36:
436:
534:
Whenever it is necessary to sedate a child, one must consider the type of procedure planned (painful or nonpainful), the duration of the procedure (important in choosing the appropriate sedative), the underlying medical condition of the patient (proper fasting, contracted blood volume, interaction
332:
In addition to the aforementioned precautions, patients should be interviewed to determine if they have any other condition that may lead to complications while undergoing treatment. Any head, neck, or spinal cord injuries should be noted as well as any diagnosis of
274:. To avoid sedation risks, care providers conduct a thorough pre-sedation evaluation and this process includes pre-sedation history and physicals with emphasis on the determining characteristics that indicate potential risks to the patient and potential difficult
795:
546:
A child undergoing a procedure that is nonpainful (e.g., CT scan or small laceration infiltrated with local anesthetic) does not require a narcotic. Conversely, a child undergoing a painful procedure may require an opioid.
290:
situations in conjunction with a medical history in assessing the applicable degree of sedation in patients in order to avoid under-sedation (the patient risks experiencing pain or distress) and
803:
297:
Examples of sedation scales include MSAT (Minnesota
Sedation Assessment Tool), UMSS (University of Michigan Sedation Scale), the Ramsay Scale (Ramsay, et al. 1974) and the RASS (
618:
291:
315:
Moderate sedation – purposeful response to verbal/tactile stimulation. (This is usually referred to as "conscious sedation")
270:, aspiration, and adverse reactions to sedation medications. Complications could also include perforation, bleeding, and the stimulation of
278:. This process can also reveal if the sedation period needs to be prolonged or additional therapeutic procedures are required.
799:
305:
215:), oral sedation, and intravenous (IV) sedation. Inhalation sedation is also sometimes referred to as "relative analgesia".
100:
695:
Sedation and
Monitoring in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, An Issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America
645:
Sedation and
Monitoring in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, An Issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America
754:
702:
652:
478:
298:
119:
72:
246:
There are studies claiming that sedation accounts for 40 percent to 50 percent procedure-related complications.
79:
779:
729:
677:
57:
622:
349:. This requires a needle to be put into a vein to deliver the medication; this is known as an IV cannula.
86:
540:
460:
451:
68:
53:
796:"Continuum of Depth of Sedation: Definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia"
828:
591:
Brown, TB.; Lovato, LM.; Parker, D. (Jan 2005). "Procedural sedation in the acute care setting".
46:
719:
345:
The most common standard conscious sedation technique for adults is intravenous sedation using
263:
223:
747:
Pediatric
Sedation Outside of the Operating Room: A Multispecialty International Collaboration
294:(the patient risks side effects such as suppression of breathing, which might lead to death).
8:
869:
571:
561:
556:
326:
259:
219:
208:
415:
Preexisting respiratory conditions as patients are susceptible to respiratory depression
318:
Deep sedation – purposeful response to repeated or painful stimulation.
247:
231:
844:
93:
775:
750:
725:
698:
673:
648:
600:
496:
446:
275:
227:
144:
840:
325:
In the United
Kingdom, deep sedation is considered to be a part of the spectrum of
770:
Winter, Harland; Murphy, Stephen; Mougenot, Jean
Francois; Cadranel, Samy (2006).
147:
or diagnostic procedure. Examples of drugs which can be used for sedation include
535:
with other medications, and intact mechanisms of drug elimination), the need for
500:
271:
863:
566:
374:
Some disorders involving its spasticity due to its muscle relaxant properties
262:
who are suitably trained to detect and manage these problems. Aside from the
212:
168:
152:
321:
General anesthesia – unarousable even with painful stimulus.
604:
492:
368:
Medical conditions potentially aggravated by the stress of dental treatment
334:
200:
136:
543:, and experience with alternative techniques or routes of administration.
16:
Reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs
255:
536:
267:
148:
524:
508:
346:
312:
Minimal sedation – normal response to verbal stimuli.
204:
196:
192:
188:
176:
172:
160:
24:
199:
and for reconstructive surgery, some cosmetic surgeries, removal of
35:
528:
520:
512:
504:
287:
164:
156:
140:
20:
266:, risks also include unintended levels of sedation, postoperative
187:
Sedation is typically used in minor surgical procedures such as
516:
357:
258:
are not uncommon during sedation and require the presence of
251:
769:
697:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 554.
647:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 465.
235:
772:
371:
Special care (mild intellectual or physical disability)
721:
Conscious
Sedation: A Handbook for Nurse Practitioners
394:
Muscle diseases or diseases which cause muscle wastage
391:
Difficult oral surgery or prolonged surgical procedure
203:, or for high-anxiety patients. Sedation methods in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
425:
667:
590:
861:
774:. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc. p. 59.
491:Present drugs commonly used to sedate children:
234:. It can also be used during a long term brain
829:"Sedation for the Pediatric Patient: A Review"
670:Practical Guide to Moderate Sedation/analgesia
400:Allergy or hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines
308:defines the continuum of sedation as follows:
672:. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. p. 84.
717:
388:Patients unable to provide a suitable escort
724:. London: Whurr Publishers. pp. 69].
619:"Sedation Dentistry for Anxious Patients"
479:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Sedation is also used extensively in the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
788:
668:Odom-Forren, Jan; Watson, Donna (2005).
362:Traumatic or prolonged dental procedures
340:
862:
800:American Society of Anesthesiologists
744:
692:
642:
306:American Society of Anesthesiologists
281:
826:
429:
385:Psychologically immature individuals
329:, as opposed to conscious sedation.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
749:. New York: Springer. p. 166.
718:Skelly, Meg; Palmer, Diane (2006).
13:
833:Pediatric Clinics of North America
827:Coté, Charles J. (February 1994).
139:or agitation by administration of
14:
881:
855:
802:. 21 October 2009. Archived from
421:Lack of visible superficial veins
299:Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale
143:drugs, generally to facilitate a
434:
406:History of psychiatric disorders
34:
820:
426:Sedation for pediatric patients
222:so that patients who are being
182:
45:needs additional citations for
763:
738:
711:
686:
661:
636:
611:
584:
1:
845:10.1016/S0031-3955(16)38690-4
577:
412:Acute pulmonary insufficiency
403:Pregnancy and breast feeding
286:Sedation scales are used in
7:
550:
454:. The specific problem is:
409:Kidney or liver dysfunction
356:Reduced dental anxiety and
10:
886:
18:
418:Alcohol or drug addiction
365:Patients with gag reflex
241:
19:Not to be confused with
238:to help patient relax.
264:respiratory depression
745:Mason, Keira (2011).
382:Uncooperative patient
693:Vargo, John (2016).
643:Vargo, John (2016).
461:improve this section
456:Grammar, formatting.
450:to meet Knowledge's
341:Intravenous sedation
260:health professionals
135:is the reduction of
54:improve this article
572:Twilight anesthesia
562:Procedural sedation
557:Palliative sedation
378:Contraindications:
226:tolerate having an
220:intensive care unit
209:inhalation sedation
327:general anesthesia
282:Levels of sedation
272:vasovagal reflexes
248:Airway obstruction
489:
488:
481:
452:quality standards
443:This section may
276:airway management
228:endotracheal tube
145:medical procedure
130:
129:
122:
104:
877:
849:
848:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
808:
792:
786:
785:
767:
761:
760:
742:
736:
735:
715:
709:
708:
690:
684:
683:
665:
659:
658:
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
621:. Archived from
615:
609:
608:
593:Am Fam Physician
588:
484:
477:
473:
470:
464:
438:
437:
430:
397:ASA III or above
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
885:
884:
880:
879:
878:
876:
875:
874:
860:
859:
858:
853:
852:
825:
821:
812:
810:
806:
794:
793:
789:
782:
768:
764:
757:
743:
739:
732:
716:
712:
705:
691:
687:
680:
666:
662:
655:
641:
637:
628:
626:
617:
616:
612:
589:
585:
580:
553:
501:Benzodiazepines
485:
474:
468:
465:
458:
439:
435:
428:
343:
284:
244:
185:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
883:
873:
872:
857:
856:External links
854:
851:
850:
819:
787:
780:
762:
755:
737:
730:
710:
703:
685:
678:
660:
653:
635:
610:
582:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
552:
549:
487:
486:
442:
440:
433:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
342:
339:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
283:
280:
243:
240:
184:
181:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
882:
871:
868:
867:
865:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
809:on 2010-11-20
805:
801:
797:
791:
783:
777:
773:
766:
758:
756:9780387097138
752:
748:
741:
733:
727:
723:
722:
714:
706:
704:9780323448451
700:
696:
689:
681:
675:
671:
664:
656:
654:9780323448451
650:
646:
639:
625:on 2014-09-23
624:
620:
614:
606:
602:
598:
594:
587:
583:
573:
570:
568:
567:Sedoanalgesia
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
548:
544:
542:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
483:
480:
472:
469:December 2023
462:
457:
453:
449:
448:
441:
432:
431:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
379:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
355:
354:
353:
352:Indications:
350:
348:
338:
336:
330:
328:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
292:over-sedation
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
213:nitrous oxide
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:pentobarbital
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:diethyl ether
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:February 2022
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
839:(1): 31–58.
836:
832:
822:
811:. Retrieved
804:the original
790:
771:
765:
746:
740:
720:
713:
694:
688:
669:
663:
644:
638:
627:. Retrieved
623:the original
613:
599:(1): 85–90.
596:
592:
586:
545:
533:
493:Methohexital
490:
475:
466:
459:Please help
455:
444:
377:
351:
344:
335:osteoporosis
331:
324:
303:
296:
285:
245:
217:
201:wisdom teeth
186:
183:Medical uses
137:irritability
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
463:if you can.
256:hypotension
870:Anesthesia
813:2010-11-29
781:1550092235
731:1861562667
679:0323020240
629:2014-09-11
578:References
537:anxiolysis
525:Meperidine
497:Thiopental
268:somnolence
224:ventilated
149:isoflurane
80:newspapers
69:"Sedation"
509:Midazolam
347:Midazolam
230:in their
205:dentistry
197:dentistry
193:vasectomy
189:endoscopy
177:midazolam
173:lorazepam
161:etomidate
25:seduction
864:Category
605:15663030
551:See also
541:narcosis
529:Fentanyl
521:Morphine
513:Ketamine
505:Diazepam
445:require
207:include
165:ketamine
157:propofol
141:sedative
133:Sedation
21:sedition
517:Opioids
447:cleanup
288:medical
232:trachea
211:(using
94:scholar
778:
753:
728:
701:
676:
651:
603:
358:phobia
254:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
807:(pdf)
252:apnea
242:Risks
195:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
776:ISBN
751:ISBN
726:ISBN
699:ISBN
674:ISBN
649:ISBN
601:PMID
304:The
175:and
73:news
841:doi
539:or
301:).
236:EEG
56:by
23:or
866::
837:41
835:.
831:.
798:.
597:71
595:.
531:.
527:;
523:;
519:;
515:;
511:;
507:;
503:;
499:;
495:;
337:.
250:,
191:,
179:.
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
847:.
843::
816:.
784:.
759:.
734:.
707:.
682:.
657:.
632:.
607:.
482:)
476:(
471:)
467:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
