:Principles for Responsible Investment
5135:
5083:At the Heart of the Community Economy
5052:Borzaga, C. and Defourny, J. (2001).
4810:. Theacademy-ssea.org. Archived from
4340:(in Thai). Tseo.or.th. Archived from
4160:"Social Enterprise Alliance Malaysia"
3968:"Social Enterprise Council of Canada"
3763:
3296:
3294:
2882:
2880:
1481:International Development Enterprises
5789:
5104:"Social Enterprise Planning Toolkit"
4586:
4442:Abirascid, Emil (19 November 2010).
4423:. impresasociale.info. 19 March 2008
4110:, Spring 2012, accessed 12 July 2021
4093:
3395:
3179:
3033:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2035:
1705:adding citations to reliable sources
1676:
1556:adding citations to reliable sources
1523:
1072:Social Enterprise Network Tasmania (
897:low-profit limited liability company
282:adding citations to reliable sources
253:
124:
70:
29:
5121:. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
5096:Tackling Social Exclusion in Europe
4644:, page 5, accessed 2 September 2023
4539:. Local Livelihoods. Archived from
4506:. Local Livelihoods. Archived from
3728:
3710:
3493:
3432:Research on social entrepreneurship
3398:Nonprofit Management and Leadership
3355:Journal of Public Affairs Education
3229:"Stanford Social Innovation Review"
3095:
2974:
2927:
2858:. Beechwood College. Archived from
2841:
2830:. Beechwood College. Archived from
2583:
1832:work integration social enterprises
1274:indirectly through the practice of
1190:(e.g., creating and implementing a
1186:indirectly through the practice of
1160:
1128:National Social Enterprise Strategy
982:Queensland University of Technology
624:draws explicitly from the works of
24:
5479:Environmental full-cost accounting
5068:Kevin Lynch, Julius Walls, (2009)
5054:The Emergence of Social Enterprise
5049:. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
3859:
3346:
3291:
3288:, University Press of New England.
3275:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2886:
2877:
2735:Journal of Social Entrepreneurship
2572:established a stitching centre in
2426:industrial and provident societies
2245:Fairfield Materials Management Ltd
1596:University of Asia and the Pacific
1111:Social Enterprise Strategy 2021-25
1079:Impact North (Northern Territory).
923:
775:Social enterprise versus nonprofit
704:Journal of Social Entrepreneurship
592:universities built on the work of
376:purposes in the United States), a
140:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
5870:
4108:Stanford Social Innovation Review
3789:
3764:Joyce, Clare (25 November 2019).
3451:. Not In Our Name. Archived from
3434:, ARNOVA occasional paper series,
3150:
2722:
2690:
2656:Public/social/private partnership
2626:Corporate social entrepreneurship
2078:
1903:
1369:
1202:to help with community projects).
795:corporate responsibility policies
550:
45:This article has multiple issues.
5788:
5779:
5778:
5768:
5353:
5260:Extended producer responsibility
5042:. Baden-Baden: Nomos Publishing.
4366:, EMES working paper no. 13/02,
4260:
3182:"The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006"
3052:Public Policy and Administration
2334:Liverpool John Moores University
2098:Department of Trade and Industry
2039:
1681:
1528:
1165:
852:Salesforce.com trademark dispute
258:
150:guide to writing better articles
129:
75:
34:
5469:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
5016:
5004:
4978:
4952:
4926:
4900:
4870:
4848:
4826:
4800:
4778:
4773:"Social Enterprise in Scotland"
4766:
4753:
4740:
4731:
4709:
4696:
4656:
4647:
4603:
4580:
4558:
4525:
4492:
4466:
4435:
4413:
4398:
4372:
4356:
4327:
4300:
4277:
4254:
4229:
4203:
4178:
4152:
4138:
4113:
4080:
4063:
4049:
4037:
4012:
3986:
3960:
3935:
3886:
3834:
3809:
3783:
3757:
3740:
3722:
3704:
3675:
3663:
3642:
3617:
3562:
3544:
3519:
3484:
3471:
3441:
3424:
3389:
3329:
3278:
3265:
3243:
3221:
3199:
3173:
3144:
3085:
3043:Teasdale, Simon (25 May 2011).
2495:
2181:corporate social responsibility
2140:include community enterprises,
1692:needs additional citations for
1276:corporate social responsibility
1188:corporate social responsibility
970:
889:
801:Corporate social responsibility
744:roots in the United States and
713:Journal of Co-operative Studies
691:
269:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
5741:Socially responsible marketing
5736:Socially responsible investing
4748:Strategy for Social Enterprise
4314:. PR Newswire. 18 January 2016
3842:"What Is a Social Enterprise?"
3508:Smith W, Gonin M, Besharov M.
3367:10.1080/15236803.2009.12001544
3315:10.1080/15236803.2009.12001544
3092:Baden-Baden: Nomos Publishing.
2816:
2790:
2765:
2673:
2431:In April 2012, Prime Minister
2422:companies limited by guarantee
1987:Italy passed a law in 2005 on
1819:Limited distribution of profit
1802:not based on capital ownership
1519:
1364:
1341:
1118:Catalyst 2030 Government Award
838:Socially responsible investing
735:
600:initiatives and publications.
13:
1:
5731:Socially responsible business
3868:Economic and Political Weekly
3479:Acta Psychiatrica Scadanavica
2743:10.1080/19420676.2023.2236628
2681:Economic and Political Weekly
2666:
2083:
1454:non-governmental organization
910:
421:, microcredit organisations,
5676:Environmental pricing reform
5207:environmental responsibility
4960:"Alive & Kicking Zambia"
4934:"Social Enterprise in Kenya"
4642:Start your Social Enterprise
4568:. Wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk
3999:International Business Times
3527:"Social Enterprise Strategy"
2507:
2471:Community Interest Companies
2026:Global Entrepreneurship Week
1667:
1427:
1420:the startup for social good.
684:, a global event focused on
7:
5706:Market governance mechanism
5562:Global Reporting Initiative
5532:standards and certification
5439:Social return on investment
4908:"Alive & Kicking Kenya"
4808:"Social Enterprise Academy"
3731:"Directions Report: Part 2"
2651:Mutualism (economic theory)
2609:
2442:
2316:The first agency in the UK—
1937:of sustainable development.
1752:Continuous activity of the
1613:
1602:A social enterprise in the
1497:
1479:In the agriculture sector,
502:social accounting and audit
10:
5875:
5646:Community interest company
5590:Community-based monitoring
5424:Genuine progress indicator
5032:
4077:, accessed 5 November 2022
3846:Social Enterprise Alliance
3337:Journal of Business Ethics
3153:"Building Social Business"
3110:Journal of Business Ethics
2636:List of social enterprises
2483:community interest company
2477:Community Interest Company
2474:
2391:Social Enterprise Mark CIC
2203:Some UK social enterprises
1970:
1336:
672:to explain its processes.
644:informing the debate over
453:
446:
386:community interest company
5764:
5671:Environmental degradation
5623:
5580:
5554:
5520:Sustainability accounting
5452:
5384:Ethical positioning index
5362:
5351:
5176:
5102:Spreckley, Freer (2011).
4775:, Retrieved 30 June 2007.
4719:. Socialenterprise.org.uk
3514:Business Ethics Quarterly
3303:Journal of Public Affairs
3122:10.1007/s10551-007-9500-7
2559:
2330:Social Enterprise Journal
2326:University of East London
2322:London Development Agency
2311:
2265:London Symphony Orchestra
2150:employee-owned businesses
1251:
833:Social enterprise funding
767:for charitable purposes.
702:has been followed by the
699:Social Enterprise Journal
5834:Types of business entity
5701:Health impact assessment
5572:Sustainability reporting
5541:Toxics Release Inventory
5335:Transparency (behavioral
5310:Social impact assessment
5199:Corporate accountability
5074:Nyssens, M. ed. (2006).
4532:Freer Spreckley (1981).
4499:Freer Spreckley (1981).
4336:
3684:"Strategic Plan 2022-25"
3180:Oslo (13 October 2006).
3064:10.1177/0952076711401466
2851:Freer Spreckley (1981).
2823:Freer Spreckley (1981).
2588:
2537:of Kenya. They also run
2512:
2318:Social Enterprise London
2290:
2136:In the British context,
2108:The original concept of
2096:CIC comes from the 2002
2031:
1982:
1844:ethical trading such as
1655:Mae Fah Luang Foundation
1443:
1397:
1192:philanthropic foundation
811:Like social enterprise,
656:and entrepreneurship by
249:
206:Social enterprises have
5854:Social entrepreneurship
5844:Sustainable development
5756:Supply chain management
5696:Global justice movement
5495:profit-and-loss account
4591:. Third Sector Magazine
3552:"News – Map for Impact"
2887:J., Lane, Marc (2011).
2703:J., Lane, Marc (2011).
2531:mitigate climate change
2280:Two Fingers Brewing Co.
1931:Social entrepreneurship
1766:A significant economic
1672:
1007:Map for Impact research
813:social entrepreneurship
429:Community organisations
5721:SDG Publishers Compact
5483:Environmental conflict
5290:Organizational justice
4750:. London: HM Treasury.
4717:"Social Enterprise UK"
4640:Social Enterprise UK,
4534:"Social Audit Toolkit"
3899:Nonprofit Policy Forum
3253:. Mypace.princeton.edu
2661:Social venture capital
2457:Heriot-Watt University
2399:Futurebuilders England
2255:John Lewis Partnership
2229:The Co-operative Group
2168:, and leisure trusts.
2124:
2106:
2094:Social Enterprise Mark
1999:socially disadvantaged
1901:
1038:enterprise community.
492:Creating social wealth
413:Financial institutions
402:John Lewis Partnership
240:nonprofit organisation
5711:Product certification
5510:Life-cycle assessment
5429:Performance indicator
5320:Social responsibility
5285:Organizational ethics
5215:social responsibility
4704:Mutuals Yearbook 2009
4069:Lee Prof Kwang Taek,
3943:"Social Impact Buyer"
3912:10.1515/npf-2018-0046
3729:Hannant; et al.
3711:Hannant; et al.
2616:Bottom of the pyramid
2306:The People's Business
2119:
2102:
1869:
1488:bottom of the pyramid
1414:the social enterprise
761:social responsibility
406:Mondragon Corporation
5849:Social entrepreneurs
5716:Public participation
5651:Conflict of interest
5241:inequality in the UK
5233:in the United States
5225:Environmental racism
5088:Prahalad, CK (2009)
5078:. London: Routledge.
5056:. London: Routledge.
3271:Nicholls, A. (2006)
2357:Social Enterprise UK
2162:housing associations
2090:Social Enterprise UK
2073:Empresa de insercion
1701:improve this article
1624:Thammasat University
1552:improve this section
1462:Child Rights and You
1438:venture philanthropy
942:Performance tensions
874:Richard G. Wilkinson
858:Social Enterprise UK
754:community organising
686:social entrepreneurs
678:Said Business School
666:actor-network theory
614:institutional theory
528:institutional theory
462:, co-operatives and
390:charity organisation
278:improve this article
27:Type of organization
5686:Ethical consumerism
5636:Benefit corporation
5528:metrics and indices
5330:Sullivan principles
5245:injustice in Europe
5081:Pearce, J. (1993).
5045:Billis, D. (2010).
4914:on 14 February 2012
4454:on 25 December 2010
4386:on 23 December 2014
4121:"Social Enterprise"
3604:mapforimpact.com.au
3574:mapforimpact.com.au
3556:mapforimpact.com.au
3481:, 88(4), p. 238-42.
3106:Cornelius, Nelarine
2952:10.1509/jppm.11.033
2570:Alive & Kicking
2550:Alive & Kicking
2453:Scottish Government
2437:Big Society Capital
2015:Province of Brescia
1865:European Commission
1859:European Commission
1787:An explicit aim of
1219:profit maximization
949:Organizing tensions
905:benefit corporation
901:benefit corporation
396:Trading enterprises
382:benefit corporation
366:mutual organisation
293:"Social enterprise"
244:government policies
95:editing the article
5824:Social enterprises
5774:Environment portal
5546:Triple bottom line
5474:Emission inventory
5379:Double bottom line
5325:Stakeholder theory
5124:Wyler, S. (2009).
4992:on 8 February 2012
4858:. Cdscotland.co.uk
4587:Schwartz, Rodney.
4344:on 23 October 2013
3821:Pro Bono Australia
3455:on 3 February 2013
3284:Kerlin, J. (2009)
3011:10.1111/ijmr.12028
2804:on 21 October 2013
2621:Citizen enterprise
2158:development trusts
2144:, trading arms of
2138:social enterprises
2128:triple bottom line
2051:. You can help by
1795:Citizen initiative
1747:Economic criteria:
1417:the social startup
1405:Chinese government
1291:triple bottom line
956:Belonging tensions
565:Banker to the Poor
483:triple bottom line
404:in the UK and the
370:disregarded entity
5809:
5808:
5726:Social enterprise
5631:Bangladesh Accord
5491:management system
5487:impact assessment
5464:Carbon accounting
5394:Impact assessment
5345:UN Global Compact
5237:in Western Europe
5189:Aarhus Convention
4940:. 10 January 2014
4878:"Social Firms UK"
4090:, 22(3): 236-247.
3449:"Not in our Name"
3151:Yunus, Muhammad.
2110:social enterprise
2069:
2068:
1977:social enterprise
1942:Social enterprise
1853:social enterprise
1789:community benefit
1733:
1732:
1725:
1646:, founder of the
1644:Mechai Viravaidya
1588:
1587:
1580:
1387:Ministry of Labor
1359:Schwab Foundation
1357:According to the
1235:social innovators
963:Learning tensions
682:Skoll World Forum
670:complexity theory
662:social innovation
658:Joseph Schumpeter
464:public enterprise
423:cooperative banks
354:
353:
346:
328:
200:social enterprise
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
144:used on Knowledge
142:encyclopedic tone
123:
122:
115:
88:layout guidelines
68:
18:Social Enterprise
16:(Redirected from
5866:
5792:
5791:
5782:
5781:
5772:
5357:
5275:Little Eichmanns
5156:
5149:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5114:
5108:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4988:. Archived from
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4962:. Archived from
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4910:. Archived from
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4888:on 16 April 2015
4884:. Archived from
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4836:. Dtascot.org.uk
4830:
4824:
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4538:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4480:on 30 March 2012
4476:. Archived from
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4450:. Archived from
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4417:
4411:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4382:. Archived from
4376:
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4351:
4349:
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4321:
4319:
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4091:
4084:
4078:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4053:
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4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3970:. Archived from
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3914:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3863:
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3829:
3827:
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3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3787:
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3639:
3637:
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3548:
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3506:
3491:
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3475:
3469:
3468:
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3460:
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3439:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3350:
3344:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3298:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
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3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3157:www.bartleby.com
3148:
3142:
3141:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3081:on 7 March 2019.
3080:
3074:. Archived from
3049:
3040:
3031:
3030:
2996:
2987:
2972:
2971:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2837:on 1 March 2020.
2836:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2726:
2720:
2701:
2688:
2677:
2646:MicroConsignment
2641:Micro-enterprise
2631:Impact investing
2584:In Latin America
2535:Eastern Province
2533:in the semiarid
2381:Blackburne House
2377:Gillingham, Kent
2365:Northern Ireland
2363:, as well as in
2338:Future Jobs Fund
2332:(now managed by
2275:Technology Trust
2240:The Eden Project
2234:Divine Chocolate
2064:
2061:
2043:
2036:
1800:Decision making
1782:Social criteria:
1759:A high level of
1728:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1685:
1677:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1532:
1524:
1308:British Columbia
1161:In North America
883:The Spirit Level
636:, with works by
472:common ownership
349:
342:
338:
335:
329:
327:
286:
262:
254:
191:
184:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
152:for suggestions.
148:See Knowledge's
133:
132:
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
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5873:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5829:Business models
5814:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5760:
5619:
5576:
5550:
5455:
5448:
5444:Whole-life cost
5374:Corporate crime
5365:
5358:
5349:
5280:Loss and damage
5250:Ethical banking
5194:Climate justice
5181:
5172:
5160:
5111:British Council
5106:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4966:on 25 July 2012
4958:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4814:on 12 June 2013
4806:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4617:. 27 March 2009
4609:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4546:on 5 April 2016
4543:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4513:on 1 March 2020
4510:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4317:
4315:
4306:
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4301:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4217:. 23 April 2022
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
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4144:
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4139:
4129:
4127:
4125:www.sehk.gov.hk
4119:
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4101:
4094:
4085:
4081:
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4055:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
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4013:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3947:Society Profits
3941:
3940:
3936:
3891:
3887:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
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3643:
3633:
3631:
3629:seespace.com.au
3623:
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3606:
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3567:
3563:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3531:djpr.vic.gov.au
3525:
3524:
3520:
3507:
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3472:
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3456:
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3283:
3279:
3270:
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3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
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3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
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3161:
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3149:
3145:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3047:
3041:
3034:
2994:
2988:
2975:
2935:
2928:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2885:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2865:on 1 March 2020
2862:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2727:
2723:
2702:
2691:
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2669:
2612:
2591:
2586:
2562:
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2498:
2479:
2473:
2445:
2314:
2293:
2205:
2086:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2049:needs expansion
2034:
1990:imprese sociali
1985:
1973:
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1533:
1522:
1500:
1446:
1430:
1400:
1392:Beautiful Store
1372:
1367:
1344:
1339:
1324:Atlantic Canada
1254:
1246:Society Profits
1168:
1163:
1130:
1044:
1009:
973:
935:
926:
924:Current debates
913:
892:
880:(co-authors of
854:
835:
822:
809:
790:
777:
738:
722:Open University
694:
610:critical theory
578:
553:
540:Freer Spreckley
456:
449:
440:
431:
415:
398:
378:social business
350:
339:
333:
330:
287:
285:
275:
263:
252:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
157:
154:
147:
138:This article's
134:
130:
119:
108:
102:
99:
93:Please help by
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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5872:
5862:
5861:
5859:Social economy
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:Sustainability
5836:
5831:
5826:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5786:
5776:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
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5733:
5728:
5723:
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5713:
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5703:
5698:
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5688:
5683:
5678:
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5668:
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5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5602:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5567:GxP guidelines
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
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5460:
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5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5400:
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5381:
5376:
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5360:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5315:Social justice
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
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5217:
5211:responsibility
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5170:accountability
5159:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5130:
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5099:
5092:
5086:
5079:
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5034:
5031:
5028:
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5003:
4977:
4951:
4925:
4899:
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4799:
4777:
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4752:
4739:
4730:
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4628:
4615:Startups.co.uk
4602:
4579:
4557:
4524:
4491:
4465:
4434:
4412:
4397:
4371:
4355:
4326:
4324:Press release.
4312:prnewswire.com
4299:
4276:
4265:. Gsvc-sea.org
4253:
4241:Batik Boutique
4228:
4202:
4177:
4166:on 7 June 2014
4151:
4148:. August 2015.
4137:
4112:
4092:
4079:
4062:
4048:
4036:
4011:
3985:
3974:on 27 May 2012
3959:
3934:
3885:
3858:
3833:
3808:
3790:Galer, Susan.
3782:
3756:
3739:
3721:
3703:
3674:
3662:
3659:. 26 May 2020.
3641:
3616:
3586:
3561:
3543:
3518:
3492:
3483:
3470:
3440:
3423:
3410:10.1002/nml.43
3404:(4): 411–424.
3388:
3345:
3328:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3242:
3220:
3198:
3172:
3143:
3116:(2): 355–370.
3094:
3084:
3032:
3005:(4): 417–436.
2973:
2946:(1): 142–157.
2926:
2897:
2876:
2840:
2815:
2789:
2764:
2721:
2689:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
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2608:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2561:
2558:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2497:
2494:
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2444:
2441:
2415:Cabinet Office
2313:
2310:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:(Kuapa Kokoo)
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:United Kingdom
2077:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2044:
2033:
2030:
1984:
1981:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1924:social capital
1916:Social economy
1905:
1904:Czech Republic
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1731:
1730:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1632:Southeast Asia
1615:
1612:
1586:
1585:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1510:Buy For Impact
1499:
1496:
1492:C. K. Prahalad
1474:business model
1445:
1442:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1399:
1396:
1371:
1370:Legal supports
1368:
1366:
1363:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1253:
1250:
1223:
1222:
1203:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
972:
969:
968:
967:
960:
953:
946:
934:
931:
925:
922:
912:
909:
891:
888:
866:Muhammad Yunus
862:Salesforce.com
853:
850:
834:
831:
821:
818:
808:
805:
789:
786:
776:
773:
737:
734:
708:social economy
693:
690:
680:does host the
646:social capital
622:social economy
577:
574:
556:Muhammad Yunus
552:
551:Muhammad Yunus
549:
545:market failure
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
497:
496:
493:
490:
479:
478:
475:
455:
452:
448:
445:
439:
436:
430:
427:
414:
411:
397:
394:
352:
351:
334:September 2023
266:
264:
257:
251:
248:
194:
193:
176:
175:
137:
135:
128:
121:
120:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5871:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5812:
5802:
5801:Organizations
5799:
5797:
5796:
5787:
5785:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Disinvestment
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5609:certification
5606:
5603:
5600:
5599:certification
5596:
5595:Environmental
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5454:Environmental
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:environmental
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5167:environmental
5164:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4857:
4851:
4835:
4829:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4787:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4734:
4718:
4712:
4705:
4702:Mutuo (2009)
4699:
4691:
4685:
4666:
4659:
4650:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4590:
4583:
4567:
4561:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4343:
4339:
4330:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4287:
4280:
4264:
4257:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4147:
4141:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4083:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3874:(38): 22–24.
3873:
3869:
3862:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3749:
3743:
3732:
3725:
3714:
3707:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3630:
3626:
3625:"Home | SEES"
3620:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3343:(2): 355–370.
3342:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3252:
3246:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3202:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:(2): 99–119.
3057:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2898:9781614382003
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2713:9781614382003
2710:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2505:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:David Cameron
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:The Big Issue
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:co-operatives
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:credit unions
2139:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2047:This section
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:Make a Change
2007:
2006:Make a Change
2002:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1978:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:Participatory
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1724:
1716:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1690:This section
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1608:Gawad Kalinga
1605:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:This section
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1299:public sector
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:raw materials
1277:
1273:
1272:social change
1268:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1215:public sector
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:raw materials
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:social change
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1166:United States
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
993:
989:
987:
983:
977:
964:
961:
959:organisation.
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
939:
938:
930:
921:
919:
908:
906:
902:
898:
887:
885:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
849:
847:
841:
839:
830:
827:
826:Social impact
817:
814:
804:
802:
798:
796:
785:
781:
772:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:philanthropic
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
700:
689:
687:
683:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
548:
546:
541:
535:
532:
529:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
509:
505:
503:
494:
491:
488:
487:
486:
484:
476:
473:
469:
468:
467:
465:
461:
451:
444:
435:
426:
424:
420:
419:credit unions
410:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
348:
345:
337:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
305:
302:
298:
295: –
294:
290:
289:Find sources:
283:
279:
273:
272:
267:This section
265:
261:
256:
255:
247:
245:
241:
236:
233:
229:
228:social change
225:
221:
220:organisations
217:
213:
212:environmental
209:
204:
201:
190:
187:
172:
169:
161:
151:
145:
143:
136:
127:
126:
117:
114:
106:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5811:
5793:
5725:
5666:Eco-labeling
5641:Child labour
5536:supply chain
5534: /
5530: /
5526: /
5522: /
5493: /
5489: /
5485: /
5481: /
5255:Ethical code
5243: /
5239: /
5235: /
5231: /
5227: /
5213: /
5209: /
5205: /
5201: /
5125:
5118:
5095:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5018:
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:the original
4980:
4968:. Retrieved
4964:the original
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4938:The Guardian
4937:
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4912:the original
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4886:the original
4882:Social Firms
4881:
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4812:the original
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4780:
4768:
4760:
4759:DTI (2003),
4755:
4747:
4746:DTI (2002),
4742:
4733:
4721:. Retrieved
4711:
4703:
4698:
4672:. Retrieved
4658:
4649:
4619:. Retrieved
4614:
4605:
4593:. Retrieved
4582:
4570:. Retrieved
4560:
4548:. Retrieved
4541:the original
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4508:the original
4494:
4482:. Retrieved
4478:the original
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:the original
4448:Wired Italia
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4415:
4404:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:the original
4374:
4363:
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4342:the original
4329:
4316:. Retrieved
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