1519:. Studies published in 2021 suggest sauropods could not inhabit polar regions. This study suggests they were largely confined to tropical areas and had metabolisms that were very different to those of other dinosaurs, perhaps intermediate between mammals and reptiles. New studies published by Taia Wyenberg-henzler in 2022 suggest that sauropods in North America declined due to undetermined reasons in regards to their niches and distribution during the end of the Jurassic and into the latest Cretaceous. Why this is remains unclear, but some similarities in feeding niches between iguanodontians, hadrosauroids and sauropods have been suggested and may have resulted in some competition. However, this cannot fully explain the full decline in distribution of sauropods, as competitive exclusion would have resulted in a much more rapid decline than what is shown in the fossil record. Moreover, it must be determined as to whether sauropod declines in North America was the result of a change in preferred flora that sauropods ate, climate, or other factors. It is also suggested in this same study that iguanodontians and hadrosauroids took advantage of recently vacated niches left by a decline in sauropod diversity during the late Jurassic and the Cretaceous in North America.
1439:, whereas almost all mammals are limited to only seven. Additionally, each vertebra was extremely long and had a number of empty spaces in them which would have been filled only with air. An air-sac system connected to the spaces not only lightened the long necks, but effectively increased the airflow through the trachea, helping the creatures to breathe in enough air. By evolving vertebrae consisting of 60% air, the sauropods were able to minimize the amount of dense, heavy bone without sacrificing the ability to take sufficiently large breaths to fuel the entire body with oxygen. According to Kent Stevens, computer-modeled reconstructions of the skeletons made from the vertebrae indicate that sauropod necks were capable of sweeping out large feeding areas without needing to move their bodies, but were unable to be retracted to a position much above the shoulders for exploring the area or reaching higher.
1588:, Myers and Fiorillo concluded that species with age-segregated herds would not have exhibited much parental care. On the other hand, scientists who have studied age-mixed sauropod herds suggested that these species may have cared for their young for an extended period of time before the young reached adulthood. A 2014 study suggested that the time from laying the egg to the time of the hatching was likely to have been between 65 and 82 days. Exactly how segregated versus age-mixed herding varied across different groups of sauropods is unknown. Further examples of gregarious behavior will need to be discovered from more sauropod species to begin detecting possible patterns of distribution.
1256:) columns in eusauropods was semi-circular, so sauropod forefoot prints are horseshoe-shaped. Unlike elephants, print evidence shows that sauropods lacked any fleshy padding to back the front feet, making them concave. The only claw visible in most sauropods was the distinctive thumb claw (associated with digit I). Almost all sauropods had such a claw, though what purpose it served is unknown. The claw was largest (as well as tall and laterally flattened) in diplodocids, and very small in brachiosaurids, some of which seem to have lost the claw entirely based on trackway evidence. Titanosaurs may have lost the thumb claw completely (with the exception of early forms, such as
954:(four-legged), often with spatulate (spatula-shaped: broad at the tip, narrow at the neck) teeth. They had tiny heads, massive bodies, and most had long tails. Their hind legs were thick, straight, and powerful, ending in club-like feet with five toes, though only the inner three (or in some cases four) bore claws. Their forelimbs were rather more slender and typically ended in pillar-like hands built for supporting weight; often only the thumb bore a claw. Many illustrations of sauropods in the flesh miss these facts, inaccurately depicting sauropods with hooves capping the claw-less digits of the feet, or more than three claws or hooves on the hands. The
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1284:: that is, there was little to no change in shape as juvenile sauropods became gigantic adults. Bonnan suggested that this odd scaling pattern (most vertebrates show significant shape changes in long bones associated with increasing weight support) might be related to a stilt-walker principle (suggested by amateur scientist Jim Schmidt) in which the long legs of adult sauropods allowed them to easily cover great distances without changing their overall mechanics.
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1464:. Most life restorations of sauropods in art through the first three quarters of the 20th century depicted them fully or partially immersed in water. This early notion was cast in doubt beginning in the 1950s, when a study by Kermack (1951) demonstrated that, if the animal were submerged in several metres of water, the pressure would be enough to fatally collapse the lungs and airway. However, this and other early studies of sauropod
1443:
well, and elimination of this excess heat would have been essential for survival. It has also been proposed that the long necks would have cooled the veins and arteries going to the brain, avoiding excessively heated blood from reaching the head. It was in fact found that the increase in metabolic rate resulting from the sauropods' necks was slightly more than compensated for by the extra surface area from which heat could dissipate.
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neck, and the head was evolved to be very small and light, losing the ability to orally process food. By reducing their heads to simple harvesting tools that got the plants into the body, the sauropods needed less power to lift their heads, and thus were able to develop necks with less dense muscle and connective tissue. This drastically reduced the overall mass of the neck, enabling further elongation.
1654:) or would have hindered rearing. For example, titanosaurs had an unusually flexible backbone, which would have decreased stability in a tripodal posture and would have put more strain on the muscles. Likewise, it is unlikely that brachiosaurids could rear up onto the hind legs, as their center of gravity was much farther forward than other sauropods, which would cause such a stance to be unstable.
1483:, to show that sauropods were primarily terrestrial animals. In 2004, D.M. Henderson noted that, due to their extensive system of air sacs, sauropods would have been buoyant and would not have been able to submerge their torsos completely below the surface of the water; in other words, they would float, and would not have been in danger of lung collapse due to water pressure when swimming.
1553:, appear to show herds made up of individuals of various age groups, mixing juveniles and adults. However, a number of other fossil sites and trackways indicate that many sauropod species travelled in herds segregated by age, with juveniles forming herds separate from adults. Such segregated herding strategies have been found in species such as
1934:. Before they could conduct the analysis, the team had to create a digital skeleton of the animal in question, show where there would be muscle layering, locate the muscles and joints, and finally find the muscle properties before finding the gait and speed. The results of the biomechanics study revealed that
1818:, which were evolving wider-set limbs but retained their claws. Primitive true titanosaurs also retained their forefoot claw but had evolved fully wide gauge limbs. Wide gauge limbs were retained by advanced titanosaurs, trackways from which show a wide gauge and lack of any claws or digits on the forefeet.
1808:
Generally, sauropod trackways are divided into three categories based on the distance between opposite limbs: narrow gauge, medium gauge, and wide gauge. The gauge of the trackway can help determine how wide-set the limbs of various sauropods were and how this may have impacted the way they walked. A
1502:
While sauropods could therefore not have been aquatic as historically depicted, there is evidence that they preferred wet and coastal habitats. Sauropod footprints are commonly found following coastlines or crossing floodplains, and sauropod fossils are often found in wet environments or intermingled
1938:
was mechanically competent at a top speed of 2 m/s (5 mph) given the great weight of the animal and the strain that its joints were capable of bearing. The results further revealed that much larger terrestrial vertebrates might be possible, but would require significant body remodeling and
1796:
is also supported by the manus-to-pes distance, the morphology of the manus being kidney bean-shaped, and the morphology of the pes being subtriangular. It cannot be identified whether the footprints of the herd were caused by juveniles or adults, because of the lack of previous trackway individual
1572:
In a review of the evidence for various herd types, Myers and
Fiorillo attempted to explain why sauropods appear to have often formed segregated herds. Studies of microscopic tooth wear show that juvenile sauropods had diets that differed from their adult counterparts, so herding together would not
1442:
Another proposed function of the sauropods' long necks was essentially a radiator to deal with the extreme amount of heat produced from their large body mass. Considering that the metabolism would have been doing an immense amount of work, it would certainly have generated a large amount of heat as
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Tidwell, V., Carpenter, K. & Meyer, S. 2001. New
Titanosauriform (Sauropoda) from the Poison Strip Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Utah. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter (eds.). Indiana University Press, Eds. D.H. Tanke & K. Carpenter.
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used computer modelling to show that this could be due to the properties of the substrate. These need to be just right to preserve tracks. Differences in hind limb and fore limb surface area, and therefore contact pressure with the substrate, may sometimes lead to only the forefeet trackways being
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was estimated at 122.4 metric tons with lengths of up to nearly 60 meters but 2015 research argued that these estimates were based on a diplodocid rather than the more modern rebbachisaurid, suggesting a much shorter length of 35–40 meters with mass between 80–120 tons. Additional finds indicate a
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Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S.I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (February 2021). "Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper
Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil".
1657:
Diplodocids, on the other hand, appear to have been well adapted for rearing up into a tripodal stance. Diplodocids had a center of mass directly over the hips, giving them greater balance on two legs. Diplodocids also had the most mobile necks of sauropods, a well-muscled pelvic girdle, and tail
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is one illustration of this hypothesis. In a 2005 paper, Rothschild and Molnar reasoned that if sauropods had adopted a bipedal posture at times, there would be evidence of stress fractures in the forelimb 'hands'. However, none were found after they examined a large number of sauropod skeletons.
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Sauropod necks have been found at over 15 metres (49 ft) in length, a full six times longer than the world record giraffe neck. Enabling this were a number of essential physiological features. The dinosaurs' overall large body size and quadrupedal stance provided a stable base to support the
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Titanosaurs were most unusual among sauropods, as, across their history as a clade, they lost not just the external claw but also completely lost the digits of the front foot. Advanced titanosaurs had no digits or digit bones, and walked only on horseshoe-shaped "stumps" made up of the columnar
1687:
Whether sauropods' long necks could be used for browsing high trees has been questioned based on calculations suggesting that just pumping blood up to the head in such a posture for long would have used some half of its energy intake. Further, to move blood to such a height—dismissing posited
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are a characteristic feature of all sauropods. These air spaces reduced the overall weight of the massive necks that the sauropods had, and the air-sac system in general, allowing for a single-direction airflow through stiff lungs, made it possible for the sauropods to get enough oxygen. This
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shows that, in at least some sauropods (probably brachiosaurids), the bottom and sides of the forefoot column was likely covered in small, spiny scales, which left score marks in the prints. In titanosaurs, the ends of the metacarpal bones that contacted the ground were unusually broad and
2006:
still retained a moderate size, possibly under 10 kg (22 lb). Even with these small, primitive forms, there is a notable size increase among sauropodomorphs, although scanty remains of this period make interpretation conjectural. There is one definite example of a small derived
1907:
1903:
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that do not belong in
Vulcanodontidae but to an even more basic position occupied in Sauropoda. It made sense to have Sauropoda compared to this, more derived group that included Vulcanodontidae and Eusauropoda in a definition: defined as the group formed by the last common ancestor of
1904:
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The above have been used to argue that the long neck must instead have been held more or less horizontally, presumed to enable feeding on plants over a wide area with less need to move about, yielding a large energy saving for such a large animal. Reconstructions of the necks of
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in the
Kimberley Region of Western Australia. The report said that it was the biggest known yet. In 2020 Molina-Perez and Larramendi estimated the size of the animal at 31 meters (102 ft) and 72 tonnes (79.4 short tons) based on the 1.75 meter (5.7 ft) long footprint.
801:. Sauropods had very long necks, long tails, small heads (relative to the rest of their body), and four thick, pillar-like legs. They are notable for the enormous sizes attained by some species, and the group includes the largest animals to have ever lived on land. Well-known
1894:, and an extremely ovoid femur shaft. Those features are useful when attempting to explain trackway patterns of graviportal animals. When studying ichnology to calculate sauropod speed, there are a few problems, such as only providing estimates for certain gaits because of
1649:
Heinrich
Mallison (in 2009) was the first to study the physical potential for various sauropods to rear into a tripodal stance. Mallison found that some characters previously linked to rearing adaptations were actually unrelated (such as the wide-set hip bones of
1906:
5222:
Bonnan, M.F. 2005. Pes anatomy in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, evolution, and phylogeny; pp. 346-380 in K. Carpenter and V. Tidwell (eds.), Thunder-Lizards: The
Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University
6889:
Navarro, Bruno A.; Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Díaz, Verónica Díez; Bandeira, Kamila L. N.; Cattaruzzi, André G. S.; Iori, Fabiano V.; Martine, Ariel M.; Carvalho, Alberto B.; Anelli, Luiz E.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Zaher, Hussam (2022-09-15).
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above). Generally, prints from the forefeet are much smaller than the hind feet, and often crescent-shaped. Occasionally ichnites preserve traces of the claws, and help confirm which sauropod groups lost claws or even digits on their forefeet.
1486:
Evidence for swimming in sauropods comes from fossil trackways that have occasionally been found to preserve only the forefeet (manus) impressions. Henderson showed that such trackways can be explained by sauropods with long forelimbs (such as
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have been as productive as herding separately, where individual herd members could forage in a coordinated way. The vast size difference between juveniles and adults may also have played a part in the different feeding and herding strategies.
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Although in general, sauropods were large, a gigantic size (40 t (39 long tons; 44 short tons) or more) was reached independently at multiple times in their evolution. Many gigantic forms existed in the Late
Jurassic (specifically
1809:
2004 study by Day and colleagues found that a general pattern could be found among groups of advanced sauropods, with each sauropod family being characterised by certain trackway gauges. They found that most sauropods other than
2286:
using bone histology and demonstrated that the small island species evolved through a decrease in the growth rate of long bones as compared to rates of growth in ancestral species on the mainland. Two other possible dwarfs are
1217:, sauropods developed specialized "graviportal" (weight-bearing) limbs. The hind feet were broad, and retained three claws in most species. Particularly unusual compared with other animals were the highly modified front feet (
1196:
Fossils from perhaps the largest dinosaur ever found were discovered in 2012 in the Neuquén
Province of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. It is believed that they are from a titanosaur, which were amongst the largest sauropods.
2282:, both from Europe. Even though these sauropods are small, the only way to prove they are true dwarfs is through a study of their bone histology. A study by Martin Sander and colleagues in 2006 examined eleven individuals of
2596:) later that year that a complete picture of sauropods emerged. An approximate reconstruction of a complete sauropod skeleton was produced by artist John A. Ryder, hired by paleontologist E.D. Cope, based on the remains of
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1046:) may have come from an animal 58 metres (190 ft) long; its vertebral column would have been substantially longer than that of the blue whale. However, research published in 2015 speculated that the size estimates of
6584:
Castanera, D.; Barco, J. L.; Díaz-Martínez, I.; Gascón, J. S. H.; Pérez-Lorente, F. L.; Canudo, J. I. (2011). "New evidence of a herd of titanosauriform sauropods from the lower
Berriasian of the Iberian range (Spain)".
2101:, are identified by a small to medium body size. No sauropods were very small, however, for even "dwarf" sauropods are larger than 500 kg (1,100 lb), a size reached by only about 10% of all mammalian species.
5156:
Palaeobiology and Geobiology of Fossil Lagerstätten through Earth History: A Joint Conference of the "Paläontologische Gesellschaft" and the "Palaeontological Society of China", Göttingen, Germany, September 23-27,
1128:
has long been scrutinized due to controversial debates on its validity, but recent photos re-surfacing in 2022 have legitimized it, allowing for more updated estimates that range between 110–170 tons, rivaling the
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5739:
Sander, P. Martin; Christian, Andreas; Clauss, Marcus; Fechner, Regina; Gee, Carole T.; Griebeler, Eva-Maria; Gunga, Hanns-Christian; Hummel, Jürgen; Mallison, Heinrich; Perry, Steven F.; et al. (2011).
5323:
Milàn, J.; Christiansen, P.; Mateus, O. (2005). "A three-dimensionally preserved sauropod manus impression from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal: implications for sauropod manus shape and locomotor mechanics".
1768:(known as "ichnites") are known from abundant evidence present on most continents. Ichnites have helped support other biological hypotheses about sauropods, including general fore and hind foot anatomy (see
937:
Complete sauropod fossil finds are extremely rare. Many species, especially the largest, are known only from isolated and disarticulated bones. Many near-complete specimens lack heads, tail tips and limbs.
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1813:
had narrow-gauge limbs, with strong impressions of the large thumb claw on the forefeet. Medium gauge trackways with claw impressions on the forefeet probably belong to brachiosaurids and other primitive
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but are 10-100 times larger, that seemed to have caused the osteomyelitis. The fossil is the first known instance of an aggressive case of osteomyelitis being caused by blood worms in an extinct animal.
2327:: it was only about 6.2 m (20 ft) long, an identifying trait of the species. As for all dwarf species, their reduced growth rate led to their small size. Another taxon of tiny sauropods, the
1392:
A study by Michael D'Emic and his colleagues from Stony Brook University found that sauropods evolved high tooth replacement rates to keep up with their large appetites. The study suggested that
1662:, which do so occasionally in the wild. He also argues that stress fractures in the wild do not occur from everyday behaviour, such as feeding-related activities (contra Rothschild and Molnar).
1475:
Beginning in the 1970s, the effects of sauropod air sacs on their supposed aquatic lifestyle began to be explored. Paleontologists such as Coombs and Bakker used this, as well as evidence from
2256:, only known from 3 m (9.8 ft) long ribs. These giant species lived in the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, appearing independently over a time span of 85 million years.
7407:
Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Apaldetti, C.; Martínez, R. N. (2021). "Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from South America: The origin and diversification of dinosaur dominated herbivorous faunas".
1905:
6060:
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Birchard, Geoffrey F.; Deeming, D. Charles (2014). "Incubation time as an important influence on egg production and distribution into clutches for sauropod dinosaurs".
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vertebrae with a specialised shape that would allow the tail to bear weight at the point it touched the ground. Mallison concluded that diplodocids were better adapted to rearing than
981:
The sauropods' most defining characteristic was their size. Even the dwarf sauropods (perhaps 5 to 6 metres, or 20 feet long) were counted among the largest animals in their
1707:
hold the base of their necks sharply flexed when alert, showing that any inference from bones about habitual "neutral postures" is deeply unreliable. Meanwhile, computer modeling of
1189:
was the shortest member of its group because of its unusually short neck. Unlike other sauropods, whose necks could grow to up to four times the length of their backs, the neck of
2348:
Sauropods are rarely known for preserved injuries or signs of illnesses, but more recent discoveries show they could suffer from such pathologies. A diplodocid specimen from the
1460:. Most studies in the 19th and early 20th centuries concluded that sauropods were too large to have supported their weight on land, and therefore that they must have been mainly
2484:
was known only from two unusual, heart-shaped teeth (from which it got its name), which could not be identified beyond the fact that they came from a previously unknown large
1274:
squared-off, and some specimens preserve the remains of soft tissue covering this area, suggesting that the front feet were rimmed with some kind of padding in these species.
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forward. However, due to their body proportions, floating sauropods would also have been very unstable and maladapted for extended periods in the water. This mode of aquatic
2032:, a trait which evolved in sauropodomorphs. Once branched into sauropods, sauropodomorphs continued steadily to grow larger, with smaller sauropods, like the Early Jurassic
4089:
Eric Buffetaut; Varavudh Suteethorn; Gilles Cuny; Haiyan Tong; Jean Le Loeuff; Sasidhorn Khansubha; Sutee Jongautchariyakul (2000). "The earliest known sauropod dinosaur".
1746:
7018:"Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil"
5979:
Wyenberg-Henzler T. 2022. Ecomorphospace occupation of large herbivorous dinosaurs from Late Jurassic through to Late Cretaceous time in North America. PeerJ 10:e13174
2097:, however, were some of the largest sauropods ever. Other than titanosaurs, diplodocoids also reached truly gigantic sizes. Meanwhile, a clade of diplodocoids, called
1316:
The bird-like hollowing of sauropod bones was recognized early in the study of these animals, and, in fact, at least one sauropod specimen found in the 19th century (
1882:. Commonly, studies about sauropod bone histology and speed focus on the postcranial skeleton, which holds many unique features, such as an enlarged process on the
934:, meaning "lizard foot". Sauropods are one of the most recognizable groups of dinosaurs, and have become a fixture in popular culture due to their impressive size.
2419:
and were originally interpreted in a variety of different ways. Their relationship to other dinosaurs was not recognized until well after their initial discovery.
6180:
Mallison, H. (2009). "Rearing for food? Kinetic/dynamic modeling of bipedal/tripodal poses in sauropod dinosaurs". P. 63 in Godefroit, P. and Lambert, O. (eds),
5075:
Martin Sander, P.; Mateus, Octávio; Laven, Thomas; Knötschke, Nils (2006). "Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur".
1423:
browsed leaves from top and middle branches. According to the scientists, the specializing of their diets helped the different herbivorous dinosaurs to coexist.
1231:
bones of sauropods were arranged in fully vertical columns, with extremely reduced finger bones (though it is not clear if the most primitive sauropods, such as
4230:"The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary"
2081:
is quite plausibly the clade of dinosaurs with the largest body sizes ever to have existed. The few exceptions of smaller size are hypothesized to be caused by
5403:"Linear and Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Long Bone Scaling Patterns in Jurassic Neosauropod Dinosaurs: Their Functional and Paleobiological Implications"
2667:, and their increasing roster of relatives to differentiate them from the other major groups of dinosaurs. Marsh named this group Sauropoda, or "lizard feet".
1584:
Since the segregation of juveniles and adults must have taken place soon after hatching, and combined with the fact that sauropod hatchlings were most likely
2854:
The phylogenetic relationships of the sauropods have largely stabilised in recent years, though there are still some uncertainties, such as the placement of
1972:
from the Middle Triassic of Argentina, weighed approximately 1 kg (2.2 lb) or less. These evolved into saurischia, which saw a rapid increase of
1874:
was digitally reconstructed to test its locomotion for the first time. Before the study, the most common way of estimating speed was through studying bone
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1790:
than any other ichnogenera, although they have been suggested to be from a basal titanosauriform. The tracks are wide-gauge, and the grouping as close to
1022:, at 33 to 34 metres (108 to 112 ft) long, was the longest sauropod known from reasonably complete remains, but others, like the old record holder,
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in 1699, but was not recognized as a giant prehistoric reptile at the time. Dinosaurs would not be recognized as a group until over a century later.
5560:
Taylor, M.P. (2010). "Sauropod dinosaur research: a historical review". In Richard Moody, Eric Buffetaut, David M. Martill and Darren Naish (eds.),
7199:
Owen, R. (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles". Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England.
1616:, have speculated that sauropods could rear up on their hind legs, using the tail as the third 'leg' of a tripod. A skeletal mount depicting the
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2799:(Bonaparte and Powell, 1980) and all its descendants. Aquesbi mentioned two synapomorphies, shared derived characteristics of Gravisauria: the
1000:
Their body structure did not vary as much as other dinosaurs, perhaps due to size constraints, but they displayed ample variety. Some, like the
5644:
5205:
1862:
6978:
4707:"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals"
6153:
Rothschild, B.M. & Molnar, R.E. (2005). "Sauropod Stress Fractures as Clues to Activity". In Carpenter, K. & Tidswell, V. (eds.).
2028:
Evolving from sauropodomorphs, the sauropods were huge. Their giant size probably resulted from an increased growth rate made possible by
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1404:
replaced each tooth once every 35 days. The scientists found qualities of the tooth affected how long it took for a new tooth to grow.
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with length estimates of 35 metres (115 ft) to 36 metres (118 ft) according to the most recent researches. However the giant
7134:
1415:
It was also noted by D'Emic and his team that the differences between the teeth of the sauropods also indicated a difference in diet.
1313:
adaptation would have advantaged sauropods particularly in the relatively low oxygen conditions of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
7582:
7294:"Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships: Sauropodomorph Interrelationships"
2543:
The next sauropod find to be described and misidentified as something other than a dinosaur were a set of hip vertebrae described by
912:
4189:
Blair W. McPhee; Adam M. Yates; Jonah N. Choiniere; Fernando Abdala (2014). "The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of
2309:
from Switzerland might also be a dwarf, but this has yet to be proven. One of the most extreme cases of island dwarfism is found in
907:, had replaced all others and had a near-global distribution. However, as with all other non-avian dinosaurs alive at the time, the
1750:
6421:
1491:) floating in relatively shallow water deep enough to keep the shorter hind legs free of the bottom, and using the front limbs to
5345:"Morphometric Analysis of Humerus and Femur Shape in Morrison Sauropods: Implications for Functional Morphology and Paleobiology"
5238:"The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: Implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny"
2400:
et al. (2021). Examination of the titanosaur's bones revealed what appear to be parasitic blood worms similar to the prehistoric
1175:
occurring in a population of sauropods isolated on an island of the late Jurassic in what is now the Langenberg area of northern
6041:
Coria, R.A. (1994). "On a monospecific assemblage of sauropod dinosaurs from Patagonia: implications for gregarious behavior".
955:
1541:
Many lines of fossil evidence, from both bone beds and trackways, indicate that sauropods were gregarious animals that formed
7016:
Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S. I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (2021-02-01).
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6846:
6182:
Tribute to Charles Darwin and Bernissart Iguanodons: New Perspectives on Vertebrate Evolution and Early Cretaceous Ecosystems
6162:
5165:
5137:
4342:
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4272:
2600:, though many features were still inaccurate or incomplete according to later finds and biomechanical studies. Also in 1877,
5941:
4048:"Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: Evidence for Late Triassic sauropods"
7603:
2695:
definitions were proposed, including one by Yates (2007), who defined Sauropoda as "the most inclusive clade that includes
7135:"Cretaceous Titanosaur Suffered from Blood Parasites and Severe Bone Inflammation | Paleontology | Sci-News.com"
1468:
were flawed in that they ignored a substantial body of evidence that the bodies of sauropods were heavily permeated with
12014:
5245:
4981:
Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. (12 January 2021).
4332:
1626:
4288:
1684:
There is little agreement over how sauropods held their heads and necks, and the postures they could achieve in life.
12009:
7526:
6957:
6937:
5536:
5309:
Apesteguía, S. (2005). "Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus". Pp. 321-345 in Tidwell, V. and Carpenter, K. (eds.)
4927:
and other fragmentary sauropod remains suggest the largest land animals were about as big as the greatest whales".
7188:
Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium
6195:
4802:
8490:
5966:
2547:
in 1870. Seeley found that the vertebrae were very lightly constructed for their size and contained openings for
2352:
referred to as "Dolly" was described in 2022 with evidence of a severe respiratory infection. Sauropod ribs from
8497:
8479:
5581:
D'Emic, Michael D.; Whitlock, John A.; Smith, Kathlyn M.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. (17 July 2013).
5371:
1281:
7553:
7518:
6977:
Tan, Chao; Yu, Hai-Dong; Ren, Xin-Xin; Dai, Hui; Ma, Qing-Yu; Xiong, Can; Zhao, Zhi-Qiang; You, Hai-Lu (2022).
2807:. Those were previously not thought to be Eusauropoda synapomorphies but Allian found these properties also on
2803:
are wider side to side than front to rear and possession of asymmetrical condyles femoris at the bottom of the
1922:, the study performed a musculoskeletal analysis. The only previous musculoskeletal analyses were conducted on
1777:
1435:
Sauropods also had a great number of adaptations in their skeletal structure. Some sauropods had as many as 19
9891:
4634:"The fragile legacy of Amphicoelias fragillimus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda; Morrison Formation - Latest Jurassic)"
4576:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny".
7575:
1456:
When sauropods were first discovered, their immense size led many scientists to compare them with modern-day
6979:"Pathological ribs in sauropod dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Yunyang, Chongqing, Southwestern China"
5182:
6359:
Stevens, K.A.; Parrish, J.M. (1999). "Neck posture and feeding habits of two Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs".
2536:, and grouped it together with the dinosaurs. However, Mantell still did not recognize the relationship to
4982:
4046:
Jens N. Lallensack; Hendrik Klein; Jesper Milàn; Oliver Wings; Octávio Mateus; Lars B. Clemmensen (2017).
1140:
number of species likely reached or exceeded weights of 40 tons. The largest land animal alive today, the
1050:
may have been highly exaggerated. The longest dinosaur known from reasonable fossils material is probably
7223:
7152:
Delair, J.B.; Sarjeant, W.A.S. (2002). "The earliest discoveries of dinosaurs: the records re-examined".
5580:
2684:
1742:
10623:
6436:"Inter-Vertebral Flexibility of the Ostrich Neck: Implications for Estimating Sauropod Neck Flexibility"
1077:, were extremely tall, with high shoulders and extremely long necks. The tallest sauropod was the giant
3981:"A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)"
1545:. However, the makeup of the herds varied between species. Some bone beds, for example a site from the
1085:, the tallest of all living land animals, is only 4.8 to 5.6 metres (15.74 to 18.3 ft) tall.
7017:
2468:
published the first modern scientific descriptions of sauropods in 1841, in a book and a paper naming
1200:
On or shortly before 29 March 2017 a sauropod footprint about 5.6 feet (1.7 meters) long was found at
1171:, which was 6.2 meters long as a fully-grown adult. Its small stature was probably the result of
175:
11858:
11852:
5029:
2679:
definition of Sauropoda was published in 1997 by Salgado and colleagues. They defined the clade as a
2360:, in southwest China show evidence of rib breakage by way of traumatic fracture, bone infection, and
875:
also its sauropod status, were subsequently questioned. Sauropod-like sauropodomorph tracks from the
6542:"A new wide-gauge sauropod track site from the Late Cretaceous of Mendoza, Neuquen Basin, Argentina"
4832:
4787:
2336:, 5.7 m (18.7 ft) long, lived a non-insular context in Upper Creaceous Brazil, and is an example of
1960:
Sauropods were gigantic descendants of surprisingly small ancestors. Basal dinosauriformes, such as
1784:
age in Spain support the gregarious behaviour of the group. The tracks are possibly more similar to
11895:
7670:
7568:
3915:
2828:, 183 million years ago, and Aquesbi thought that this was part of a much larger revolution in the
1786:
1223:). The front feet of sauropods were very dissimilar from those of modern large quadrupeds, such as
1135:
1038:
9896:
1700:
have therefore often portrayed them in near-horizontal, so-called "neutral, undeflected posture".
1688:
auxiliary hearts in the neck—would require a heart 15 times as large as of a similar-sized whale.
1499:, combined with its instability, led Henderson to refer to sauropods in water as "tipsy punters".
1063:
specimen BYU 9024 might have been even larger reaching lengths of 45–48 meters (148–157 ft).
7494:
7263:"Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. 1: Phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence"
6494:
2422:
876:
5565:
4983:"Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina"
2580:. However, it was not until the description of new, nearly complete sauropod skeletons from the
11981:
11916:
9365:
9353:
9345:
4827:
4521:
1613:
6863:
6402:
4752:"Supersaurus, Ultrasaurus and Dystylosaurus in 2019, part 2b: the size of the BYU 9024 animal"
4305:
4262:
2576:
were described by Phillips in 1871, he finally recognized the animal as a dinosaur related to
2548:
11976:
11885:
11847:
11576:
7858:
7506:
5154:
5127:
4774:
4572:
Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of
4188:
2841:
2650:
2448:
The first sauropod fossil to be scientifically described was a single tooth known by the non-
1996:
1671:
1141:
927:
286:
11841:
10615:
9359:
6778:
Sellers, W. I.; Margetts, L.; Coria, R. A. B.; Manning, P. L. (2013). Carrier, David (ed.).
4491:
2056:. Responding to the growth of sauropods, their theropod predators grew also, as shown by an
11963:
10631:
8485:
7416:
7346:
7161:
7081:
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6791:
6633:
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6447:
6368:
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6015:
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5678:
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5254:
5084:
4994:
4936:
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4530:
4227:
4098:
2701:
2385:
1800:
962:
8:
11954:
8561:
4598:
Carpenter, K. (2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod
3920:
2714:
2492:
was known from slightly better, but still scrappy remains. Owen thought at the time that
326:
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4141:
4122:
4088:
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4007:
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3693:
2722:
and all of its descendants for the clade equivalent to Sauropoda as defined by Salgado
2563:, and Seeley considered the vertebrae to come from a pterosaur. He named the new genus
2349:
2029:
1839:
1472:. In 1878, paleontologist E.D. Cope had even referred to these structures as "floats".
1436:
994:
655:
507:
170:
7173:
5344:
5237:
4513:
4142:"The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion"
3939:
2500:, hence its name, which means "whale lizard". A year later, when Owen coined the name
11752:
11293:
10040:
9681:
9410:
8598:
7522:
7510:
7436:
7274:
7262:
7243:
7101:
7057:
7045:
7002:
6923:
6911:
6892:"A New Nanoid Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil"
6869:
6842:
6819:
6757:
6739:
6700:
6682:
6646:
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6384:
6338:
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6132:
6000:
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5838:
5779:
5761:
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5706:
5622:
5532:
5527:
Ward, Peter Douglas (2006). "The Jurassic: Dinosaur Hegemony in a Low-Oxygen World".
5509:
5424:
5161:
5133:
5100:
5014:
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4803:"Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs"
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577:
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7319:
6410:
6089:
5436:
5387:
5274:
4849:
4615:
4558:
4358:
Marsh, O.C. (1878). "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part I"".
4214:
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4002:
3992:
3338:
3250:
3083:
2959:
2752:
2692:
2680:
2601:
2524:
2380:, suggests that individuals of various genera were susceptible to diseases such as
2265:
2233:
1962:
1351:
1227:. Rather than splaying out to the sides to create a wide foot as in elephants, the
1172:
1067:
741:
699:
547:
431:
7093:
7041:
6994:
5152:
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11493:
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11001:
10928:
10914:
10797:
10548:
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10115:
9651:
9642:
9503:
9495:
9422:
9182:
9060:
8881:
8737:
8568:
8297:
8290:
8282:
8269:
8186:
7732:
7719:
7682:
7655:
7630:
7591:
7428:
6907:
6804:
6663:"Simulating sauropod manus-only trackway formation using finite-element analysis"
6606:
6460:
6380:
6027:
5823:
5691:
5607:
4841:
3944:
3576:
3318:
2873:
2848:
2778:
2755:
2738:
2402:
2303:, a titanosaur that lived on the Iberian peninsula of southern Spain and France.
2249:
lived, with all possibly being titanosaurs. One sparsely known possible giant is
2203:
2137:
2098:
2082:
2013:, under 50 kg (110 lb), even though it is closer to the sauropods than
1952:
1870:
1854:
1546:
1228:
1219:
1163:
1090:
1074:
1052:
958:
900:
813:
336:
249:
40:
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4030:
blogs.scientificamerican.com tetrapod-zoology 2015-04-24 That Brontosaurus Thing
1676:
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10024:
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7998:
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2125:
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1708:
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1095:
852:
844:
618:
587:
461:
386:
7452:
Allain, R. and Aquesbi, N. (2008). "Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of
7358:
6938:"Achoo! Respiratory illness gave young 'Dolly' the dinosaur flu-like symptoms"
5927:
4870:
Pal, Saurabh; Ayyasami, Krishnan (27 June 2022). "The lost titan of Cauvery".
4542:
3452:
1503:
with fossils of marine organisms. A good example of this would be the massive
891:(150 million years ago), sauropods had become widespread (especially the
11998:
11810:
11795:
11774:
11690:
11650:
11638:
11608:
11557:
11529:
11502:
11423:
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11015:
10978:
10957:
10907:
10885:
10877:
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10863:
10804:
10769:
10746:
10688:
10555:
10534:
10402:
10393:
10382:
10361:
10340:
10318:
10261:
10138:
10075:
9959:
9782:
9758:
9724:
9695:
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9595:
9588:
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9383:
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9167:
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9003:
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8899:
8746:
8703:
8605:
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8554:
8385:
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7842:
7803:
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7247:
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5765:
5153:
Reitner, Joachim; Yang, Qun; Wang, Yongdong; Reich, Mike (6 September 2013).
4956:
4901:
4872:
4550:
4371:
3959:
3702:
3619:
3546:
3356:
3239:
2821:
2809:
2747:
2731:
2629:
2581:
2415:
The first scraps of fossil remains now recognized as sauropods all came from
2381:
2328:
2323:
2272:
2221:
2191:
2185:
2173:
2131:
2025:, which were upwards of 1 t (0.98 long tons; 1.1 short tons) in weight.
1858:
1843:
1476:
1158:
1149:
931:
896:
888:
884:
825:
607:
557:
441:
413:
316:
78:
36:
6720:"The 'Goldilocks' effect: preservation bias in vertebrate track assemblages"
6718:
Falkingham, P. L.; Bates, K. T.; Margetts, L.; Manning, P. L. (2011-08-07).
6661:
Falkingham, P. L.; Bates, K. T.; Margetts, L.; Manning, P. L. (2011-02-23).
6001:"Evidence for gregarious behavior and age segregation in sauropod dinosaurs"
5867:"Tipsy punters: sauropod dinosaur pneumaticity, buoyancy and aquatic habits"
4923:
Paul, Gregory S.; Larramendi, Asier (11 April 2023). "Body mass estimate of
4445:
The necks of the sauropod dinosaurs were by far the longest of any animal...
1711:
necks has raised doubts over the flexibility needed for stationary grazing.
122:
11939:
11818:
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11659:
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11444:
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11415:
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11377:
11311:
11300:
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11103:
11089:
11075:
11029:
11022:
10993:
10964:
10900:
10841:
10783:
10776:
10725:
10718:
10681:
10663:
10650:
10578:
10562:
10503:
10489:
10453:
10446:
10432:
10410:
10304:
10296:
10289:
10268:
10240:
10188:
10174:
10160:
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10096:
10017:
9989:
9982:
9801:
9790:
9767:
9749:
9674:
9660:
9567:
9524:
9517:
9459:
9452:
9215:
9130:
8938:
8888:
8860:
8853:
8832:
8804:
8790:
8710:
8654:
8633:
8319:
8207:
8111:
8067:
8060:
8012:
7984:
7945:
7771:
7537:
6942:
6823:
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6735:
6704:
6678:
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4706:
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4229:
4193:(Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda".
4175:
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4016:
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3517:
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3333:
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3122:
3048:
3018:
2904:
2772:
2676:
2635:
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2610:
2592:
2544:
2532:
2527:, a characteristic of land animals. He assigned these specimens to the new
2465:
2459:
2428:
2373:
2317:
2311:
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2289:
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2227:
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2015:
2002:
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1114:
1005:
863:
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639:
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517:
421:
405:
376:
162:
144:
7070:
7015:
6285:
5206:"World's biggest dinosaur footprints found in 'Australia's Jurassic Park'"
4228:
Blair W. Mcphee; Emese M. Bordy; Lara Sciscio; Jonah N. Choiniere (2017).
2617:
11948:
11803:
11711:
11697:
11593:
11482:
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11334:
11327:
11320:
11286:
11218:
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11117:
11008:
10703:
10510:
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10368:
10333:
10275:
10254:
10247:
10219:
10152:
10124:
10089:
10082:
10068:
9967:
9952:
9853:
9775:
9738:
9609:
9560:
9321:
9197:
9160:
9153:
9122:
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9046:
9010:
8988:
8908:
8867:
8811:
8783:
8769:
8717:
8670:
8590:
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8547:
8413:
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8311:
8257:
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8166:
8132:
8118:
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7835:
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7750:
4800:
4725:
4571:
3728:
3399:
3283:
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3166:
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2795:
2784:
2586:
2565:
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2119:
2115:
2094:
2021:
2009:
1927:
1561:
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366:
346:
306:
265:
156:
132:
53:
7239:
6958:"Discovery of what ailed Dolly the dinosaur is a first, researchers say"
6620:
Day, J.J.; Norman, D.B.; Gale, A.S.; Upchurch, P.; Powell, H.P. (2004).
6403:
Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals
5096:
4948:
1734:
1703:
However, research on living animals demonstrates that almost all extant
775:
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9831:
9824:
9810:
9717:
9710:
9703:
9623:
9535:
9510:
9240:
9190:
9174:
9138:
9039:
8915:
8839:
8753:
8696:
8647:
8399:
8215:
8104:
7968:
7927:
7892:
7621:
7117:"Gruesome 'Blood Worms' Invaded a Dinosaur's Leg Bone, Fossil Suggests"
6780:"March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs"
5379:
5183:"Massive new dinosaur might be the largest creature to ever roam Earth"
4074:
3737:
3502:
3447:
3429:
3116:
2929:
2655:
2501:
2384:
and parasite infestations. The specimen hails from the late cretaceous
2294:
2276:(at one point its identity as a dwarf was challenged) and the Jurassic
2161:
2143:
2058:
2040:
1990:
1968:
1923:
1810:
1781:
1651:
1639:
1617:
1488:
1365:
1293:
1258:
1252:
1233:
1154:
1130:
1119:
1102:
1059:
1024:
1013:
1001:
990:
920:
908:
904:
892:
837:
794:
451:
356:
233:
150:
138:
98:
63:
20:
7310:
7293:
5980:
4893:
4633:
4206:
3997:
1004:, possessed tremendously long tails, which they may have been able to
11667:
11549:
11355:
10834:
10812:
10761:
10482:
10439:
10425:
10167:
9860:
9846:
9731:
9445:
9293:
9286:
9017:
8966:
8406:
8364:
8243:
8083:
7850:
7792:
5494:
5419:
5402:
4421:
4110:
3664:
2879:
2856:
2800:
2742:
2641:
2560:
2497:
2470:
2357:
1984:
1947:
1879:
1875:
1847:
1821:
Occasionally, only trackways from the forefeet are found. Falkingham
1680:
Reconstruction of selected sauropod necks, showing posture and length
1633:
1596:
1585:
1550:
1381:
1323:
1297:
1214:
1201:
982:
973:
951:
880:
187:
103:
47:
11910:
7333:
Yates, A. M. (2007). "Solving a dinosaurian puzzle: the identity of
6309:"Hearts, neck posture and metabolic intensity of sauropod dinosaurs"
6104:
5645:"No toothbrush required: Dinosaurs replaced their smile every month"
3225:
2270:
Two well-known island dwarf species of sauropods are the Cretaceous
1576:
781:
11933:
11675:
11341:
11151:
10354:
10195:
10054:
9307:
8797:
8640:
8350:
8125:
8097:
8005:
7920:
7913:
7820:
7757:
7639:
7615:
7535:
6105:"A Skeleton of Diplodocus, Recently Mounted in the American Museum"
5129:
Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: Understanding the Life of Giants
4673:
Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs
2825:
2649:
In 1878, the most complete sauropod yet was found and described by
2454:
2368:
2337:
2332:
1978:
1931:
1761:
1754:
1724:
1704:
1659:
1512:
1504:
1469:
1305:
1270:
1224:
1033:
1029:
919:
remains of sauropods have been found on every continent, including
868:
851:
The oldest known unequivocal sauropod dinosaurs are known from the
798:
527:
220:
207:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
7560:
7456:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco."
6861:
6422:
Museums and TV have dinosaurs' posture all wrong, claim scientists
6081:
5638:
5636:
5288:
Upchurch, P. (1994). "Manus claw function in sauropod dinosaurs".
5266:
3639:
3023:
11968:
10711:
9115:
8959:
8846:
8304:
6583:
5942:"Giant wading sauropod discovery made on Isle of Skye (Wired UK)"
5583:"Evolution of High Tooth Replacement Rates in Sauropod Dinosaurs"
5529:
Out of Thin Air: Dinosaurs, Birds, and Earth's Ancient Atmosphere
5478:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks"
5074:
4631:
4405:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks"
3288:
3191:
2868:
2767:
2485:
2416:
2305:
2086:
2067:
1973:
1939:
possible sufficient behavioral change to prevent joint collapse.
1765:
1580:
Cast of Toni, a juvenile brachiosaurus (restored as a diplodocid)
1465:
1337:
1304:, evidenced by indentations and hollow cavities in most of their
1301:
1176:
1082:
986:
108:
83:
7386:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco"
5562:
Dinosaurs (and other extinct saurians): a historical perspective
4402:
2934:
2436:
1527:
11240:
10418:
8236:
7609:
7291:
6622:"A Middle Jurassic dinosaur trackway site from Oxfordshire, UK"
6517:"Ouch! Long-necked dinosaurs may actually have had stiff necks"
5967:"Sauropod dinosaurs were restricted to warmer regions of Earth"
5742:"Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism"
5667:"The Articulation of Sauropod Necks: Methodology and Mythology"
5633:
3054:
2829:
2519:
recognized the dinosaurian nature of several bones assigned to
2377:
1612:
Since early in the history of their study, scientists, such as
1508:
916:
786:
197:
6717:
6660:
6433:
4139:
2882:
after an analysis presented by Sander and colleagues in 2011.
883:) might, however, indicate the occurrence of the group in the
5576:
5574:
4670:
2804:
2727:
2528:
1891:
1728:
1457:
802:
790:
705:
6888:
6260:"The cardiovascular system of barosaurus: an educated guess"
6152:
5738:
5520:
4980:
2691:
and Eusauropoda and all of its descendants". Later, several
2659:. With this find, Marsh also created a new group to contain
1247:
that individual digits would not have been visible in life.
1081:
specimen at 22 m (72 ft) tall. By comparison, the
750:
11542:
8046:
6777:
5914:
Kermack, K.A. (1951). "A note on the habits of sauropods".
5531:. Washington, D. C.: Joseph Henry Press. pp. 199–222.
5372:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0444:maohaf>2.0.co;2
4675:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 42–267.
4331:
J. J. Alistair Crame; Geological Society of London (1989).
2556:
2044:, evolving into even larger forms like the Middle Jurassic
1883:
1542:
1516:
1009:
753:
726:
720:
5571:
1144:, weighs no more than 10.4 metric tons (11.5 short tons).
759:
714:
9204:
7406:
7224:"Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope"
6962:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
4604:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
1853:
In a study published in PLoS ONE on October 30, 2013, by
1243:, had such forefeet). The front feet were so modified in
7505:
7292:
Peyre de Fabrègues, C.; Allain, R.; Barriel, V. (2015).
6148:
6146:
5451:
Evidence for bird-like air sacs in Saurischian dinosaurs
4514:"Supersonic sauropods? Tail dynamics in the diplodocids"
2523:
by Owen. Mantell noticed that the leg bones contained a
2426:
The first reconstruction of a sauropod, the skeleton of
1012:
as a signal or to deter or injure predators, or to make
6427:
5322:
5030:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
4146:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2343:
1088:
The best evidence indicates that the most massive were
985:. Their only real competitors in terms of size are the
6495:"Ostrich Necks Reveal Sauropod Movements, Food Habits"
6211:"Raising the sauropod neck: it costs more to get less"
5985:
4801:
Mazzetta, G.V.; Christiansen, P.; Fariña, R.A (2004).
2708:
Proponents of this definition also use the clade name
11875:
6619:
6535:
6533:
6486:
6434:
Cobley MJ; Rayfield EJ; Barrett PM (14 August 2013).
6143:
6059:
4916:
2766:, and the sister taxon Eusauropoda, but also certain
1070:, can only reach lengths of 7.3 metres (24 ft).
765:
747:
702:
7474:
6862:
Brian K. Hall; Benedikt Hallgrímsson (1 June 2011).
6855:
1898:, and being subject to many more accuracy problems.
977:
Size comparison of selected giant sauropod dinosaurs
762:
756:
723:
717:
711:
635:
625:
614:
603:
593:
583:
573:
563:
553:
543:
533:
523:
513:
503:
493:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
392:
382:
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
302:
5231:
5229:
4632:Cary Woodruff & John R Foster (July 15, 2015).
4041:
4039:
4037:
3978:
2621:Several macronarian sauropods; from left to right,
2183:. Through the Early to Late Cretaceous, the giants
744:
708:
11744:
7495:"Sauropods: The biggest dinosaurs that ever lived"
6530:
6401:Taylor, M.P., Wedel, M.J., and Naish, D. (2009). "
4764:
3979:Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O.; Benson, R. B. J. (2015).
1396:, for example, replaced each tooth every 14 days,
7260:
6587:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6306:
6008:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5642:
5305:
5303:
4512:Myhrvold, Nathan P.; Currie, Philip John (1997).
4467:Bakker, Robert (1994). "The Bite of the Bronto".
4260:
1280:has shown that sauropod dinosaur long bones grew
11996:
9271:
7448:
7446:
7261:Salgado, L.; Coria, R. A.; Calvo, J. O. (1997).
6868:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 446.
6841:. University of Akron: McGraw Hill. p. 35.
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5799:"Sauropod Necks: Are They Really for Heat Loss?"
5226:
4593:
4591:
4303:
4034:
2555:). Such air sacs were at the time known only in
1147:Among the smallest sauropods were the primitive
1066:The longest terrestrial animal alive today, the
7210:Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames.
6176:
6174:
4758:
4324:
4297:
4293:. Oklahoma Geological Survey. 2003. p. 40.
1838:Reconstructed skeleton used to estimate speed,
993:. But, unlike whales, sauropods were primarily
7730:
7654:
7215:
7151:
6358:
6307:Seymour, RS; Lillywhite, HB (September 2000).
6196:"Did sauropods walk with their necks upright?"
6157:. Indiana University Press. pp. 381–391.
5300:
5146:
4922:
4627:
4625:
4511:
1300:, including birds), sauropods had a system of
7576:
7443:
7379:
7285:
6155:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
5998:
5849:
5790:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5311:Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
4588:
2496:was a giant marine reptile related to modern
1162:(6 m or 20 ft long), and the dwarf
871:sauropods, but their age, and in the case of
9394:
7202:
6508:
6171:
5871:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
5281:
5160:. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. p. 21.
5125:
4334:Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota
2741:paleontologist Najat Aquesbi in 2008 when a
2297:, an isolated island in the Cretaceous, and
1522:
1408:'s teeth took longer to grow than those for
10661:
7382:"Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of
7254:
6976:
6613:
5907:
5658:
5475:
5021:
4869:
4794:
4622:
4450:
4403:Michael P. Taylor; Mathew J. Wedel (2013).
2340:resultant from other ecological pressures.
1976:size, although more primitive members like
1714:
130:Six sauropods (top left to bottom right):
7583:
7569:
7373:
7221:
7154:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
6773:
6771:
6577:
6514:
6257:
6096:
5717:
5545:
5464:
5027:
2745:analysis of the dinosaur found by Allain,
1956:- one of the largest dinosaurs known today
1358:on their tails, a prominent example being
1153:(4 m, or 13 ft long), the dwarf
950:(plant-eating), usually quite long-necked
121:
9925:
7515:The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology
7309:
7298:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
7222:Osborn, H. F.; Mook, C. C. (1919-01-01).
7139:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com
6813:
6803:
6751:
6694:
6645:
6568:
6539:
6469:
6459:
6354:
6352:
6332:
6275:
6234:
6034:
5890:
5864:
5832:
5822:
5796:
5773:
5700:
5690:
5616:
5606:
5503:
5493:
5443:
5418:
5316:
5313:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
5119:
5048:
4831:
4597:
4430:
4420:
4379:
4351:
4267:. Indiana University Press. p. 181.
4254:
4245:
4195:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4165:
4140:Adam M. Yates; James W. Kitching (2003).
4073:
4063:
4006:
3996:
2712:, defined as the most recent ancestor of
1829:
8527:
7409:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
7193:
7114:
5287:
5132:. Indiana University Press. p. 73.
4485:
2616:
2435:
2421:
2259:
2104:
1946:
1900:
1833:
1799:
1751:Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park
1741:
1733:
1718:
1675:
1665:
1632:
1595:
1575:
1526:
1336:
972:
7492:
7400:
6768:
6208:
5913:
5664:
5203:
2847:, which they attributed to a worldwide
2410:
2073:
1643:, depicted in a rearing tripodal stance
1400:replaced each tooth every 62 days, and
1122:). Meanwhile, 'mega-sauropods' such as
11997:
7228:Geological Society of America Bulletin
6724:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
6349:
6102:
5400:
5342:
5235:
4749:
4671:Molina-Perez & Larramendi (2020).
4466:
2832:, which includes the disappearance of
1890:, an inward-slanting top third of the
1250:The arrangement of the forefoot bone (
16:Extinct clade of saurischian dinosaurs
11915:
11914:
11874:
10648:
9912:
9381:
8514:
7717:
7602:
7564:
7332:
6836:
6193:
6040:
5180:
4745:
4743:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4565:
4357:
4310:. Taylor & Francis. p. 415.
4264:The Age of Dinosaurs in South America
913:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
7145:
5999:Myers, T.S.; Fiorillo, A.R. (2009).
5526:
5070:
5068:
4976:
4974:
4704:
4479:
4360:American Journal of Science and Arts
2344:Paleopathology and paleoparasitology
2089:, although there is a trend in some
1326:(a flying reptile) because of this.
1322:) was originally misidentified as a
7718:
7590:
7180:
6492:
5981:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13174
4337:. Geological Society. p. 132.
2392:, and was described in the journal
1625:rearing up on its hind legs at the
1384:covering portions of their bodies.
13:
6540:Riga, B.J.G.; Calvo, J.O. (2009).
6258:Choy, DS; Altman, P (1992-08-29).
5476:Taylor, M.P.; Wedel, M.J. (2013).
5246:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4740:
4687:
4651:
4457:Indiana University Press. 139-165.
2569:, or "bird face" because of this.
1918:To estimate the gait and speed of
1627:American Museum of Natural History
1106:specimen (60-80+ metric tons) and
14:
12026:
11876:Topics in sauropodomorph research
9382:
7190:. Gleditsch and Weidmann: London.
5204:Palazzo, Chiara (28 March 2017).
5065:
4971:
2730:Gravisauria was appointed by the
2670:
2614:, based on an isolated vertebra.
2293:, which existed on the island of
1591:
1537:, formed herds segregated by age.
1419:ate plants low to the ground and
1208:
926:The name Sauropoda was coined by
11857:
11851:
11846:
11840:
10649:
10630:
10622:
10614:
9895:
9890:
9364:
9358:
9352:
9344:
8496:
8489:
8484:
8478:
7477:
7380:Allain, R.; Aquesbi, N. (2008).
7212:Oxford: Clarendon Press, 523 pp.
7115:Baraniuk, Chris (January 2021).
6647:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00366.x
6570:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00869.x
5758:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x
5643:Barber, Elizabeth (2004-06-09).
3736:
3701:
3638:
3550:
3451:
3403:
3360:
3337:
3287:
3224:
3121:
3053:
3022:
2992:
2933:
2572:When more complete specimens of
2315:, a relative of the much larger
1446:
1028:, were also extremely long. The
740:
698:
174:
51:
7326:
7127:
7108:
7064:
7009:
6970:
6950:
6930:
6882:
6830:
6711:
6654:
6415:
6395:
6300:
6251:
6202:
6187:
6053:
5973:
5959:
5934:
5455:Journal of Experimental Zoology
5394:
5336:
5216:
5197:
5174:
4863:
4505:
4460:
4396:
4281:
2458:. This fossil was described by
2386:São José do Rio Preto Formation
1354:. There were genera with small
1308:that had been invaded by them.
1193:was shorter than its backbone.
1100:(60-80 metric tons), the giant
485:Sauropods of uncertain affinity
9913:
7554:University of California Press
7552:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA:
7519:University of California Press
4490:. Science News. Archived from
4486:Peterson, Ivars (March 2000).
4221:
4182:
4133:
4082:
4023:
3972:
3952:
3945:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3932:
2751:, as the outcome was that the
1778:Villar del Arzobispo Formation
941:
903:, one group of sauropods, the
734:), whose members are known as
1:
8515:
7536:Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.;
7470:
7174:10.1016/S0016-7878(02)80022-0
7094:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672
7042:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672
6995:10.1080/08912963.2022.2045979
6407:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5037:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5007:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754
4714:Annals of the Carnegie Museum
4307:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
4234:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
4052:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3926:
2816:Gravisauria split off in the
930:in 1878, and is derived from
867:were originally described as
7429:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103145
6908:10.5710/AMGH.25.08.2022.3477
6805:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733
6607:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.015
6461:10.1371/journal.pone.0072187
6381:10.1126/science.284.5415.798
6277:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91722-k
6028:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.01.002
5824:10.1371/journal.pone.0077108
5692:10.1371/journal.pone.0078572
5608:10.1371/journal.pone.0069235
4842:10.1080/08912960410001715132
2093:towards a smaller size. The
1942:
1911:Most likely walking gait of
1840:Museo Municipal Carmen Funes
1507:sauropod trackways found in
1097:Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum
7:
5647:. Christian Science Monitor
5401:Bonnan, Matthew F. (2007).
5236:Bonnan, Matthew F. (2003).
3909:
2685:most recent common ancestor
1287:
10:
12031:
6194:Bujor, Mara (2009-05-29).
6129:10.1126/science.10.259.870
4578:Arquivos do Museu Nacional
4488:"Whips and Dinosaur Tails"
4261:Fernando E. Novas (2009).
2604:named another relative of
2263:
1669:
1451:
1412:because they were larger.
399:Allain & Aquesbi, 2008
18:
12015:Maastrichtian extinctions
11923:
11881:
11870:
11838:
11740:
11649:
11575:
11537:
11528:
11492:
11458:
11376:
11310:
11259:
11250:
11177:
11168:
11146:
11135:
11070:
11061:
10676:
10672:
10657:
10644:
10611:
10577:
10529:
10520:
10392:
10214:
10205:
10114:
10049:
10038:
10007:
9940:
9936:
9921:
9908:
9888:
9800:
9757:
9748:
9650:
9641:
9578:
9543:
9534:
9440:
9431:
9420:
9405:
9390:
9377:
9341:
9267:
9239:
9223:
9214:
9105:
8949:
8898:
8778:
8767:
8736:
8683:
8679:
8668:
8623:
8542:
8538:
8523:
8510:
8476:
8430:
8345:
8336:
8277:
8268:
8176:
8149:
8092:
8081:
8022:
7993:
7982:
7944:
7887:
7883:
7872:
7802:
7745:
7741:
7726:
7713:
7681:
7663:
7650:
7598:
7359:10.1080/08912960600866953
6515:Ghose, Tia (2013-08-15).
6209:Seymour, RS (June 2009).
5928:10.1080/00222935108654213
4705:Paul, Gregory S. (2019).
4543:10.1017/S0094837300019801
4304:Beau Riffenburgh (2007).
3965:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3720:
3685:
3678:
3660:
3653:
3630:
3623:
3601:
3594:
3572:
3565:
3542:
3535:
3513:
3506:
3443:
3425:
3418:
3395:
3388:
3352:
3329:
3322:
3311:
3279:
3261:
3254:
3243:
3216:
3209:
3187:
3180:
3162:
3155:
3112:
3094:
3087:
3076:
3069:
3044:
3037:
3014:
3007:
2984:
2977:
2955:
2948:
2925:
2918:
2900:
2893:
2432:. By John A. Ryder, 1877.
2171:, and the brachiosaurids
2030:tachymetabolic endothermy
1776:Sauropod tracks from the
1600:Restoration of a rearing
1523:Herding and parental care
661:
654:
299:
294:
171:Scientific classification
169:
129:
120:
30:
12010:Norian first appearances
11896:List of sauropod species
7540:(2004). "Sauropoda". In
6865:Strickberger's Evolution
5865:Henderson, D.M. (2004).
5797:Henderson, D.M. (2013).
4765:The Nature Conservancy.
4600:Amphicoelias fragillimus
4372:10.2475/ajs.s3-16.95.411
3916:List of sauropod species
1787:Sauropodichnus giganteus
1715:Trackways and locomotion
1534:Alamosaurus sanjuanensis
1531:Some sauropods, such as
1426:
1387:
1332:
1136:Amphicoelias fragillimus
1039:Amphicoelias fragillimus
19:Not to be confused with
6519:. NBC News Live Science
6424:. Guardian, 27 May 2009
5028:Larramendi, A. (2015).
4767:"African Bush Elephant"
4381:2027/hvd.32044107172876
1310:Pneumatic, hollow bones
1133:in size. The weight of
968:
877:Fleming Fjord Formation
6736:10.1098/rsif.2010.0634
6679:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0403
6409:54 (2), 2009: 213-220
6325:10.1098/rspb.2000.1225
6227:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0096
6103:Osborn, H. F. (1899).
5883:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0136
5877:(Suppl 4): S180–S183.
5665:Stevens, K.A. (2013).
5343:Bonnan, M. F. (2004).
5050:10.4202/app.00136.2014
4782:Cite journal requires
4290:Oklahoma Geology Notes
4247:10.4202/app.00377.2017
4191:Antetonitrus ingenipes
4158:10.1098/rspb.2003.2417
4065:10.4202/app.00374.2017
2689:Vulcanodon karibaensis
2646:
2445:
2433:
2329:saltasaurid titanosaur
2123:, the mamenchisaurids
1957:
1915:
1850:
1830:Biomechanics and speed
1805:
1757:
1739:
1731:
1681:
1646:
1609:
1581:
1538:
1347:
978:
11977:Paleobiology Database
11886:Sauropod neck posture
11577:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
7501:. Types of dinosaurs.
7493:Strauss, Bob (2008).
7208:Phillips, J. (1871).
5449:Wedel, M.J. (2009). "
5407:The Anatomical Record
5181:Baker, Harry (2021).
5126:Nicole Klein (2011).
4750:Taylor, Mike (2019).
2758:. The group includes
2720:Saltasaurus loricatus
2697:Saltasaurus loricatus
2651:Othniel Charles Marsh
2620:
2504:, he did not include
2440:Modern reconstructed
2439:
2429:Camarasaurus supremus
2425:
2260:Dwarfism in sauropods
2105:Independent gigantism
1950:
1910:
1886:, a wide lobe on the
1837:
1803:
1745:
1737:
1723:Sauropod tracks near
1722:
1679:
1672:Sauropod neck posture
1666:Head and neck posture
1636:
1599:
1579:
1530:
1340:
1094:(65–80 metric tons),
976:
928:Othniel Charles Marsh
6837:Szabo, John (2011).
4726:10.2992/007.085.0403
2702:Melanorosaurus readi
2411:History of discovery
2284:Europasaurus holgeri
2087:ecological pressures
2074:Size in Neosauropoda
1797:age identification.
1637:Mounted skeleton of
1269:Print evidence from
11745:Dubious titanosaurs
8562:Chinshakiangosaurus
7556:. pp. 259–322.
7454:Tazoudasaurus naimi
7421:2021JSAES.10703145P
7384:Tazoudasaurus naimi
7351:2007HBio...19...93Y
7240:10.1130/GSAB-30-379
7166:2002PrGA..113..185D
7121:Scientific American
7086:2021CrRes.11804672A
7074:Cretaceous Research
7034:2021CrRes.11804672A
7022:Cretaceous Research
6966:. 10 February 2022.
6946:. 10 February 2022.
6796:2013PLoSO...878733S
6638:2004Palgy..47..319D
6599:2011PPP...310..227C
6561:2009Palgy..52..631G
6452:2013PLoSO...872187C
6373:1999Sci...284..798S
6121:1899Sci....10..870F
6074:2014Pbio...40..323R
6020:2009PPP...274...96M
5916:Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist
5815:2013PLoSO...877108H
5683:2013PLoSO...878572S
5599:2013PLoSO...869235D
5364:2004Pbio...30..444B
5259:2003JVPal..23..595B
5097:10.1038/nature04633
5089:2006Natur.441..739M
4999:2021CrRes.12204754O
4987:Cretaceous Research
4949:10.18261/let.56.2.5
4941:2023Letha..56..2.5P
4886:2022GeolT..38..112P
4824:2004HBio...16...71M
4681:2020dffs.book.....M
4535:1997Pbio...23..393M
4152:(1525): 1753–1758.
4103:2000Natur.407...72B
3921:Wadadam Fossil Park
2715:Tazoudasaurus naimi
2455:Rutellum implicatum
2394:Cretaceous Research
2165:, the camarasaurid
2135:, the diplodocoids
1804:A sauropod trackway
1738:Sauropod footprints
1350:Some sauropods had
1296:dinosaurs (such as
995:terrestrial animals
327:Chinshakiangosaurus
11617:Opisthocoelicaudia
8689:Archaeodontosaurus
7339:Historical Biology
7186:Lhuyd, E. (1699).
6983:Historical Biology
6493:n.d (2013-08-14).
5746:Biological Reviews
4811:Historical Biology
3948:. Merriam-Webster.
3694:Opisthocoelicaudia
2683:, containing "the
2647:
2446:
2434:
2350:Morrison Formation
1958:
1916:
1851:
1806:
1758:
1740:
1732:
1682:
1647:
1610:
1582:
1539:
1437:cervical vertebrae
1348:
1341:Reconstruction of
1266:metacarpal bones.
979:
797:('lizard-hipped')
508:Archaeodontosaurus
11992:
11991:
11917:Taxon identifiers
11908:
11907:
11904:
11903:
11866:
11865:
11836:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11753:Bruhathkayosaurus
11736:
11735:
11732:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11454:
11453:
11372:
11371:
11294:Panamericansaurus
11131:
11130:
11127:
11126:
10640:
10639:
10609:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10601:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10573:
10572:
10041:Titanosauriformes
10034:
10033:
9904:
9903:
9886:
9885:
9882:
9881:
9878:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9682:Brachytrachelopan
9637:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9411:Haplocanthosaurus
9373:
9372:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9272:Dubious sauropods
9263:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9254:
8763:
8762:
8664:
8663:
8599:Protognathosaurus
8506:
8505:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8077:
8076:
7978:
7977:
7868:
7867:
7709:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7311:10.1111/zoj.12290
6875:978-1-4496-4722-3
6848:978-1-121-09332-4
6730:(61): 1142–1154.
6367:(5415): 798–800.
6164:978-0-253-34542-4
5185:. LiveScience.com
5167:978-3-86395-135-1
5139:978-0-253-35508-9
4925:Bruhathkayosaurus
4894:10.1111/gto.12390
4344:978-0-903317-44-3
4317:978-0-415-97024-2
4274:978-0-253-35289-7
4207:10.1111/zoj.12127
3998:10.7717/peerj.857
3906:
3905:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3710:
3709:
3532:Titanosauriformes
3491:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3373:
3372:
3300:
3299:
3221:Haplocanthosaurus
3144:
3143:
3135:
3134:
2863:Haplocanthosaurus
2737:Ronan Allain and
1908:
1896:preservation bias
1816:titanosauriformes
1766:fossil footprints
1640:Barosaurus lentus
1622:Barosaurus lentus
1606:Charles R. Knight
1380:, had small bony
1292:Along with other
1191:Brachytrachelopan
1186:Brachytrachelopan
1125:Bruhathkayosaurus
1073:Others, like the
691:
690:
685:
677:
669:
649:
648:
578:Protognathosaurus
400:
290:
115:
12022:
11985:
11984:
11972:
11971:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11944:
11943:
11942:
11912:
11911:
11872:
11871:
11861:
11855:
11850:
11844:
11742:
11741:
11624:Pellegrinisaurus
11535:
11534:
11490:
11489:
11469:Bustingorrytitan
11409:Futalognkosaurus
11257:
11256:
11175:
11174:
11144:
11143:
11068:
11067:
11051:Diamantinasauria
10943:Pellegrinisaurus
10849:Jiangshanosaurus
10740:Baotianmansaurus
10674:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10659:
10658:
10646:
10645:
10635:
10634:
10627:
10626:
10619:
10618:
10542:Diamantinasaurus
10527:
10526:
10522:Diamantinasauria
10461:Jiangshanosaurus
10212:
10211:
10047:
10046:
9938:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9923:
9922:
9910:
9909:
9899:
9894:
9755:
9754:
9648:
9647:
9580:Rebbachisaurinae
9541:
9540:
9438:
9437:
9433:Rebbachisauridae
9429:
9428:
9403:
9402:
9392:
9391:
9379:
9378:
9368:
9362:
9357:
9356:
9349:
9348:
9280:Bothriospondylus
9269:
9268:
9221:
9220:
8997:Eomamenchisaurus
8951:Mamenchisauridae
8931:Lapparentosaurus
8875:Spinophorosaurus
8776:
8775:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8540:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8525:
8524:
8512:
8511:
8501:
8500:
8493:
8488:
8482:
8343:
8342:
8275:
8274:
8178:Massospondylidae
8090:
8089:
8020:
8019:
7991:
7990:
7955:Jaklapallisaurus
7935:Thecodontosaurus
7885:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7728:
7727:
7715:
7714:
7661:
7660:
7652:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7600:
7599:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7532:
7517:. Berkeley, CA:
7502:
7487:
7485:Dinosaurs portal
7482:
7481:
7480:
7465:
7450:
7441:
7440:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7313:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7200:
7197:
7191:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7013:
7007:
7006:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6807:
6775:
6766:
6765:
6755:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6593:(3–4): 227–237.
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6546:
6537:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6463:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6319:(1455): 1883–7.
6304:
6298:
6297:
6279:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6191:
6185:
6178:
6169:
6168:
6150:
6141:
6140:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6005:
5996:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5862:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5826:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5777:
5736:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5694:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5640:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5610:
5578:
5569:
5558:
5543:
5542:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5495:10.7717/peerj.36
5473:
5462:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5422:
5420:10.1002/ar.20578
5413:(9): 1089–1111.
5398:
5392:
5391:
5349:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5320:
5314:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5242:
5233:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5083:(7094): 739–41.
5072:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5034:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4835:
4807:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4711:
4702:
4685:
4684:
4668:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4518:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4434:
4424:
4422:10.7717/peerj.36
4400:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4111:10.1038/35024060
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4067:
4043:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4000:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3936:
3740:
3722:
3721:
3705:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3656:
3655:
3642:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3596:
3568:
3567:
3554:
3538:
3537:
3509:
3508:
3455:
3421:
3420:
3407:
3391:
3390:
3364:
3341:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3291:
3257:
3256:
3251:Rebbachisauridae
3246:
3245:
3228:
3212:
3211:
3183:
3182:
3158:
3157:
3126:
3125:
3090:
3089:
3084:Mamenchisauridae
3079:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3058:
3057:
3040:
3039:
3026:
3010:
3009:
2996:
2980:
2979:
2960:Spinophorosaurus
2951:
2950:
2937:
2921:
2920:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2681:node-based taxon
2602:Richard Lydekker
2525:medullary cavity
2266:Insular dwarfism
2234:Futalognkosaurus
2007:sauropodomorph:
1963:Pseudolagosuchus
1909:
1173:insular dwarfism
1068:African elephant
959:caudal vertebrae
911:died out in the
789:-footed'), is a
772:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
683:
675:
667:
637:
627:
616:
605:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
548:Bothriospondylus
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
481:
480:
469:
459:
449:
439:
432:Spinophorosaurus
429:
398:
394:
384:
374:
364:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
304:
285:
280:
264:
248:
179:
178:
125:
114:
113:
50:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
12030:
12029:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12020:
12019:
11995:
11994:
11993:
11988:
11980:
11975:
11967:
11962:
11953:
11952:
11947:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11919:
11909:
11900:
11891:Sauropod hiatus
11877:
11862:
11824:
11761:Campylodoniscus
11724:
11645:
11571:
11524:
11494:Nemegtosauridae
11488:
11450:
11387:Argentinosaurus
11368:
11306:
11246:
11164:
11140:
11123:
11083:Atsinganosaurus
11063:Lirainosaurinae
11057:
11044:Xianshanosaurus
10929:Normanniasaurus
10915:Narambuenatitan
10798:Dongyangosaurus
10666:
10653:
10636:
10629:
10621:
10613:
10593:
10569:
10549:Sarmientosaurus
10516:
10469:Phuwiangosaurus
10388:
10201:
10116:Brachiosauridae
10110:
10043:
10030:
10003:
9930:
9917:
9900:
9866:
9796:
9744:
9652:Dicraeosauridae
9643:Flagellicaudata
9629:
9574:
9530:
9504:Nopcsaspondylus
9496:Maraapunisaurus
9425:
9423:Diplodocimorpha
9416:
9399:
9386:
9369:
9351:
9343:
9327:
9251:
9235:
9210:
9183:Tehuelchesaurus
9101:
9061:Tienshanosaurus
8945:
8894:
8882:Tehuelchesaurus
8772:
8759:
8738:Vulcanodontidae
8732:
8673:
8660:
8619:
8569:Gongxianosaurus
8532:
8519:
8502:
8495:
8446:
8426:
8332:
8291:Jingshanosaurus
8283:Chuxiongosaurus
8270:Sauropodiformes
8264:
8187:Adeopapposaurus
8172:
8145:
8086:
8073:
8018:
7987:
7974:
7940:
7877:
7864:
7798:
7735:
7733:Sauropodomorpha
7722:
7720:Sauropodomorpha
7697:
7683:Sauropodomorpha
7677:
7671:Avemetatarsalia
7656:Avemetatarsalia
7646:
7631:Avemetatarsalia
7605:
7604:
7594:
7592:Sauropodomorpha
7589:
7529:
7483:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7468:
7451:
7444:
7405:
7401:
7378:
7374:
7331:
7327:
7290:
7286:
7259:
7255:
7220:
7216:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7185:
7181:
7150:
7146:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7113:
7109:
7069:
7065:
7014:
7010:
6975:
6971:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6860:
6856:
6849:
6835:
6831:
6776:
6769:
6716:
6712:
6667:Biology Letters
6659:
6655:
6618:
6614:
6582:
6578:
6544:
6538:
6531:
6522:
6520:
6513:
6509:
6500:
6498:
6497:. Science Daily
6491:
6487:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6400:
6396:
6357:
6350:
6313:Proc. Biol. Sci
6305:
6301:
6270:(8818): 534–6.
6256:
6252:
6207:
6203:
6192:
6188:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6151:
6144:
6101:
6097:
6058:
6054:
6039:
6035:
6014:(1–2): 96–104.
6003:
5997:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5951:
5949:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5922:(44): 830–832.
5912:
5908:
5863:
5850:
5795:
5791:
5737:
5718:
5663:
5659:
5650:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5579:
5572:
5559:
5546:
5539:
5525:
5521:
5474:
5465:
5448:
5444:
5399:
5395:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5321:
5317:
5308:
5301:
5286:
5282:
5240:
5234:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5124:
5120:
5073:
5066:
5032:
5026:
5022:
4979:
4972:
4921:
4917:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4833:10.1.1.694.1650
4805:
4799:
4795:
4783:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4748:
4741:
4709:
4703:
4688:
4669:
4652:
4641:PeerJ PrePrints
4636:
4630:
4623:
4596:
4589:
4570:
4566:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4484:
4480:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4401:
4397:
4366:(95): 411–416.
4356:
4352:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4302:
4298:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4259:
4255:
4226:
4222:
4187:
4183:
4138:
4134:
4097:(6800): 72–74.
4087:
4083:
4044:
4035:
4028:
4024:
3977:
3973:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3912:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3577:Phuwiangosaurus
3492:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3374:
3319:Dicraeosauridae
3301:
3145:
3136:
3120:
3052:
2874:Nemegtosauridae
2849:mass extinction
2779:Gongxianosaurus
2756:Vulcanodontidae
2673:
2653:, who named it
2512:in that group.
2413:
2403:Paleoleishmania
2346:
2268:
2262:
2204:Argentinosaurus
2138:Maraapunisaurus
2114:), such as the
2107:
2099:Dicraeosauridae
2083:island dwarfism
2076:
1953:Argentinosaurus
1945:
1936:Argentinosaurus
1920:Argentinosaurus
1913:Argentinosaurus
1901:
1871:Argentinosaurus
1832:
1747:Sauropod tracks
1717:
1674:
1668:
1594:
1547:Middle Jurassic
1525:
1454:
1449:
1429:
1390:
1335:
1329:
1290:
1211:
1091:Argentinosaurus
1053:Argentinosaurus
1044:Maraapunisaurus
1032:(and now lost)
971:
965:for sauropods.
946:Sauropods were
944:
901:Late Cretaceous
814:Argentinosaurus
743:
739:
701:
697:
650:
486:
337:Gongxianosaurus
284:
278:
262:
250:Sauropodomorpha
246:
173:
116:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
44:
41:Late Cretaceous
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12028:
12018:
12017:
12012:
12007:
11990:
11989:
11987:
11986:
11973:
11960:
11945:
11929:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11906:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11899:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11868:
11867:
11864:
11863:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11826:
11825:
11823:
11822:
11815:
11807:
11800:
11792:
11785:
11778:
11771:
11768:Clasmodosaurus
11764:
11757:
11748:
11746:
11738:
11737:
11734:
11733:
11730:
11729:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11722:
11715:
11708:
11701:
11694:
11687:
11683:Maxakalisaurus
11679:
11672:
11664:
11655:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11643:
11635:
11628:
11620:
11613:
11605:
11597:
11590:
11581:
11579:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11569:
11565:Quaesitosaurus
11561:
11554:
11546:
11538:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11522:
11514:
11510:Quaesitosaurus
11506:
11498:
11496:
11487:
11486:
11479:
11472:
11464:
11462:
11460:Saltasauroidea
11456:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11448:
11441:
11434:
11427:
11420:
11412:
11405:
11397:
11390:
11382:
11380:
11374:
11373:
11370:
11369:
11367:
11366:
11359:
11352:
11345:
11338:
11331:
11324:
11316:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11305:
11304:
11297:
11290:
11283:
11276:
11272:Maxakalisaurus
11268:
11265:Adamantisaurus
11260:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11244:
11237:
11229:
11222:
11215:
11211:Epachthosaurus
11207:
11200:
11193:
11186:
11183:Antarctosaurus
11178:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11162:
11155:
11147:
11141:
11138:Eutitanosauria
11136:
11133:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11121:
11114:
11111:Mansourasaurus
11107:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11079:
11071:
11065:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11055:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11026:
11019:
11012:
11005:
10998:
10990:
10986:Tastavinsaurus
10982:
10975:
10968:
10961:
10954:
10951:Petrobrasaurus
10947:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10911:
10904:
10897:
10893:Malarguesaurus
10889:
10882:
10874:
10867:
10860:
10853:
10845:
10838:
10831:
10824:
10820:Epachthosaurus
10816:
10809:
10801:
10794:
10787:
10780:
10773:
10766:
10758:
10750:
10743:
10736:
10733:Austroposeidon
10729:
10722:
10715:
10708:
10700:
10693:
10685:
10677:
10667:
10662:
10655:
10654:
10642:
10641:
10638:
10637:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10583:
10581:
10575:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10567:
10559:
10552:
10545:
10538:
10530:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10497:Tangvayosaurus
10493:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10465:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10436:
10429:
10422:
10415:
10407:
10398:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10386:
10379:
10376:Tastavinsaurus
10372:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10348:Pukyongosaurus
10344:
10337:
10330:
10327:Liubangosaurus
10323:
10315:
10312:Liaoningotitan
10308:
10301:
10293:
10286:
10279:
10272:
10265:
10258:
10251:
10244:
10237:
10234:Astrophocaudia
10230:
10223:
10215:
10209:
10207:Somphospondyli
10203:
10202:
10200:
10199:
10192:
10185:
10178:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10149:
10142:
10135:
10128:
10120:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10108:
10100:
10093:
10086:
10079:
10072:
10065:
10058:
10050:
10044:
10039:
10036:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10025:Lourinhasaurus
10021:
10013:
10011:
10009:Camarasauridae
10005:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9994:
9986:
9979:
9975:Dashanpusaurus
9971:
9964:
9956:
9949:
9941:
9931:
9926:
9919:
9918:
9906:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9835:
9828:
9821:
9818:Dinheirosaurus
9814:
9806:
9804:
9798:
9797:
9795:
9794:
9787:
9779:
9772:
9763:
9761:
9752:
9746:
9745:
9743:
9742:
9735:
9728:
9721:
9714:
9707:
9700:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9671:
9664:
9656:
9654:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9627:
9620:
9617:Rebbachisaurus
9613:
9606:
9599:
9592:
9584:
9582:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9572:
9564:
9557:
9549:
9547:
9538:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9492:
9489:Lavocatisaurus
9485:
9478:
9470:
9463:
9456:
9449:
9441:
9435:
9426:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9414:
9406:
9400:
9395:
9388:
9387:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9318:
9315:Qinlingosaurus
9311:
9304:
9297:
9290:
9283:
9275:
9273:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9248:(see below ↓ )
9245:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9232:(see below ↓ )
9229:
9227:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9187:
9179:
9171:
9164:
9157:
9150:
9143:
9135:
9127:
9119:
9111:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9092:
9085:
9078:
9071:
9064:
9057:
9054:Rhomaleopakhus
9050:
9043:
9036:
9033:Mamenchisaurus
9029:
9021:
9014:
9007:
9000:
8993:
8985:
8982:Chuanjiesaurus
8978:
8974:Cetiosauriscus
8970:
8963:
8955:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8943:
8935:
8927:
8919:
8912:
8904:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8843:
8836:
8829:
8826:Dashanpusaurus
8822:
8819:Cetiosauriscus
8815:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8779:
8773:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8750:
8742:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8726:Zizhongosaurus
8722:
8714:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8684:
8674:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8629:
8627:
8625:Lessemsauridae
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8613:Tuebingosaurus
8609:
8602:
8595:
8587:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8543:
8533:
8528:
8521:
8520:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8421:Sefapanosaurus
8417:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8393:Melanorosaurus
8389:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8354:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8230:Massospondylus
8226:
8219:
8212:
8204:
8201:Glacialisaurus
8197:
8194:Coloradisaurus
8190:
8182:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8163:
8155:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8140:Tuebingosaurus
8136:
8129:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8101:
8093:
8087:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8054:Pachysauriscus
8050:
8043:
8040:Gresslyosaurus
8036:
8028:
8026:
8024:Plateosauridae
8017:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7999:Plateosauravus
7994:
7988:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7965:
7958:
7950:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7931:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7888:
7878:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7855:
7847:
7839:
7832:
7829:Chromogisaurus
7825:
7817:
7808:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7746:
7736:
7731:
7724:
7723:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7664:
7658:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7633:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7596:
7595:
7588:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7550:The Dinosauria
7544:; Dodson, P.;
7542:Weishampel, D.
7533:
7527:
7503:
7489:
7488:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7442:
7399:
7372:
7325:
7304:(3): 569–586.
7284:
7253:
7234:(1): 379–388.
7214:
7201:
7192:
7179:
7160:(3): 185–197.
7144:
7126:
7107:
7063:
7008:
6989:(4): 475–482.
6969:
6949:
6929:
6881:
6874:
6854:
6847:
6829:
6790:(10): e78733.
6767:
6710:
6673:(1): 142–145.
6653:
6632:(2): 319–348.
6612:
6576:
6555:(3): 631–640.
6529:
6507:
6485:
6426:
6414:
6394:
6348:
6299:
6250:
6201:
6198:. ZME Science.
6186:
6170:
6163:
6142:
6115:(259): 870–4.
6095:
6068:(3): 323–330.
6052:
6033:
5984:
5972:
5958:
5933:
5906:
5848:
5809:(10): e77108.
5789:
5752:(1): 117–155.
5716:
5677:(10): e78572.
5657:
5632:
5570:
5544:
5537:
5519:
5463:
5442:
5393:
5358:(3): 444–470.
5335:
5315:
5299:
5280:
5253:(3): 595–613.
5225:
5215:
5196:
5173:
5166:
5145:
5138:
5118:
5064:
5020:
4970:
4915:
4880:(3): 112–116.
4862:
4818:(2–4): 71–83.
4793:
4784:|journal=
4757:
4739:
4720:(4): 335–358.
4686:
4650:
4621:
4587:
4564:
4529:(4): 393–409.
4504:
4478:
4459:
4449:
4395:
4350:
4343:
4323:
4316:
4296:
4280:
4273:
4253:
4240:(3): 441–465.
4220:
4201:(1): 151–205.
4181:
4132:
4081:
4058:(4): 833–843.
4033:
4022:
3971:
3968:(Online). n.d.
3951:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:Mamenchisaurus
3093:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2838:Coelophysoidea
2818:Early Jurassic
2735:paleontologist
2672:
2671:Classification
2669:
2584:(representing
2553:pneumatization
2517:Gideon Mantell
2412:
2409:
2362:osteosclerosis
2354:Yunyang County
2345:
2342:
2264:Main article:
2261:
2258:
2216:Antarctosaurus
2126:Mamenchisaurus
2106:
2103:
2075:
2072:
2047:Mamenchisaurus
1944:
1941:
1831:
1828:
1793:Sauropodichnus
1770:Limbs and feet
1716:
1713:
1670:Main article:
1667:
1664:
1593:
1592:Rearing stance
1590:
1524:
1521:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1428:
1425:
1389:
1386:
1364:, and several
1334:
1331:
1289:
1286:
1278:Matthew Bonnan
1210:
1209:Limbs and feet
1207:
1075:brachiosaurids
1048:A. fragillimus
989:, such as the
970:
967:
961:are extremely
943:
940:
897:brachiosaurids
853:Early Jurassic
845:Mamenchisaurus
689:
688:
687:
686:
678:
670:
659:
658:
652:
651:
647:
646:
645:
644:
633:
623:
619:Tuebingosaurus
612:
601:
591:
588:Qinlingosaurus
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
488:
487:
484:
479:
478:
477:
476:
475:
465:
462:Zizhongosaurus
455:
445:
435:
425:
417:
409:
390:
387:Lessemsauridae
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
297:
296:
292:
291:
276:
269:
268:
260:
253:
252:
244:
237:
236:
231:
224:
223:
218:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
167:
166:
127:
126:
118:
117:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12027:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11983:
11978:
11974:
11970:
11965:
11961:
11956:
11950:
11946:
11941:
11935:
11931:
11930:
11928:
11926:
11922:
11918:
11913:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11883:
11880:
11873:
11869:
11860:
11856:
11854:
11849:
11843:
11821:
11820:
11816:
11813:
11812:
11811:Mongolosaurus
11808:
11806:
11805:
11801:
11798:
11797:
11796:Macrurosaurus
11793:
11791:
11790:
11786:
11784:
11783:
11779:
11777:
11776:
11775:Hypselosaurus
11772:
11770:
11769:
11765:
11763:
11762:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11750:
11749:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11721:
11720:
11716:
11714:
11713:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11702:
11700:
11699:
11695:
11693:
11692:
11691:Neuquensaurus
11688:
11685:
11684:
11680:
11678:
11677:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11651:Saltasaurinae
11648:
11641:
11640:
11639:Zhuchengtitan
11636:
11634:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11619:
11618:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11609:Dreadnoughtus
11606:
11603:
11602:
11598:
11596:
11595:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11583:
11582:
11580:
11578:
11574:
11567:
11566:
11562:
11560:
11559:
11558:Qingxiusaurus
11555:
11552:
11551:
11547:
11545:
11544:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11530:Saltasauridae
11527:
11520:
11519:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11505:
11504:
11503:Nemegtosaurus
11500:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11491:
11485:
11484:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11473:
11471:
11470:
11466:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11457:
11447:
11446:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11428:
11426:
11425:
11424:Mendozasaurus
11421:
11418:
11417:
11413:
11411:
11410:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11401:Dzharatitanis
11398:
11396:
11395:
11391:
11389:
11388:
11384:
11383:
11381:
11379:
11375:
11365:
11364:
11360:
11358:
11357:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11349:Gondwanatitan
11346:
11344:
11343:
11339:
11337:
11336:
11332:
11330:
11329:
11325:
11323:
11322:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11313:
11309:
11303:
11302:
11298:
11296:
11295:
11291:
11289:
11288:
11284:
11282:
11281:
11280:Muyelensaurus
11277:
11274:
11273:
11269:
11267:
11266:
11262:
11261:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11249:
11243:
11242:
11238:
11235:
11234:
11230:
11228:
11227:
11223:
11221:
11220:
11216:
11213:
11212:
11208:
11206:
11205:
11204:Chucarosaurus
11201:
11199:
11198:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11187:
11185:
11184:
11180:
11179:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11170:Colossosauria
11167:
11161:
11160:
11159:Menucocelsior
11156:
11154:
11153:
11149:
11148:
11145:
11142:
11139:
11134:
11120:
11119:
11115:
11113:
11112:
11108:
11106:
11105:
11101:
11099:
11098:
11097:Lirainosaurus
11094:
11092:
11091:
11087:
11085:
11084:
11080:
11078:
11077:
11073:
11072:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11053:
11052:
11048:
11046:
11045:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11016:Trigonosaurus
11013:
11011:
11010:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10987:
10983:
10981:
10980:
10979:Ruyangosaurus
10976:
10974:
10973:
10969:
10967:
10966:
10962:
10960:
10959:
10958:Pitekunsaurus
10955:
10953:
10952:
10948:
10945:
10944:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10933:
10931:
10930:
10926:
10924:
10923:
10919:
10917:
10916:
10912:
10910:
10909:
10908:Mnyamawamtuka
10905:
10903:
10902:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10890:
10888:
10887:
10886:Magyarosaurus
10883:
10880:
10879:
10878:Ligabuesaurus
10875:
10873:
10872:
10871:Laplatasaurus
10868:
10866:
10865:
10864:Karongasaurus
10861:
10859:
10858:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10846:
10844:
10843:
10839:
10837:
10836:
10832:
10830:
10829:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10805:Dreadnoughtus
10802:
10800:
10799:
10795:
10793:
10792:
10788:
10786:
10785:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10770:Borealosaurus
10767:
10764:
10763:
10759:
10756:
10755:
10751:
10749:
10748:
10747:Barrosasaurus
10744:
10742:
10741:
10737:
10735:
10734:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10716:
10714:
10713:
10709:
10706:
10705:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10689:Aegyptosaurus
10686:
10684:
10683:
10679:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10668:
10665:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10647:
10643:
10633:
10628:
10625:
10617:
10587:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10565:
10564:
10560:
10558:
10557:
10556:Savannasaurus
10553:
10551:
10550:
10546:
10544:
10543:
10539:
10537:
10536:
10535:Australotitan
10532:
10531:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10508:
10506:
10505:
10501:
10499:
10498:
10494:
10492:
10491:
10487:
10485:
10484:
10480:
10478:
10477:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10466:
10463:
10462:
10458:
10456:
10455:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10437:
10435:
10434:
10430:
10428:
10427:
10423:
10421:
10420:
10416:
10413:
10412:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10403:Australodocus
10400:
10399:
10397:
10395:
10394:Euhelopodidae
10391:
10385:
10384:
10383:Triunfosaurus
10380:
10378:
10377:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10366:
10364:
10363:
10362:Sauroposeidon
10359:
10357:
10356:
10352:
10350:
10349:
10345:
10343:
10342:
10341:Padillasaurus
10338:
10336:
10335:
10331:
10329:
10328:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10319:Ligabuesaurus
10316:
10314:
10313:
10309:
10307:
10306:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10294:
10292:
10291:
10287:
10285:
10284:
10280:
10278:
10277:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10266:
10264:
10263:
10262:Chubutisaurus
10259:
10257:
10256:
10252:
10250:
10249:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10231:
10229:
10228:
10224:
10222:
10221:
10217:
10216:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10193:
10191:
10190:
10186:
10184:
10183:
10179:
10177:
10176:
10172:
10170:
10169:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10158:
10155:
10154:
10150:
10148:
10147:
10143:
10141:
10140:
10139:Brachiosaurus
10136:
10134:
10133:
10129:
10127:
10126:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10117:
10113:
10106:
10105:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10094:
10092:
10091:
10087:
10085:
10084:
10080:
10078:
10077:
10076:Fushanosaurus
10073:
10071:
10070:
10066:
10064:
10063:
10059:
10057:
10056:
10052:
10051:
10048:
10045:
10042:
10037:
10027:
10026:
10022:
10020:
10019:
10015:
10014:
10012:
10010:
10006:
10000:
9999:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9972:
9970:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9960:Bashunosaurus
9957:
9955:
9954:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9943:
9942:
9939:
9935:
9932:
9929:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9911:
9907:
9898:
9893:
9863:
9862:
9858:
9856:
9855:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9836:
9834:
9833:
9829:
9827:
9826:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9815:
9813:
9812:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9799:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9783:Atlantosaurus
9780:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9769:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9759:Apatosaurinae
9756:
9753:
9751:
9747:
9741:
9740:
9736:
9734:
9733:
9729:
9727:
9726:
9725:Smitanosaurus
9722:
9720:
9719:
9715:
9713:
9712:
9708:
9706:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9696:Dyslocosaurus
9693:
9691:
9690:
9689:Dicraeosaurus
9686:
9684:
9683:
9679:
9677:
9676:
9672:
9670:
9669:
9668:Amargatitanis
9665:
9663:
9662:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9640:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9607:
9605:
9604:
9603:Katepensaurus
9600:
9598:
9597:
9596:Itapeuasaurus
9593:
9591:
9590:
9589:Demandasaurus
9586:
9585:
9583:
9581:
9577:
9570:
9569:
9565:
9563:
9562:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9554:Cathartesaura
9551:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9545:Limaysaurinae
9542:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9513:
9512:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9501:
9498:
9497:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9486:
9484:
9483:
9482:Histriasaurus
9479:
9476:
9475:
9474:Dzharatitanis
9471:
9469:
9468:
9467:Comahuesaurus
9464:
9462:
9461:
9457:
9455:
9454:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9408:
9407:
9404:
9401:
9398:
9397:Diplodocoidea
9393:
9389:
9385:
9384:Diplodocoidea
9380:
9376:
9367:
9363:
9361:
9355:
9347:
9324:
9323:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9301:Gigantosaurus
9298:
9296:
9295:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9238:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9225:Diplodocoidea
9222:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9206:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9195:
9193:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9168:Narindasaurus
9165:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9151:
9149:
9148:
9147:Losillasaurus
9144:
9141:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9096:Zigongosaurus
9093:
9091:
9090:
9089:Yuanmousaurus
9086:
9084:
9083:
9082:Xinjiangtitan
9079:
9077:
9076:
9075:Wamweracaudia
9072:
9070:
9069:
9068:Tonganosaurus
9065:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9025:Klamelisaurus
9022:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9008:
9006:
9005:
9004:Huangshanlong
9001:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8941:
8940:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8923:Ferganasaurus
8920:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8911:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8900:Cetiosauridae
8897:
8891:
8890:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8837:
8835:
8834:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8816:
8814:
8813:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8786:
8785:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8766:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8747:Tazoudasaurus
8744:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8728:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8704:Ohmdenosaurus
8701:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8667:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8606:Schleitheimia
8603:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8583:Leonerasaurus
8580:
8578:
8577:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8555:Blikanasaurus
8552:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8513:
8509:
8499:
8494:
8492:
8487:
8481:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8386:Leonerasaurus
8383:
8381:
8380:
8379:Lamplughsaura
8376:
8374:
8373:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8327:Yunnanosaurus
8324:
8322:
8321:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8223:Lufengosaurus
8220:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8160:Eucnemesaurus
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8151:Riojasauridae
8148:
8142:
8141:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8080:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8033:Euskelosaurus
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7981:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7907:Bagualosaurus
7904:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7876:
7875:Bagualosauria
7871:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:Pampadromaeus
7840:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7804:Saturnaliidae
7801:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7786:Pampadromaeus
7783:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7765:Gigantoscelus
7762:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7581:
7579:
7574:
7572:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7534:
7530:
7528:0-520-24623-3
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7475:
7464:(2): 345-424.
7463:
7459:
7458:Geodiversitas
7455:
7449:
7447:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7396:(2): 345–424.
7395:
7391:
7390:Geodiversitas
7387:
7385:
7376:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7345:(1): 93–123.
7344:
7340:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7288:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7205:
7196:
7189:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6885:
6877:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6858:
6850:
6844:
6840:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6772:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6648:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6626:Palaeontology
6623:
6616:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6571:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6549:Palaeontology
6543:
6536:
6534:
6518:
6511:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6446:(8): e72187.
6445:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6353:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6166:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6147:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6082:10.1666/13028
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5982:
5976:
5968:
5962:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5593:(7): e69235.
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5566:HTML abstract
5563:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5540:
5538:0-309-10061-5
5534:
5530:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5267:10.1671/A1108
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5239:
5232:
5230:
5219:
5211:
5210:The Telegraph
5207:
5200:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5149:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4873:Geology Today
4866:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4797:
4789:
4776:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4746:
4744:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4584:(4): 527–544.
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4508:
4494:on 2007-07-14
4493:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3620:Saltasauridae
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:Brachiosaurus
3540:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3357:Dicraeosaurus
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3240:Diplodocoidea
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Pliensbachian
2820:, around the
2819:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:Tazoudasaurus
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:Tazoudasaurus
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Tazoudasaurus
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2748:Tazoudasaurus
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:Brachiosaurus
2626:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:United States
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:osteomyelitis
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:Brachiosaurus
2320:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:Magyarosaurus
2267:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:Dreadnoughtus
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:Sauroposeidon
2188:
2187:
2186:Borealosaurus
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:Brachiosaurus
2170:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:Xinjiangtitan
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:Rodolfo Coria
1856:
1849:
1845:
1844:Plaza Huincul
1841:
1836:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:sedimentology
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1447:Palaeobiology
1444:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1282:isometrically
1279:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:brachiosaurid
1161:
1160:
1159:Magyarosaurus
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:Ohmdenosaurus
1145:
1143:
1142:bush elephant
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
975:
966:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
939:
935:
933:
932:Ancient Greek
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:Late Jurassic
886:
885:Late Triassic
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
859:
854:
849:
847:
846:
841:
839:
834:
833:
828:
827:
826:Brachiosaurus
822:
821:
816:
815:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:
778:
777:
770:
737:
731:
695:
684:Tornier, 1913
682:
679:
674:
671:
666:
665:Opisthocoelia
663:
662:
660:
657:
653:
642:
641:
634:
632:
631:
624:
621:
620:
613:
610:
609:
608:Schleitheimia
602:
600:
599:
592:
590:
589:
582:
580:
579:
572:
570:
569:
562:
560:
559:
558:Ferganasaurus
552:
550:
549:
542:
540:
539:
532:
530:
529:
522:
520:
519:
512:
510:
509:
502:
500:
499:
492:
491:
490:
489:
483:
482:
474:
473:
466:
464:
463:
456:
454:
453:
446:
444:
443:
442:Tazoudasaurus
436:
434:
433:
426:
424:
423:
418:
416:
415:
414:Ohmdenosaurus
410:
408:
407:
402:
401:
397:
391:
389:
388:
381:
379:
378:
371:
369:
368:
361:
359:
358:
351:
349:
348:
341:
339:
338:
331:
329:
328:
321:
319:
318:
317:Blikanasaurus
311:
309:
308:
301:
300:
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:
153:
152:
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
134:
128:
124:
119:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
42:
38:
37:Late Triassic
29:
26:
22:
11924:
11845:
11819:Titanosaurus
11817:
11809:
11802:
11794:
11789:Loricosaurus
11787:
11782:Iuticosaurus
11780:
11773:
11766:
11759:
11751:
11719:Yamanasaurus
11717:
11710:
11703:
11696:
11689:
11681:
11674:
11666:
11660:Abditosaurus
11658:
11637:
11630:
11622:
11615:
11607:
11599:
11592:
11586:Abditosaurus
11584:
11563:
11556:
11548:
11541:
11518:Tapuiasaurus
11516:
11508:
11501:
11481:
11476:Titanomachya
11474:
11467:
11445:Puertasaurus
11443:
11436:
11431:Notocolossus
11429:
11422:
11416:Jiangxititan
11414:
11407:
11399:
11394:Drusilasaura
11392:
11385:
11378:Lognkosauria
11361:
11354:
11347:
11340:
11333:
11326:
11319:
11312:Aeolosaurini
11301:Rinconsaurus
11299:
11292:
11285:
11278:
11270:
11263:
11252:Rinconsauria
11239:
11233:Tengrisaurus
11231:
11226:Quetecsaurus
11224:
11217:
11209:
11202:
11195:
11188:
11181:
11157:
11150:
11116:
11109:
11104:Lohuecotitan
11102:
11095:
11090:Garrigatitan
11088:
11081:
11076:Ampelosaurus
11074:
11049:
11042:
11035:
11030:Uberabatitan
11028:
11023:Sonidosaurus
11021:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10994:Tengrisaurus
10992:
10984:
10977:
10970:
10965:Rapetosaurus
10963:
10956:
10949:
10941:
10934:
10927:
10920:
10913:
10906:
10901:Malawisaurus
10899:
10891:
10884:
10876:
10869:
10862:
10855:
10847:
10842:Huabeisaurus
10840:
10833:
10826:
10818:
10811:
10803:
10796:
10789:
10784:Choconsaurus
10782:
10777:Brasilotitan
10775:
10768:
10760:
10752:
10745:
10738:
10731:
10726:Atacamatitan
10724:
10719:Argyrosaurus
10717:
10710:
10702:
10695:
10687:
10682:Abdarainurus
10680:
10664:Titanosauria
10651:Titanosauria
10620:
10579:Titanosauria
10563:Wintonotitan
10561:
10554:
10547:
10540:
10533:
10509:
10504:Yongjinglong
10502:
10495:
10490:Tambatitanis
10488:
10481:
10474:
10467:
10459:
10454:Huanghetitan
10452:
10447:Huabeisaurus
10445:
10438:
10433:Gannansaurus
10431:
10424:
10417:
10411:Chiayusaurus
10409:
10401:
10381:
10374:
10367:
10360:
10353:
10346:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10317:
10310:
10305:Jiutaisaurus
10303:
10297:Jiangxititan
10295:
10290:Garumbatitan
10288:
10281:
10274:
10269:Dongbeititan
10267:
10260:
10253:
10246:
10241:Austrosaurus
10239:
10232:
10225:
10218:
10194:
10189:Venenosaurus
10187:
10180:
10175:Sonorasaurus
10173:
10166:
10161:Giraffatitan
10159:
10151:
10146:Cedarosaurus
10144:
10137:
10130:
10123:
10102:
10097:Pelorosaurus
10095:
10088:
10081:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10053:
10023:
10018:Camarasaurus
10016:
9996:
9990:Haestasaurus
9988:
9983:Europasaurus
9981:
9973:
9966:
9958:
9951:
9944:
9859:
9852:
9845:
9837:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9809:
9802:Diplodocinae
9791:Brontosaurus
9789:
9781:
9774:
9768:Amphicoelias
9766:
9750:Diplodocidae
9737:
9730:
9723:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9675:Bajadasaurus
9673:
9666:
9661:Amargasaurus
9659:
9622:
9615:
9608:
9601:
9594:
9587:
9568:Rayososaurus
9566:
9559:
9552:
9525:Zapalasaurus
9523:
9518:Xenoposeidon
9516:
9509:
9502:
9494:
9487:
9480:
9472:
9465:
9460:Campananeyen
9458:
9453:Amazonsaurus
9451:
9444:
9409:
9350:
9320:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9216:Neosauropoda
9203:
9196:
9189:
9181:
9173:
9166:
9159:
9152:
9145:
9137:
9131:Haestasaurus
9129:
9121:
9114:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9038:
9031:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8987:
8980:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8939:Patagosaurus
8937:
8929:
8921:
8914:
8907:
8889:Volkheimeria
8887:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8861:Perijasaurus
8859:
8854:Nebulasaurus
8852:
8845:
8838:
8833:Dystrophaeus
8831:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8805:Barapasaurus
8803:
8796:
8791:Asiatosaurus
8789:
8782:
8752:
8745:
8724:
8716:
8711:Rhoetosaurus
8709:
8702:
8695:
8687:
8655:Lessemsaurus
8653:
8646:
8639:
8634:Antetonitrus
8632:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8589:
8581:
8574:
8567:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8529:
8516:
8483:
8431:
8419:
8412:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8349:
8325:
8320:Yizhousaurus
8318:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8281:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8221:
8214:
8208:Ignavusaurus
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8165:
8158:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8112:Ignavusaurus
8110:
8103:
8096:
8068:Yimenosaurus
8066:
8061:Plateosaurus
8059:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8031:
8013:Xixiposaurus
8011:
8004:
7997:
7985:Plateosauria
7967:
7960:
7953:
7946:Unaysauridae
7933:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7857:
7849:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7772:Guaibasaurus
7770:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7635:
7626:
7549:
7546:Osmólska, H.
7514:
7511:Wilson, J.A.
7507:Rogers, K.C.
7498:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7375:
7342:
7338:
7335:Aliwalia rex
7334:
7328:
7301:
7297:
7287:
7270:
7266:
7256:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7209:
7204:
7195:
7187:
7182:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7138:
7129:
7120:
7110:
7077:
7073:
7066:
7025:
7021:
7011:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6961:
6952:
6943:Live Science
6941:
6932:
6899:
6895:
6884:
6864:
6857:
6838:
6832:
6787:
6783:
6727:
6723:
6713:
6670:
6666:
6656:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6552:
6548:
6521:. Retrieved
6510:
6499:. Retrieved
6488:
6443:
6439:
6429:
6417:
6406:
6397:
6364:
6360:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6221:(3): 317–9.
6218:
6214:
6204:
6189:
6181:
6154:
6112:
6108:
6098:
6065:
6062:Paleobiology
6061:
6055:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6011:
6007:
5975:
5961:
5950:. Retrieved
5948:. 2015-12-02
5945:
5936:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5874:
5870:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5749:
5745:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5649:. Retrieved
5590:
5586:
5561:
5528:
5522:
5485:
5481:
5458:
5454:
5445:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5355:
5352:Paleobiology
5351:
5338:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5250:
5244:
5218:
5209:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5176:
5155:
5148:
5128:
5121:
5080:
5076:
5040:
5036:
5023:
4990:
4986:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4853:. Retrieved
4815:
4809:
4796:
4775:cite journal
4760:
4717:
4713:
4672:
4644:
4640:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4526:
4522:Paleobiology
4520:
4507:
4496:. Retrieved
4492:the original
4481:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4452:
4444:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4333:
4326:
4306:
4299:
4289:
4283:
4263:
4256:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4055:
4051:
4025:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3963:
3954:
3943:
3934:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3662:
3661:
3635:Rapetosaurus
3632:
3631:
3606:Malawisaurus
3603:
3602:
3591:Titanosauria
3574:
3573:
3544:
3543:
3518:Camarasaurus
3515:
3514:
3445:
3444:
3427:
3426:
3397:
3396:
3385:Diplodocidae
3354:
3353:
3334:Amargasaurus
3331:
3330:
3281:
3280:
3263:
3262:
3218:
3217:
3206:Neosauropoda
3189:
3188:
3164:
3163:
3114:
3113:
3096:
3095:
3049:Patagosaurus
3046:
3045:
3019:Barapasaurus
3016:
3015:
2986:
2985:
2957:
2956:
2927:
2926:
2905:Antetonitrus
2902:
2901:
2889:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2834:Prosauropoda
2815:
2808:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2773:Antetonitrus
2771:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2677:phylogenetic
2674:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2636:Giraffatitan
2634:
2628:
2624:Camarasaurus
2622:
2611:Titanosaurus
2609:
2605:
2598:Camarasaurus
2597:
2593:Camarasaurus
2591:
2585:
2578:Pelorosaurus
2577:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2552:
2545:Harry Seeley
2542:
2537:
2533:Pelorosaurus
2531:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2466:Richard Owen
2464:
2460:Edward Lhuyd
2453:
2447:
2442:Camarasaurus
2441:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2393:
2376:fossil from
2367:
2366:
2347:
2331:
2322:
2318:Camarasaurus
2316:
2312:Europasaurus
2310:
2304:
2300:Ampelosaurus
2298:
2290:Rapetosaurus
2288:
2283:
2279:Europasaurus
2277:
2271:
2269:
2252:Huanghetitan
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2228:Notocolossus
2226:
2220:
2214:
2210:Puertasaurus
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2180:Giraffatitan
2178:
2172:
2168:Camarasaurus
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:Kimmeridgian
2108:
2091:Titanosauria
2079:Neosauropoda
2077:
2064:coelophysoid
2057:
2053:Patagosaurus
2051:
2045:
2039:
2035:Barapasaurus
2033:
2027:
2020:
2016:Plateosaurus
2014:
2008:
2003:Guaibasaurus
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1935:
1930:, and other
1928:terror birds
1919:
1917:
1912:
1869:
1865:
1863:Lee Margetts
1855:Bill Sellers
1852:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1620:
1611:
1601:
1583:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1540:
1532:
1517:Isle of Skye
1511:deposits on
1501:
1489:macronarians
1485:
1481:biomechanics
1474:
1455:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1421:Camarasaurus
1420:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1406:Camarasaurus
1405:
1401:
1398:Camarasaurus
1397:
1393:
1391:
1377:Ampelosaurus
1375:
1369:
1359:
1349:
1344:Ampelosaurus
1342:
1328:
1317:
1315:
1291:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1240:Barapasaurus
1238:
1232:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1168:Europasaurus
1166:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1134:
1123:
1118:(50-55
1115:Puertasaurus
1113:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1055:huinculensis
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1023:
1017:
999:
980:
945:
936:
925:
873:Antetonitrus
872:
864:Antetonitrus
862:
856:
850:
843:
836:
832:Camarasaurus
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
780:
774:
735:
693:
692:
680:
676:Seeley, 1870
672:
664:
640:Yizhousaurus
638:
628:
617:
606:
596:
586:
576:
568:Nebulasaurus
566:
556:
546:
536:
526:
518:Asiatosaurus
516:
506:
496:
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
422:Rhoetosaurus
420:
412:
406:Barapasaurus
404:
395:
385:
377:Volkheimeria
375:
365:
355:
345:
335:
325:
315:
305:
281:
272:
256:
240:
227:
214:
163:Amargasaurus
161:
155:
149:
145:Giraffatitan
143:
137:
131:
46:228–66
25:
11949:Wikispecies
11804:Microcoelus
11712:Saltasaurus
11698:Paralititan
11594:Alamosaurus
11483:Udelartitan
11438:Patagotitan
11335:Bravasaurus
11328:Arrudatitan
11321:Aeolosaurus
11287:Overosaurus
11219:Jainosaurus
11197:Bonitasaura
11118:Paludititan
11009:Traukutitan
10704:Angolatitan
10511:Yunmenglong
10476:Qiaowanlong
10369:Sibirotitan
10334:Oceanotitan
10276:Europatitan
10255:Brontomerus
10248:Brohisaurus
10220:Angolatitan
10153:Galvesaurus
10125:Abydosaurus
10090:Ornithopsis
10083:Fusuisaurus
10069:Eucamerotus
9968:Daanosaurus
9953:Aragosaurus
9854:Supersaurus
9776:Apatosaurus
9739:Tharosaurus
9610:Nigersaurus
9561:Limaysaurus
9322:Ultrasaurus
9198:Turiasaurus
9161:Moabosaurus
9154:Mierasaurus
9123:Bellusaurus
9107:Turiasauria
9047:Qijianglong
9011:Hudiesaurus
8989:Datousaurus
8909:Cetiosaurus
8868:Shunosaurus
8812:Bellusaurus
8784:Algoasaurus
8770:Eusauropoda
8718:Sanpasaurus
8671:Gravisauria
8591:Pulanesaura
8576:Isanosaurus
8548:Amygdalodon
8414:Pulanesaura
8372:Irisosaurus
8358:Anchisaurus
8338:Anchisauria
8312:Xingxiulong
8258:Xingxiulong
8251:Sarahsaurus
8167:Riojasaurus
8133:Sarahsaurus
8119:Kholumolumo
7962:Macrocollum
7900:Asylosaurus
7836:Nhandumirim
7813:Buriolestes
7779:Mbiresaurus
7751:Buriolestes
7273:(1): 3–32.
7267:Ameghiniana
6896:Ameghiniana
6184:. Brussels.
4935:(2): 1–11.
4610:: 131–138.
4574:Supersaurus
4475:(6): 26–33.
4075:10362/33146
3729:Saltasaurus
3400:Apatosaurus
3284:Nigersaurus
3266:Limaysaurus
3167:Cetiosaurus
2989:Shunosaurus
2974:Eusauropoda
2845:Thyreophora
2796:Saltasaurus
2785:Isanosaurus
2710:Gravisauria
2665:Cetiosaurus
2606:Cetiosaurus
2587:Apatosaurus
2574:Cetiosaurus
2566:Ornithopsis
2538:Cetiosaurus
2521:Cetiosaurus
2506:Cetiosaurus
2494:Cetiosaurus
2490:Cetiosaurus
2477:Cetiosaurus
2452:descriptor
2390:Bauru Basin
2372:, a nanoid
2254:ruyangensis
2246:Alamosaurus
2240:Patagotitan
2198:Paralititan
2156:Supersaurus
2150:Apatosaurus
2120:Turiasaurus
2095:titanosaurs
2085:, or other
2022:Riojasaurus
2010:Anchisaurus
1826:preserved.
1811:titanosaurs
1698:Apatosaurus
1652:titanosaurs
1567:diplodocids
1562:Bellusaurus
1556:Alamosaurus
1394:Nigersaurus
1371:Saltasaurus
1366:titanosaurs
1361:Shunosaurus
1319:Ornithopsis
1294:saurischian
1245:eusauropods
1213:As massive
1181:diplodocoid
1120:metric tons
1109:Patagotitan
1019:Supersaurus
1014:sonic booms
1002:diplodocids
948:herbivorous
942:Description
909:titanosaurs
905:titanosaurs
893:diplodocids
858:Isanosaurus
820:Alamosaurus
808:Apatosaurus
795:saurischian
673:Cetiosauria
630:Ultrasaurus
598:Sanpasaurus
538:Bellusaurus
498:Algoasaurus
472:Eusauropoda
396:Gravisauria
367:Pulanesaura
347:Isanosaurus
307:Amygdalodon
266:Anchisauria
157:Shunosaurus
133:Patagotitan
11999:Categories
11705:Rocasaurus
11632:Qunkasaura
11601:Baurutitan
11363:Shingopana
11190:Baalsaurus
11037:Volgatitan
10972:Rukwatitan
10936:Nullotitan
10922:Ninjatitan
10857:Kaijutitan
10828:Gandititan
10791:Daxiatitan
10754:Baurutitan
10697:Andesaurus
10588:see below↓
10283:Fukuititan
10227:Arkharavia
10182:Soriatitan
10132:Atlasaurus
10104:Rugocaudia
10062:Duriatitan
9998:Yuzhoulong
9946:Abrosaurus
9928:Macronaria
9915:Macronaria
9839:Kaatedocus
9832:Galeamopus
9825:Diplodocus
9811:Barosaurus
9718:Pilmatueia
9711:Lingwulong
9704:Kaatedocus
9624:Tataouinea
9536:Khebbashia
9511:Sidersaura
9241:Macronaria
9191:Tendaguria
9175:Oplosaurus
9139:Janenschia
9040:Omeisaurus
8916:Chebsaurus
8840:Janenschia
8754:Vulcanodon
8697:Kotasaurus
8648:Ledumahadi
8441:see below↓
8400:Meroktenos
8216:Leyesaurus
8105:Gyposaurus
7969:Unaysaurus
7928:Pantydraco
7893:Arcusaurus
7859:Saturnalia
7692:see below↓
7640:Dinosauria
7622:Sauropsida
7538:Dodson, P.
7415:: 103145.
7080:: 104672.
7028:: 104672.
6523:2013-08-16
6501:2013-08-16
6215:Biol. Lett
6049:: 209–213.
5952:2016-03-22
5651:2013-08-14
5296:: 161–171.
5189:22 January
4993:: 104754.
4498:2007-07-07
3960:"sauropod"
3940:"sauropod"
3927:References
3503:Macronaria
3448:Diplodocus
3430:Barosaurus
3117:Omeisaurus
2930:Vulcanodon
2890:†Sauropoda
2764:Vulcanodon
2693:stem-based
2675:The first
2661:Diplodocus
2656:Diplodocus
2561:pterosaurs
2502:Dinosauria
2498:crocodiles
2374:titanosaur
2295:Madagascar
2162:Barosaurus
2144:Diplodocus
2059:Allosaurus
2041:Kotasaurus
1997:Saturnalia
1991:Pantydraco
1969:Marasuchus
1782:Berriasian
1764:and other
1694:Diplodocus
1618:diplodocid
1602:Diplodocus
1497:locomotion
1417:Diplodocus
1410:Diplodocus
1402:Diplodocus
1382:osteoderms
1368:, such as
1259:Janenschia
1253:metacarpal
1234:Vulcanodon
1215:quadrupeds
1155:titanosaur
1131:blue whale
1103:Barosaurus
1079:Barosaurus
1060:Barosaurus
1025:Diplodocus
991:blue whale
963:diagnostic
952:quadrupeds
921:Antarctica
917:Fossilised
899:). By the
838:Diplodocus
681:Diplodocia
668:Owen, 1860
452:Vulcanodon
357:Kotasaurus
295:Subgroups
234:Saurischia
221:Dinosauria
151:Omeisaurus
139:Barosaurus
21:Saurischia
12005:Sauropods
11955:Sauropoda
11925:Sauropoda
11668:Bonatitan
11550:Isisaurus
11356:Punatitan
10835:Hamititan
10813:Elaltitan
10762:Bonatitan
10483:Silutitan
10440:Gobititan
10426:Euhelopus
10168:Lusotitan
9861:Tornieria
9847:Leinkupal
9732:Suuwassea
9446:Agustinia
9294:Dinodocus
9287:Cardiodon
9018:Jingiella
8967:Anhuilong
8530:Sauropoda
8517:Sauropoda
8432:Sauropoda
8407:Mussaurus
8365:Camelotia
8244:Pradhania
8084:Massopoda
7851:Panphagia
7793:Panphagia
7608:Kingdom:
7499:about.com
7437:233579282
7337:Galton".
7279:1851-8044
7248:0016-7606
7102:225134198
7058:225134198
7050:0195-6671
7003:247172509
6924:251875979
6916:0002-7014
6839:Dinosaurs
6744:1742-5689
6687:1744-9561
5766:1464-7931
5453:". (pdf)
5015:233582290
4965:259782734
4957:0024-1164
4910:250056201
4902:0266-6979
4828:CiteSeerX
4734:210840060
4551:0094-8373
4390:219245525
3665:Isisaurus
2880:Cladogram
2857:Euhelopus
2801:vertebrae
2743:cladistic
2642:Euhelopus
2515:In 1850,
2510:Cardiodon
2482:Cardiodon
2471:Cardiodon
2398:Aureliano
2358:Chongqing
2116:turiasaur
1985:Panphagia
1943:Body size
1932:dinosaurs
1924:hominoids
1880:ichnology
1876:histology
1848:Argentina
1780:of early
1762:trackways
1760:Sauropod
1705:tetrapods
1660:elephants
1586:precocial
1565:and some
1551:Argentina
1324:pterosaur
1306:vertebrae
1298:theropods
1225:elephants
1202:Walmadany
1183:sauropod
983:ecosystem
887:. By the
881:Greenland
799:dinosaurs
736:sauropods
694:Sauropoda
282:Sauropoda
194:Kingdom:
188:Eukaryota
31:Sauropods
11969:42333651
11934:Wikidata
11676:Ibirania
11342:Caieiria
11152:Inawentu
10355:Ruixinia
10196:Vouivria
10055:Astrodon
9308:Neosodon
8798:Bagualia
8641:Ingentia
8351:Aardonyx
8298:Qianlong
8126:Musankwa
8098:Gryponyx
8006:Ruehleia
7921:Nambalia
7914:Efraasia
7821:Eoraptor
7758:Eoraptor
7616:Chordata
7614:Phylum:
7610:Animalia
7548:(eds.).
7513:(2005).
7471:See also
7367:85202575
7320:83180197
6824:24348896
6784:PLOS ONE
6762:21233145
6705:20591856
6480:23967284
6440:PLOS ONE
6411:abstract
6389:10221910
6343:11052540
6245:19364714
6137:17788971
6090:84437615
5946:Wired UK
5901:15252977
5843:24204747
5803:PLOS ONE
5784:21251189
5711:24205266
5671:PLOS ONE
5627:23874921
5587:PLOS ONE
5514:23638372
5437:41222371
5429:17721981
5388:86258781
5332:: 47–52.
5275:85667519
5105:16760975
4850:56028251
4647:: e1037.
4616:56215581
4559:83696153
4441:23638372
4215:82631097
4176:12965005
4119:10993074
4017:25870766
3991:: e857.
3910:See also
2826:Toarcian
2770:such as
2739:Moroccan
2699:but not
2549:air sacs
2450:Linnaean
2444:skeleton
2369:Ibirania
2333:Ibirania
1979:Eoraptor
1755:Portugal
1725:Rovereto
1513:Scotland
1505:Jurassic
1470:air sacs
1302:air sacs
1288:Air sacs
1271:Portugal
1034:vertebra
1030:holotype
987:rorquals
956:proximal
869:Triassic
805:include
656:Synonyms
528:Bagualia
208:Chordata
204:Phylum:
198:Animalia
184:Domain:
10712:Arackar
9116:Amanzia
8960:Analong
8847:Jobaria
8305:Seitaad
7620:Class:
7417:Bibcode
7347:Bibcode
7162:Bibcode
7082:Bibcode
7030:Bibcode
6815:3864407
6792:Bibcode
6753:3119880
6696:3030862
6634:Bibcode
6595:Bibcode
6557:Bibcode
6471:3743800
6448:Bibcode
6369:Bibcode
6361:Science
6334:1690760
6294:7378155
6286:1354287
6236:2679936
6117:Bibcode
6109:Science
6070:Bibcode
6016:Bibcode
5892:1810024
5834:3812985
5811:Bibcode
5775:3045712
5702:3812995
5679:Bibcode
5618:3714237
5595:Bibcode
5505:3628838
5488:: e36.
5461:: 18pp.
5380:4096900
5360:Bibcode
5255:Bibcode
5113:4361820
5085:Bibcode
5059:2092950
4995:Bibcode
4937:Bibcode
4929:Lethaia
4882:Bibcode
4820:Bibcode
4677:Bibcode
4531:Bibcode
4432:3628838
4415:: e36.
4167:1691423
4127:4387776
4099:Bibcode
4008:4393826
3192:Jobaria
2869:Jobaria
2768:species
2486:reptile
2417:England
2306:Amanzia
2068:Germany
2062:-sized
1974:bauplan
1709:ostrich
1466:ecology
1462:aquatic
1452:Ecology
1177:Germany
1083:giraffe
1008:like a
773:; from
11940:Q14416
11241:Vahiny
11002:Tiamat
10419:Erketu
8237:Ngwevu
7525:
7435:
7365:
7318:
7277:
7246:
7100:
7056:
7048:
7001:
6922:
6914:
6872:
6845:
6822:
6812:
6760:
6750:
6742:
6703:
6693:
6685:
6478:
6468:
6387:
6341:
6331:
6292:
6284:
6264:Lancet
6243:
6233:
6161:
6135:
6088:
5899:
5889:
5841:
5831:
5782:
5772:
5764:
5709:
5699:
5625:
5615:
5535:
5512:
5502:
5435:
5427:
5386:
5378:
5326:Kaupia
5273:
5223:Press.
5164:
5136:
5111:
5103:
5077:Nature
5057:
5013:
4963:
4955:
4908:
4900:
4855:7 July
4848:
4830:
4732:
4614:
4557:
4549:
4439:
4429:
4388:
4341:
4314:
4271:
4213:
4174:
4164:
4125:
4117:
4091:Nature
4015:
4005:
2753:family
2732:French
2724:et al.
2639:, and
2378:Brazil
2338:nanism
1866:et al.
1823:et al.
1614:Osborn
1608:, 1911
1509:lagoon
1458:whales
1179:. The
803:genera
787:lizard
776:sauro-
289:, 1878
160:, and
11982:95571
7636:Clade
7627:Clade
7433:S2CID
7363:S2CID
7316:S2CID
7098:S2CID
7054:S2CID
6999:S2CID
6920:S2CID
6902:(5).
6545:(PDF)
6290:S2CID
6086:S2CID
6004:(PDF)
5482:PeerJ
5433:S2CID
5384:S2CID
5376:JSTOR
5348:(PDF)
5271:S2CID
5241:(PDF)
5109:S2CID
5055:S2CID
5033:(PDF)
5011:S2CID
4961:S2CID
4906:S2CID
4846:S2CID
4806:(PDF)
4730:S2CID
4710:(PDF)
4637:(PDF)
4612:S2CID
4555:S2CID
4517:(PDF)
4469:Earth
4409:PeerJ
4386:S2CID
4211:S2CID
4123:S2CID
3985:PeerJ
2842:basal
2830:fauna
2805:femur
2728:clade
2557:birds
2529:genus
2066:from
1892:femur
1729:Italy
1543:herds
1427:Necks
1388:Teeth
1356:clubs
1352:armor
1333:Armor
1229:manus
1220:manus
1112:with
1042:(now
1006:crack
791:clade
287:Marsh
273:Clade
257:Clade
241:Clade
228:Clade
215:Clade
11543:Igai
8047:Issi
7669:see
7523:ISBN
7275:ISSN
7244:ISSN
7046:ISSN
6912:ISSN
6870:ISBN
6843:ISBN
6820:PMID
6758:PMID
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