955:
99:
4620:
40:
79:
4632:
3128:
974:
3152:
268:
2899:
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87:
3140:
305:
eruptions. When created, these regions often occupy several thousand square kilometres and have volumes on the order of millions of cubic kilometers. In most cases, the lavas are normally laid down over several million years. They release large amounts of gases.
2433:
Salisbury, M. J.; Jicha, B. R.; de Silva, S. L.; Singer, B. S.; Jimenez, N. C.; Ort, M. H. (21 December 2010). "40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of
Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province".
1183:
Budd, David A.; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Jolis, Ester M.; Smith, Victoria C.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Harris, Chris; Freda, Carmela; Hilton, David R.; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.; Bindeman, Ilya N. (25 January 2017).
377:, and an increase of one in VEI number is equivalent to a tenfold increase in volume of erupted material. VEI 7 or VEI 8 eruptions are so powerful that they often form circular calderas rather than
1767:
Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and
Ledbetter, M.T. (1978). "The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool".
204:
ignored the possible existence of Mount
Multnomah, but in 1949 another volcanologist, F. M. Byers Jr., reviewed the book, and in the review, Byers refers to Mount Multnomah as a "supervolcano".
1718:
Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F. (1986). "Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles".
2724:
479:
Possibly the largest known supereruption. Existence as a single eruption is controversial, and it could have been a multiple 2,000+ km event that spanned less than a million years
325:. Additionally, the largest flood basalt event (the Siberian Traps) occurred around 250 million years ago and was coincident with the largest mass extinction in history, the
176:
The term "supervolcano" was first used in a volcanic context in 1949. Its origins lie in an early 20th-century scientific debate about the geological history and features of the
508:
The largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente
Caldera Complex eruptions, preserved as the Wah Wah Springs Tuff; includes pyroclastic flows more than 500 meters (1,600 ft) thick
255:
Though there is no well-defined minimum explosive size for a "supervolcano", there are at least two types of volcanic eruptions that have been identified as supervolcanoes:
121:
but is unable to break through it. Pressure builds in a large and growing magma pool until the crust is unable to contain the pressure and ruptures. This can occur at
75:(VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles).
344:, which is approximately 40 km (25 mi) long. An estimated 14 km (3.4 cu mi) of basaltic lava was poured out during the eruption (VEI 4).
954:
4072:
3411:
3368:
2341:
Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. (13 February 1986). "An exceptionally large late
Quaternary eruption from New Zealand".
3337:
1114:
2030:
1482:
3202:
1881:
Williams, M.A.J. & Royce, K. (1982). "Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North
Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology".
2250:"Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites"
4465:
1810:
1753:
933:
is the title of a
British-Canadian television disaster film, first released in 2005. It tells a fictional story of a supereruption at Yellowstone.
2024:"A mid-Darriwilian super volcano in northern New Brunswick, rapid climate change and the start of the great Ordovician biodiversification event"
4363:
2390:
Lisa A. Morgan & William C. McIntosh (2005). "Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA".
347:
The Ontong Java
Plateau has an area of about 2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi), and the province was at least 50% larger before the
3282:
2119:
192:
in the Three
Sisters area were remnants of Mount Multnomah after it had been largely destroyed by violent volcanic explosions, similarly to
1864:
3416:
3519:
318:
314:
1583:
Keller, G (2014). "Deccan volcanism, the
Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect?".
321:
was the cause of the extinction event, but the volcanic activity may have caused environmental stresses on extant species up to the
4522:
4460:
3081:
1136:
Wotzlaw, Jörn-Frederik; Bindeman, Ilya N.; Watts, Kathryn E.; Schmitt, Axel K.; Caricchi, Luca; Schaltegger, Urs (September 2014).
3195:
2600:
Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
2307:
1663:
Petraglia, M.; Korisettar, R.; Boivin, N.; Clarkson, C.; Ditchfield, P.; Jones, S.; Koshy, J.; Lahr, M. M.; et al. (2007).
1040:
Subsequent research proved that each peak of the Three Sisters was formed independently, and that Mount Multnomah never existed.
1957:
Lin, Jiamei; Abbott, Peter M.; Sigl, Michael; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Mulvaney, Robert; Severi, Mirko; Svensson, Anders (2023).
17:
3601:
2648:
2057:"The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions"
326:
4711:
3539:
2055:
Tingey, David G.; Hart, Garret L.; Gromme, Sherman; Deino, Alan L.; Christiansen, Eric H.; Best, Myron G. (1 August 2013).
1031:, a 1925 travelogue by Helen Bridgeman, referring to an Indian Ocean sunset in Indonesia as an upside down "super-volcano".
2469:
Rejuvenation and Repeated Eruption of a 1.0 Ma Supervolcanic System at Mangakino Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
4094:
3534:
3433:
2757:
755:
2714:
4494:
3188:
2579:
364:
2638:
925:
featured an episode "Mystery of the Megavolcano" in September 2006 examining such eruptions in the last 100,000 years.
340:
to be a large igneous province that is currently being formed. The last major outpouring occurred in 1783–84 from the
3514:
1604:
322:
2530:"Geochemical, isotopic and single crystal 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the evolution of the Cerro Galán ignimbrites"
4079:
3775:
2202:"Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?"
1959:"Bipolar ice-core records constrain possible dates and global radiative forcing following the ~74 ka Toba eruption"
1138:"Linking rapid magma reservoir assembly and eruption trigger mechanisms at evolved Yellowstone-type supervolcanoes"
4126:
3623:
3596:
3227:
3168:
849:
583:
237:
2660:"The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study"
1479:
1102:
3484:
2023:
993:
149:
2528:
Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg; Coira, Beatriz; Wörner, Gerhard; Kay, Robert W.; Singer, Bradley S. (1 December 2011).
2154:
1852:
721:
664:
3874:
3780:
3232:
31:
4527:
3924:
3824:
465:
1500:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4658:
4407:
3606:
3556:
2720:
USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
2123:
4067:
3919:
3894:
3304:
3144:
3111:
3106:
921:
370:
72:
1665:"Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption"
4537:
4470:
4313:
4045:
4040:
3914:
3744:
3586:
3373:
2482:
2327:
1998:
779:
2183:
4706:
4643:
4532:
4427:
4353:
4180:
3809:
3509:
3211:
987:
381:
because the downward withdrawal of magma causes the overlying rock mass to collapse into the empty
2709:
2127:
1454:
1186:"Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz"
184:
in the United States. In 1925, Edwin T. Hodge suggested that a very large volcano, which he named
4691:
4638:
4207:
4062:
3358:
2750:
2200:
Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020).
1915:
998:
528:
494:
427:
241:
217:
82:
Location of Yellowstone hotspot over time. Numbers indicate millions of years before the present.
2471:
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #V31C-2797. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
4653:
4487:
4434:
4328:
4151:
3996:
3354:
1825:
604:
276:
256:
177:
141:
813:
784:
640:
4057:
3869:
3331:
3292:
2170:
2100:
1804:
1747:
942:, a supereruption of Yellowstone is one of the events that contributes to a global cataclysm.
1717:
1395:
Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 2012-08-17.
1291:
Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 2012-08-17.
760:
620:
Huckleberry Ridge Tuff; consisted of three distinct eruptions separated by years to decades
4681:
4422:
4219:
4121:
3986:
3948:
3698:
3502:
3396:
2671:
2609:
2541:
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2443:
2399:
2350:
2261:
2213:
2068:
1970:
1929:
1890:
1840:
1776:
1727:
1676:
1629:
1557:
1512:
1261:
1197:
1149:
1074:
2729:
2694:
1351:
8:
4563:
4343:
4214:
4136:
3734:
3680:
3628:
3591:
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3287:
929:
878:
726:
696:
669:
609:
557:
294:
189:
126:
103:
2675:
2613:
2545:
2498:
2447:
2403:
2354:
2265:
2217:
2072:
1974:
1933:
1894:
1844:
1780:
1731:
1680:
1633:
1620:
BG, Mason (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
1561:
1516:
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1201:
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1249:
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1185:
854:
282:
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310:
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4400:
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4003:
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3929:
3879:
3770:
3754:
3497:
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3438:
3423:
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3324:
3151:
3071:
2930:
2868:
2644:
2629:
2559:
2510:
2299:
2279:
2201:
1902:
1856:
1796:
1692:
1649:
1600:
1231:
1213:
1165:
635:
523:
374:
352:
329:, although it is unknown whether it was solely responsible for the extinction event.
122:
68:
2468:
2419:
1983:
1958:
1704:
1569:
1524:
98:
4648:
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4412:
4390:
4234:
4202:
4190:
4166:
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3618:
3613:
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3250:
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2689:
2679:
2617:
2549:
2502:
2451:
2407:
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2358:
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1978:
1937:
1898:
1848:
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1735:
1684:
1637:
1592:
1565:
1520:
1424:
1356:
1320:
1269:
1221:
1205:
1157:
1082:
979:
808:
539:
348:
161:
157:
114:
1766:
1252:(2001). "The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: An introduction and overview".
824:
395:
Based on incomplete statistics, at least 60 VEI 8 eruptions have been identified.
165:
4477:
4318:
3889:
3749:
3665:
3653:
3633:
3529:
3319:
3299:
3222:
3025:
2888:
2800:
2790:
2583:
2311:
2274:
2249:
1486:
1007:
897:
873:
185:
153:
118:
4619:
2375:
The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km but probably nearer 2,000 km, ...
1916:
Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014).
1542:
1501:"An Archean megacaldera complex: The Blake River Group, Abitibi greenstone belt"
4455:
4395:
4380:
4333:
4229:
4175:
4035:
3693:
3670:
3643:
3561:
3551:
3453:
3448:
3314:
3265:
3101:
3030:
2848:
2828:
313:
produced the Deccan Traps about 66 million years ago, coincident with the
286:
201:
2621:
2554:
2529:
1641:
1596:
4675:
4598:
4482:
4439:
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4271:
4185:
4161:
4156:
4030:
4025:
4020:
3936:
3524:
3465:
3428:
3380:
3096:
3000:
2907:
2883:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2599:
2576:
2563:
2514:
2283:
2151:"Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado"
1942:
1917:
1860:
1217:
1169:
473:
448:
436:
382:
378:
333:
3180:
1739:
1688:
828:
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4290:
4276:
4131:
3941:
3909:
3899:
3802:
3546:
3492:
3401:
3260:
3091:
3035:
2805:
1696:
1235:
818:
789:
750:
645:
341:
302:
290:
193:
145:
2684:
2659:
1087:
1062:
4603:
4146:
4141:
3978:
3963:
3839:
3814:
3443:
3363:
3270:
3255:
2985:
2940:
2915:
2823:
2795:
2785:
2340:
938:
860:
Consisted of three distinct eruptions, separated by 30-40 thousand years
78:
39:
4285:
2483:"The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview"
1436:
1407:
1332:
1303:
221:
in 2000, referring to eruptions that produce extremely large amounts of
4553:
4368:
4338:
4323:
4111:
4099:
3859:
3721:
3347:
3010:
2960:
2935:
2081:
2056:
1788:
130:
2719:
1209:
4295:
4084:
4013:
3958:
3953:
3819:
3660:
3566:
3309:
2995:
2980:
2965:
2813:
2455:
2411:
2362:
2226:
1161:
578:
432:
168:(about 25,600 years ago) was the world's most recent VEI-8 eruption.
134:
91:
2150:
140:
Large-volume supervolcanic eruptions are also often associated with
4588:
4573:
4104:
4089:
3991:
3829:
3277:
3040:
3015:
2990:
2920:
2715:
Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World
1918:"The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption"
1428:
1390:
1324:
1286:
1137:
973:
533:
267:
27:
Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
1874:
844:
207:
More than fifty years after Byers' review was published, the term
4568:
4417:
4254:
4244:
4052:
3864:
3576:
3571:
2970:
2955:
2898:
2780:
2766:
2389:
1664:
1662:
891:
887:
441:
337:
245:
233:
64:
86:
4578:
4504:
3020:
3005:
2975:
2950:
2945:
2925:
2878:
2101:"Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption"
1760:
1379:
Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes
1010: – Temperature anomaly event caused by a volcanic eruption
960:
Volcano, lake, and caldera locations in the TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
298:
249:
222:
181:
4249:
4008:
1440:
1336:
883:
731:
702:
674:
614:
110:
2735:
2432:
1711:
1001: – Volcanic supereruption 74,000 years ago in Indonesia
4593:
3045:
2818:
1135:
1110:
502:
1880:
1853:
10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2
900:; consisted of two distinct eruptions separated by years
212:
2199:
1956:
1823:
1003:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
188:, had existed in that region. He believed that several
3412:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
2054:
271:
Map of large flood basalt igneous provinces worldwide
3338:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
1826:"Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka"
1182:
969:
766:
Guacha ignimbrite, two smaller eruptions identified
2725:
Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
2710:
Overview and Transcript of the original BBC program
2657:
2328:"What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?"
1406:
1302:
94:, the site of a VEI 8 eruption c. 75,000 years ago
2527:
2295:
2293:
1883:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1498:
1113:Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. 21 August 2015.
1060:
4673:
4466:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2636:
990: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk
4364:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
2487:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2290:
2094:
2092:
1489:. Vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
1254:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
626:
514:
485:
456:
358:
3369:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
3210:
3196:
2751:
43:World map of known VEI 7 and VEI 8 volcanoes
1809:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1752:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1585:Geological Society of America Special Papers
1499:Pearson, V.; Daigneault, R. (January 2009).
1063:"Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanos"
369:Volcanic eruptions are classified using the
3417:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
2322:
2320:
2241:
2089:
1817:
332:Such outpourings are not explosive, though
144:, which can cover huge areas with lava and
3520:Climate change and civilizational collapse
3203:
3189:
2758:
2744:
2314:. Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
262:
2693:
2683:
2553:
2385:
2383:
2273:
2225:
2080:
1982:
1941:
1543:"The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth"
1404:
1300:
1225:
1086:
4523:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
4461:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2317:
1349:
565:Deposited the Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
390:
336:may occur. Many volcanologists consider
266:
97:
85:
77:
38:
2247:
1824:Rose, W.I. & Chesner, C.A. (1987).
1343:
651:Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra
14:
4674:
2480:
2436:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2380:
2195:
2193:
2148:
2142:
1582:
1248:
591:Responsible for the Antana Ignimbrite
301:on a continental scale resulting from
3184:
2739:
2153:. USGS Investigations Series I-2799.
2036:from the original on 12 December 2019
1909:
1540:
1536:
1534:
499:Indian Peak–Caliente Caldera Complex
315:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
3540:Tipping points in the climate system
3139:
2730:Supervolcano eruption mystery solved
2149:Lipman, Peter W. (2 November 2007).
3535:Extinction risk from climate change
3434:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
3163:
2481:Wilson, C. J. N (1 December 2001).
2190:
2157:from the original on 31 August 2010
2117:
1656:
317:. The scientific consensus is that
215:popular science television program
24:
4495:List of fictional doomsday devices
2658:Timmreck, C.; Graf, H.-F. (2006).
2593:
2586:. Pbs.org. Accessed on 2017-10-12.
2118:Ort, Michael (22 September 1997).
1870:from the original on 17 June 2010.
1619:
1531:
914:
365:List of largest volcanic eruptions
25:
4723:
3515:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
2703:
2664:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1480:USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
1350:Klemetti, Erik (4 October 2013).
447:Produced 439–631 million tons of
327:Permian–Triassic extinction event
281:Large igneous provinces, such as
4631:
4630:
4618:
3776:Decline in amphibian populations
3162:
3150:
3138:
3127:
3126:
2897:
2098:
1117:from the original on 3 July 2017
1103:"Questions About Supervolcanoes"
972:
953:
158:threaten species with extinction
4127:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
3624:Land surface effects on climate
3597:Human impact on the environment
3228:Future of an expanding universe
2570:
2521:
2474:
2462:
2426:
2334:
2248:Lindsay, J. M. (1 March 2001).
2111:
2048:
2016:
1991:
1984:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108162
1950:
1720:Journal of Geophysical Research
1613:
1576:
1570:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
1525:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.03.009
1492:
1473:
1447:
1410:The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon
1398:
1384:
1371:
1306:The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon
1034:
756:Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex
238:Blake River Megacaldera Complex
198:The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon
148:. These can cause long-lasting
2695:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FD24-C
2643:. Cambridge University Press.
2640:Eruptions that shook the world
1294:
1280:
1242:
1176:
1129:
1095:
1054:
1021:
994:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
171:
13:
1:
4073:Interpretations of Revelation
3875:Cosmological phase transition
3781:Decline in insect populations
3233:Ultimate fate of the universe
2765:
2732:, BBC Science, 6 January 2014
2507:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6
1999:"Lexique du substrat rocheux"
1405:Byers Jr., F. M. (May 1949).
1301:Byers Jr., F. M. (May 1949).
1274:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6
1047:
554:Grey's Landing Supereruption
419:Ejecta bulk volume (approx.)
323:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
154:triggering of a small ice age
32:Supervolcano (disambiguation)
4528:Future of Humanity Institute
3925:Potentially hazardous object
3825:Interplanetary contamination
2577:"Mystery of the Megavolcano"
1903:10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3
1352:"The rise of a supervolcano"
466:Flat Landing Brook Formation
236:supervolcanoes, such as the
48: VEI 8 (supervolcanoes)
7:
4712:Lists of volcanic eruptions
4408:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
3557:Global terrestrial stilling
2124:Northern Arizona University
1381:. Missoula, Mountain Press.
1027:The term was first used in
965:
850:Andes Central Volcanic Zone
584:Andes Central Volcanic Zone
399:Well-known VEI 8 eruptions
359:Massive explosive eruptions
297:, are extensive regions of
10:
4728:
3920:Asteroid impact prediction
3895:Heat death of the universe
3305:Mutual assured destruction
2275:10.1093/petrology/42.3.459
1963:Quaternary Science Reviews
1922:Frontiers in Earth Science
1061:de Silva, Shanaka (2008).
946:
936:In the 2009 disaster film
605:Huckleberry Ridge eruption
371:volcanic explosivity index
362:
274:
109:Supervolcanoes occur when
73:volcanic explosivity index
29:
4612:
4546:
4538:Nuclear Threat Initiative
4515:
4471:List of apocalyptic films
4448:
4314:2011 end times prediction
4306:
4046:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
4041:Abomination of desolation
3977:
3915:Asteroid impact avoidance
3852:
3763:
3745:List of extinction events
3720:
3713:
3679:
3587:Environmental degradation
3483:
3474:
3389:
3374:Technological singularity
3243:
3218:
3212:Global catastrophic risks
3122:
3064:
2906:
2895:
2773:
2622:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
2555:10.1007/s00445-010-0410-7
1642:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
4533:Future of Life Institute
4435:Resurrection of the dead
4428:Post-tribulation rapture
3810:Colony collapse disorder
2801:Cryptovolcanic structure
2637:Oppenheimer, C. (2011).
2310:13 February 2010 at the
2304:Global Volcanism Program
2300:Large Holocene Eruptions
1943:10.3389/feart.2014.00016
1377:Harris, Stephen (1988).
1107:Volcanic Hazards Program
1014:
988:Global catastrophic risk
3359:Artificial intelligence
3082:Eruptions by death toll
2602:Bulletin of Volcanology
2534:Bulletin of Volcanology
1769:Bulletin Volcanologique
1740:10.1029/JB091iB10p10355
1689:10.1126/science.1141564
1485:4 February 2012 at the
999:Toba catastrophe theory
693:McMullen Supereruption
529:San Juan volcanic field
495:Wah Wah Springs Caldera
263:Large igneous provinces
259:and massive eruptions.
257:large igneous provinces
242:Abitibi greenstone belt
211:was popularised by the
142:large igneous provinces
4488:List of disaster films
4329:Apocalyptic literature
3429:Malthusian catastrophe
3355:Synthetic intelligence
2178:Cite journal requires
1461:. BBC. 3 February 2000
1417:The Journal of Geology
1313:The Journal of Geology
428:Youngest Toba eruption
277:Large igneous province
272:
232:is sometimes used for
106:
102:Cross-section through
95:
83:
56:
18:Supervolcanic eruption
3870:Coronal mass ejection
3332:Electromagnetic pulse
3293:Kinetic energy weapon
2685:10.5194/acp-6-35-2006
1597:10.1130/2014.2505(03)
1550:Earth-Science Reviews
1088:10.1130/focus082008.1
391:Known super eruptions
270:
101:
89:
81:
42:
4272:War of Gog and Magog
3949:Near-Earth supernova
3699:Human overpopulation
3503:Mass mortality event
3397:Anthropogenic hazard
2582:17 June 2017 at the
2254:Journal of Petrology
2029:. pp. 118–119.
1726:(B10): 10355–10382.
1541:Bryan, S.E. (2010).
1505:Precambrian Research
1029:Conquering the World
795:Kidnappers eruption
722:Heise Volcanic Field
708:McMullen Ignimbrite
665:Heise Volcanic Field
540:Fish Canyon eruption
486:2,000–12,000 km
457:2,000–13,200 km
416:Years ago (approx.)
133:zones (for example,
30:For other uses, see
4344:Blood moon prophecy
4137:Number of the Beast
3735:Holocene extinction
3681:Earth Overshoot Day
3629:Ocean acidification
3592:Habitat destruction
3582:Ecological collapse
3288:Kinetic bombardment
3223:Future of the Earth
2676:2006ACP.....6...35T
2614:2004BVol...66..735M
2546:2011BVol...73.1487K
2499:2001JVGR..112..133W
2448:2011GSAB..123..821S
2404:2005GSAB..117..288M
2355:1986Natur.319..578F
2266:2001JPet...42..459L
2218:2020Geo....48..934K
2120:"La Garita Caldera"
2073:2013Geosp...9..864B
1975:2023QSRv..31208162L
1934:2014FrEaS...2...16C
1895:1982PPP....38..139W
1845:1987Geo....15..913R
1781:1978BVol...41..286N
1732:1986JGR....9110355K
1681:2007Sci...317..114P
1634:2004BVol...66..735M
1562:2010ESRv..102..207B
1517:2009PreR..168...66P
1266:2001JVGR..112..133W
1202:2017NatSR...740624B
1154:2014Geo....42..807W
1079:2008Geo....36..671D
879:Yellowstone hotspot
874:Lava Creek eruption
814:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
785:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
727:Yellowstone hotspot
697:Yellowstone hotspot
670:Yellowstone hotspot
641:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
627:2,450–2,500 km
610:Yellowstone hotspot
558:Yellowstone hotspot
515:5,500–5,900 km
400:
295:Ontong Java Plateau
196:. In his 1948 book
180:volcanic region of
127:Yellowstone Caldera
104:Long Valley Caldera
90:Satellite image of
4702:Doomsday scenarios
4697:Volcanic landforms
4687:Geological hazards
4659:Doomsday scenarios
4225:Beast of the Earth
4117:Book of Revelation
3905:Virtual black hole
3885:False vacuum decay
3835:Pollinator decline
3798:Biological warfare
3788:Biotechnology risk
3639:Resource depletion
3077:Lists of volcanoes
2864:Subglacial volcano
2839:Pyroclastic shield
2082:10.1130/GES00902.1
1789:10.1007/BF02597228
1190:Scientific Reports
398:
353:Hikurangi Plateaus
319:an asteroid impact
273:
107:
96:
84:
57:
4669:
4668:
4500:Zombie apocalypse
4401:Postmillennialism
4196:Great Tribulation
3969:Stellar collision
3930:Near-Earth object
3880:Geomagnetic storm
3848:
3847:
3771:Biodiversity loss
3755:Genetic pollution
3709:
3708:
3498:Biodiversity loss
3461:Societal collapse
3439:Nuclear holocaust
3424:Economic collapse
3407:Doomsday argument
3325:Antimatter weapon
3178:
3177:
2931:Basaltic andesite
2869:Submarine volcano
2650:978-0-521-64112-8
2540:(10): 1487–1511.
2349:(6054): 578–582.
1675:(5834): 114–116.
1412:, by H. Williams"
1308:, by H. Williams"
1210:10.1038/srep40624
912:
911:
780:Mangakino Caldera
636:Whakamaru Caldera
524:La Garita Caldera
470:Tetagouche Group
375:logarithmic scale
164:of New Zealand's
16:(Redirected from
4719:
4634:
4633:
4625:World portal
4623:
4622:
4584:Financial crisis
4413:Nibiru cataclysm
4391:Premillennialism
4235:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
4203:Son of perdition
4191:Olivet Discourse
4167:Whore of Babylon
3793:Biological agent
3740:Human extinction
3730:Extinction event
3718:
3717:
3689:Overexploitation
3619:Land consumption
3614:Land degradation
3481:
3480:
3343:Micro black hole
3251:Chemical warfare
3205:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3130:
3129:
3087:Decade Volcanoes
3065:Lists and groups
3056:Pyroclastic flow
3051:Pyroclastic fall
2901:
2834:Pyroclastic cone
2760:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2654:
2633:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:10.1130/B30280.1
2442:(5–6): 821–840.
2430:
2424:
2423:
2412:10.1130/B25519.1
2398:(3–4): 288–306.
2387:
2378:
2377:
2363:10.1038/319578a0
2338:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:10.1130/G47384.1
2197:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2126:. Archived from
2115:
2109:
2108:
2099:King, Hobart M.
2096:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1556:(3–4): 207–229.
1547:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1496:
1490:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1455:"Supervolcanoes"
1451:
1445:
1444:
1414:
1402:
1396:
1392:supervolcano, n.
1388:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1310:
1298:
1292:
1288:supervolcano, n.
1284:
1278:
1277:
1260:(1–4): 133–174.
1250:Wilson, C. J. N.
1246:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1162:10.1130/g35979.1
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1058:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1004:
982:
980:Volcanoes portal
977:
976:
957:
894:, United States
809:Oruanui eruption
734:, United States
705:, United States
677:, United States
628:
617:, United States
536:, United States
516:
505:, United States
487:
458:
401:
397:
200:, volcanologist
162:Oruanui eruption
67:that has had an
53:
47:
21:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4707:Future problems
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4644:Future problems
4617:
4608:
4542:
4511:
4478:Climate fiction
4444:
4319:2012 phenomenon
4302:
4208:Sheep and Goats
4095:2 Thessalonians
3973:
3890:Gamma-ray burst
3844:
3759:
3750:Genetic erosion
3705:
3675:
3666:Water pollution
3634:Ozone depletion
3530:Desertification
3470:
3385:
3320:Doomsday device
3300:Nuclear warfare
3239:
3214:
3209:
3179:
3174:
3118:
3060:
3026:Tephriphonolite
2902:
2893:
2889:Harmonic tremor
2791:Complex volcano
2769:
2764:
2706:
2651:
2596:
2594:Further reading
2591:
2590:
2584:Wayback Machine
2575:
2571:
2526:
2522:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2431:
2427:
2388:
2381:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2312:Wayback Machine
2298:
2291:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2198:
2191:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2090:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1955:
1951:
1914:
1910:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1839:(10): 913–917.
1828:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1801:
1765:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1716:
1712:
1661:
1657:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1581:
1577:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1497:
1493:
1487:Wayback Machine
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1281:
1247:
1243:
1181:
1177:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1008:Volcanic winter
1002:
978:
971:
968:
961:
958:
949:
917:
915:Media portrayal
898:Lava Creek Tuff
737:Blacktail Tuff
393:
367:
361:
311:RĂ©union hotspot
279:
265:
186:Mount Multnomah
174:
117:rises into the
55:
51:
49:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Supervolcanoes
4689:
4684:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Apocalypticism
4628:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4483:Disaster films
4480:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4456:Alien invasion
4452:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4396:Amillennialism
4393:
4383:
4381:Millenarianism
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4334:Apocalypticism
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Dhu al-Qarnayn
4227:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:Great Apostasy
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4023:
4021:Last Judgement
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3983:
3981:
3979:Eschatological
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3694:Overpopulation
3691:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3671:Water scarcity
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3644:Sea level rise
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:on marine life
3604:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Global warming
3559:
3554:
3552:Global dimming
3549:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Cascade effect
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3485:Climate change
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Doomsday Clock
3312:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:Cyberterrorism
3263:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3102:Volcanic field
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Trachyandesite
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2908:Volcanic rocks
2904:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2849:Shield volcano
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:Parasitic cone
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2704:External links
2702:
2701:
2700:
2655:
2649:
2634:
2608:(8): 735–748.
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2569:
2520:
2493:(1): 133–174.
2473:
2461:
2425:
2379:
2333:
2316:
2289:
2260:(3): 459–486.
2240:
2212:(9): 934–938.
2189:
2180:|journal=
2141:
2130:on 19 May 2011
2110:
2088:
2067:(4): 864–950.
2047:
2015:
2003:dnr-mrn.gnb.ca
1990:
1949:
1908:
1873:
1816:
1775:(3): 286–298.
1759:
1710:
1655:
1628:(8): 735–748.
1612:
1605:
1575:
1530:
1511:(1–2): 66–82.
1491:
1472:
1446:
1429:10.1086/625620
1397:
1383:
1370:
1342:
1325:10.1086/625620
1293:
1279:
1241:
1175:
1148:(9): 807–810.
1128:
1094:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1005:
996:
991:
984:
983:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
952:
948:
945:
944:
943:
934:
926:
916:
913:
910:
909:
907:
906:1,000 km
904:
901:
895:
881:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:1,050 km
864:
861:
858:
852:
847:
841:
840:
838:
837:1,170 km
835:
832:
822:
821:, New Zealand
816:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:1,200 km
799:
796:
793:
792:, New Zealand
787:
782:
776:
775:
773:
772:1,300 km
770:
767:
764:
758:
753:
747:
746:
744:
743:1,500 km
741:
738:
735:
729:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:1,700 km
712:
709:
706:
699:
694:
690:
689:
687:
686:1,800 km
684:
681:
678:
672:
667:
661:
660:
658:
657:2,000 km
655:
652:
649:
648:, New Zealand
643:
638:
632:
631:
629:
624:
621:
618:
612:
607:
601:
600:
598:
597:2,500 km
595:
592:
589:
586:
581:
575:
574:
572:
571:2,800 km
569:
566:
563:
562:United States
560:
555:
551:
550:
548:
547:5,000 km
545:
542:
537:
531:
526:
520:
519:
517:
512:
509:
506:
500:
497:
491:
490:
488:
483:
480:
477:
471:
468:
462:
461:
459:
454:
451:
445:
439:
430:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
392:
389:
360:
357:
334:lava fountains
287:Siberian Traps
275:Main article:
264:
261:
202:Howel Williams
173:
170:
150:climate change
125:(for example,
50:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4724:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Risk analysis
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Social crisis
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:Organizations
4514:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4440:World to come
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:Millennialism
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4374:Messianic Age
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Gog and Magog
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Earth Changes
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:New Jerusalem
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:War in Heaven
4160:
4158:
4157:Two witnesses
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:Second Coming
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Deforestation
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3466:World War III
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3381:Transhumanism
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:Technological
3242:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Volcanic belt
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Phonotephrite
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Volcanic cone
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Stratovolcano
2857:
2855:
2854:Somma volcano
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Rootless cone
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2172:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:Bull Volcanol
1616:
1608:
1606:9780813725055
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
981:
975:
970:
956:
951:
950:
941:
940:
935:
932:
931:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
826:
825:TaupĹŤ Volcano
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
700:
698:
695:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
680:Kilgore Tuff
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
559:
556:
553:
552:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
518:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:New Brunswick
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
455:
452:
450:
449:sulfuric acid
446:
443:
440:
438:
437:North Sumatra
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
396:
388:
386:
384:
383:magma chamber
380:
376:
372:
366:
356:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
269:
260:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Three Sisters
169:
167:
166:TaupĹŤ Volcano
163:
159:
155:
152:(such as the
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
105:
100:
93:
88:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4616:
4559:Cyberwarfare
4277:Third Temple
4132:Lake of fire
3942:Rogue planet
3910:Impact event
3900:Proton decay
3853:Astronomical
3803:Bioterrorism
3649:Supervolcano
3648:
3547:Flood basalt
3493:Anoxic event
3402:Collapsology
3390:Sociological
3261:Cyberwarfare
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3092:Volcanic arc
3036:Trachybasalt
2874:Supervolcano
2873:
2806:Fissure vent
2670:(1): 35–49.
2667:
2663:
2639:
2605:
2601:
2572:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2464:
2439:
2435:
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2392:GSA Bulletin
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2128:the original
2113:
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2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
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1966:
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1911:
1889:(3–4): 139.
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1106:
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1070:
1066:
1056:
1036:
1028:
1023:
937:
930:Supervolcano
928:
920:
857:, Argentina
819:North Island
790:North Island
751:Cerro Guacha
646:North Island
482:466,000,000
444:, Indonesia
433:Toba Caldera
394:
387:
385:beneath it.
368:
355:broke away.
346:
342:Laki fissure
331:
308:
303:flood basalt
291:Deccan Traps
280:
254:
229:
227:
216:
209:supervolcano
208:
206:
197:
194:Mount Mazama
175:
146:volcanic ash
139:
108:
61:supervolcano
60:
58:
36:
4682:Volcanology
4635:Categories
4604:Survivalism
4291:Zoroastrian
4147:Seven seals
4142:Seven bowls
4068:Historicism
3964:Solar flare
3840:Overfishing
3815:Defaunation
3602:coral reefs
3364:AI takeover
3283:Nanoweapons
3271:Cybergeddon
3256:Cyberattack
3169:WikiProject
3112:polygenetic
3107:monogenetic
2986:Nephelinite
2941:Blairmorite
2916:Agglomerate
2824:Mud volcano
2796:Cryovolcano
2786:Cinder cone
2105:Geology.com
2040:11 November
2008:22 December
1465:30 November
1408:"Review of
1363:29 November
1304:"Review of
544:27,800,000
511:30,600,000
230:megacaldera
172:Terminology
54: VEI 7
4676:Categories
4564:Depression
4554:Ransomware
4369:Messianism
4339:Armageddon
4324:Apocalypse
4112:Antichrist
4100:Man of sin
3997:Three Ages
3860:Big Crunch
3722:Extinction
3714:Biological
3476:Ecological
3348:Strangelet
3011:Rhyodacite
2961:Ignimbrite
2936:Benmoreite
1969:: 108162.
1423:(3): 325.
1319:(3): 325.
1073:(8): 671.
1048:References
863:2,500,000
829:Lake TaupĹŤ
798:1,080,000
769:5,700,000
763:, Bolivia
740:6,000,000
711:8,990,000
683:4,500,000
623:2,100,000
594:4,000,000
568:8,720,000
422:Reference
373:. It is a
363:See also:
293:, and the
252:, Canada.
131:subduction
4449:Fictional
4296:Saoshyant
4181:New Earth
4152:The Beast
4085:Preterism
4058:Christian
4014:Kali Yuga
3959:Micronova
3954:Hypernova
3820:Dysgenics
3661:Verneshot
3567:Hypercane
3310:Dead Hand
2996:Phonolite
2981:Leucitite
2966:Komatiite
2814:Lava dome
2810:Lava cone
2767:Volcanoes
2630:129680497
2564:1432-0819
2515:0377-0273
2284:0022-3530
2061:Geosphere
1861:0091-7613
1797:128626019
1650:129680497
1591:: 57–89.
1459:bbc.co.uk
1218:2045-2322
1170:1943-2682
1121:22 August
855:Catamarca
761:Sur LĂpez
701:Southern
579:La Pacana
476:, Canada
410:Location
228:The term
92:Lake Toba
4589:Pandemic
4574:Epidemic
4569:Droughts
4423:Prewrath
4354:End time
4220:Al-Qa'im
4105:Katechon
4090:2 Esdras
4080:Idealism
4063:Futurism
3992:Maitreya
3987:Buddhist
3830:Pandemic
3278:Gray goo
3133:Category
3041:Trachyte
3016:Rhyolite
2991:Obsidian
2921:Andesite
2580:Archived
2420:53648675
2308:Archived
2161:6 August
2155:Archived
2134:5 August
2031:Archived
1865:Archived
1705:20380351
1697:17615356
1483:Archived
1437:30058772
1333:30058772
1236:28120860
1115:Archived
966:See also
903:640,000
654:340,000
534:Colorado
349:Manihiki
129:) or at
123:hotspots
69:eruption
4649:Hazards
4547:General
4418:Rapture
4267:Messiah
4255:Sufyani
4245:Israfil
4215:Islamic
4053:Messiah
4031:1 Enoch
3865:Big Rip
3577:Ecocide
3572:Ice age
3145:Commons
3072:Hotspot
2971:Lapilli
2956:Felsite
2781:Caldera
2672:Bibcode
2610:Bibcode
2542:Bibcode
2495:Bibcode
2444:Bibcode
2400:Bibcode
2371:4332421
2351:Bibcode
2330:. USGS.
2262:Bibcode
2233:21 June
2214:Bibcode
2206:Geology
2069:Bibcode
1971:Bibcode
1930:Bibcode
1891:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1833:Geology
1777:Bibcode
1728:Bibcode
1677:Bibcode
1669:Science
1630:Bibcode
1558:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1262:Bibcode
1227:5264179
1198:Bibcode
1150:Bibcode
1142:Geology
1075:Bibcode
1067:Geology
947:Gallery
892:Wyoming
888:Montana
834:26,500
453:75,000
442:Sumatra
338:Iceland
299:basalts
283:Iceland
246:Ontario
240:in the
234:caldera
218:Horizon
113:in the
71:with a
65:volcano
4579:Famine
4505:Zombie
4307:Others
4262:Jewish
4240:Dajjal
4122:Events
4036:Daniel
3937:winter
3764:Others
3654:winter
3454:winter
3449:famine
3444:cobalt
3157:Portal
3021:Tephra
3006:Pumice
2976:Latite
2951:Dacite
2946:Cinder
2926:Basalt
2879:Tossol
2647:
2628:
2562:
2513:
2418:
2369:
2343:Nature
2282:
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890:, and
588:Chile
413:Notes
285:, the
250:Quebec
223:ejecta
182:Oregon
160:. The
156:) and
115:mantle
52:
46:
4594:Riots
4286:Norse
4250:Mahdi
4009:Kalki
4004:Hindu
3334:(EMP)
2774:Types
2626:S2CID
2416:S2CID
2367:S2CID
2034:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
1868:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1793:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1546:(PDF)
1441:JSTOR
1433:JSTOR
1357:Wired
1337:JSTOR
1329:JSTOR
1015:Notes
884:Idaho
845:Galán
732:Idaho
703:Idaho
675:Idaho
615:Idaho
407:Zone
404:Name
379:cones
190:peaks
119:crust
111:magma
63:is a
3046:Tuff
2819:Maar
2645:ISBN
2560:ISSN
2511:ISSN
2280:ISSN
2235:2022
2184:help
2163:2010
2136:2010
2042:2023
2010:2019
1857:ISSN
1811:link
1754:link
1693:PMID
1601:ISBN
1467:2023
1365:2023
1232:PMID
1214:ISSN
1166:ISSN
1123:2017
1111:USGS
939:2012
922:Nova
503:Utah
351:and
309:The
248:and
135:Toba
2690:hdl
2680:doi
2618:doi
2550:doi
2503:doi
2491:112
2452:doi
2440:123
2408:doi
2396:117
2359:doi
2347:319
2270:doi
2222:doi
2077:doi
1979:doi
1967:312
1938:doi
1899:doi
1849:doi
1785:doi
1736:doi
1685:doi
1673:317
1638:doi
1593:doi
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1566:doi
1554:102
1521:doi
1509:168
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