36:
25:
47:
358:. Most of these people―especially those in the North Tower―deliberately made the decision to die by jumping as a quicker alternative to burning alive or dying from smoke inhalation; however, a small percentage of these deaths were not jumpers but people who accidentally fell. Many of these victims were inadvertently captured on both television and amateur footage, even though television networks reporting on the tragedy attempted to avoid showing people falling to avoid further traumatizing viewers.
286:
In addition to these measures, there has been a push to more closely monitor media coverage of suicide, especially suicides from well known sites, which typically involve suicide by jumping. Numerous studies have researched the impact of media coverage on suicide rates. Guidelines for media sources
251:
Jumping only makes up 3% of suicides in the US and Europe, which is a much smaller percentage than is generally perceived by the public. Jumping is surprisingly infrequent because tall buildings are often condo or office buildings not accessible to the general public, and because open-air areas of
170:
as police attempt to talk them down. Observers sometimes encourage potential jumpers to jump, an effect known as "suicide baiting". Almost all falls from beyond about 10 stories are fatal, although people have survived much higher falls than this, even onto hard surfaces. For example, one suicidal
306:
Another factor in reducing jumping deaths is to avoid suggesting in news articles, signs, or other communication that a high-risk place is a common, appropriate, or effective place for dying by jumping from. The efficacy of signage is uncertain, and may depend on whether the wording is simple and
302:
cameras to identify people in inappropriate places or behaving abnormally (e.g., lingering in a place that people normally spend little time in), and installing awnings and soft-looking landscaping, which deters suicide attempts by making the place look ineffective.
179:. There is some evidence to suggest that younger males are overrepresented in those who jump from bridges, while age is not a notable factor in suicides from high-rise residential buildings. However, other studies have not found the same patterns.
283:. After their removal, there was a five-fold increase in the number of suicides from the bridge. Other sites have installed signs continuing telephone hotline numbers or incorporated surveillance measures such as patrols and trained gatekeepers.
252:
high buildings (i.e., rooftop restaurants or pools) are often surrounded by high walls that are built precisely to prevent suicides. Jumping makes up 20% of suicides in New York City due to the prevalence of publicly accessible skyscrapers.
128:, organ damage, broken bones and lifelong pain. People have survived falls from buildings as high as 47 floors (500-feet/152.4 metres). Most think that jumping will lead to an instant death. However, in many cases, death is not instant.
259:, jumping (from any location) is the most common method of dying by suicide, accounting for 52% of all reported suicide cases in 2006, and similar rates for the years prior to that. The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the
171:
jumper has survived a fall from the 39th story of a building, as has a non-suicidal window washer who accidentally fell from the 47th floor. Suicidal jumpers have sometimes injured or even killed people on the ground on whom they land.
323:, at other times to escape conditions inside (e.g. a burning building). It includes all those who jump, regardless of motivation or consequences. That is, it includes people making sincere suicide attempts, those making
350:, trapping hundreds in the upper floors of both buildings and setting the impacted floors ablaze. As a direct consequence, more than 200 people plummeted to their deaths from the burning skyscrapers, primarily from the
174:
There is limited information surrounding the demographics of those who die by jumping. However, some studies find differences between those who jump from high-rise residential buildings and those who jump from a
1125:
295:, and several schools of journalism) attempt to reduce the risk of suicide contagion via responsible reporting, informing on the complexities of suicide, and publicizing resources and stories of hope.
1014:
857:
319:
is a term used by the police and media organizations for a person who plans to fall or jump (or already has fallen or jumped) from a potentially deadly height, sometimes with the intention to die by
331:
from a building illegally, and those attempting to escape conditions that they perceive as posing greater risk than would the fall from a jump, and it applies whether or not the fall is fatal.
146:
In the United States, jumping is among the least common methods of suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in 2005). However, in a 75-year period to 2012, there had been around 1,400
298:
Constructing barriers is not the only option, and it can be expensive. Other method-specific prevention actions include making staff members visible in high-risk areas, using
275:
Multiple intervention strategies have been applied for these types of suicides. Some of these strategies take physical forms, such as installing barriers to restrict access at
1933:
622:
Havârneanu, GM; Burkhardt, JM; Paran, F (August 2015). "A systematic review of the literature on safety measures to prevent railway suicides and trespassing accidents".
224:. In the United States, self-defenestration is among the least common methods of dying by suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in the United States for 2005).
1428:"LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate"
783:
466:"LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate"
984:
1704:
1345:
1115:
567:
524:
351:
871:
135:, accounting for 52.1% of all reported suicide cases in 2006 and similar rates for the years before that. The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the
846:
2150:
1006:
765:
2345:
380:, iconic photograph of one of the hundreds of casualties of the September 11 attack victims who fell or jumped from the burning World Trade Center
1367:
287:
on how to cover the topic, such as the "Recommendations for
Reporting on Suicide" (developed in collaboration with organizations such as the
2276:
1326:
1404:
288:
2335:
2330:
1463:
713:
Weckbach, Sebastian; Flierl, Michael A; Blei, Michael; Burlew, Clay
Cothren; Moore, Ernest E; Stahel, Philip F (October 25, 2011).
827:
1716:
601:
355:
292:
2340:
2313:
465:
212:, propelling oneself, or causing oneself to fall, out of a window. This phenomenon played a notable role in such events as the
2325:
2350:
1938:
1427:
1089:
784:"Teen Dies After Jumping From 7th Floor of Parking Structure at Americana, Landing on Father With Children: Glendale PD"
106:
1047:
542:
368:
347:
147:
1063:
1900:
1825:
240:
1905:
1596:
1190:
Beautrais, Annette L.; Gibb, Sheree J.; Fergusson, David M.; Horwood, L. John; Larkin, Gregory Luke (June 2009).
162:
Survivors of falls from hazardous heights are often left with major injuries and permanent disabilities from the
163:
2308:
2194:
2177:
2062:
1895:
1546:
801:
715:"Survival following a vertical free fall from 300 feet: The crucial role of body position to impact surface"
2320:
2079:
1498:
1456:
992:
401:
2378:
2036:
917:
386:, nickname for many scenic heights with the risk of a fatal fall and the possibility of a deliberate jump
339:
183:
1996:
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1488:
343:
35:
964:
299:
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this was alluded to by protestors brandishing a sign on Wall Street which said: "Jump, you fuckers!"
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213:
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260:
236:
136:
1346:"Miracle mom who survived horrific 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire was 'one in a million'"
1092:. HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong. 2006. Archived from
545:. HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong. 2006. Archived from
525:"'Thank God for the miracle:' Man who survived 47-story fall from NYC skyscraper recounts story"
496:
446:
267:
buildings in Hong Kong (implying that much of the jumping is out of windows or from roof tops).
110:
63:
promote special telephones that connect to a crisis hotline, as well as a 24/7 crisis text line.
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24:
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or by adding a safety net. In 1996, safety barriers were removed from the
Grafton Bridge in
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1981:
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70:
802:"Man who survived woman falling on him from 11th story LA hotel room talks about ordeal"
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2016:
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1192:"Removing Bridge Barriers Stimulates Suicides: An Unfortunate Natural Experiment"
1037:
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389:
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376:
217:
1966:
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422:"2023 ICD-10-CM Codes X80*: Intentional self-harm by jumping from a high place"
395:
204:
176:
151:
102:
86:
1324:
1207:
1093:
1007:"After the 1929 stock market crash, did investors really jump out of windows?"
635:
546:
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Nonfatal attempts in these situations can have severe consequences including
118:
98:
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166:. A frequent scenario is that the jumper will sit on an elevated highway or
2026:
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2006:
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572:
324:
232:
1238:
678:
Mann, L. (1981). "The baiting crowd in episodes of threatened suicide".
1991:
1805:
1738:
1581:
392:, access-control fence erected at certain high places to deter jumpers
2011:
2001:
264:
187:
132:
125:
90:
1153:"Suicide by Jumping: A Review of Research and Prevention Strategies"
1039:
Billionaires' Ball: Gluttony and Hubris in an Age of Epic
Inequality
719:
Scandinavian
Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
190:
from an airplane, at an altitude of over 5,000 feet (1,500 m).
1847:
1842:
1566:
263:
believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible
139:
believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily accessible
1956:
1795:
1586:
1472:
1328:
Suicide in
Parking Facilities: Prevention, Response, and Recovery
320:
221:
209:
167:
1398:
1392:
372:(2006), documentary film about jumpers on the Golden Gate Bridge
82:
1611:
1189:
74:
872:"Family Stunned by Boy's Suicide Attempt That Killed Driver"
1426:
Koopman, John; Writer, Chronicle Staff (November 2, 2005).
334:
The term was brought to prominence in the aftermath of the
1441:
1035:
113:. Other well known suicide sites for jumping include the
97:, and this method of suicide is also known clinically as
78:
712:
621:
1325:
International
Parking & Mobility Institute (2019),
346:―were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of the
1399:
Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore (September 2, 2002).
182:
The highest documented suicide jump was by skydiver
847:"Father killed after suicidal student lands on him"
1196:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
965:"Suicide Verdict – Depressed pilot leapt to death"
845:
218:the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center
766:"Man survives after 400ft jump by landing on car"
2370:
962:
828:"S. Korea 'suicide' jumper kills man on landing"
131:Jumping is the most common method of suicide in
93:diagnosis code for jumping from a high place is
1243:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
220:, and other disasters. It is also a method of
1457:
1425:
1368:"Falling Bodies, a 9/11 Image Etched in Pain"
915:
1239:"Media coverage as a risk factor in suicide"
680:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
154:substantially reduced the rate of suicides.
69:Jumping from a dangerous location, such as
1464:
1450:
1365:
289:American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
193:
186:, who killed himself by leaping without a
1343:
1270:
1150:
740:
730:
615:
598:"WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports"
592:
590:
1401:"Desperation forced a horrific decision"
763:
677:
270:
150:. In New Zealand, secure fencing at the
1366:Flynn, Kevin; Dwyer, Jim (2004-09-10).
463:
398:, particular bridges favored by jumpers
293:the National Institute of Mental Health
235:investors autodefenestrated during the
2371:
1407:from the original on September 1, 2012
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1113:
587:
457:
1445:
1361:
1359:
1236:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1064:"NYC #1 in Suicidal Building Jumping"
916:Gunnell, D.; Nowers, M. (July 1997).
522:
494:
764:Thompson, Paul (September 1, 2010).
518:
516:
490:
488:
1311:
1151:Beautrais, Annette (January 2007).
1036:Linda McQuaig, Neil Brooks (2012).
535:
13:
1356:
1139:
1128:from the original on 15 March 2010
1090:"Method Used in Completed Suicide"
1017:from the original on 21 March 2018
985:"SAS Soldier dies in plane plunge"
934:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09897.x
882:
543:"Method Used in Completed Suicide"
464:Koopman, John (November 2, 2005).
447:""Jumping" and Suicide Prevention"
439:
338:, in which two hijacked airliners―
208:) is the term used for the act of
148:suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge
14:
2390:
1901:List of countries by suicide rate
991:. 10 January 2002. Archived from
963:Allison, Rebecca (21 June 2002).
513:
485:
157:
1906:Antidepressants and suicide risk
860:from the original on 2022-05-25.
624:Accident Analysis and Prevention
45:
34:
23:
1419:
1337:
1287:
1230:
1183:
1116:"遭家人責罵：掛住上網媾女唔讀書 成績跌出三甲 中四生跳樓亡"
1107:
1082:
1056:
1029:
999:
977:
956:
909:
864:
838:
820:
794:
776:
757:
706:
671:
650:
604:from the original on 2009-08-25
568:"遭家人責罵：掛住上網媾女唔讀書 成績跌出三甲 中四生跳樓亡"
523:Parke, Caleb (April 22, 2019).
922:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
560:
414:
310:
73:, balcony, or roof, or from a
1:
1934:heads of state and government
495:Bondi, OnScene (2024-01-26).
451:Centre for Suicide Prevention
407:
354:with only 3 spotted from the
246:
241:stock market collapse of 2008
1344:Kemp, Joe (March 20, 2011).
402:Category:Suicides by jumping
107:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
101:. Many countries have noted
7:
2037:Suicide prevention contract
1471:
658:"Attempted Suicide Horrors"
497:"The other side of suicide"
361:
340:American Airlines Flight 11
10:
2395:
1489:Assessment of suicide risk
1169:10.1027/0227-5910.28.S1.58
1114:周志鴻; 譚健文 (9 August 2009).
692:10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.703
344:United Airlines Flight 175
2098:
2045:
1949:
1914:
1886:
1692:
1539:
1479:
1208:10.1080/00048670902873714
636:10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.012
300:closed-circuit television
59:initiative, signs on the
1674:Suicide and the Internet
1637:Social media and suicide
1237:Stack, S. (2003-04-01).
214:Triangle Shirtwaist fire
732:10.1186/1757-7241-19-63
471:San Francisco Chronicle
261:University of Hong Kong
237:1929 stock market crash
194:Jumping out of a window
164:impact-related injuries
137:University of Hong Kong
315:In the United States,
1607:Philosophy of suicide
1255:10.1136/jech.57.4.238
281:Auckland, New Zealand
271:Prevention strategies
1924:Suicide in antiquity
1712:Bullying and suicide
1597:Interpersonal theory
1592:Identity performance
1572:Dysfunctional family
1511:Suicide intervention
1299:Reporting on Suicide
918:"Suicide by jumping"
549:on 10 September 2009
336:September 11 attacks
231:in the US that many
184:Charles "Nish" Bruce
1982:Diseases of despair
1972:Consensual homicide
1939:in the 21st century
1769:Jumping from height
1350:New York Daily News
1070:. September 7, 2010
834:. November 6, 2017.
141:high-rise buildings
2379:Suicide by jumping
1826:London Underground
1684:Workplace bullying
1521:Suicide prevention
1372:The New York Times
1013:. 30 August 2002.
878:. 29 October 2017.
348:World Trade Center
199:Autodefenestration
111:Golden Gate Bridge
71:from a high window
61:Golden Gate Bridge
57:suicide prevention
2366:
2365:
2080:Music subcultures
1977:Depression (mood)
1632:Social inequality
1506:Suicidal ideation
1295:"Recommendations"
426:www.icd10data.com
327:gestures, people
2386:
2341:military veteran
2326:Assisted suicide
2314:Assisted suicide
1929:List of suicides
1724:Charcoal-burning
1700:Assisted suicide
1652:Suicide survivor
1642:Social rejection
1577:Economic anxiety
1466:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
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1417:
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1111:
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1053:
1042:. Beacon Press.
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1011:straightdope.com
1003:
997:
996:
995:on 7 April 2013.
981:
975:
974:
960:
954:
953:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
894:
886:
880:
879:
868:
862:
861:
856:. June 4, 2016.
849:
842:
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835:
824:
818:
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815:
813:
806:ABC7 Los Angeles
798:
792:
791:
790:. April 2, 2019.
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2346:Native American
2094:
2041:
2022:Suicide methods
2017:Suicide attempt
1945:
1910:
1896:Sex differences
1882:
1688:
1679:Toxic workplace
1627:School bullying
1617:Religious views
1535:
1475:
1470:
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897:psycnet.apa.org
892:
888:
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853:The Independent
844:
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663:
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620:
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579:
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576:. 9 August 2009
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486:
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390:Suicide barrier
377:The Falling Man
364:
313:
273:
249:
196:
160:
103:suicide bridges
67:
66:
65:
64:
52:
51:
50:
41:
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2309:United Kingdom
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2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
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1969:
1967:Caring letters
1964:
1962:Animal suicide
1959:
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1936:
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1853:Suicide attack
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1833:Self-sacrifice
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1808:
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1786:Murder–suicide
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1540:Social aspects
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1494:Crisis hotline
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1481:Suicide crisis
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1249:(4): 238–240.
1229:
1202:(6): 495–497.
1182:
1138:
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1081:
1055:
1049:978-0807003404
1048:
1028:
998:
989:CNN World News
976:
955:
908:
881:
876:NBC Washington
863:
837:
832:Thestar.com.my
819:
808:. May 19, 2017
793:
775:
756:
705:
670:
660:. Suicide.org!
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396:Suicide bridge
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205:defenestration
195:
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177:suicide bridge
168:building-ledge
159:
158:Suicide method
156:
152:Grafton Bridge
143:in Hong Kong.
87:suicide method
85:, is a common
54:
53:
44:
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33:
32:
31:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
16:Suicide method
15:
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4:
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2:
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2020:
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2013:
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1801:Sokushinbutsu
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1791:Vatakkiruttal
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1693:Suicide types
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1647:Social stigma
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1526:Suicide watch
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1163:(S1): 58–63.
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1096:on 2009-09-10
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890:"APA PsycNet"
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99:autokabalesis
96:
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88:
84:
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76:
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62:
58:
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37:
26:
2262:Saudi Arabia
2027:Suicide note
1987:Echo chamber
1888:Epidemiology
1873:Suicide pill
1768:
1622:Right to die
1431:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1403:. USAToday.
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1371:
1349:
1339:
1327:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
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1242:
1232:
1199:
1195:
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1160:
1156:
1130:. Retrieved
1119:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1084:
1074:November 29,
1072:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1038:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
993:the original
988:
979:
970:The Guardian
968:
958:
925:
921:
911:
900:. Retrieved
896:
884:
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851:
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831:
822:
812:November 29,
810:. Retrieved
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
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722:
718:
708:
686:(4): 703–9.
683:
679:
673:
662:. Retrieved
652:
627:
623:
617:
606:. Retrieved
578:. Retrieved
571:
562:
551:. Retrieved
547:the original
537:
528:
504:. Retrieved
500:
477:November 29,
475:. Retrieved
469:
459:
450:
441:
429:. Retrieved
425:
416:
384:Lover's Leap
375:
367:
333:
329:BASE jumping
325:parasuicidal
316:
314:
305:
297:
285:
274:
254:
250:
239:. After the
229:urban legend
227:There is an
226:
202:
198:
197:
181:
173:
161:
145:
130:
123:
115:Eiffel Tower
105:such as the
94:
68:
2299:Switzerland
2272:South Korea
2106:Afghanistan
2007:Self-hatred
1816:Prayopavesa
1669:Terminology
1657:bereavement
1602:Legislation
1516:Suicidology
1411:February 1,
1121:Apple Daily
573:Apple Daily
501:OnScene ACT
352:North Tower
311:Terminology
233:Wall Street
89:. The 2023
2277:LGBT youth
2232:Mozambique
2217:Kazakhstan
2116:Bangladesh
2099:By country
2058:LGBT youth
1992:Last words
1806:Sallekhana
1764:Immolation
1739:Familicide
1664:Literature
1582:Euthanasia
1557:Altruistic
1385:2023-11-18
1304:2023-05-23
1132:2009-09-10
1100:2009-09-10
928:(1): 1–6.
902:2023-05-22
664:2010-12-17
608:2009-07-06
580:2009-09-10
553:2009-09-10
506:2024-03-09
408:References
369:The Bridge
247:Prevalence
2289:Sri Lanka
2267:Singapore
2222:Lithuania
2173:Hong Kong
2156:Greenland
2111:Australia
2085:Prisoners
2012:Suffering
2002:Self-harm
1878:Vehicular
1774:locations
1562:Awareness
1380:0362-4331
1263:0143-005X
1216:0004-8674
1177:0227-5910
1068:Gothamist
942:0001-690X
770:Telegraph
630:: 30–50.
431:14 August
265:high-rise
257:Hong Kong
216:of 1911,
188:parachute
133:Hong Kong
126:paralysis
91:ICD-10-CM
2373:Category
2247:Pakistan
2131:Cameroon
2075:Military
1863:By pilot
1848:Senicide
1843:Kamikaze
1821:By train
1734:Epidemic
1567:Bullying
1552:Advocacy
1405:Archived
1281:12646535
1224:19440879
1126:Archived
1015:Archived
858:Archived
751:22027092
644:25939134
602:Archived
529:Fox News
362:See also
109:and the
2358:Uruguay
2351:teenage
2336:farmers
2331:college
2304:Ukraine
2252:Romania
2242:Nigeria
2207:Ireland
2195:farmers
2178:student
2151:Denmark
2121:Belarus
2053:Doctors
2032:Tourism
1957:Anguish
1950:Related
1916:History
1796:Seppuku
1754:Hanging
1749:Gunshot
1729:Copycat
1587:Failure
1473:Suicide
1272:1732435
950:9259217
742:3212924
700:7288565
321:suicide
222:suicide
210:jumping
2294:Sweden
2257:Russia
2227:Mexico
2168:Guyana
2163:Greece
2146:France
2136:Canada
2126:Bhutan
2068:Mormon
1858:By cop
1744:Forced
1432:SFGate
1378:
1279:
1269:
1261:
1222:
1214:
1175:
1157:Crisis
1046:
948:
940:
749:
739:
725:: 63.
698:
642:
317:jumper
83:bridge
2284:Spain
2237:Nepal
2212:Japan
2190:youth
2185:India
2141:China
2090:Youth
1759:Honor
1612:Shame
1332:(PDF)
1021:9 May
893:(PDF)
356:South
203:self-
81:, or
75:cliff
55:As a
2202:Iran
2063:list
1868:Pact
1811:Sati
1781:Mass
1717:list
1705:list
1547:ACEs
1499:list
1413:2023
1376:ISSN
1277:PMID
1259:ISSN
1220:PMID
1212:ISSN
1173:ISSN
1076:2021
1044:ISBN
1023:2018
946:PMID
938:ISSN
814:2021
788:KTLA
747:PMID
696:PMID
640:PMID
479:2021
433:2023
342:and
201:(or
117:and
95:X80*
1267:PMC
1251:doi
1204:doi
1165:doi
930:doi
737:PMC
727:doi
688:doi
632:doi
255:In
121:.
79:dam
2375::
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1374:.
1370:.
1358:^
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1200:43
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1194:.
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435:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
