Shipbuilding - Knowledge

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could not be achieved. One study finds that there were considerable improvements in ship speed from 1750 to 1850: "we find that average sailing speeds of British ships in moderate to strong winds rose by nearly a third. Driving this steady progress seems to be the continuous evolution of sails and rigging, and improved hulls that allowed a greater area of sail to be set safely in a given wind. By contrast, looking at every voyage between the Netherlands and East Indies undertaken by the Dutch East India Company from 1595 to 1795, we find that journey time fell only by 10 percent, with no improvement in the heavy mortality, averaging six percent per voyage, of those aboard."

1595: 1169:. The origins of this technology is difficult to date, relying largely on linguistics (studying the words for parts of boats), the written comments of people from other cultures, including the observations of European explorers at the time of first contact and the later more systematic ethnographic observations of the types of craft in use. There is only a small body of archaeological evidence available. Since Island Southeast Asia contained effective maritime transport between its very large number of islands long before Austronesian seafaring, it is argued that Austronesians adopted an existing maritime technology from the existing inhabitants of this region. 2004: 1001: 13765: 13631: 12790: 12723: 12592: 11975: 11577: 1019: 1230: 2050:. The shipbuilders had no control over their lives. The builders, commoner's doctors, cooks and errands had lowest social status. The shipbuilders were forced to move away from their hometown to the shipyards. There were two major ways to enter the shipbuilder occupation: family tradition, or apprenticeship. If a shipbuilder entered the occupation due to family tradition, the shipbuilder learned the techniques of shipbuilding from his family and is very likely to earn a higher status in the shipyard. Additionally, the shipbuilder had access to 2521:

subsidisation. All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the 1994 international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the 2003–2005 round of negotiations being paused in September 2005 after no agreement was possible. After numerous efforts to restart the negotiations these were formally terminated in December 2010. The OECD's Council Working Party on Shipbuilding (WP6) will continue its efforts to identify and progressively reduce factors that distort the shipbuilding market.

2426: 992: 1720:– large ship. Southern Chinese junks showed characteristics of Austronesian ships that they are made using timbers of tropical origin, with keeled, V-shaped hull. This is different from northern Chinese junks, which are developed from flat-bottomed riverine boats. The northern Chinese junks were primarily built of pine or fir wood, had flat bottoms with no keel, water-tight bulkheads with no frames, transom (squared) stern and stem, and have their planks fastened with iron nails or clamps. 2294: 2286: 10811: 9123: 2404: 2840: 1850: 1919: 9147: 2749: 700: 2308:(1760 to 1825) western ship design remained largely based on its traditional pre-industrial designs and materials and yet greatly improved in safety as "the risk of being wrecked for Atlantic shipping fell by one-third, and of foundering by two thirds, reflecting improvements in seaworthiness and navigation respectively." The improvement in seaworthiness has been credited to adopting the stronger flushed deck design derived from 63: 1538: 10821: 836:. The north-European and Mediterranean traditions merged in the late 15th century, with carvel construction being adopted in the North and the centre-line mounted rudder replacing the quarter rudder of the Mediterranean. These changes broadly coincided with improvements in sailing rigs, with the three masted ship becoming common, with square sails on the fore and main masts, and a fore and aft sail on the mizzen. 965:, originally they were all thought to have belonged to him, but one of the 14 ships dates to 3000 BC, and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating. The ship dating to 3000 BC was about 75 feet (23 m) long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. According to professor O'Connor, the 5,000-year-old ship may have even belonged to 10831: 9135: 983: 2537:(which places restrictions on the ships that can be used for moving domestic cargoes) has meant that merchant shipbuilding has continued, albeit at a reduced rate, but such protection has failed to penalise shipbuilding inefficiencies. The consequence of this is that contract prices are far higher than those of any other country building oceangoing ships. 2183:. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal. 1591:, each carrying provisions enough for a year, and could carry 200–1000 people. The Chinese recorded that these Southeast Asian ships were hired for passage to South Asia by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims and travelers, because they did not build seaworthy ships of their own until around the 8–9th century AD. 2739:

initiated Overlord Program, and developed USV Prototypes 1 (NOMAD) and 2 (RANGER). Both of them took part in multiple fleet level exercises and demonstrations, traveled 28,982 nautical miles (53,675 km) in autonomous mode, and tested numerous payloads. Nomam, formerly known as Riley Claire, is a

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The market share of European ship builders began to decline in the 1960s as they lost work to Japan in the same way Japan most recently lost their work to South Korea and China. Over the four years from 2007, the total number of employees in the European shipbuilding industry declined from 150,000 to

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Shipbuilding was not the sole industry utilising Chinese lumber at that time; the new capital was being built in Beijing from approximately 1407 onwards, which required huge amounts of high-quality wood. These two ambitious projects commissioned by Emperor Yongle would have had enormous environmental

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As a result, the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices (although the industry experienced a price increase in the period 2003–2005 due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases), low profit margins, trade distortions and widespread

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by Michael of Rhodes, a man who began his career as an oarsman on a Venetian galley in 1401 and worked his way up into officer positions. He wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on shipbuilding, a treatise on mathematics, much material on astrology, and other materials. His treatise

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with good properties for ship construction have been used. Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists. Brittle fracture of modern vessels continues to occur from time to time because grade A and grade B steel of unknown

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went from initially eight months or longer, down to weeks or even days. They employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today. The total number of dry-cargo ships built in the United States in a 15-year period just before the war was a grand total of two.

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rice ships, with Bengal being famous for its shipbuilding industry at the time. Iron was gradually adopted in ship construction, initially to provide stronger joints in a wooden hull e.g. as deck knees, hanging knees, knee riders and the other sharp joints, ones in which a curved, progressive joint

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do not provide support in high labor cost countries, shipbuilding has gone into decline. The British shipbuilding industry is a prime example of this with its industries suffering badly from the 1960s. In the early 1970s British yards still had the capacity to build all types and sizes of merchant

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of 1843 was the first radical new design, being built entirely of wrought iron. Despite her success, and the great savings in cost and space provided by the iron hull, compared to a copper-sheathed counterpart, there remained problems with fouling due to the adherence of weeds and barnacles. As a

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Many shipbuilders working in the shipyard were forced into the occupation. The ships built for Zheng He's voyages needed to be waterproof, solid, safe, and have ample room to carry large amounts of trading goods. Therefore, due to the highly commercialized society that was being encouraged by the

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It was unknown when the Chinese people started adopting Southeast Asian (Austronesian) shipbuilding techniques. They may have been started as early as the 8th century, but the development was gradual and the true ocean-going Chinese junks did not appear suddenly. The word "po" survived in Chinese

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will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place. This is known as "block construction". The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to

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As modern shipbuilding panels on a panel line become lighter and thinner, the laser hybrid welding technique is utilized. The laser hybrid blend focuses a higher energy beam on the material to be joined, allowing it to keyhole with a much higher depth to width ratio than comparative traditional

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Shipyards became large industrial complexes, and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors. These considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights and ultimately led to the field of

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was the device that controls direction when sailing. It was a critical invention in shipbuilding technique in ancient China and was only used by the Chinese for a fairly long time. With a developing recognition of its function, the shape and configuration of the helm was continually improved by

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used jong, built in northern Java, for transporting troops overseas. The jongs were transport ships which could carry 100–2000 tons of cargo and 50–1000 people, 28.99–88.56 meter in length. The exact number of jong fielded by Majapahit is unknown, but the largest number of jong deployed in an

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and fibres which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction as well as the absence of metal nails.

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ships but today they have been reduced to a small number specialising in defence contracts, luxury yachts and repair work. Decline has also occurred in other European countries, although to some extent this has reduced by protective measures and industrial support policies. In the US, the

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Until recently, with the development of complex non-maritime technologies, a ship has often represented the most advanced structure that the society building it could produce. Some key industrial advances were developed to support shipbuilding, for instance the sawing of timbers by

1869:-built hulls where leather thongs were used to join plank boards. This consensus has recently been challenged. Haywood has argued that earlier Frankish and Anglo-Saxon nautical practice was much more accomplished than had been thought and has described the distribution of clinker 2831:

welding techniques. Typically a MIG process trails the keyhole providing filler material for the weld joint. This allows for very high penetration without excessive heat input from decreased weld metal deposited leading to less distortion and welding at higher travel speeds.

4443:: pp. 98, 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). pp. 270, 286, quoting 1938:(1368~1644) were not the same as the shipbuilders in other Chinese dynasties, due to hundreds of years of accumulated experiences and rapid changes in the Ming dynasty. Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty primarily worked for the government, under command of the 1965:. Although the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors did not emphasize sailing as much as the Yongle Emperor, they were not against it. This led to a high degree of commercialization and an increase in trade. Large numbers of ships were built to meet the demand. 5095: 2609:

fleets. As of 2023, China’s shipbuilding output, newly received orders and orders-on-hand accounted for 50.2%, 66.6% and 55% of the global market share, respectively, with double-digital growth of all three indexes compared to the previous year.

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Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan

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started to make shipbuilding a strategic industry in the 1970s, and China is now in the process of repeating these models with large state-supported investments in this industry. Conversely, Croatia is privatising its shipbuilding industry.

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were built by joining the hull planks together, edge to edge, with tenons set in mortices cut in the mating edges. A similar technique, but with the tenons being pinned in position by dowels, was used in the Mediterranean for most of

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were responsible for taking the dimensions, and details from drawings and plans and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting sketches, profiles, margins and other data. However, since the early 1970s

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A lot of maintenance is carried out while at sea or in port by ship's crew. However, a large number of repair and maintenance works can only be carried out while the ship is out of commercial operation, in a ship repair yard.

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were built, many of them in shipyards that did not exist before the war. And, they were built by a workforce consisting largely of women and other inexperienced workers who had never seen a ship before (or even the ocean).

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that could help to find clients. If a shipbuilder entered the occupation through an apprenticeship, the shipbuilder was likely a farmer before he was hired as a shipbuilder, or he was previously an experienced shipbuilder.

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ships. The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the

4452:." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.) 2072:

Shipbuilders were usually divided into different groups and had separate jobs. Some were responsible for fixing old ships; some were responsible for making the keel and some were responsible for building the helm.

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Wind-powered sawmills gave a huge productivity advantage over hand-sawn timber. 60 beams could be sawn in 4 to 5 days by the wind-powered saw, whilst hand-sawing the same quantity would take about 120 days.

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Ships. The keel is the middle of the bottom of the hull, constructed by connecting three sections; stern keel, main keel and poop keel. The hull spreads in the arc towards both sides forming the keel.

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Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Brucato, Nicolas; Cox, Murray P.; Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Adelaar, Alexander; Sudoyo, Herawati; Letellier, Thierry; Ricaut, François-Xavier (September 2016).

811:. Favoured by warmer waters and a number of inter-visible islands, boats (and, later, ships) with water-tight hulls (unlike the "flow through" structure of a raft) could be developed. The ships of 2866:

Prior to undergoing repairs, a tanker must dock at a deballasting station for completing the tank cleaning operations and pumping ashore its slops (dirty cleaning water and hydrocarbon residues).

2257:, the west moved into a new era of ship construction by building the first regular oceangoing vessels. In a relatively short time, these ships grew to an unprecedented size, complexity, and cost. 1376:. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade. Ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with 8816: 2186:

Shipbuilding in Bengal was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time, with Bengal selling ships to European firms. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a

1880:, England, where a ship was buried with a chieftain. The ship was 26 metres (85 ft) long and 4.3 metres (14 ft) wide. Upward from the keel, the hull was made by overlapping nine 5495:

on the shipyard Batavia werf, a 16th-century East Indiaman in the Netherlands. The site is constantly expanding with more historic images as in 2010 the shipyard celebrates its 25th year.

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Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà L. (2012). "Unit 14: Asian Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the protection and management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage)".

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when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century, providing great savings when compared with iron in cost and weight. Wood continued to be favored for the decks.

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From the 17th century, some kingdoms added brass or iron cannons to their vessels. By the 18th century, however, the use of swivel cannons on war canoes accelerated. The city-state of

1153:. Then, between 1500 BC and 1500 AD they settled uninhabited islands of the Pacific, and also sailed westward to Madagascar. This is associated with distinctive maritime technology: 5478: – Shipyard of the historic ships Batavia and Zeven Provincien in the Netherlands, since 1985 here have been great ships reconstructed using old construction methods. 859:

were introduced, with examples existing in the mid-18th century and from the mid-19th century onwards. This was partly led by the shortage of "compass timber", the naturally curved

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Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques

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converted offshore patrol vessel, which was built by Swiftships. The objective of the Ghost Fleet Overlord program is to convert large, commercial vessels to autonomous systems.

12271: 2502:) over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers, and generate income as the shipbuilding market is 8787: 1945:

During the early years of the Ming dynasty, the Ming government maintained an open policy towards sailing. Between 1405 and 1433, the government conducted seven diplomatic

2107:(sea ban), lasted until the end of the Ming dynasty in 1644. During this period, Chinese navigation technology did not make any progress and even declined in some aspect. 2273:

of two centuries earlier, although there had been numerous subtle improvements in ship design and construction throughout this period. For instance, the introduction of

4207: 1957:. Six voyages were conducted under the Yongle Emperor's reign, the last of which returned to China in 1422. After the Yongle Emperor's death in 1424, his successor the 621: 2265:, in which professional designers and draftsmen played an increasingly important role. Even so, construction techniques changed only very gradually. The ships of the 1899:

favored "round ships", with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends. Another important ship type was the galley, which was constructed with both sails and oars.

2043:(三朝北盟汇编) that ships made in Fujian are the best ones. Therefore, the best shipbuilders and laborers were brought from these places to support Zheng He's expedition. 3223:

Anderson, Atholl (2018). "SEAFARING IN REMOTE OCEANIA Traditionalism and Beyond in Maritime Technology and Migration". In Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).

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The Ming voyages were large in size, numbering as many as 300 ships and 28,000 men. The shipbuilders were brought from different places in China to the shipyard in

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves. 2012. "Asian ship-building traditions in the Indian Ocean at the dawn of European expansion", in: Om Prakash and D. P. Chattopadhyaya (eds),

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and adopted the Austronesian junk sail later in the 12th century. Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails, and the

629: 11494: 10704: 5143: 5033: 5274: 2035:, or 'sand-ships', are ships used primarily for inland transport. However, in recent years, some researchers agree that the treasure ships were more of the 2000:), located in Nanjing near the Treasure Shipyard where the ocean-going ships were built. The shipbuilders could build 24 models of ships of varying sizes. 1508:. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as "castle ships", which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded 1248:, using traditional Austronesian edge-dowelled techniques. Note the protruding dowels on the upper edges of the planks and the fiber caulking in the seams. 3262:

Clark, Paul; Green, Jeremy; Vosmer, Tom; Santiago, Ray (May 1993). "The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines".

1512:. However, the Chinese vessels during this era were essentially fluvial (riverine). True ocean-going Chinese fleets did not appear until the 10th century 12980: 12896: 1380:. Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India. Native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by 938: 820:. Both these variants are "shell first" techniques, where any reinforcing frames are inserted after assembly of the planking has defined the hull shape. 5190: 4701:

Toward a multicultural global history: Zheng He's voyages to the Western seas (1405–1433) and the relationship between China and the Indian Ocean region

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at around 1000 to 600 BC, linking Southeast Asia with East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and later East Africa. The route later became part of the

2069:. Considerable pressure would also have been placed on the infrastructure required to transport the trees from their point of origin to the shipyards. 12774: 5168: 3461: 8794: 2230:

peoples using war canoes of varying sizes – some 70 feet in length, 7–8 feet broad, with sharp pointed ends, rowing benches on the side, and

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When referring to the ship type, then China, South Korea and Japan are the producing countries of the carrier ships as mentioned above. While

10867: 8806: 4517: 5467: – extensive information about the U.S. shipbuilding industry, including over 500 pages of U.S. shipyard construction records 2238:

build of reeds. The watercraft included miscellaneous facilities, such as cooking hearths, and storage spaces for the crew's sleeping mats.

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shipbuilders. The shipbuilders not only needed to build the ship according to design, but needed to acquire the skills to improve the ships.

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or fiber) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the "

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toughness or fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) in ships' side shells can be less than adequate for all ambient conditions.

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expeditions, trades, and government policies, the shipbuilders needed to acquire the skills to build ships that fulfil these requirements.

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Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific

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Mahdi, Waruno (2016). "Origins of Southeast Asian Shipping and Maritime Communication Across the Indian Ocean". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).

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or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to

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All ships need repair work at some point in their working lives. A part of these jobs must be carried out under the supervision of the

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Heng, Derek (2018). "Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History". In Ludden, David (ed.).

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as early as 3100 BC. Egyptian pottery as old as 4000 BC shows designs of early fluvial boats or other means for navigation. The

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The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War,

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After 1477, the Ming government reversed its open maritime policies, enacting a series of isolationist policies in response to

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propelled. The ocean- and sea-going ships of Ancient Egypt were constructed with cedar wood, most likely hailing from Lebanon.

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1984), "Relationship and Cross-Influence between South-East Asian and Chinese Shipbuilding Traditions",

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providers) grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:

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that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped

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Horridge, Adrian (2008). "Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs". In Di Piazza, Anne; Pearthree, Eric (eds.).

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O'Connor, Sue; Hiscock, Peter (2018). "The Peopling of Sahul and Near Oceania". In Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).

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also underwent a similar change. The US is ranked the 10th largest shipbuilder worldwide. The top companies that build large

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later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in

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Zou xiang duo yuan wen hua de quan qiu shi: Zheng He xia xi yang (1405–1433) Ji zhong guo yu yin du yang shi jie de guan xi

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Large multi-masted seafaring ships of Southeast Asian Austronesians first started appearing in Chinese records during the

13518: 13422: 12661: 10679: 6033: 4004:, Volume III, part 7: The trading world of the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800, pp. 597–629. Delhi, Chennai, Chandigarh: Pearson. 3160: 3130: 1949:

to over thirty countries in Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and Eastern Africa. The voyages were initiated by the

1477: 934: 650: 605: 571: 452: 5470: 4278:"The Sea and Seacoast in Old Javanese Court Poetry: Fishermen, Ports, Ships, and Shipwrecks in the Literary Imagination" 2965:

Dutch East India Company shipbuilding : the archaeological study of Batavia and other seventeenth-century VOC ships

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics

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Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics

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during this period. By around 50 to 500 AD, a group of Austronesians, believed to be from the southeastern coasts of

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Finlay, Robert (1995). "The Treasure-Ships of Zheng He: Chinese Maritime Imperialism in the Age of Discovery". In

4640: 1416: 655: 13280: 12631: 12256: 11398: 11044: 10890: 6282: 2875: 1440:, sometimes consisting of two poles lashed together at the top making an "A" shape. They mounted a single square 100: 11319: 5144:"기획특집/ 1등 조선.해양 한국에 도전하는 해외 국가별 조선산업 현황: 1)일본, 중국, 인도, 베트남, 브라질, 폴란드, 터키, 독일 조선산업의 현황과 전망/(월간 해양과조선 2008년 11월호)" 13270: 12677: 12656: 10689: 7819: 3982: 3624:

Mahdi W (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench R, Spriggs M (eds.).

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in Dutch shipyards during the first half of the 17th century. The design process saw the early adoption of the

13571: 1670:, although oar-steered ships in China lost favor very early on since it was in the 1st century China that the 13614: 13596: 13244: 12276: 10699: 10409: 9427: 9126: 6684: 5549: 4543: 2550: 2335:

remained the dominant approach where fast ships were required, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame (

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Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.

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was recorded in Java and Bali. This type of ship was built using wooden dowels and treenails, unlike the

679: 38: 4667: 2003: 1876:). An insight into shipbuilding in the North Sea/Baltic areas of the early medieval period was found at 13447: 12710: 12553: 12425: 12315: 11073: 11037: 9886: 7849: 6764: 6529: 5853: 5330: 1765: 566: 492: 2940:

A maritime archaeology of ships: innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe

2452:, shipbuilding (which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers, and many related 1642:. This resulted in the introduction of outrigger canoe technology to non-Austronesian cultures in the 13680: 13609: 13184: 13040: 12973: 12199: 12142: 11018: 10714: 10633: 9852: 9179: 8646: 8102: 7652: 7637: 7610: 7260: 7090: 2760: 1884:

on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks together. It could hold upwards of thirty men.

1587:. Large ships are about 50–60 metres (164–197 ft) long, had 5.2–7.8 metres (17–26 ft) tall 1336:

around 2500 BC, is a full-size surviving example which may have fulfilled the symbolic function of a

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Ship-building then saw a steady improvement in design techniques and introduction of new materials.

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There is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean.

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ships. During the early 2020s, Chinese shipbuilders saw an increase in orders as operators demand

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includes prototyping and construction of up to 9 MUSVs, for which a sole contract was awarded to

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Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant

829: 808: 13586: 12010: 5083: 2320:

Initially copying wooden construction traditions with a frame over which the hull was fastened,

1606:

of Southeast Asian Austronesians. Vessels like these became the basis of Southern Chinese junks.

91: 13708: 13576: 13221: 13030: 13025: 12955: 12845: 12688: 12560: 12293: 11723: 11674: 11617: 11562: 11416: 10921: 10791: 9872: 9842: 9837: 9543: 9097: 9077: 8988: 8983: 8022: 7948: 7454: 7449: 7194: 6724: 6130: 6008: 6003: 5056: 3125: 2856: 2332: 1961:

ordered the suspension of the voyages. The seventh and final voyage began in 1430, sent by the

1798: 1497: 1127: 821: 672: 7007: 6781: 6140: 4906: 4731: 4463: 4323:"The assembly of hulls in Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions: from lashings to treenails" 4159: 3853:

Christie, Anthony (1957). "An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟϕΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ"".

3386:

Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes: Modern Construction Methods for Three Fast, Beautiful Boats

1000: 945:

that were constructed of wooden planks which were "sewn" together. Discovered by Egyptologist

13788: 13699: 13581: 13255: 13231: 13086: 12565: 12450: 12348: 12323: 11915: 11794: 11748: 11679: 11644: 9857: 9706: 9568: 9480: 8933: 8848: 8582: 8459: 8178: 8156: 8107: 7657: 7415: 7279: 6053: 5876: 5690: 3690: 3445: 3068:"Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC" 2900: 2800: 2775: 2736: 2305: 2207: 2024: 1946: 1611: 1602:, large Javanese trading vessel, extant until 17th century AD. Shown with the characteristic 1353: 1329: 1150: 803:. Much of the development beyond that raft technology occurred in the "nursery" areas of the 792: 465: 319: 11880: 11388: 7744: 7364: 6247: 5075: 3360: 3290: 2312:

designs, and the increasing use of iron reinforcement. The flushed deck originated from the

1887:

Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight

13793: 13675: 13548: 13488: 13341: 13275: 13118: 13106: 12950: 12759: 12518: 12513: 12415: 12375: 12179: 12075: 12065: 12058: 11612: 10814: 10719: 10603: 10494: 9988: 9668: 9648: 9588: 9172: 9008: 8440: 8296: 8009: 7504: 7398: 7014: 6714: 6709: 6090: 5536: 5430: 4053:

Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach".

4014:

Rafiek, M. (December 2011). "Kapal dan Perahu dalam Hikayat Raja Banjar: Kajian Semantik".

3916: 2586: 2484: 2430: 2407: 2367: 1790: 1588: 1325: 1028: 535: 281: 84: 12705: 6808: 5858: 3776:

Maguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach".

8: 13737: 13665: 13493: 13483: 13454: 13322: 13155: 13096: 12666: 12575: 12475: 12465: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12385: 12380: 12365: 12360: 12281: 12137: 12015: 11960: 11885: 11309: 11273: 10444: 10439: 9973: 9958: 9938: 9933: 9809: 9691: 9150: 9092: 9067: 8950: 8724: 8681: 8641: 8607: 8341: 8308: 8166: 7980: 7960: 7692: 7520: 7499: 7301: 7255: 6987: 6410: 5941: 5512: 4933: 4231:"Burials, Texts and Rituals: Ethnoarchaeological Investigations in North Bali, Indonesia" 3120: 2753: 2697: 2529: 2309: 2051: 1381: 950: 817: 228: 31: 6355: 5304: 3920: 3905:"Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy" 3489:ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi 1018: 13434: 13091: 12891: 12876: 12671: 12626: 12621: 12470: 12020: 11632: 11008: 10998: 10502: 10012: 9948: 9573: 9528: 9300: 9260: 9045: 9040: 8853: 8686: 8213: 8191: 8186: 8144: 8117: 8077: 7531: 7425: 7379: 7291: 7250: 7233: 7116: 7111: 6832: 6813: 6626: 6550: 6314: 6115: 6110: 5804: 4802: 4794: 4414: 4348: 4303: 4140: 4078: 4070: 3937: 3904: 3870: 3801: 3793: 3656:

Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World

3537: 3426: 3275: 3242: 3095: 2811: 2783: 2693: 2359: 2262: 2199: 1627: 1485: 1433: 1229: 766: 344: 213: 144: 8351: 7586: 5833: 4112: 3520:

Pham C, Blue L, Palmer C (May 2010). "The Traditional Boats of Vietnam, an Overview".

13354: 13015: 12963: 12945: 12886: 12508: 12445: 12440: 12370: 12266: 12226: 12221: 12204: 12174: 11840: 11784: 11778: 11627: 11604: 11426: 11356: 11314: 11003: 10936: 10796: 10653: 10484: 10464: 10051: 9794: 9518: 9360: 8913: 8729: 8703: 8691: 8676: 8587: 8435: 8262: 8161: 8092: 7774: 7769: 7709: 7702: 7667: 7430: 7245: 7153: 6901: 6854: 6731: 6591: 6581: 6546: 6536: 6504: 6447: 6442: 6345: 5633: 5591: 5438: 5416: 5191:"L3Harris Technologies Awarded Medium Unmanned Surface Vehicles Program From US Navy" 5079: 4997: 4976: 4955: 4912: 4863: 4806: 4737: 4646: 4494: 4469: 4418: 4371: 4352: 4340: 4307: 4295: 4258: 4248: 4197: 4144: 4132: 4128: 4082: 3978: 3942: 3874: 3833: 3805: 3753: 3698: 3660: 3633: 3541: 3533: 3500: 3451: 3389: 3364: 3301: 3228: 3203: 3178: 3156: 3099: 3087: 3046: 3018: 2993: 2968: 2943: 2905: 2721: 2457: 2191: 1341: 832:, but with some flush-planked ship-building in, for instance, the bottom planking of 755: 634: 551: 440: 385: 240: 195: 149: 77: 5848: 5717: 5668: 4392: 1209:

inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from

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also uniquely developed basket-hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and

743: 735: 595: 402: 260: 245: 202: 127: 111: 13347: 13216: 6992: 6190: 6058: 5838: 5169:"Navy Awards Contract for First Vessel in its Family of Unmanned Surface Vehicles" 4572: 3830:

The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times

3691:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 2358:

represented the next great development in shipbuilding. Built-in association with

1678:

was first developed. This was dually met with the introduction of the Han dynasty

1157:(both in outrigger canoes and in large planked sailing vessels), various types of 1035: 13076: 12430: 12390: 12328: 11431: 11366: 11220: 10786: 10399: 10335: 10109: 9829: 9799: 9759: 9673: 9375: 9072: 9020: 8651: 8514: 8369: 8279: 8269: 8257: 8236: 8112: 8097: 7879: 7874: 7714: 7625: 7509: 7494: 7489: 7270: 7184: 6965: 6788: 6759: 6494: 6319: 6038: 5971: 5747: 5695: 5658: 5488: 5231:"Strategic Capabilities Office Transfers Overlord Unmanned Surface Vessels to US" 4857: 4409: 3571: 2779:

assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.

2465: 2266: 2089: 2065: 1421: 1340:. Early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with 1154: 1086: 958: 863:

that meant that shapes could be cut without weaknesses caused by cuts across the

852: 848: 825: 561: 530: 475: 470: 430: 223: 13128: 7347: 5981: 5843: 4628:. The British Museum, Great Russel Street, London WCIB 3DG. pp. Chapter 22. 4335: 4322: 2425: 1821:. At its furthest extent, there is a possibility that they may have reached the 884:

The earliest known depictions (including paintings and models) of shallow-water

765:

Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as

722:. In modern times, it normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a 13382: 13316: 13071: 12830: 12698: 12503: 12498: 12209: 12162: 12080: 12025: 11753: 11659: 11622: 11469: 11331: 11165: 10765: 10755: 10663: 10623: 10419: 10414: 10379: 10330: 10305: 10295: 10285: 10099: 9862: 9558: 9380: 9365: 9350: 9250: 9050: 8973: 8739: 8629: 8624: 8602: 8389: 8376: 8319: 8252: 8240: 8134: 7975: 7943: 7844: 7598: 7570: 7535: 7476: 7034: 7029: 6997: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6827: 6670: 6586: 6362: 6301: 6175: 6028: 6023: 5976: 5966: 5956: 5727: 5618: 5606: 5576: 2771: 2630: 2590: 2414: 2270: 2148: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1782: 1569: 1542: 1509: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1256:

leaves. These sails allowed Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging.

1222: 1166: 1158: 1082: 1075: 1066: 1054: 1048: 459: 435: 395: 390: 309: 218: 185: 6160: 5767: 4790: 4066: 3866: 3789: 3496: 3422: 3083: 2512:

used shipbuilding in the 1950s and 1960s to rebuild its industrial structure;

2063:

and economic effects, even if the ships were half the dimensions given in the

991: 13782: 13730: 13415: 13375: 13361: 13020: 12835: 12610: 12157: 12152: 12125: 12053: 11950: 11484: 11406: 11155: 11135: 11098: 10988: 10735: 10628: 10598: 10300: 10270: 10265: 10255: 10202: 10056: 10041: 10003: 9953: 9943: 9696: 9653: 9410: 9335: 9285: 9245: 9240: 9087: 8597: 8232: 8042: 7859: 7854: 7719: 7556: 7540: 7408: 7394: 7275: 7238: 7169: 7101: 7095: 7080: 6975: 6960: 6868: 6519: 6372: 6335: 6309: 6150: 6095: 5946: 5931: 5757: 5601: 4829:

Tipping, Colin (November 1998). "Technical Change and the Ship Draughtsman".

4703:] (in Chinese) (First ed.). Beijing: SDX Joint Company. p. 497. 4642:

When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433

4465:

Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues

4344: 4299: 4262: 4136: 4098:

Final Report, SPAFA Workshop on Shipping and Trade Networks in Southeast Asia

3091: 2880: 2704:. In the small to medium military vessels category, key shipbuilders include 2677: 2598: 2562: 2503: 2391: 2298: 2203: 2176: 1927: 1806: 1631: 1583:"). These ships used two types of sail of their invention, the junk sail and 1352:

The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the

1313: 942: 922: 812: 804: 781: 774: 556: 368: 334: 299: 294: 190: 175: 137: 106: 54: 45: 13368: 11691: 7729: 6165: 5961: 4975:

pp. 4–9, 15–32, 2nd Edition, Glencannon Press, Palo Alto, California, 1997.

4954:

pp. 7–10, 2nd Edition, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London, England, 1985.

3855:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

3491:. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; University of Hawai'i Press. 3447:

A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i

2468:

required directly by the shipyard, along with supporting industries such as

2363: 2293: 2285: 1910:

on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships.

1436:

were typically about 25 meters (80 ft) in length and had a single

13476: 13166: 13160: 13066: 13061: 12881: 12236: 12110: 12085: 12037: 12030: 11955: 11870: 11506: 11299: 11237: 11160: 11118: 10916: 10548: 10543: 10479: 10434: 10424: 10389: 10320: 10315: 10275: 10247: 10182: 10167: 10104: 10076: 10020: 10016: 10008: 9678: 9658: 9395: 9355: 9315: 9280: 9030: 8965: 8918: 8614: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8479: 8474: 8139: 7997: 7724: 7679: 7549: 7513: 7403: 7325: 7296: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7106: 7024: 6955: 6910: 6641: 6621: 6606: 6570: 6565: 6541: 6457: 6350: 6227: 6048: 6018: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5888: 5799: 5700: 4164: 3946: 2806:

Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of

2681: 2646: 2638: 2594: 2449: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2227: 2223: 2180: 2140: 1935: 1892: 1786: 1682:

design in the same century. The Chinese were using square sails during the

1635: 1615: 1599: 1579: 1513: 1505: 1337: 1244: 1235: 1108: 905: 897: 889: 885: 711: 600: 285: 163: 13401: 7734: 6257: 6252: 6242: 6205: 6195: 6135: 6068: 5581: 4290: 4277: 2720:(USVs) development is rapidly propelled to higher priority. Key strategic 2031:

types, mainly because they were made in the treasure shipyard in Nanjing.

13715: 13298: 13237: 13056: 13010: 12995: 12923: 12651: 12130: 11935: 11830: 11637: 11373: 11304: 11210: 11128: 11113: 10931: 10770: 10760: 10648: 10474: 10459: 10325: 10310: 10260: 10207: 10172: 10114: 10061: 9993: 9734: 9450: 9400: 9195: 9082: 9062: 9035: 8861: 8619: 8519: 8217: 8206: 8201: 8149: 8027: 8017: 7886: 7342: 7311: 7306: 7265: 7174: 6950: 6925: 6920: 6889: 6646: 6601: 6509: 6489: 6222: 6145: 6105: 6013: 5993: 5737: 5722: 5712: 5648: 5568: 5498: 4243: 4230: 3679:

Cottrell, Leonard. WarriorPharaohs. London: Evans Brothers Limited, 1968.

2716:

is shifting to a new fleet architecture that is more widely distributed,

2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2642: 2554: 2513: 2469: 2442: 2231: 2195: 2144: 1896: 1826: 1810: 1683: 1679: 1663: 1643: 1564: 1481: 1377: 1146: 962: 930: 893: 754:(invented in 1615) to generate the curves used to produce the shape of a 447: 324: 314: 270: 13753: 11810: 4994:

Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,

4819:

Smith, The Canoe in West African History, Jrn Afr Hist 11:4, pp. 515–533

4074: 3797: 3430: 1891:, enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a 13250: 13081: 12940: 12928: 12840: 12749: 12338: 12090: 11758: 11733: 11712: 11654: 11516: 11489: 11205: 11085: 10658: 10613: 10394: 10340: 10290: 10280: 10232: 10222: 10177: 10119: 10084: 10024: 9779: 9769: 9764: 9628: 9583: 9432: 9345: 9310: 9025: 8955: 8925: 8908: 8886: 8696: 8566: 8561: 8274: 8222: 8047: 7970: 7869: 7764: 7442: 7352: 7337: 7320: 7316: 7073: 6842: 6576: 6472: 6452: 6383: 6217: 5998: 5867: 5863: 5752: 5596: 5435:

Arab Seafaring: In the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times

5366:"Marine Investigation Report – Hull Fracture Bulk Carrier Lake Carling" 5275:"Navy Drone Ship just Traveled Nearly 5000 miles Gulf Coast California" 5034:"In Depth: Low-Carbon Transition Has China's Shipbuilders Seeing Green" 4169: 2823: 2791: 2763: 2729: 2495: 2403: 2337: 2274: 2235: 2219: 2187: 2120: 1877: 1854: 1841:

expedition is about 400 jongs, when Majapahit attacked Pasai, in 1350.

1769: 1698: 1691: 1639: 1603: 1584: 1553: 1405: 1321: 1214: 1177: 1103: 1099: 864: 833: 719: 497: 208: 180: 13005: 6237: 6200: 5742: 5368:. Transportation Safety Board of Canada. 19 March 2002. Archived from 5351:

Drouin, P: "Brittle Fracture in ships – a lingering problem", p. 229.

4888: 4798: 4757: 4715:

Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine

4599:

The Book of Michael of Rhodes: A Fifteenth-Century Maritime Manuscript

3928: 2844: 2839: 1918: 1849: 13260: 13173: 12189: 12147: 12120: 11930: 11875: 11859: 11717: 11557: 11511: 11436: 11411: 11378: 11232: 11175: 11150: 10993: 10593: 10563: 10558: 10449: 10384: 10227: 10212: 10187: 9998: 9978: 9923: 9913: 9847: 9819: 9754: 9390: 9325: 9270: 9265: 9255: 9057: 9003: 8903: 8881: 8866: 8668: 8399: 8291: 8227: 8124: 8037: 7992: 7928: 7913: 7759: 7630: 7420: 7211: 7049: 7044: 7039: 6847: 6636: 6616: 6499: 6462: 6155: 6120: 5951: 5871: 5732: 5464: 5253:"Ghost Fleet Ship Nomad Transited Panama Canal Headed to Calirfornia" 3629: 2546: 2438: 2269:

were still built more or less to the same basic plan as those of the

1888: 1837: 1818: 1802: 1460: 1193: 1162: 1112: 1095: 1072: 1044: 1040: 937:

reports that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the

926: 867:

of the timber. Ultimately, whole ships were made of iron and, later,

795:

between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. This almost certainly involved

751: 514: 487: 482: 407: 350: 329: 265: 233: 11029: 5663: 5586: 5015:"Largest shipbuilding nations based on gross tonnage 2018 – Ranking" 4113:"The South-China-Sea Tradition: the Hybrid Hulls of South-East Asia" 3747: 2748: 2179:

had a large shipbuilding industry, which was largely centred in the

1732:

In September 2011, archeological investigations done at the site of

13408: 11910: 11905: 11773: 11728: 11649: 11537: 11532: 11501: 11258: 11215: 11180: 11145: 11093: 10957: 10952: 10573: 10553: 10197: 10162: 9898: 9774: 9701: 9643: 9608: 9603: 9500: 9419: 9330: 9295: 9290: 8998: 8708: 8636: 8324: 8052: 8032: 7953: 7789: 7687: 7620: 7389: 7148: 7019: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6689: 6560: 6484: 6232: 6185: 5816: 5791: 5779: 5504: 4908:

Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)

4733:

Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)

4491:

Dark Age Naval Power: Frankish & Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity

3556: 2967:(First ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 2848: 2795: 2725: 2662: 2385:, the need for cargo ships was so great that construction time for 1973: 1954: 1862: 1822: 1741: 1687: 1557: 1393: 1385: 1317: 1309: 1253: 1240: 1181: 1116: 1058: 844: 747: 723: 30:

This article is about the construction of ships. For the song, see

11855: 4579:. Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. 2005 4002:

History of science, philosophy, and culture in Indian Civilization

3067: 2908: – Systems for generating thrust for ships and boats on water 904:

and had bipod masts. They sailed in shallow coastal waters of the

758:, especially when scaling up these curves accurately in the mould 734:, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before 13693: 13140: 12636: 12528: 11925: 11895: 11850: 11835: 11820: 11815: 11768: 11738: 11461: 11268: 11263: 11200: 11140: 11103: 10962: 10750: 10745: 10638: 10608: 10568: 10512: 10366: 10345: 10237: 10192: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10124: 10094: 10089: 9963: 9867: 9804: 9749: 9638: 9593: 9548: 9470: 9460: 9445: 9340: 9320: 8893: 8876: 8656: 8524: 8454: 8430: 8329: 7965: 7891: 7526: 7466: 7459: 7374: 7332: 7179: 7158: 7139: 7121: 7063: 7002: 6970: 6915: 6631: 6555: 6415: 6395: 6324: 5986: 5893: 5811: 5774: 5762: 5491: – Photo web site about the reconstruction of the 4717:. VII, World Scientific, Singapore University Press, 2003. p. 107 3652: 2807: 2713: 2689: 2626: 2622: 2525: 2499: 2254: 2160: 2156: 2132: 2128: 1985: 1977: 1969: 1667: 1659: 1537: 1369: 1361: 1280: 1264: 1078: 966: 901: 759: 414: 380: 358: 339: 4368:

Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago

3409:

Horridge, Adrian (1986). "The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs".

62: 13744: 13389: 13210: 12194: 12100: 11945: 11900: 11845: 11805: 11789: 11763: 11707: 11552: 11479: 11383: 11351: 11341: 11289: 11190: 11123: 10845: 10740: 10469: 10217: 9968: 9918: 9814: 9784: 9724: 9598: 9523: 9485: 9438: 9305: 9223: 8978: 8364: 8247: 8087: 7896: 7839: 7749: 7189: 6818: 6477: 6467: 6430: 6420: 6400: 6212: 6063: 5482:

Photos of the reconstruction of the Dutch East Indiaman Batavia

5481: 2803:

became normal for the shipbuilding design and lofting process.

2743: 2634: 2618: 2473: 2313: 2245:, for instance, deployed war canoes armed with swivel cannons. 2136: 2103: 1981: 1881: 1745: 1733: 1675: 1623: 1619: 1401: 1373: 1357: 1276: 1260: 1210: 860: 699: 507: 255: 9164: 5459: 4624:

Clunas, Craig; Sally K. Church. Harrison Hall, Jessica (ed.).

3695:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

3175:

Early exchange between Africa and the wider Indian Ocean world

3015:

Early ships and seafaring : water transport beyond Europe

1308:

Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with

957:

were found to have been used to lash the planks together, and

12105: 12095: 11940: 11920: 11865: 11825: 11799: 11743: 11242: 10618: 10527: 10522: 10507: 9928: 9719: 9712: 9683: 9663: 9633: 9618: 9578: 9563: 9553: 9538: 9533: 9513: 9490: 9465: 9385: 8898: 8871: 8425: 8196: 8059: 7923: 7831: 7437: 7054: 5683: 5673: 5638: 2614: 2558: 2509: 2418: 2371: 2242: 2152: 2116: 2098: 2011:

Several types of ships were built for the voyages, including

1996:). One of the most famous shipyards was Long Jiang Shipyard ( 1993: 1989: 1825:. After the 11th century, a new type of ship called djong or 1749: 1671: 1655: 1389: 1365: 1272: 1268: 1218: 1206: 1202: 1142: 1062: 982: 954: 868: 788: 158: 153: 5475: 4437:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3953: 3626:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

3487:) in Hawaii". In Keawe LO, MacDowell M, Dewhurst CK (eds.). 2810:

steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate

2490:

Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of

11702: 11361: 11346: 11326: 11227: 11108: 10517: 10046: 9983: 9908: 9789: 9744: 9739: 9475: 9219: 8577: 8394: 8082: 7985: 7938: 7357: 7068: 6435: 6425: 6100: 5623: 5053:"China cements position as world's top shipbuilder in 2023" 2480: 2124: 2081:

that determined the shape and the structure of the hull of

2078: 1777: 1773: 1737: 1441: 1397: 1198: 840: 800: 796: 770: 715: 363: 4777:

Robert Smith (1970). "The Canoe in West African History".

4573:"Michael of Rhodes: A medieval mariner and his manuscript" 4229:

Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta; Ardika, I Wayan, eds. (2008).

4193:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

2289:

Illustration of some shipbuilding methods in England, 1858

11336: 10643: 10134: 9903: 9729: 9623: 9455: 7739: 7058: 6980: 5828: 4973:

The Lane Victory: The Last Victory Ship in War and Peace,

3043:

Early ships and seafaring : European water transport

2348:

s iron hull was sheathed in wood to enable it to carry a

1453: 5476:

Bataviawerf – the Historic Dutch East Indiaman Ship Yard

3261: 1748:(98–117) that indicated the existence of a shipbuilders 1452:

along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be

5096:"List of Major Shipbuilding Companies Around the Globe" 5031: 4674:. Vol. 1. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum. p. 96. 3902: 3045:. South Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Archaeology. 2981: 2139:

became symbols of successful maritime trade around the

1797:

Roughly at this time is the last migration wave of the

1205:. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge with 4597:

Pamela O. Long, David McGee, and Allan M. Stahl, eds.

4228: 3818:

Casson, L. 1994. Ships and Seafaring in ancient times.

3607: 3605: 3291:"Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs" 2814:, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic 2653:

115,000. In 2022, some key shipbuilders in Europe are

1902:

The first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written

1724:

long after, referring to the large ocean-going junks.

1192:

Austronesian ships varied from simple canoes to large

11593: 10705:

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

5209:"Navy's Medium USV to be Based on Commercial Vehicle" 1552:–850 AD), depicting a typical Austronesian ship with 1275:

bamboo, either entirely or in conjunction with plank

1165:

canoes and a range of sailing rigs that included the

5501:, David Pollock (London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1884). 5429: 4996:pp. 135–16, 178–180, Random House, New York, 2012. 4862:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 4455: 3602: 2987: 2421:

shipyard that was taken over by Meyer Werft in 2014

2027:) (宝船). Zheng He's treasure ships were regarded as 3450:. University of California Press. pp. 25–26. 2938:Adams, Jonathan (2013). "Shipwrights and status". 2822:). Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as 2479:A nation's need to manufacture and repair its own 2398: 1690:of Chinese ships is believed to be developed from 4940:. School of Economics, University College Dublin. 4772: 4770: 4623: 4462:Zumerchik, John; Danver, Steven Laurence (2010). 3483:Gallaher T (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala ( 2561:, have dominated world shipbuilding by completed 37:"Shipwright" redirects here. For other uses, see 13780: 4189: 4160:"Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy" 2962: 2956: 1697:Southern Chinese junks were based on keeled and 1324:", a 43.6-meter vessel sealed into a pit in the 1221:with pastes made from various plants as well as 4461: 4370:. London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 3300:. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress. 3036: 3034: 2752:Construction of prefabricated module blocks of 2390:During the war, thousands of Liberty ships and 1873:carvel construction in Western Europe (see map 1865:were seen as marking an advance on traditional 787:The earliest evidence of maritime transport by 4859:Ships' Fastenings: From Sewn Boat to Steamship 4767: 4397:HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah 4393:"Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship" 3519: 2770:Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of 2115:In the Islamic world, shipbuilding thrived at 1805:islands spread over vast distances across the 1626:(possibly a mixed group related to the modern 1420:Succession of forms in the development of the 1289:) to large ocean-going trading ships like the 941:. These are a group of 14 ships discovered in 11045: 10861: 9180: 5520: 5499:Modern shipbuilding and the men engaged in it 4482: 4117:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3558:Cham Maritime Technology: Basket-Hulled Boats 3522:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3353:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 3264:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3216: 3191: 2206:and navigation for European ships during the 2007:Full size replica of Zheng He's Treasure Ship 680: 5116: 4931: 4904: 4776: 4183: 3619: 3617: 3476: 3402: 3377: 3282: 3031: 3006: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2774:. Entire multi-deck segments of the hull or 2744:Modern shipbuilding manufacturing techniques 2583:Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering 2435:Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering 1360:near the present day Mangrol harbour on the 888:is from the 6th to 5th millennium BC of the 3682: 3595: 3593: 2589:supply most of the global market for large 2540: 2218:Documents from 1506, for example, refer to 1809:were being colonized by the (Austronesian) 929:knew how to assemble planks of wood into a 13587:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 13534:International Congress of Maritime Museums 13514:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 12806: 11052: 11038: 10868: 10854: 9187: 9173: 5527: 5513: 5437:. Princeton University Press. p. 90. 4601:, 3 vols. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009) 3972: 3653:Robert E. Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). 3247:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3225:The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania 3166: 2990:The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania 2891:List of the largest shipbuilding companies 2370:to form multiple watertight compartments. 2190:design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in 1755: 687: 673: 27:Construction of ships and floating vessels 13647: 13602:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 4725: 4723: 4626:Ming China: Courts and Contacts 1400–1450 4408: 4334: 4289: 4242: 3936: 3827: 3711: 3614: 3437: 3177:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 3017:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Limited. 2924: 2366:for strength, inner and outer hulls, and 1638:) crossed the Indian Ocean and colonized 10695:Building and Wood Workers' International 5410: 5032:You Xiaoying; Li Rongqian (2023-09-06). 4855: 4638: 4196:. Australian National University Press. 3963:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3892:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3852: 3590: 3578:. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996, 133–208 3482: 3408: 3383: 3288: 3222: 3197: 2838: 2747: 2424: 2417:in the world, under construction at the 2402: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2226:river carrying 120 men. Others refer to 2002: 1917: 1848: 1833:which used vegetal fibres for lashings. 1764: 1593: 1536: 1415: 1228: 1171: 855:) as structural components such as iron 698: 13572:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 5119:"Korea reigns in shipbuilding, for now" 4932:Kelly, Morgan; ó Gráda, Cormac (2017). 4828: 4697:走向多元文化的全球史：鄭和下西洋（1405-1433）及中國與印度洋世界的關系 4488: 4390: 4365: 4320: 4110: 4095: 4052: 4032: 3887: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3688: 3628:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. 3335: 3329: 3040: 3012: 2834: 2571:China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 1895:held over the side. Development in the 1610:Austronesians (especially from western 1504:(722 BC–481 BC) of the ancient Chinese 1463:seem to have been of a similar design. 1176:Generalized diagram (cross-section) of 661:London Maritime Arbitrators Association 14: 13781: 13524:European Association of Archaeologists 8548: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4720: 4665: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4505:NB second edition 2006: 978-1898281436 4158:Welsh, Jennifer (September 23, 2011). 4048: 4046: 4013: 3996: 3994: 3896: 3775: 3697:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 3296:. In Di Piazza A, Pearthree E (eds.). 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3129:(Volume 54, Number 3, May/June 2009). 3065: 2046:The shipyard was under the command of 1705:by the Chinese, from the Old Javanese 799:, possibly equipped with some sort of 616:International Convention on Load Lines 13646: 12805: 12780:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 12738: 12608: 12607: 11990: 11592: 11071: 11059: 11033: 10901:Shipbuilding in the American colonies 10849: 9168: 8762: 8547: 7817: 6281: 6280: 5547: 5508: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4157: 3771: 3769: 3724:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3717: 3623: 3443: 3361:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97 3255: 3172: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2937: 2912:Shipbuilding in the American colonies 2483:and vessels that support its primary 824:then took over in the Mediterranean. 10896:Shipbuilding in the early modern era 10830: 9134: 5534: 5415:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 145. 5211:. Sea Power Magazine. 19 August 2020 5146:. Shipbuilding.or.kr. Archived from 5078:, Newsletter No. 64, December 2011, 4911:. Routledge. pp. 178, 186–188. 4691: 4275: 4190:Bellwood P, Fox JJ, Tryon D (2006). 3745: 3734: 3388:. International Marine/McGraw-Hill. 3350: 3344: 2942:(1. ed.). Oxford: Oxbow Books. 2567:China State Shipbuilding Corporation 1922:A two-masted Chinese junk, from the 1527: 1466: 1411: 1298: 911: 13519:Archaeological Institute of America 10820: 10680:American Association of Woodturners 5110: 5069: 4876: 4750: 4729: 4659: 4604: 4425: 4043: 3991: 3846: 3161:Archaeological Institute of America 3136: 3131:Archaeological Institute of America 1478:Austronesian maritime trade network 935:Archaeological Institute of America 780:The dismantling of ships is called 651:International Maritime Organization 606:Ballast Water Management Convention 572:International Convention on Salvage 453:The captain goes down with the ship 24: 7818: 5548: 5076:Zagreb Institute of Public Finance 5050: 5007: 4678: 4100:, Bangkok: SPAFA, pp. 197–212 4055:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3966: 3778:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3766: 3276:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x 3106: 2886:List of shipbuilders and shipyards 1727: 1519: 1303: 1155:lashed lug construction techniques 25: 13810: 13529:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 12919:Coastal defence and fortification 12294:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 11594:Navigation, and ports and harbors 10710:National Wood Carvers Association 5453: 5098:. Marine Insight. 12 October 2020 4950:Sawyer, L.A. and Mitchell, W. H. 4235:Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie 4210:from the original on 2 April 2020 4039:. South Tangerang: Pustaka IIMaN. 3464:from the original on 26 July 2020 3317:from the original on 26 July 2020 2728:Technologies, who partnered with 13763: 13629: 13554:Society for American Archaeology 12788: 12721: 12590: 11973: 11575: 10875: 10829: 10819: 10810: 10809: 10685:Architectural Woodwork Institute 9145: 9133: 9122: 9121: 4129:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00109.x 3534:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00266.x 2963:Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy (2015). 2896:List of Russian marine engineers 2039:type. It is said in vol. 176 of 1760: 1744:constructed during the reign of 1532: 1471: 1427: 1217:" technique. They were commonly 1017: 1008: 999: 990: 981: 916: 61: 12986:Phoenician discovery of America 10891:Ancient shipbuilding techniques 9194: 9146: 6681:Outdoors & sports equipment 5460:Shipbuilding Picture Dictionary 5411:Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1967). 5358: 5345: 5319: 5293: 5267: 5245: 5223: 5201: 5183: 5161: 5136: 5088: 5044: 5025: 4986: 4965: 4944: 4925: 4898: 4849: 4822: 4813: 4707: 4639:Levathes, Louise (2014-12-02). 4632: 4591: 4565: 4536: 4510: 4384: 4359: 4314: 4269: 4222: 4151: 4104: 4089: 4026: 4007: 3977:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 3975:Old Javanese-English dictionary 3881: 3821: 3812: 3673: 3646: 3581: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3513: 2876:Ancient shipbuilding techniques 2528:have been removed and domestic 2399:Worldwide shipbuilding industry 2166: 2110: 1368:. Other ports were probably at 1347: 1312:to fasten them together, using 101:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 12678:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 10690:British Woodworking Federation 5395: 5329:. The Loftsman. Archived from 5303:. The Loftsman. Archived from 4843:10.1080/00253359.1998.10656717 4779:The Journal of African History 3574:. Meluhha. in: J. Reade (ed.) 3444:Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012). 3411:The Journal of Pacific History 3059: 2790:. Previously, loftsmen at the 2782:Ship design work, also called 2213: 1476:Austronesians established the 972: 896:. They were made from bundled 879: 13: 1: 13597:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 12272:Phoenician maritime expansion 10700:Caricature Carvers of America 6685:Personal protective equipment 5353:Ships and Offshore Structures 4934:"Speed under Sail, 1750–1830" 4713:Chan, Alan Kam-leung, et al. 4321:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2021). 3689:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 3576:The Indian Ocean in Antiquity 3066:Carter, Robert (2006-03-01). 2917: 1903: 1817:using double-hulled voyaging 1546: 1432:The ships of Ancient Egypt's 1131: 1031:ship designs, left to right: 773:is a similar activity called 656:Comité Maritime International 622:International Regulations for 578:United Nations Convention on 13539:Nautical Archaeology Society 5355:, Woodhead Publishing, 2006. 5051:Si, Katherine (2024-01-16). 4410:10.17509/historia.v5i1.39181 3832:. Thurlton. pp. 38–40. 3611:Hourani & Carswel, p. 90 3121:World's Oldest Planked Boats 2820:problems of the Liberty ship 2637:countries are the makers of 2545:Beyond the 2000s, the three 2341:is a famous example). Later 2304:In the early decades of the 2253:With the development of the 1400:for shipbuilding to ancient 1396:. The Indians also exported 624:Preventing Collisions at Sea 7: 13592:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 12969:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 12775:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 12632:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 11991: 11072: 10973:Water tunnel (hydrodynamic) 8763: 5327:"CAD-Computer Aided Design" 5117:James Brooke (2005-01-06). 4468:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 428–. 4336:10.4000/archaeonautica.2397 3693:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 3340:(PhD). Flinders University. 2869: 2786:, may be conducted using a 2676:Shipbuilding output of the 2549:manufacturing powerhouses, 2248: 1740:revealed inscriptions in a 1701:Austronesian ship known as 643:International organizations 39:Shipwright (disambiguation) 10: 13815: 13448:Phoenician Ship Expedition 12739: 12289:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 12282:Circumnavigation of Africa 4856:Mccarthy, Michael (2005). 4736:. Routledge. p. 174. 4391:Averoes, Muhammad (2022). 3973:Zoetmulder, P. J. (1982). 3828:Dick-Read, Robert (2005). 3659:. Greenwood PressScience. 1913: 1649: 874: 567:Maritime Labour Convention 43: 36: 29: 13761: 13653: 13642: 13627: 13562: 13504: 13307: 13291: 13039: 12974:Samothrace temple complex 12909: 12864: 12823: 12816: 12812: 12801: 12786: 12745: 12734: 12719: 12617: 12603: 12588: 12541: 12494: 12347: 12314: 12307: 12245: 12046: 12003: 11999: 11986: 11971: 11690: 11603: 11599: 11588: 11573: 11525: 11460: 11397: 11282: 11251: 11084: 11080: 11067: 11019:Archaeology of shipwrecks 10981: 10945: 10909: 10883: 10805: 10779: 10728: 10715:Society of Wood Engravers 10672: 10586: 10536: 10493: 10365: 10358: 10246: 10133: 10075: 9894: 9885: 9828: 9499: 9418: 9409: 9233: 9202: 9116: 8964: 8847: 8773: 8769: 8758: 8717: 8667: 8560: 8556: 8543: 8410: 8350: 8307: 8177: 8068: 8008: 7912: 7830: 7826: 7813: 7678: 7569: 7475: 7132: 6900: 6700: 6300: 6293: 6289: 6276: 6083: 5904: 5790: 5567: 5560: 5556: 5543: 4791:10.1017/S0021853700010434 4668:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe 4493:. Routledge. p. 18. 4111:Flecker, Michael (2007). 4067:10.1017/S002246340000446X 3867:10.1017/S0041977X00133105 3790:10.1017/S002246340000446X 3718:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 3497:10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648 3423:10.1080/00223348608572530 3298:Canoes of the Grand Ocean 3200:Canoes of the Grand Ocean 3084:10.1017/S0003598X0009325X 2718:unmanned surface vehicles 2171: 2041:San Guo Bei Meng Hui Bian 1953:, and led by the Admiral 1844: 544:International conventions 12262:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 8994:Mergers and acquisitions 8735:Research and development 7100:Chemical & hormonal 6755:Communications equipment 5433:; Carswel, John (1995). 5413:History of Ancient India 5388: 4971:Jaffee, Capt. Walter W. 4696: 4692:Chen, Zhongping (2017). 4518:"Sutton Hoo ship burial" 4366:Bowring, Philip (2019). 3959:Needham, Joseph (1971). 3888:Needham, Joseph (1971). 3587:(e.g. Lal 1997: 182–188) 3336:Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). 3202:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 2579:Samsung Heavy Industries 2575:Hyundai Heavy Industries 2541:Present day shipbuilding 2494:and a tendency towards ( 2048:Ministry of Public Works 1940:Ministry of Public Works 1502:Spring and Autumn period 1491: 1279:. They range from small 589:International piracy law 580:the Law of the Sea 44:Not to be confused with 13544:RPM Nautical Foundation 13281:Surviving ancient ships 13200:Marsala Punic shipwreck 7785:Painting and decorating 6809:Medical imaging systems 6742:Parts & peripherals 4552:Oxford University Press 4445:Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai 4433:Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai 4016:Borneo Research Journal 3384:Dierking, Gary (2007). 3155:Schuster, Angela M.H. " 2818:structural cracks (see 2362:, it used longitudinal 2322:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 2101:. The policies, called 1861:Until recently, Viking 1853:Shipwrights building a 1756:Early 2nd millennium AD 1384:to navigate across the 1081:with a forward-mounted 843:was used for more than 809:Maritime Southeast Asia 611:Anti-fouling Convention 13577:Giza Solar boat museum 13031:Underwater exploration 13026:Underwater archaeology 12991:Pre-Columbian theories 12846:John Sinclair Morrison 12807:Research and education 12257:Austronesian Expansion 10792:Frameless construction 9873:Wood-plastic composite 9098:State-owned enterprise 9078:Nonprofit organization 8989:Horizontal integration 6802:Scientific instruments 6765:Network infrastructure 5057:Seatrade Maritime News 4730:Ray, Indrajit (2011). 4672:The Global Opportunity 4489:Haywood, John (1991). 4033:Sunyoto, Agus (2017). 3041:McGrail, Sean (2014). 3013:McGrail, Sean (2014). 2857:classification society 2852: 2772:prefabricated sections 2767: 2445: 2422: 2350:copper-based sheathing 2333:composite construction 2301: 2290: 2008: 1988:(now the provinces of 1931: 1858: 1799:Austronesian expansion 1794: 1614:) were trading in the 1607: 1560: 1498:naval history of China 1424: 1422:Austronesian boat 1249: 1189: 1128:Austronesian expansion 769:. The construction of 704: 13648:Legend and literature 13606:Viking ship museums: 13582:Grand Egyptian Museum 13342:Austronesian replicas 13317:Heyerdahl expeditions 13227:Caligula's Giant Ship 13087:Dover Bronze Age Boat 11749:Berenice Troglodytica 8441:Private investigation 5431:Hourani, George Fadlo 4938:Working Papers 201710 4905:Indrajit Ray (2011). 4291:10.4000/archipel.2078 3159:", 11 December 2000. 2992:. New York, NY: OUP. 2901:Ships of ancient Rome 2842: 2801:computer-aided design 2751: 2737:US Defense Department 2428: 2406: 2306:Industrial Revolution 2296: 2288: 2281:Industrial Revolution 2208:Industrial Revolution 2006: 1947:Ming treasure voyages 1921: 1852: 1768: 1612:Island Southeast Asia 1597: 1540: 1448:, with an additional 1419: 1354:Harappan civilisation 1330:Great Pyramid of Giza 1232: 1175: 1151:Island Southeast Asia 925:shows that the early 791:is the settlement of 702: 13549:Sea Research Society 12951:Maritime archaeology 12760:Ameinias the Phocian 12755:Mediterranean piracy 10720:Timber Framers Guild 9574:Australian Blackwood 9009:Vertical integration 7015:Speciality chemicals 6855:Electrical equipment 6772:Consumer electronics 5233:. NAVSEA Navy Portal 5171:. USNI. 15 July 2020 4831:The Mariner's Mirror 4244:10.17875/gup2008-416 3632:. pp. 144–179. 2835:Ship repair industry 2732:to build the MUSVs. 2587:Imabari Shipbuilding 2464:The large number of 2431:TI-class supertanker 2413:, the fifth largest 2198:design. The British 1934:Shipbuilders in the 1541:One of the Javanese 1326:Giza pyramid complex 1233:Construction of the 1137:with migration from 830:clinker construction 536:Vice admiralty court 282:Contract of carriage 85:Corpus Juris Civilis 12642:Maritime Jade Route 11795:Kaveri Poompattinam 10440:Hammer-headed tenon 9959:Janka hardness test 9093:Sole proprietorship 9068:Joint-stock company 8342:Veterinary medicine 8167:Property management 7961:Passenger transport 6988:Commodity chemicals 6814:Optical instruments 6782:Video game consoles 6675:Musical instruments 6516:Media reproduction 5255:. USNI. 20 May 2021 4645:. Open Road Media. 4431:Hill (June 1960). " 4276:Jákl, Jiří (2020). 3921:2016NatSR...626066K 3289:Horridge A (2008). 2530:industrial policies 2159:(India) during the 2052:business networking 1930:, published in 1637 1789:, an example of an 1658:also built fluvial 1382:Alexander the Great 1328:at the foot of the 963:Pharaoh Khasekhemwy 951:New York University 822:Carvel construction 818:classical antiquity 32:Shipbuilding (song) 13799:Naval architecture 13190:Bajo de la Campana 12892:Peter Throckmorton 12877:Jean-Yves Empereur 12851:William L. Rodgers 12672:Maritime Silk Road 11009:Naval architecture 10999:Marine engineering 9301:Japanese carpentry 9041:Putting-out system 8550:Information sector 8471:Personal services 8078:Financial services 7550:offshore platforms 7399:advanced materials 7380:Ready-mix concrete 6833:Laser construction 6793:Clocks and watches 6627:Injection moulding 6598:Other fabrication 6551:household hardware 5487:2020-10-20 at the 5372:on 15 October 2012 5123:The New York Times 3909:Scientific Reports 3877:– via JSTOR. 3485:Pandanus tectorius 2853: 2843:River shipyard in 2812:fracture toughness 2784:naval architecture 2768: 2694:Huntington Ingalls 2476:manufacturers; and 2446: 2423: 2360:John Scott Russell 2302: 2291: 2263:naval architecture 2200:East India Company 2143:from the ports of 2009: 1932: 1859: 1795: 1793:ocean-going vessel 1662:vessels as in the 1608: 1598:Illustration of a 1561: 1500:stems back to the 1486:Maritime Silk Road 1434:Eighteenth Dynasty 1425: 1250: 1190: 705: 145:Maritime transport 13776: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13638: 13637: 13625: 13624: 13245:Madrague de Giens 12964:Temple of Isthmia 12960:Maritime temples 12946:Marine navigation 12905: 12904: 12897:Shelley Wachsmann 12887:J. Richard Steffy 12797: 12796: 12730: 12729: 12599: 12598: 12586: 12585: 12537: 12536: 12267:Ocean exploration 11982: 11981: 11969: 11968: 11628:Rutter (nautical) 11584: 11583: 11571: 11570: 11427:Mortise and tenon 11061:Ancient seafaring 11027: 11026: 11004:Marine propulsion 10937:Mortise and tenon 10843: 10842: 10797:Green woodworking 10654:Wood preservation 10582: 10581: 10485:Tongue and groove 10465:Mortise and tenon 10354: 10353: 10052:Warrington hammer 9881: 9880: 9569:African Blackwood 9361:Segmented turning 9162: 9161: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9107: 8939:Natural resources 8784:Production-based 8754: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8692:Vocational school 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7770:Electrical wiring 7756:Specialty trades 7710:Civil engineering 7565: 7564: 7239:Vulcanized rubber 7035:Cleaning products 6875:Electric lighting 6592:Surface finishing 6582:Powder metallurgy 6537:Metal fabrication 6283:Industrial sector 6272: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6171:Rare-earth metals 6079: 6078: 5471:Shipbuilding News 5465:U.S. Shipbuilding 5002:978-1-4000-6964-4 4992:Herman, Arthur. 4918:978-1-136-82552-1 4869:978-1-60344-621-1 4743:978-1-136-82552-1 4524:on 8 October 2014 4475:978-1-85109-711-1 4254:978-3-940344-12-0 3929:10.1038/srep26066 3759:978-92-9223-414-0 3666:978-0-313-31342-4 3370:978-0-19-027772-7 3234:978-0-19-992507-0 3184:978-3-319-33822-4 2999:978-0-19-992507-0 2974:978-1-62349-231-1 2906:Marine propulsion 2722:Program of Record 2686:aircraft carriers 2410:Oasis of the Seas 2151:and the ports of 1666:tradition of the 1558:double outriggers 1528:1st millennium AD 1467:1st millennium BC 1412:2nd millennium BC 1342:mortise and tenon 1299:3rd millennium BC 1141:to the island of 912:4th millennium BC 767:naval engineering 697: 696: 635:Athens Convention 601:MARPOL Convention 552:Hague-Visby Rules 441:Freight forwarder 386:Proof of delivery 241:Maritime security 78:Code of Hammurabi 18:Ship construction 16:(Redirected from 13806: 13767: 13766: 13661:Ark of bulrushes 13644: 13643: 13633: 13632: 13271:Oldest surviving 12981:Nusantao network 12856:Chester G. Starr 12821: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12803: 12802: 12792: 12791: 12765:Cilician pirates 12736: 12735: 12725: 12724: 12662:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 12657:Iron Age Britain 12605: 12604: 12594: 12593: 12312: 12311: 12001: 12000: 11988: 11987: 11977: 11976: 11891:Ptolemais Theron 11601: 11600: 11590: 11589: 11579: 11578: 11171:Single-outrigger 11082: 11081: 11069: 11068: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11031: 11030: 11014:Maritime history 10968:Ship model basin 10870: 10863: 10856: 10847: 10846: 10833: 10832: 10823: 10822: 10813: 10812: 10363: 10362: 10032:Thickness planer 9892: 9891: 9686:(lime, basswood) 9416: 9415: 9276:Chainsaw carving 9189: 9182: 9175: 9166: 9165: 9149: 9148: 9137: 9136: 9125: 9124: 9021:Enforced breakup 9016:Decentralization 8944:Physical capital 8771: 8770: 8760: 8759: 8558: 8557: 8545: 8544: 8421:Customer service 8337:Residential care 8285:Public relations 8093:Financial advice 8070:Asset management 7865:Department store 7828: 7827: 7815: 7814: 7795:Site preparation 7643:Telecom networks 7611:Waste management 7587:Gas distribution 7271:Synthetic fibers 6998:Industrial gases 6737:Computer systems 6671:Medical supplies 6298: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6278: 6277: 5708:Animal husbandry 5679:Medicinal plants 5565: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5448: 5426: 5402: 5399: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5362: 5356: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5333:on 2 August 2016 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5301:"The Mould Loft" 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5011: 5005: 4990: 4984: 4969: 4963: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4874: 4873: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4727: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4689: 4676: 4675: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4548:Oxford Reference 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4520:. Archived from 4514: 4508: 4507: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4338: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4293: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4246: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3743: 3732: 3731: 3720:"Outrigger Ages" 3715: 3709: 3708: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3621: 3612: 3609: 3600: 3599:Tripathi, p. 145 3597: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3572:Possehl, Gregory 3569: 3563: 3562: 3561:. pp. 1–12. 3552: 3546: 3545: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3316: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3238: 3227:. New York, NY. 3220: 3214: 3213: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3170: 3164: 3153: 3134: 3117: 3104: 3103: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2935: 2816:brittle fracture 2788:ship model basin 2710:VT Halter Marine 2706:Vigor Industrial 2702:General Dynamics 2472:, railroads and 2374:also supplanted 2347: 1908: 1905: 1815:Island Melanesia 1551: 1548: 1484:network and the 1320:the seams. The " 1149:, spread across 1136: 1133: 1076:single-outrigger 1055:double-outrigger 1021: 1012: 1003: 994: 985: 736:recorded history 720:floating vessels 689: 682: 675: 596:SOLAS Convention 583: 448:Captain (Master) 246:Letter of marque 203:Marine insurance 112:Hanseatic League 65: 51: 50: 21: 13814: 13813: 13809: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13768: 13764: 13759: 13649: 13634: 13630: 13621: 13564: 13558: 13506: 13505:Institutes and 13500: 13455:Viking replicas 13396:Balangay Voyage 13309: 13303: 13287: 13042: 13035: 12911: 12901: 12860: 12808: 12793: 12789: 12784: 12741: 12726: 12722: 12717: 12613: 12595: 12591: 12582: 12533: 12490: 12343: 12303: 12248: 12241: 12042: 11995: 11978: 11974: 11965: 11841:Mueang Phra Rot 11695: 11686: 11595: 11580: 11576: 11567: 11521: 11495:Triangular sail 11456: 11393: 11367:Sail components 11278: 11247: 11221:Tessarakonteres 11076: 11063: 11058: 11028: 11023: 10977: 10941: 10905: 10879: 10874: 10844: 10839: 10801: 10787:Frame and panel 10775: 10724: 10668: 10578: 10537:Surface piecing 10532: 10489: 10410:Crown of thorns 10350: 10336:Smoothing plane 10242: 10129: 10071: 9974:Milling machine 9877: 9838:Cross-laminated 9824: 9495: 9405: 9376:Spindle turning 9366:Shingle weaving 9336:Pallet crafting 9229: 9198: 9193: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9104: 9073:Nationalization 8960: 8930:Primary inputs 8851: 8843: 8776: 8775:Classification 8765: 8746: 8713: 8663: 8647:Social networks 8564: 8552: 8531: 8515:Business travel 8417:Administrative 8406: 8390:Amusement parks 8354: 8346: 8320:Dentist offices 8303: 8173: 8140:Pension funding 8113:Risk management 8098:Holding company 8064: 8004: 7916: 7908: 7880:Specialty store 7875:Online shopping 7822: 7801: 7674: 7561: 7471: 7128: 7086:Pharmaceuticals 7030:Aroma compounds 6966:Petroleum jelly 6896: 6885:Home appliances 6880:Electric motors 6828:spotting scopes 6789:Instrumentation 6702: 6696: 6678:Office supplies 6285: 6264: 6248:Dimension stone 6182:Other minerals 6127:Mining of ores 6075: 5900: 5786: 5733:Other livestock 5619:Permanent crops 5552: 5539: 5533: 5489:Wayback Machine 5456: 5451: 5445: 5423: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5307:on 28 July 2016 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5059: 5049: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4991: 4987: 4970: 4966: 4949: 4945: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4877: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4837:(4): 458 foll. 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4690: 4679: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4622: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4460: 4456: 4430: 4426: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4364: 4360: 4329:(21): 137–140. 4319: 4315: 4274: 4270: 4255: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4090: 4051: 4044: 4036:Atlas Walisongo 4031: 4027: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3882: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3744: 3735: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3570: 3566: 3553: 3549: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3349: 3345: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3260: 3256: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3171: 3167: 3154: 3137: 3119:Ward, Cheryl. " 3118: 3107: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2936: 2925: 2920: 2872: 2837: 2746: 2543: 2466:skilled workers 2401: 2345: 2283: 2267:Napoleonic Wars 2251: 2216: 2174: 2169: 2113: 2066:History of Ming 1916: 1906: 1847: 1763: 1758: 1730: 1652: 1549: 1543:Borobudur ships 1535: 1530: 1522: 1494: 1474: 1469: 1430: 1414: 1350: 1306: 1301: 1182:Butuan Boat Two 1134: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1111:, narrow Māori 1087:Solomon Islands 1049:crab claw sails 1024: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1013: 1005: 1004: 996: 995: 987: 986: 975: 919: 914: 882: 877: 826:Northern Europe 744:mechanical saws 693: 626: 623: 585: 581: 579: 562:Rotterdam Rules 531:Admiralty court 471:Freight company 462: 224:General average 205: 176:Merchant marine 82: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13812: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13762: 13760: 13758: 13757: 13750: 13749: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13727: 13719: 13712: 13705: 13697: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13663: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13612: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13568: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13510: 13508: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13474: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13445: 13438: 13430:Mediterranean 13428: 13427: 13426: 13419: 13412: 13405: 13398: 13393: 13386: 13383:Alingano Maisu 13379: 13372: 13365: 13358: 13351: 13339: 13338: 13337: 13326: 13313: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13301: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13232:De Meern ships 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13194: 13193: 13192: 13187: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13170: 13163: 13158: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13133: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13102:Cape Gelidonya 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13047: 13045: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12926: 12921: 12915: 12913: 12907: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12868: 12866: 12865:Archaeologists 12862: 12861: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12831:David Blackman 12827: 12825: 12818: 12810: 12809: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12770:Jewish pirates 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12732: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12601: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12456:Lake Trasimene 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12357:Mediterranean: 12353: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12320: 12318: 12309: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12285: 12284: 12279: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12253: 12251: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12034: 12033: 12028: 12018: 12013: 12007: 12005: 11997: 11996: 11984: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11699: 11697: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11660:Maritime pilot 11657: 11647: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11630: 11625: 11623:Portolan chart 11620: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11597: 11596: 11586: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11529: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11472: 11466: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11403: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11286: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11196:Oared warships 11193: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11090: 11088: 11078: 11077: 11065: 11064: 11057: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11034: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10985: 10983: 10982:Related topics 10979: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10873: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10827: 10817: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10766:Quarter sawing 10763: 10758: 10756:Wood splitting 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10664:Wood finishing 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10624:Paint stripper 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10590: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10499: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10371: 10369: 10360: 10356: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10331:Shoulder plane 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10306:Moulding plane 10303: 10298: 10296:Japanese plane 10293: 10288: 10286:Grooving plane 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10139: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10100:Flooring clamp 10097: 10092: 10087: 10081: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10057:Winding sticks 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10037:Timber-framing 10034: 10029: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9863:Particle board 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9843:Glue laminated 9840: 9834: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9424: 9422: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9381:Timber framing 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9351:Relief carving 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9251:Bush carpentry 9248: 9243: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9227: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9192: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9169: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9143: 9131: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9051:Temporary work 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8974:Centralization 8970: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8858: 8856: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8779: 8767: 8766: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8740:Basic research 8732: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8553: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8379: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8361: 8359: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8272: 8270:Legal services 8267: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8241:system testing 8230: 8225: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8183: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8103:Money transfer 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8074: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8014: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7976:Passenger rail 7973: 7968: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7944:Moving company 7941: 7936: 7931: 7920: 7918: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7850:Consumer goods 7847: 7845:Car dealership 7836: 7834: 7824: 7823: 7820:Service sector 7811: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7640: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7543: 7538: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7481: 7479: 7477:Heavy industry 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7416:Metal refining 7413: 7412: 7411: 7409:Synthetic gems 7406: 7401: 7392: 7386:Other mineral 7384: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7276:Thermoplastics 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7156: 7151: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7102:contraceptives 7098: 7096:Blood products 7093: 7083: 7081:Fine chemicals 7078: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6961:Petrochemicals 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6862: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6821: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6725:Semiconductors 6722: 6720:Circuit boards 6717: 6706: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6668: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6587:Prefabrication 6584: 6579: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6544: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6520:Cassette tapes 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6370: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6356:Vegetable oils 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6330: 6329:Dairy products 6327: 6322: 6317: 6306: 6304: 6302:Light industry 6295: 6287: 6286: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5884:Wild mushrooms 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5861: 5859:Natural rubber 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5644:Tropical fruit 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5577:Arable farming 5573: 5571: 5562: 5554: 5553: 5550:Natural sector 5541: 5540: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5496: 5479: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5454:External links 5452: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5427: 5421: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5357: 5344: 5318: 5292: 5266: 5244: 5222: 5200: 5182: 5160: 5135: 5109: 5087: 5068: 5043: 5024: 5006: 4985: 4964: 4943: 4924: 4917: 4897: 4875: 4868: 4848: 4821: 4812: 4785:(4): 515–533. 4766: 4749: 4742: 4719: 4706: 4677: 4658: 4651: 4631: 4603: 4590: 4564: 4535: 4509: 4500:978-0415063746 4499: 4481: 4474: 4454: 4424: 4383: 4376: 4358: 4327:Archaeonautica 4313: 4284:(100): 69–90. 4268: 4253: 4221: 4202: 4182: 4150: 4103: 4088: 4061:(2): 266–276. 4042: 4025: 4006: 3990: 3983: 3965: 3952: 3895: 3880: 3845: 3838: 3820: 3811: 3784:(2): 266–276. 3765: 3758: 3733: 3710: 3703: 3681: 3672: 3665: 3645: 3639:978-0415100540 3638: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3580: 3564: 3555:Sox, David G. 3547: 3528:(2): 258–277. 3512: 3505: 3475: 3456: 3436: 3401: 3394: 3376: 3369: 3343: 3328: 3306: 3281: 3270:(2): 143–159. 3254: 3233: 3215: 3208: 3190: 3183: 3165: 3135: 3105: 3078:(307): 52–63. 3058: 3051: 3030: 3023: 3005: 2998: 2980: 2973: 2955: 2948: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2836: 2833: 2776:superstructure 2745: 2742: 2631:United Kingdom 2542: 2539: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2415:passenger ship 2400: 2397: 2282: 2279: 2271:Spanish Armada 2250: 2247: 2215: 2212: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2149:Southeast Asia 2112: 2109: 2095: 2094: 2086: 1963:Xuande Emperor 1959:Hongxi Emperor 1951:Yongle Emperor 1924:Tiangong Kaiwu 1915: 1912: 1846: 1843: 1836:The empire of 1783:crab-claw sail 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1729: 1726: 1651: 1648: 1577:("ship of the 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1493: 1490: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1429: 1426: 1413: 1410: 1349: 1346: 1334:Fourth Dynasty 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1167:crab claw sail 1135: 3000 BC 1130:, which began 1120: 1119: 1106: 1089: 1083:crab claw sail 1069: 1067:crab claw sail 1051: 1026: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1007: 1006: 998: 997: 989: 988: 980: 979: 978: 977: 976: 974: 971: 947:David O'Connor 921:Evidence from 918: 915: 913: 910: 881: 878: 876: 873: 730:, also called 695: 694: 692: 691: 684: 677: 669: 666: 665: 664: 663: 658: 653: 645: 644: 640: 639: 638: 637: 632: 630:SAR Convention 627: 620: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 592: 591: 576: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 546: 545: 541: 540: 539: 538: 533: 525: 524: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 511: 510: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 479: 478: 473: 468: 457: 456: 455: 445: 444: 443: 438: 425: 424: 420: 419: 418: 417: 412: 411: 410: 400: 399: 398: 388: 383: 378: 373: 372: 371: 361: 356: 355: 354: 347: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 310:Bill of lading 307: 302: 297: 289: 288: 278: 277: 276: 275: 274: 273: 271:Wartime prizes 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 200: 199: 198: 193: 188: 186:Passenger ship 183: 173: 172: 171: 166: 161: 156: 142: 141: 140: 135: 122: 121: 117: 116: 115: 114: 109: 104: 97: 96: 95: 80: 72: 71: 67: 66: 58: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13811: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13784: 13756: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13735: 13733: 13732: 13731:Metamorphoses 13728: 13726: 13724: 13723:The Histories 13720: 13718: 13717: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13706: 13704: 13702: 13701:The Histories 13698: 13696: 13695: 13691: 13690: 13688: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13652: 13645: 13641: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13561: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13503: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13479: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13443: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13424: 13420: 13418: 13417: 13416:Marumaru Atua 13413: 13411: 13410: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13391: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13380: 13378: 13377: 13376:Samudra Raksa 13373: 13371: 13370: 13366: 13364: 13363: 13362:Te Au o Tonga 13359: 13357: 13356: 13352: 13350: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13343: 13340: 13336: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13325: 13324: 13320: 13319: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13246: 13242: 13240: 13239: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13222:Blackfriars I 13220: 13218: 13217:Arles Rhône 3 13215: 13213: 13212: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13175: 13171: 13169: 13168: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13137: 13134: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13021:Thalassocracy 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13006:Shell middens 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12957: 12956:Naval warfare 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12935: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12908: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12863: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12836:Lionel Casson 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12804: 12800: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12737: 12733: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12707: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12667:Incense trade 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12612: 12606: 12602: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12572: 12571:South America 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12519:Sailing ships 12517: 12515: 12514:Oared vessels 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12436:Cape Hermaeum 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12313: 12310: 12306: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12247:Migration and 12244: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12055: 12054:Ancient Egypt 12052: 12051: 12049: 12047:Civilizations 12045: 12039: 12036: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11985: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11693: 11689: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11591: 11587: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11422:Clinker built 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11407:Boat building 11405: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11156:Navis lusoria 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11048: 11043: 11041: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10989:Boat building 10987: 10986: 10984: 10980: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10908: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10871: 10866: 10864: 10859: 10857: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10836: 10828: 10826: 10818: 10816: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10778: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10736:Chainsaw mill 10734: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673:Organizations 10671: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10629:Steam bending 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10599:French polish 10597: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470:Rabbet/Rebate 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10455:Mason's mitre 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10301:Jointer plane 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10271:Compass plane 10269: 10267: 10266:Chamfer plane 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256:Bedrock plane 10254: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10042:Veneer hammer 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9954:Impact driver 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9770:Red Quebracho 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9246:Bow and arrow 9244: 9242: 9241:Boat building 9239: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9183: 9178: 9176: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9154: 9153: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:Privatization 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8862:Externalities 8860: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823:Market-based 8822: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8594:Audio-visual 8593: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8353: 8352:Entertainment 8349: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8108:Payment cards 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8043:Food delivery 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023:Drink service 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8007: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917:& Storage 7915: 7911: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860:Grocery store 7858: 7856: 7855:General store 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7541:Rail vehicles 7539: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7514:wind turbines 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505:Machine tools 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7395:Carbon fibers 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:Illegal drugs 7110: 7108: 7107:Generic drugs 7105: 7103: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025:Agrochemicals 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7008:Pure elements 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976:Synthetic oil 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6838:Lens grinding 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Mobile phones 6758: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6748:storage media 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703:& optical 6699: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6530:Optical discs 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Bottled water 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6294:Manufacturing 6292: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:Sea cucumbers 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718:Dairy farming 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624:Apples et al. 5622: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5446: 5444:0-691-00032-8 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5422:81-208-0018-4 5418: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5394: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5281:. 9 June 2021 5280: 5276: 5270: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5226: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5164: 5150:on 2021-01-09 5149: 5145: 5139: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5038:Caixin Global 5035: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4981:0-9637586-9-1 4978: 4974: 4968: 4961: 4960:1-85044-049-2 4957: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4771: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4710: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4652:9781504007368 4648: 4644: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4600: 4594: 4578: 4577:Meseo Galileo 4574: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4377:9781788314466 4373: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4209: 4205: 4203:9781920942854 4199: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3839:9780954923105 3835: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3730:(2): 130–140. 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3704:9783319338224 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3506:9780824840938 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3457:9780520953833 3453: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3395:9780071594561 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3313: 3309: 3307:9781407302898 3303: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3209:9781407302898 3205: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3157:This Old Boat 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3052:9781781593929 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3024:9781473825598 3020: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2949:9781782970453 2945: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2881:Boat building 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2741: 2738: 2735:In 2018, the 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:naval vessels 2679: 2678:United States 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:gross tonnage 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2405: 2396: 2393: 2392:Victory ships 2388: 2387:Liberty ships 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2355:Great Eastern 2351: 2344: 2343:Great Britain 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2327:Great Britain 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2299:rotary engine 2295: 2287: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2204:seaworthiness 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2177:Mughal Empire 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:treasure ship 2022: 2018: 2014: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1928:Song Yingxing 1925: 1920: 1911: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1851: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Pacific Ocean 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728:Mediterranean 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:multi-planked 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634:, and/or the 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1544: 1539: 1525: 1520:Mediterranean 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1464: 1462: 1459:The ships of 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1428:Mediterranean 1423: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388:and even the 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1304:Ancient Egypt 1296: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1129: 1118: 1115:propelled by 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1098:replica of a 1097: 1093: 1092:Nur al Marege 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1020: 1011: 1002: 993: 984: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:Ancient Egypt 917:Ancient Egypt 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886:sailing boats 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 813:ancient Egypt 810: 806: 805:Mediterranean 802: 798: 794: 790: 789:modern humans 785: 783: 782:ship breaking 778: 776: 775:boat building 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 746:propelled by 745: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 701: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 671: 670: 668: 667: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 647: 646: 642: 641: 636: 633: 631: 628: 625: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 590: 587: 586: 584: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 557:Hamburg Rules 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547: 543: 542: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 527: 526: 522: 521: 516: 513: 509: 506: 505: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 461: 458: 454: 451: 450: 449: 446: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 422: 421: 416: 413: 409: 408:International 406: 405: 404: 401: 397: 394: 393: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 370: 367: 366: 365: 362: 360: 357: 353: 352: 348: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 336: 335:Force majeure 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 295:Affreightment 293: 292: 291: 290: 287: 283: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 242: 239: 235: 232: 230: 229:Seaworthiness 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 204: 201: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138:Fisheries law 136: 134: 131: 130: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 119: 118: 113: 110: 108: 107:Amalfian Laws 105: 103: 102: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 87: 86: 81: 79: 76: 75: 74: 73: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 56: 55:Admiralty law 53: 52: 47: 46:Boat building 40: 33: 19: 13789:Shipbuilding 13752: 13743: 13736: 13729: 13722: 13714: 13709:On the Ocean 13707: 13700: 13692: 13689:Literature: 13477: 13459: 13440: 13433: 13423:Aotearoa One 13421: 13414: 13407: 13400: 13388: 13381: 13374: 13367: 13360: 13353: 13346: 13333: 13329: 13321: 13308:Experimental 13276:Museum ships 13243: 13236: 13209: 13181:Phoenician: 13172: 13167:Leontophoros 13165: 13129:Butuan boats 13124:Pontian boat 13062:Dufuna canoe 13001:Shipbuilding 13000: 12912:and theories 12882:Boris Rankov 12676: 12609:Economy and 12509:Incendiaries 12356: 12143:Indus Valley 12111:Tarumanagara 12038:Ubaid period 11956:Wadi al-Jarf 11871:Ostia Antica 11475:Fore-and-aft 11442:Shipbuilding 11441: 11417:Carvel built 11399:Construction 11357:Steering oar 11238:Sailing ship 11161:Obelisk ship 11119:Dugout canoe 10877:Shipbuilding 10876: 10604:Heat bending 10549:Edge banding 10321:Router plane 10316:Rebate plane 10276:Finger plane 10007: 9711: 9705: 9685: 9679:Lignum vitae 9437: 9431: 9396:Wood carving 9371:Shipbuilding 9370: 9356:Root carving 9316:Log building 9281:Chip carving 9151: 9139: 9127: 9046:Spinning-off 9031:Homesteading 8984:Conglomerate 8966:Organization 8919:Raw material 8914:Intermediate 8793: 8792: 8615:Broadcasting 8520:Cruise lines 8490:Maid service 8480:Dry cleaning 8451:Maintenance 8214:Architecture 8179:Professional 7998:Self storage 7902:Distribution 7680:Construction 7545: 7525:Other heavy 7450:Formed metal 7404:Mineral wool 7326:Safety glass 7297:Fused quartz 7292:Borosilicate 6956:Paraffin wax 6911:oil refining 6890:Transformers 6656:Other goods 6642:Stonemasonry 6622:Glassblowing 6607:Blow molding 6566:Locksmithing 6542:Boilermaking 6091:Fossil fuels 5889:Fungiculture 5844:Gutta-percha 5834:Frankincense 5829:Tree tapping 5800:Silviculture 5780:Fur trapping 5691:Horticulture 5639:Stone fruits 5492: 5434: 5412: 5397: 5374:. Retrieved 5370:the original 5360: 5352: 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5331:the original 5321: 5309:. Retrieved 5305:the original 5295: 5283:. Retrieved 5278: 5269: 5257:. Retrieved 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5225: 5213:. Retrieved 5203: 5194: 5185: 5173:. Retrieved 5163: 5152:. Retrieved 5148:the original 5138: 5126:. Retrieved 5122: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5090: 5071: 5060:. Retrieved 5046: 5037: 5027: 5018: 5009: 4993: 4988: 4972: 4967: 4951: 4946: 4937: 4927: 4907: 4900: 4858: 4851: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4782: 4778: 4752: 4732: 4714: 4709: 4700: 4693: 4671: 4661: 4641: 4634: 4625: 4598: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4576: 4567: 4557:14 September 4555:. Retrieved 4547: 4544:"Round ship" 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4522:the original 4512: 4504: 4490: 4484: 4464: 4457: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4403:(1): 57–64. 4400: 4396: 4386: 4367: 4361: 4326: 4316: 4281: 4271: 4234: 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4192: 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4165:Live Science 4163: 4153: 4123:(1): 75–90. 4120: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4091: 4058: 4054: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3955: 3915:(1): 26066. 3912: 3908: 3898: 3889: 3883: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3829: 3823: 3814: 3781: 3777: 3748: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3694: 3684: 3675: 3655: 3648: 3625: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3557: 3550: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3446: 3439: 3417:(2): 83–89. 3414: 3410: 3404: 3385: 3379: 3352: 3346: 3337: 3331: 3319:. Retrieved 3297: 3284: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3224: 3218: 3199: 3193: 3174: 3168: 3124: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3042: 3014: 3008: 2989: 2983: 2964: 2958: 2939: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2829: 2805: 2781: 2769: 2755: 2734: 2675: 2651: 2647:crane vessel 2641:(the most), 2639:cruise ships 2612: 2595:bulk carrier 2544: 2524:Where state 2523: 2519: 2508: 2492:global rules 2489: 2450:World War II 2447: 2409: 2383:World War II 2380: 2376:wrought iron 2354: 2352:. Brunel's 2342: 2336: 2326: 2319: 2303: 2259: 2252: 2240: 2232:quarterdecks 2228:Guinea coast 2224:Sierra Leone 2217: 2188:flushed deck 2185: 2181:Bengal Subah 2175: 2167:Early modern 2141:Indian Ocean 2114: 2111:Indian Ocean 2102: 2096: 2082: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2010: 1972:, including 1967: 1944: 1936:Ming dynasty 1933: 1923: 1901: 1893:steering oar 1886: 1870: 1860: 1835: 1830: 1796: 1791:Austronesian 1787:Otago Museum 1776: 1731: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1692:tilted sails 1654:The ancient 1653: 1644:East African 1636:Dayak people 1616:Indian Ocean 1609: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1523: 1514:Song dynasty 1506:Zhou dynasty 1495: 1475: 1458: 1431: 1351: 1348:Indus Valley 1338:solar barque 1307: 1290: 1284: 1259:The ancient 1258: 1251: 1243: 1236:Naga Pelangi 1234: 1191: 1185: 1180:planking in 1125: 1091: 1039:, a replica 1034: 1029:Austronesian 939:Abydos boats 920: 906:Persian Gulf 890:Ubaid period 883: 838: 786: 779: 764: 740: 731: 728:Shipbuilders 727: 712:construction 708:Shipbuilding 707: 706: 703:Shipbuilding 381:Packing list 349: 286:Charterparty 196:Registration 169:Shipbuilding 168: 99: 90: 83: 13794:Shipwrights 13716:Argonautica 13703:(Herodotus) 13666:Flood myths 13563:Museums and 13507:conferences 13472:Vital Alsar 13310:archaeology 13119:Austronesia 13112:Hjortspring 13107:Rochelongue 13057:Pesse canoe 13011:Ship burial 12996:Sea Peoples 12929:Lighthouses 12924:Grave goods 12872:George Bass 12652:Spice trade 12249:exploration 12071:Philippines 12066:Austronesia 12059:Old Kingdom 11936:Trincomalee 11886:Prosphorion 11831:Myos Hormos 11675:Micronesian 11666:By region: 11638:Lighthouses 11446:By region: 11211:Quinquereme 11136:Kunlun ship 11129:Penteconter 11114:Dragon boat 10932:Strip-built 10825:WikiProject 10771:Rift sawing 10761:Flat sawing 10649:Wood drying 10326:Scrub plane 10311:Razee plane 10261:Block plane 10115:Mitre clamp 10062:Wood scribe 10013:Combination 9755:Purpleheart 9451:Douglas fir 9401:Woodturning 9234:Occupations 9196:Woodworking 9083:Partnership 9063:Cooperative 9036:Outsourcing 9026:Freelancing 8904:Commodities 8608:Video games 8583:Periodicals 8460:Landscaping 8395:Fairgrounds 8297:Advertising 8218:engineering 8202:Bookkeeping 8157:Real estate 8150:Reinsurance 8048:Restaurants 8018:Foodservice 8010:Hospitality 7993:Warehousing 7981:Ridesharing 7971:Car rentals 7703:Residential 7638:Remediation 7521:Automobiles 7343:Earthenware 7312:Glass fiber 7307:Float glass 7117:Supplements 7091:Antibiotics 6993:Fertilizers 6951:Mineral oil 6926:Diesel fuel 6909:Coal & 6869:fiber optic 6843:Microscopes 6797:GPS devices 6777:Televisions 6710:Electronics 6701:Electrical 6647:Woodworking 6602:3D printing 6561:Gunsmithing 6525:Phonographs 6510:Typesetting 6490:Bookbinding 6453:Dressmaking 6448:Accessories 6380:Soft drinks 6315:Animal feed 6106:Natural gas 5994:Aquaculture 5977:Sea urchins 5849:Maple syrup 5723:Fur farming 5713:Beef cattle 5649:Viticulture 5597:Fiber crops 5569:Agriculture 5128:30 December 4583:12 December 3861:: 345–353. 3126:Archaeology 2792:mould lofts 2671:BAE Systems 2667:Naval Group 2659:Damen Group 2655:Fincantieri 2649:and so on. 2643:icebreakers 2555:South Korea 2514:South Korea 2470:steel mills 2443:South Korea 2236:forecastles 2214:West Africa 2145:East Africa 2077:It was the 1907: 1436 1897:Middle Ages 1811:Polynesians 1801:, when the 1761:Austronesia 1716:, or Malay 1684:Han dynasty 1664:Greco-Roman 1570:k'un-lun po 1565:Han dynasty 1554:tanja sails 1533:Austronesia 1482:Spice trade 1472:Austronesia 1378:Mesopotamia 1239:in 2004, a 1163:twin-hulled 1147:Philippines 1104:tanja sails 973:Austronesia 967:Pharaoh Aha 894:Mesopotamia 880:Pre-history 732:shipwrights 523:Judiciaries 325:Consignment 13783:Categories 13725:(Polybius) 13369:Hawaiʻiloa 13251:Nemi ships 13136:Black Sea‎ 13082:Khufu ship 13043:and relics 12941:Marine art 12934:Alexandria 12841:Fik Meijer 12824:Historians 12711:Indo-Roman 12524:Greek navy 12426:Salamis II 12416:Hellespont 12376:Artemisium 12366:Nile Delta 12329:Achaemenid 12222:Achaemenid 12091:Langkasuka 12086:Micronesia 12004:Prehistory 11931:Sounagoura 11759:Chittagong 11734:Barbarikon 11713:Alexandria 11655:Pilot boat 11605:Navigation 11437:Sewn-plank 11432:Lashed-lug 11310:Figurehead 11283:Components 11252:Propulsion 11206:Quadrireme 11187:Polyremes 11166:Outriggers 10963:Mould Loft 10946:Facilities 10780:Techniques 10729:Conversion 10659:Wood stain 10587:Treatments 10375:Birdsmouth 10341:Spokeshave 10291:Jack plane 10281:Fore plane 10120:Pipe clamp 10085:Band clamp 10009:Carpenters 9830:Engineered 9780:Rubberwood 9629:Eucalyptus 9433:Calocedrus 9346:Pyrography 9311:Kohlrosing 8956:Technology 8926:Innovation 8887:Well-being 8697:University 8630:Television 8567:Mass media 8562:Publishing 8400:Nightclubs 8309:Healthcare 8280:Consulting 8275:Management 8223:Inspection 8207:Tax advice 8187:Accounting 8118:Securities 7934:Intermodal 7870:Mail order 7765:Demolition 7698:Industrial 7693:Commercial 7616:Collection 7467:Cast metal 7353:Refractory 7321:fiberglass 7317:Glass wool 7280:thermosets 7256:Engineered 7185:Engineered 7180:Sawmilling 7074:Toiletries 7045:Explosives 6865:Electrical 6848:Telescopes 6715:Components 6473:Shoemaking 6191:Phosphorus 6084:Geological 6034:Microalgae 5877:Pine resin 5864:Palm sugar 5839:Gum arabic 5753:Beekeeping 5592:Vegetables 5537:industries 5279:Daily News 5154:2010-11-17 5062:2024-07-13 4447:, 3: 98: " 4022:: 187–200. 3984:9024761786 3752:. 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