86:
33:
404:
61:
802:
458:, preying on smaller fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. The large mouth is used to suck in prey which swims close enough to be engulfed. This species can tolerate being out of the water for up to 24 hours. Little is known about its reproductive biology, other than it is sexual. However, the females are larger than the males and it has been observed
477:
is, like other stonefishes, regarded as one of the most dangerous venomous fishes. Each fin spine has a fleshy cover at its base where there are two venom-producing glands. When the fish is disturbed, it erects its spines; if the fish is stepped on, the spines act like hypodermic syringes, injecting
482:
can be administered following envenomation. Since
European settlement, there have been no recorded deaths in Australia as a result of stonefish venom, but such deaths have been recorded elsewhere in its range. Immersion of the sting wound in hot water can also be used to denature the venom.
494:
is popular as a new exhibit in public aquaria and are sometimes traded in the home aquarium trade. They are occasionally taken by subsistence fisheries, appear in some Asia live fish markets, and have been considered as a potential species for aquaculture.
387:
on it. The head is depressed with small, widely spaced eyes which sit high on the head and are upwards directed. There is a deep pit behind and under each eye. The large mouth is almost vertical and has a wide gape and fringing cirrhi on the lips. The
453:
to warn off potential predators, and resembles a stone resting on the bottom. It scoops out a depression in the substrate with its large pectoral fins and curls its tail around its body to enhance this camouflage. It is a nocturnal
290:, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. It is a benthic fish which is found in the Indo-Pacific region. This species is considered to be one of the most dangerous venomous fish in the world. It is a popular exhibit in
672:"Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae"
438:. The estuarine stonefish is found on sheltered inshore reefs and in estuaries, frequently in the shallowest water in coral rubble and rocks on reef flats, as well as in seagrass beds.
422:
is found in the Indo-Pacific region where it extends from the eastern coast of India to Papua New Guinea, north to southern Japan and south to
Australia. In Australia it is found from
478:
venom into the wounds. The venom has effects on the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems. The sting is extremely painful and has been known to be lethal.
639:
600:
967:
337:
1006:
1140:
1099:
941:
980:
572:
383:
which can be brownish-grey to reddish or greenish-brown. The skin has no scales but is covered in warts and often has growths of
1019:
985:
1160:
358:
1112:
1045:
742:
1011:
368:
means “dreadful” or “frightful” and is an allusion to its appearance rather than its dangerously venomous spines.
1155:
649:
614:
227:
920:
915:
902:
893:
541:
772:
400:
has 3 spines and 5 soft rays. This species reaches a maximum total length of 60 cm (24 in).
85:
1117:
1050:
362:
329:
1150:
998:
972:
855:
450:
180:
1037:
635:
596:
354:
518:
8:
907:
310:
50:
1145:
831:
280:
206:
80:
1086:
1032:
707:
644:
609:
427:
384:
1091:
1077:
536:
284:
878:
455:
435:
323:
291:
269:
137:
127:
44:. The fish is facing left, with its left eye visible on the large protrusion.
1134:
993:
568:
527:
431:
318:
265:
197:
70:
65:
41:
32:
389:
380:
341:
333:
287:
276:
147:
954:
887:
295:
403:
1104:
946:
933:
463:
393:
392:
are large and fleshy. There are 13 or 14 spines and 6 soft rays in the
959:
671:
479:
423:
349:
273:
157:
97:
849:
669:
1071:
928:
872:
670:
Christopher
Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (10 March 2022).
581:
459:
397:
117:
1024:
516:
396:, the second to fourth spines being longer than the others. The
107:
449:
is camouflaged, unlike many venomous species which use bright
345:
462:
in aggregations in shallow water over a silt substrate in
634:
595:
800:
542:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T114179968A116344072.en
803:"Notes on reproduction in the estuarine stonefish
638:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
599:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
517:Motomura, H.; Matsuura, K. & Khan, M. (2018).
1132:
676:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
796:
794:
737:
735:
733:
678:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
414:
791:
705:
563:
561:
559:
59:
31:
824:
540:
730:
402:
814:SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin
567:
556:
338:Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest
1133:
801:D.G Fewings & L.C. Squire (1999).
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
663:
512:
510:
508:
430:around the tropical northern coast to
353:, which had been described in 1801 by
854:
853:
628:
1141:IUCN Red List least concern species
690:
640:"Genera in the family Synanceiinae"
589:
528:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
505:
13:
834:. Saltwater aquarium fish database
765:
14:
1172:
359:Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider
84:
340:designated this species as the
272:, a stonefish belonging to the
650:California Academy of Sciences
615:California Academy of Sciences
486:
371:
1:
498:
294:and is found in the private
7:
1161:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
779:. Western Australian Museum
301:
10:
1177:
743:"Hollow-cheeked stonefish
535:: e.T114179968A116344072.
441:
1061:
862:
212:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
30:
23:
585:. February 2022 version.
571:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
469:
415:Distribution and habitat
321:in volume 1 of his 1766
326:sive regna tria naturae
1156:Fish described in 1766
601:"Species in the genus
451:aposematic colouration
411:
336:in Indonesia. In 1856
250:hollow-cheek stonefish
832:"Estuarine stonefish"
773:"Estuarine Stonefish
636:Eschmeyer, William N.
597:Eschmeyer, William N.
406:
820:(April 1999): 31–33.
747:Family Synanceiidae"
355:Marcus Elieser Bloch
283:as being within the
716:Fishes of Australia
706:Bray, D.J. (2020).
379:is a drab coloured
309:was first formally
246:estuarine stonefish
224:Synanceia trachynis
51:Conservation status
718:. Museums Victoria
412:
264:, is a species of
1128:
1127:
1063:Scorpaena horrida
1033:Open Tree of Life
908:Synanceia_horrida
894:Synanceia horrida
864:Synanceia horrida
856:Taxon identifiers
805:Synanceia horrida
775:Synanceia horrida
745:Synanceia horrida
710:Synanceia horrida
645:Catalog of Fishes
610:Catalog of Fishes
575:Synanceia horrida
521:Synanceia horrida
492:Synanceia horrida
475:Synanceia horrida
447:Synanceia horrida
428:Western Australia
420:Synanceia horrida
408:Synanceia horrida
385:filamentous algae
377:Synanceia horrida
315:Scorpaena horrida
307:Synanceia horrida
241:Synanceia horrida
237:
236:
231:
220:
216:Scorpaena horrida
190:Synanceia horrida
74:
25:Synanceia horrida
1168:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1014:
1002:
1001:
989:
988:
976:
975:
963:
962:
950:
949:
937:
936:
924:
923:
911:
910:
898:
897:
896:
883:
882:
881:
851:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
828:
822:
821:
811:
798:
789:
788:
786:
784:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
739:
728:
727:
725:
723:
703:
688:
687:
685:
683:
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
593:
587:
586:
565:
554:
553:
551:
549:
544:
514:
254:horrid stonefish
226:
218:
192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
35:
21:
20:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
958:
953:
945:
940:
932:
927:
919:
914:
906:
901:
892:
891:
886:
877:
876:
871:
858:
848:
847:
837:
835:
830:
829:
825:
809:
799:
792:
782:
780:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
741:
740:
731:
721:
719:
704:
691:
681:
679:
668:
664:
654:
652:
633:
629:
619:
617:
594:
590:
566:
557:
547:
545:
515:
506:
501:
489:
472:
456:ambush predator
444:
436:New South Wales
417:
374:
324:Systema naturae
304:
270:ray-finned fish
258:rough stonefish
201:
194:
188:
175:
172:S. horrida
138:Scorpaeniformes
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1029:
1016:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
951:
938:
925:
912:
899:
884:
868:
866:
860:
859:
846:
845:
823:
790:
764:
753:. October 2020
751:Wild Singapore
729:
689:
662:
627:
588:
569:Froese, Rainer
555:
503:
502:
500:
497:
488:
485:
471:
468:
443:
440:
416:
413:
373:
370:
303:
300:
292:public aquaria
262:true stonefish
235:
234:
233:
232:
221:
219:Linnaeus, 1766
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
128:Actinopterygii
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Venomous fish
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
895:
889:
885:
880:
874:
870:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
833:
827:
819:
815:
808:
806:
797:
795:
778:
776:
768:
752:
748:
746:
738:
736:
734:
717:
713:
711:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
677:
673:
666:
651:
647:
646:
641:
637:
631:
616:
612:
611:
606:
604:
598:
592:
584:
583:
578:
576:
570:
564:
562:
560:
543:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
522:
513:
511:
509:
504:
496:
493:
484:
481:
476:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
439:
437:
433:
432:Coffs Harbour
429:
425:
421:
409:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:pectoral fins
386:
382:
378:
369:
367:
364:
363:specific name
360:
356:
352:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:type locality
327:
325:
320:
319:Carl Linnaeus
316:
312:
308:
299:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
229:
225:
222:
217:
214:
213:
211:
208:
204:
199:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
42:Lembeh Strait
40:Stonefish in
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1062:
863:
836:. Retrieved
826:
817:
813:
804:
781:. Retrieved
774:
767:
755:. Retrieved
750:
744:
720:. Retrieved
715:
709:
680:. Retrieved
675:
665:
653:. Retrieved
643:
630:
618:. Retrieved
608:
602:
591:
580:
574:
546:. Retrieved
532:
526:
520:
491:
490:
474:
473:
446:
445:
419:
418:
407:
381:benthic fish
376:
375:
365:
348:
342:type species
334:Ambon Island
322:
314:
306:
305:
288:Scorpaenidae
277:Synanceiinae
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
239:
238:
223:
215:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
148:Scorpaenidae
24:
18:
955:iNaturalist
888:Wikispecies
548:18 November
487:Utilisation
372:Description
313:in 1766 as
1135:Categories
1078:Q107053418
499:References
464:Queensland
394:dorsal fin
281:classified
228:Richardson
1146:Synanceia
999:114179968
879:Q13405122
603:Synanceia
480:Antivenom
424:Shark Bay
350:Synanceia
332:given as
328:with its
311:described
279:which is
274:subfamily
268:, marine
166:Species:
159:Synanceia
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1072:Wikidata
973:10758765
929:FishBase
873:Wikidata
838:16 April
783:16 April
757:16 April
722:16 April
682:12 April
655:15 April
620:15 April
582:FishBase
460:spawning
398:anal fin
344:of the
302:Taxonomy
296:aquarium
266:venomous
207:Synonyms
198:Linnaeus
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1105:2333728
947:5201175
442:Biology
366:horrida
298:trade.
200:, 1766)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1118:306444
1051:276862
1038:432737
1025:276862
986:643705
921:163344
361:. The
285:family
244:, the
230:, 1842
1113:WoRMS
1092:4VWRV
1046:WoRMS
1012:13279
968:IRMNG
960:64491
810:(PDF)
470:Venom
346:genus
1100:GBIF
1020:OBIS
1007:NCBI
994:IUCN
981:ITIS
942:GBIF
934:6389
916:BOLD
840:2022
785:2022
759:2022
724:2022
684:2022
657:2022
622:2022
550:2021
533:2018
357:and
1087:CoL
903:AFD
537:doi
434:in
426:in
410:Day
317:by
260:or
1137::
1115::
1102::
1089::
1074::
1048::
1035::
1022::
1009::
996::
983::
970::
957::
944::
931::
918::
905::
890::
875::
816:.
812:.
793:^
749:.
732:^
714:.
692:^
674:.
648:.
642:.
613:.
607:.
579:.
558:^
531:.
525:.
507:^
466:.
256:,
252:,
248:,
842:.
818:5
807:"
787:.
777:"
761:.
726:.
712:"
708:"
686:.
659:.
624:.
605:"
577:"
573:"
552:.
539::
523:"
519:"
196:(
73:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
