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699:, a young political prisoner. Though not a follower of Nechayev, Zasulich felt outraged at Bogolyubov's mistreatment and at the plight of other political prisoners. On 5 February, she walked into Trepov's office and shot and wounded him. In an indication of the popular political feeling of the time, a jury found her not guilty on the grounds that she had acted out of noble intent.
528:
serving the revolution. I had dared only to dream of it, and yet now he was saying that he wanted to recruit me, that otherwise he wouldn't have thought of saying anything.... And what did I know of "the people"? I knew only the house serfs of
Biakolovo and the members of my weaving collective, while he was himself a worker by birth.
527:
I felt terrible: it was really painful for me to say "That's unlikely...," "I don't know about that...." I could see that he was very serious, that this was no idle chatter about revolution. He could and would act – wasn't he the ringleader of the students?... I could imagine no greater pleasure than
606:
According to your way of thinking, you are nearer to the
Jesuits than to us. You are a fanatic. This is your enormous and peculiar strength. But at the same time this is your blindness, and blindness is a great and fatal weakness; blind energy errs and stumbles, and the more powerful it is, the more
619:
of 1864–1876, officially dissociated themselves from
Nechayev, claiming he had abused the name of the organisation. After writing a letter to a publisher on Bakunin's behalf, threatening to kill the publisher if he did not release Bakunin from a contract, Nechayev became even more isolated from his
438:
A revolutionary is a doomed man. He has no private interests, no affairs, sentiments, ties, property nor even a name of his own. His entire being is devoured by one purpose, one thought, one passion – the revolution. Heart and soul, not merely by word but by deed, he has severed every link with the
400:
disliked
Nechayev's fanaticism and strongly opposed the campaign, believing Nechayev was influencing Bakunin toward more extreme rhetoric. However, Herzen relented to hand over much of the fund to Nechayev which he was to take to Russia to mobilise support for the revolution. Nechayev had a list of
442:
A revolutionary "must infiltrate all social formations including the police. He must exploit rich and influential people, subordinating them to himself. He must aggravate the miseries of the common people, so as to exhaust their patience and incite them to rebel. And, finally, he must ally himself
563:
Bakunin and Ogarev embraced
Nechayev on his return to Switzerland in January 1870, with Bakunin writing: "I so jumped for joy that I nearly smashed the ceiling with my old head!". Soon after their reunion, Herzen died (21 January 1870) and a large fund from his personal wealth became available to
233:
and a resentment of the local nobility in his youth. At the age of 10, he had learned his father's trades—waiting at banquets and painting signs. His father got him a job as an errand boy in a factory, but he refused the servant's job. His family paid for good tutors who taught him Latin, German,
597:
Nechayev's suspicion of his comrades had grown even greater, and he began stealing letters and private papers with which to blackmail
Bakunin and his fellow exiles should the need arise. He enlisted the help of Herzen's daughter Natalie. While not clearly breaking with Nechayev, Bakunin rebuked
541:
The body was soon found and some of his colleagues arrested, but
Nechayev eluded capture and in late November left for Saint Petersburg, where he tried to continue his activities to create a clandestine society. On 15 December 1869, he fled the country, heading back to Geneva. This incident was
429:
throughout his revolutionary career. He saw ruthless immorality in the pursuit of total control by church and the state and believed that the struggle against them must therefore be carried out by any means necessary, with an unwavering focus on their destruction. The individual self is to be
610:
As a consequence of these considerations and in spite of all that has happened between us, I would wish not only to remain allied with you, but to make this union even closer and firmer, on condition that you will change the system entirely and will make mutual trust, sincerity and truth the
680:
of the fortress, Nechayev managed to win over his guards with the strength of his convictions and by the late 1870s was using them to pass on correspondence with revolutionaries on the outside. In
December 1880, Nechayev established contact with the executive committee of the People's Will
401:
387 people who were sent 560 parcels of leaflets for distribution April–August 1869. The idea was that the activists would be caught, punished and radicalized. Amongst these people was
Zasulich, who got five years exile because of a crudely coded letter sent by Nechayev.
740:
was part of an organization which based its program on
Nechayev's. Lenin stated that Nechayev was a "Titan of the revolution" and that all of the communist revolutionaries must "read Nechayev". Many critics inside and out of the Soviet Union labelled his version of
532:
Many were impressed by the young proletarian and joined the group. However, the already fanatical Nechayev appeared to be becoming more distrustful of the people around him, even denouncing Bakunin as doctrinaire, "idly running off at the mouth and on paper". One
745:
the one that was taking place in the Soviet Union itself, with Soviet politicians after the Stalin era admitting this themselves many times. He also influenced later generations of Russian revolutionary nihilists. He was rehabilitated during Stalin's time.
225:, then a small textile town, to poor parents—his father was a waiter and sign painter. His mother died when he was eight. His father remarried and had two more sons. They lived in a three-room house with his two sisters and grandparents. They were ex-
685:) and proposed a plan for his own escape. However, Narodnaya Volya abandoned the plan due to its unwillingness to distract the efforts of its members from attempting to assassinate Tsar Alexander II, which they achieved only in March 1881.
537:
member, I. I. Ivanov, disagreed with Nechayev about the distribution of propaganda and left the group. On 21 November 1869, Nechayev and several comrades beat, strangled and shot Ivanov, hiding the body in a lake through a hole in the ice.
467:, a Bulgarian revolutionary. In Moscow, he lived an austere life, spending the fund only on political activities. He pretended to be a proxy of the Russian department of the Worldwide Revolutionary Union which did not exist and created an
192:
439:
social order and with the entire civilized world; with the laws, good manners, conventions, and morality of that world. He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose – to destroy it.
187:
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inevitable and serious are the blunders. You suffer from an enormous lack of the critical sense without which it is impossible to evaluate people and situations, and to reconcile means with ends.
317:
as its ultimate goal. The program also suggested ways for creating a revolutionary organization and conducting subversive activities. In particular, the program envisioned composition of the
334:, governor of Saint Petersburg in 1878) at a teachers' meeting. He asked her to come to his school where he held candlelit readings of revolutionary tracts. He would place pictures of
1876:
396:
of subversive material to be sent to Russia, financed by Ogarev from the so-called Bakhmetiev Fund which had been intended for subsidizing their own revolutionary activities.
598:
Nechayev upon discovery of his duplicity, saying: "Lies, cunning entanglement a necessary and marvelous means for demoralising and destroying the enemy, though
515:). He claimed that the society had existed for quite some time in every corner of Russia. He spoke passionately to student dissidents about the need to organise.
666:
On 14 August 1872, Nechayev was arrested in Zürich and handed over to the Russian police. He was found guilty on 8 January 1873 and sentenced to twenty years of
702:
In November 1882, Nechayev died in his cell. Despite his personal courage and fanatical dedication to the revolutionary cause, Nechayev's methods (later called
463:
Having left Russia illegally, Nechayev had to sneak back to Moscow via Romania in August 1869 with help from Bakunin's underground contacts. On the way, he met
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among others as well as the growing student unrest at the university. Nechaev was even said to have slept on bare wood and lived on black bread in imitation of
1906:
523:(whose sister Alexandra sheltered him in Moscow) recalls that when she first met Nechayev, he immediately tried to recruit her, telling her about his plans:
350:. The last of these student meetings occurred on 28 January 1869, where Nechayev presented a petition calling for freedom of assembly for students.
1901:
358:
In January 1869, Nechayev spread false rumors of his arrest in Saint Petersburg, then left for Moscow before heading abroad. He tried to get
197:, who disagreed with some actions of Nechayervites. Complicated relationships with fellow revolutionaries caused him to be expelled from the
1871:
691:, who ten years earlier had been among those investigated for Ivanov's murder, heard in 1877 that the head of the Saint Petersburg police,
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a useful means of obtaining and attracting new friends". Bakunin then threatened Nechayev with breaking relations with him, writing:
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and others. Nechayev took part in devising this student movement's "Program of revolutionary activities" which stated later a
1750:
1537:
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708:) were viewed to have caused harm to the Russian revolutionary movement by endangering clandestine organizations. Historian
386:. Bakunin saw in Nechayev the authentic voice of Russian youth which he regarded as "the most revolutionary in the world".
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to emigrate with him by declaring love for her, but she refused. He sent her a letter claiming to have been arrested. In
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which for Nechayev was far more than just a theory, but the guiding principle by which he lived his life, claiming:
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672:(hard labor) for killing Ivanov. This was effectively a death sentence, since nobody survived twenty years in the
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417:, a program for the "merciless destruction" of society and the state. The main principle of the revolutionary
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in 1969, one hundred years after its original publication. It also influenced the formation of the militant
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comrades. Bakunin continued to write privately to Nechayev, proposing that they continue to work together.
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magazine (April–May, 1870, issues 1 to 6). In his article "The Fundamentals of the Future Social System" (
555:(published three years later) in which the character Pyotr Stepanovich Verkhovensky is based on Nechayev.
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as an auditor (he was never enrolled) and became acquainted with the subversive Russian literature of the
1911:
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Angel of Vengeance: The Girl Who Shot the Governor of St. Petersburg and Sparked the Age of Assassination
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suggests that many revolutionaries have successfully implemented Nechayev's methods and ideas, including
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966:
Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives
736:. He was the first to bring the theme of the professional revolutionary in Russia. Lenin's brother
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1331:"The Influences of Chernyshevsky, Tkachev, and Nechaev on the political thought of V.I. Lenin"
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aimed at different strata of the Russian population. Together with Ogarev, he published the
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1670:"Bakunin, Nechaev and the "Catechism of a Revolutionary": The Case for Joint Authorship"
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179:, known for his single-minded pursuit of revolution by any means necessary, including
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produced the threatening letter (which Nechayev had written to the publisher) at the
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with the savage word of the violent criminal, the only true revolutionary in Russia".
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Mayer, Robert (1993). "Lenin and the Concept of the Professional Revolutionary".
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Nechayev's theories had a major influence on other Russian revolutionaries, like
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foundation of our future relations. Otherwise the break between us is inevitable.
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of the International at which Bakunin was also expelled from the organisation.
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The book was to influence generations of radicals and was re-published by the
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on the table while reading. At these meetings, he plotted to assassinate Tsar
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back to Russia where he received a twenty-year sentence and died in prison.
1513:
1377:
Kimball, Alan (1973). "The First International and the Russian Obshchina".
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Daughter of a Revolutionary: Natalie Herzen and the Bakunin-Nechayev Circle
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Nechayev to continue his political activities. Nechayev issued a number of
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582:(1870, no. 2), Nechayev shared his vision of a socialist system which
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302:, Nechayev participated in student activism in 1868–1869, leading a
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who had moved to Ivanovo. He had already developed an awareness of
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The General Council of the foremost left-wing organisation, the
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school. From September 1868, Nechayev attended lectures at the
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Nechayev fled Russia in 1869 after having been involved in the
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382:(who called him "my boy") and his friend and collaborator
844:
805:. Ghent State University, Russian Institute. p. 79.
370:, he pretended to be a representative of a revolutionary
217:
The house in which Nechaev was born and lived until 1862
623:
In September 1870, Nechayev published an issue of the
471:
of a secret society called People's Reprisal Society (
1877:
Members of the International Workingmen's Association
991:
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such as Caspar Turski and others. In September 1872,
510:
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subsumed by a greater purpose in a kind of spiritual
1352:"Сергей Нечаев: "темный чуланчик" русской революции"
979:
892:
839:
Chernyshevskii's What is to be Done?: A Reevaluation
803:
Trifonov and the Drama of the Russian Intelligentsia
778:
The Palgrave Handbook of Anti-Communist Persecutions
330:(who would make an assassination attempt on General
1786:
Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism
1010:Engel, Barbara Alpern; Rosenthal, Clifford (2013).
880:
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819:
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Glavnyye osnovy budushchego obshchestvennogo stroya
167:
20 September] 1847 – 3 December [
780:. Springer International Publishing. p. 122.
257:, passed a teacher's exam and began teaching at a
378:and won the confidence of revolutionary-in-exile
1838:
776:Gerlach, Christian; Six, Clemans, eds. (2020).
404:
1708:The Unmentionable Nechaev: A Key to Bolshevism
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1907:Prisoners and detainees of the Russian Empire
1560:"The Fanatic: Sergei Nechayev, The Possessed"
29:
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1356:МирТесен - рекомендательная социальная сеть
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234:French, history, mathematics and rhetoric.
16:Russian communist revolutionary (1847–1882)
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323:, for which Nechayev would become famous.
201:. Arrested in Switzerland in 1872, he was
171:21 November] 1882) was a Russian
38:
1444:
1263:
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389:Nechayev, Bakunin and Ogarev organized a
1016:. Cornell University Press. p. 73.
651:. He also kept in touch with the Polish
411:In late spring 1869, Nechayev wrote the
236:
212:
1902:Revolutionaries from the Russian Empire
1700:
1629:(1975). "The Coming of the Dark Ages".
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1177:Marx: The First International and After
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1130:. "M. Bakunin to Sergey Nechayev". In
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617:International Workingmen's Association
294:Inspired by the failed attempt on the
199:International Workingmen's Association
188:murder of a former comrade—Ivan Ivanov
1625:
1594:
1554:
1512:
1294:
1427:
1248:"Nechaevshchina: An Unknown Chapter"
1013:Five Sisters: Women Against the Tsar
249:, where he worked for the historian
1872:Politicians from the Russian Empire
458:
13:
1892:Communists from the Russian Empire
14:
1923:
1897:Nihilists from the Russian Empire
1821:
1447:"A Critical Survey of Bolshevism"
1674:Canadian-American Slavic Studies
1476:(1988). "Bakunin and Nechayev".
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326:In December 1868, Nechayev met
281:, the ascetic revolutionary in
837:Drozd, Andrew Michael (2012).
831:
794:
769:
695:, had ordered the flogging of
1:
1465:
1246:Clellan, Woodford Mc (1973).
1175:Fernbach, David, ed. (1974).
801:Maegd-Soëp, Carolina (1990).
488:Obshchestvo narodnoy raspravy
153:Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev
51:Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev
1297:History of Political Thought
723:
491:) which issued the magazine
414:Catechism of a Revolutionary
406:Catechism of a Revolutionary
320:Catechism of a Revolutionary
253:. A year later, he moved to
161:Серге́й Генна́диевич Неча́ев
120:Catechism of a Revolutionary
7:
1830:The Revolutionary Catechism
1449:. Marxists Internet Archive
1431:Lenin: A Revolutionary Life
639:collapsed. Hiding from the
558:
511:
487:
340:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
263:Saint Petersburg University
245:Aged 18, Nechayev moved to
10:
1928:
1795:Princeton University Press
1484:Princeton University Press
749:The murder of Ivanov gave
477:Общество народной расправы
423:the ends justify the means
346:on the 9th anniversary of
1867:People from Shuysky Uyezd
1827:Nechayev, Sergey (1869).
1445:Souvarine, Boris (1939).
1428:Read, Cristopher (2004).
643:, he went underground in
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177:Russian nihilist movement
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145:Russian nihilist movement
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37:
30:
28:
21:
1668:Pomper, Phillip (1976).
1520:Terrorists and Terrorism
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676:. While locked up in a
542:fictionalised by writer
455:in Italy the same year.
1887:Collectivist anarchists
1686:10.1163/221023976X00053
1138:. London: Alcove Press.
743:revolutionary socialism
674:Peter and Paul Fortress
376:Peter and Paul Fortress
163:) (2 October [
1564:Apostles of Revolution
753:an idea for his novel
613:
445:
374:who had fled from the
336:Maximilien Robespierre
242:
218:
1791:Princeton, New Jersey
1612:W. H. Allen & Co.
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548:anti-nihilistic novel
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283:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
240:
221:Nechayev was born in
216:
1797:. pp. 149–169.
1743:St. Martin's Griffin
1733:Siljak, Ana (2009).
1645:. pp. 193–297.
1574:. pp. 214–256.
633:Second French Empire
578:), published in the
209:Early life in Russia
181:revolutionary terror
69:Vladimir Governorate
1862:People from Ivanovo
1777:Yarmolinsky, Avrahm
1633:The Corrupt Society
1479:Anarchist Portraits
1224:, pp. 168–169.
1212:, pp. 166–168.
1118:, pp. 164–165.
1106:, pp. 162–163.
1094:, pp. 163–164.
1070:, pp. 161–162.
937:, pp. 152–153.
925:, pp. 150–151.
913:, pp. 151–152.
449:Black Panther Party
425:—became Nechayev's
348:serfdom's abolition
288:What Is to Be Done?
271:Petrashevsky Circle
1912:Russian anarchists
1857:Anarcho-communists
1530:St. Martin's Press
592:barracks communism
535:Narodnaya Rasprava
512:Narodnaya rasprava
243:
219:
1781:"Force and Fraud"
1752:978-0-312-36401-4
1718:Allen & Unwin
1539:978-046-00786-3-4
1497:978-0-691-04753-9
1053:Fydoro Dostoevsky
1023:978-1-5017-5699-3
962:Radzinsky, Edvard
812:978-90-73139-04-6
751:Fyodor Dostoevsky
738:Aleksandr Ulyanov
697:Arkhip Bogolyubov
590:would later term
580:People's Reprisal
544:Fyodor Dostoevsky
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501:Народная расправа
493:People's Reprisal
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315:social revolution
231:social inequality
173:anarcho-communist
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1451:. Retrieved
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1358:(in Russian)
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1486:. pp.
998:Siljak 2009
986:Avrich 1988
947:Siljak 2009
899:Siljak 2009
887:Siljak 2009
875:Siljak 2009
863:Siljak 2009
826:Siljak 2009
368:Switzerland
298:'s life by
267:Decembrists
191: [
102:Nationality
1841:Categories
1761:2007042758
1556:Nomad, Max
1466:References
653:Blanquists
432:asceticism
391:propaganda
203:extradited
57:1847-10-02
1882:Narodniks
1813:890439998
1779:(2014) .
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1588:984463383
1558:(1961) .
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1399:0037-6779
1309:0143-781X
1274:0037-6779
1164:Karl Marx
841:. p. 115.
724:Influence
657:Karl Marx
584:Karl Marx
506:romanized
482:romanized
469:affiliate
419:catechism
372:committee
285:'s novel
279:Rakhmetov
141:Narodniks
1704:(1961).
1661:73-11782
1639:New York
1619:12134096
1598:(1967).
1580:61018566
1568:New York
1548:72-87111
1526:New York
1516:(1975).
1506:17727270
1362:25 March
1336:25 March
1317:26214357
1162:(1999).
1134:(1974).
1051:(1989).
964:(1997).
559:Downfall
394:campaign
307:minority
137:Movement
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678:ravelin
669:katorga
641:Okhrana
631:as the
625:Commune
571:Kolokol
546:in his
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259:parish
247:Moscow
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1411:S2CID
1403:JSTOR
1313:JSTOR
1278:JSTOR
1200:Hyams
1179:p. 49
1057:p. 60
763:Notes
645:Paris
309:with
227:serfs
195:]
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296:Tsar
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