Alpine ibex - Knowledge

769: 53: 67: 972: 939: 1121: 716: 8213: 951:

Dependent kids live with their mothers in female groups. Segregation between the sexes is a gradual process; males younger than nine years may still associate with female groups. Adult males, particularly older males, are more likely to be found alone than females. Social spacing tends to be looser in the summer, when there is more room to feed. Ibexes have stable social connections; they consistently regroup with the same individuals when ecological conditions force them together. Female groups tend to be more stable than male groups.

116: 260: 91: 1172:. These gave rise to the populations in France and Austria. Alpine ibexes also recolonised areas on their own. The Alpine ibex population reached 3,020 in 1914, 20,000 in 1991, and 55,297 in 2015, and by 1975, the species occupied much of its medieval range. In the 1890s, ibexes were introduced to Slovenia despite the lack of evidence of their presence there following the last glacial period. In 1980, ibexes were translocated to Bulgaria. 811: 8201: 1262:; the horn material was used to counter cramps, poisoning, and hysteria, while the blood was thought to prevent stones from developing in the bladder. The species' value as a source of medicine led to its near extinction. Since its recovery, the Alpine ibex has been seen as a resilient symbol of the mountain range. The species is depicted on the coat of arms of the Swiss 1132:, the Alpine ibex ranged throughout the Alpine region of Europe. Starting in the early 16th century, the overall population declined due almost entirely to hunting by humans, especially with the introduction of firearms. By the 19th century, only around 100 individuals remained in and around Gran Paradiso in north-west Italy and on the Italian-French border. In 1821, the 987:. Dominant males between nine and twelve years old follow a female and guard her from rivals while subordinate, younger males between two and six years old try to sneak past the tending male when he is distracted. If the female flees, both dominant and subordinate males will try to follow her. During courtship, the male stretches the neck, flicks the tongue, 1184:

with a stable population trend. It was given a recovery score of 79%, making it "moderately depleted". While the species would likely have gone extinct without conservation efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries, as of 2021, it has a low conservation dependence. According to the IUCN, without current

1020:

Male Alpine Ibexes live for around 16 years while females live for around 20 years. The species has a high adult survival rate compared with other herbivores around its size. In one study, all kids reached two years of age and the majority of adults lived for 13 years, although most 13-year-old males

1007:

The horns grow throughout life. Young are born without horns, which become visible as tiny tips at one month and reach 20–25 mm (0.8–1.0 in) in the second month. In males, the horns grow at about 8 cm (3.1 in) per year for the first five-and-a-half years, slowing to half that rate

1175:

Between 2015 and 2017, there were around 9,000 ibexes in 30 colonies in France, over 17,800 individuals and 30 colonies in Switzerland, over 16,400 ibexes in 67 colonies in Italy, around 9,000 in 27 colonies in Austria, around 500 in five colonies in Germany, and almost 280 ibexes and four colonies

898:

of the Alpine Ibex can exceed 700 ha (1,700 acres) and in reintroduced populations, home ranges may approach 3,000 ha (7,400 acres). Home-range size depends on the availability of resources and the time of year. Home ranges tend to be largest during summer and autumn, smallest in winter,

950:

species but it tends to live in groups that are based on sex and age. For most of the year, adult males group separately from females, and older males live separately from young males. Female groups consist of 5–10 members and male groups usually have 2–16 members but sometimes have more than 50.

998:

The female is in oestrus for around 20 days and gestation averages around five months, and typically results in the birth of one or sometimes two kids. Females give birth away from their social groups on rocky slopes that are relatively safe from predators. After a few days, the kids can move on

801:

woodland. Outside the breeding season, the sexes live in separate habitats. Females are more likely to be found on steep slopes while males prefer more level ground. Males inhabit lowland meadows during the spring, when fresh grass appears, and climb to alpine meadows during the summer. In early

743:

under the front feet. Both male and female Alpine ibexes have large, backwards-curving horns with an elliptical cross-section and a trilateral-shaped core. Transverse ridges on the front surface of the horns mark an otherwise flat surface. At 69–98 cm (27–39 in), the horns of males are

315:

Alpine ibexes primarily feed on grass and are active throughout the year. Although they are social animals, adult males and females segregate for most of the year, coming together only to mate. During the breeding season, males use their long horns to fight for access to females. Ibexes have few

747:

The species has brownish-grey hair over most of its body but lighter in colour on the belly with dark markings on the chin and throat. The hair on the chest region is nearly black and there are stripes along the dorsal (back) surface. The Alpine ibex is duller-coloured than other members of its

958:

based on size, age, and horn length exists. Hierarchies are established outside the breeding season, allowing males to focus more on mating and less on fighting. Males use their horns for combat; they bash rivals' sides or clash head-to-head often by rearing then clashing downwards.

731:

with a body length of 149–171 cm (59–67 in) and weigh 67–117 kg (148–258 lb). Females are much smaller and have a shoulder height of 73–84 cm (29–33 in), a body length of 121–141 cm (48–56 in), and weigh 17–32 kg (37–71 lb).

814: 311:

is brownish-grey. Alpine ibexes tend to live in steep, rough terrain and open alpine meadows. They can be found at elevations as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) and their sharp hooves allow them to scale the steep slopes and cliffs of their mountainous habitat.

792:

The Alpine Ibex is an excellent climber; it occupies steep, rough terrain at elevations of 1,800 to 3,300 m (5,900 to 10,800 ft). It prefers to live in open areas, but when there is little snow and depending on population density, adult males may gather in

812: 327:

of fewer than 100 individuals during its near-extinction event, leading to very low genetic diversity across populations. The species has been successfully reintroduced to parts of its historical range. All individuals living today descend from the stock in

3499:

Calenge, C.; Lambert, S.; Petit, E.; Thébault, A.; Gilot-Fromont, E.; Toïgo, C.; Rossi, S. (2021). "Estimating disease prevalence and temporal dynamics using biased capture serological data in a wildlife reservoir: The example of brucellosis in Alpine ibex

1003:

groups, where young are nursed for up to five months. Nursery groups can also include non-lactating females. Alpine ibexes reach sexual maturity in 18 months but continue to grow until females are five to six and males are nine to eleven years old.

1152:

caused it to drop to around 400 by 1945. Their protection improved after the war and by 2005, there were 4,000 in the national park. In the late 20th century, the Gran Paradiso population was used for reintroductions into other parts of Italy.

835:; its diet consists mostly of grass, which is preferred all year; during the summer, ibexes supplement their diet with herbs, while during autumn and winter they also eat dwarf shrubs and conifer shoots. The most-commonly eaten grass genera are 813: 3053:

Lanfranchi, P.; Manfredi, M. T.; Zaffaroni, E.; Fraquelli, C.; Ratti, P.; Giacometti, M. (1995). "Eine dreijährige Untersuchung der Labmagen-Helminthenfauna beim Alpensteinbock (Capra i. ibex) der Kolonie Albris, Graubünden, Schweiz".

930:. Only females and kids, which are lighter and have shorter legs than adult males, will climb the steep dam. Kids have been observed at 49 m (161 ft), ascending in a zig-zag path while descending in straight paths. 2200:

Herfindal, I.; Anderwald, P.; Filli, F.; Andri, S. C.; Rempfler, T. (2019). "Climate, competition and weather conditions drive vertical displacement and habitat use of an alpine ungulate in a highly topographic landscape".

995:, the male rejoins his group and restarts the first phase of the rut. Environmental conditions can affect courtship in the species; for example, snow can limit the males' ability to follow females and mate with them. 2810:

Toïgo, C.; Gaillard, J.-M.; Festa-Bianchett, M.; Largo, E.; Michallet, J.; Maillard, D. (2007). "Sex- and age-specific survival of the highly dimorphic Alpine ibex: evidence for a conservative life-history tactic".

784:

over 7,500 years ago due to human predation. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the species disappeared from much of its range due to hunting, leaving by the 19th century one surviving population in and around

2744:

Michallet, J.; Loison, A.; Gaillard, J.; Gauthier, D. (1994). "Valeur de critères biométriques externes pour la détermination de l'âge du bouquetin des Alpes (Capra ibex ibex): rôle du sexe et de l'habitat".

962:

Alpine ibexes communicate mainly through short, sharp whistles that serve mostly as alarm calls and may occur singularly or in succession with short gaps. Females and their young communicate by bleating.

1156:

Starting in 1902, several Alpine ibexes from Gran Paradiso were taken into captive facilities in Switzerland for selective breeding and reintroduction into the wild. Until 1948, translocated

1204:, which have been allowed to roam in the Alpine Ibex's habitat. The genetic bottleneck of populations may increase vulnerability to infectious diseases because their immune system has low 1983:

Klansek, E.; Vavra, I.; Onderscheka, K. (1995). "Die Äsungszusammensetzung des Alpensteinwildes (Capra i. ibex L.) in Abhängigkeit von Jahreszeit, Alter und Äsungsangebot in Graubünden".

815: 918:; the presence of these species may force the ibex to occupy higher elevations. The Alpine ibex's climbing ability is such that it has been observed scaling the 57-degree slopes of the 780:

of central Europe; its range includes France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, Germany, and Austria. Fossils of the species have been found as far south as Greece, where it became

2465:

Bergeron, P.; Grignolio, S.; Apollonio, M.; Shipley, B.; Festa-Bianchet, M. (2010). "Secondary sexual characters signal fighting ability and determine social rank in Alpine ibex (

802:

winter, both males and females move to steep, rocky slopes to avoid dense buildups of snow. Alpine ibexes prefer slopes of 30–45°, and take refuge in small caves and overhangs.

3266:

Graf von Hardenberg, W. (2010). "Act Locally, Think Naturally: A Brief History of Access Rights and Environmental Conflicts in Fascist Italy". In Armiero, M.; Hall, M. (eds.).

3022:

Carcereri, A.; Stancampiano, L.; Marchiori, E.; Sturaro, E.; Ramanzin, M.; Cassini, R. (2021). "Factors influencing gastrointestinal parasites in a colony of Alpine ibex (

983:

takes place in two phases; in the first phase, males interact with females as a group and in the second phase, one male separates from his group to follow a female in

979:

The mating season begins in December and typically lasts for around six weeks. During this time, male herds break up into smaller groups and search for females. The

2713:

von Hardenberg, A.; Bassano, B.; Zumel Arranz, M. del P.; Bogliani, G. (2004). "Horn growth but not asymmetry heralds the onset of senescence in male Alpine ibex (

1082: 2594:

Rossi, I.; Grignolio, S.; Bassano, B.; Apollonius, M. (2003). "Strategie riproduttive dello Stambecco (Capra ibex ibex) nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso".

1200:

were lost in these new populations but they had also gained mildly deleterious ones. The genetic purity of the species may be threatened by hybridisation with

739:. Compared with most other wild goats, the species has a wide, shortened snout. Adaptations for climbing include sharp, highly separated hooves and a rubbery 3180:

Stüwe, M.; Nievergelt, B. (1991). "Recovery of Alpine ibex from near extinction: the result of effective protection, captive breeding, and reintroductions".

2662:

Grignoli, S.; Rossi, I.; Bertolotto, E.; Bassano, B.; Apollonio, M. (2007). "Influence of the kid on space use and habitat selection of female Alpine ibex".

445: 883:. In the spring, animals of both sexes spend about the same amount of time feeding during the day, while in summer, females, particularly those that are 2617: 1741: 8393: 3089:

Cassini, R.; Párraga, M. A.; Signorini, M.; Frangipane di Regalbono, A.; Sturaro, E.; Rossi, L.; Ramanzin, M. (2015). "Lungworms in Alpine ibex (

2772:

Ratti, P.; K. H. (1977). "Untersuchungen zur Altersschätzung und Altersbestimmung beim Alpensteinbock (Capra ibex ibex) im Kanton Graubünden".

2165:

Signer, C.; Ruf, T.; Arnold, W. (2011). "Hypometabolism and basking: the strategies of Alpine ibex to endure harsh over-wintering conditions".

8484: 8432: 1610:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group. p. 12. 8566: 1917:

Grignolio, S.; Rossi, I.; Bassano, B.; Parrini, F.; Apollonio, M. (2004). "Seasonal variations of spatial behaviour in female Alpine ibex (

954:

Adult males and females gather together in December and January, the breeding season, then separate again in April and May. Among males, a

3645: 768: 3144: 2068:

Aublet, J.-F.; Festa-Bianchet, M.; Bergero, D.; Bassano, B. (2009). "Temperature constraints on foraging behavior of male Alpine ibex (

449:, whose fossils have been found in Germany. The Alpine ibex appears to have been larger during the Pleistocene than in the modern day. 789:, Italy. The species has since been reintroduced into parts of its former range, as well as new areas such as Slovenia and Bulgaria. 1448: 1021:

did not reach the age of 15. Alpine ibexes have a low rate of predation; their mountain habitat keeps them safe from predators like

8367: 3557: 2987:

Giacometti, M.; Janovsky, M.; Belloy, L.; Frey, J. (2002). "Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae".

8406: 1197: 1029:

may prey on young. In Gran Paradiso, causes of death are old age, lack of food, and disease. They are also killed by avalanches.

1808:

Adamič, M.; Jerina, K. (2010). "Ungulates and their management in Slovenia". In Apollonio, M.; Andersen, R.; Putman, R. (eds.).

3768: 52: 8450: 2854:

Girard, I.; Toïgo, C.; Gaillard, J.-M.; Gauthier, D.; Martinot, J.-P. (1999). "Patron de survie chez le bouquetin des Alpes (

1633:"Ancient mitochondrial and modern whole genomes unravel massive genetic diversity loss during near extinction of Alpine ibex" 1382: 8411: 2940:

Moore-Jones, G.; Dürr, S.; Willisch, C.; Ryser-Degiorgis, M.-P. (2021). "Occurrence of footrot in free-ranging alpine ibex (

8586: 2126:

Parrini, F.; Grignolio, S.; Luccarini, S.; Bassano, B.; Apollonio, M. (2003). "Spatial behaviour of adult male Alpine ibex

1212:

region of the French Alps, management actions, including a test-and-cull program to control outbreaks, effectively reduced

1216:

infection prevalence in adult females from 51% in 2013 to 21% in 2018, and active infections also significantly declined.

8591: 3130:"Patologia Cardiaca Del Camoscio (Rupicapra Rupicapra) E Dello Stambecco (Capra Ibex) Nel Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso" 8581: 3250: 2275:

Bon, R.; Rideau, C. S.; Villaret, J.-C.; Joachim, J. (2001). "Segregation is not only a matter of sex in Alpine ibex,

1839: 1361:

Brambilla, A.; Bassano, B.; Biebach, I.; Bollmann, K.; Keller, L.; Toïgo, C.; von Hardenberg, A. (2022). "Alpine Ibex

3275: 3225: 1817: 66: 8346: 1416: 1205: 8489: 3448:"Heterozygosity–fitness correlation at the major histocompatibility complex despite low variation in Alpine ibex ( 8359: 1883:

Toïgo, C.; Gaillard, J. M.; Michallet, J. (1997). "Adult survival pattern of the sexually dimorphic Alpine ibex (

1160:

were captive-bred. Afterwards, there were reintroductions of wild-born specimens from established populations in

250: 1631:

Robin, M.; Ferrari, G.; Akgül, G.; Münger, X.; von Seth, J.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Dalén, L.; Grossen, C. (2022).

756:

is replaced with a short, thin summer coat. Their winter coat grows back in the autumn. As in other members of

2350: 1615: 3291:

Biebach, I.; Keller, L. F. (2009). "A strong genetic footprint of the re-introduction history of Alpine ibex (

8541: 8471: 4120: 1149: 4909: 3403:

Giacometti, M.; Roganti, R.; De Tann, D.; Stahlberger-Saitbekova, N.; Obexer-Ruff, G. (2004). "Alpine ibex

2416:"Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in male Alpine ibex" 1185:

protections, the population decline of the species would be minimal. Some countries allow limited hunting.

1141: 980: 1706: 1012:. The age of an ibex can be determined by annual growth rings in the horns, which stop growing in winter. 8445: 8294: 8289: 1443: 1411: 1145: 744:

substantially longer than those of females, which reach only 18–35 cm (7.1–13.8 in) in length.

329: 899:

and intermediate in spring. Females' home ranges are usually smaller than those of males. Ibexes do not

891:

in large adult males, reducing their feeding time, but they may avoid this problem by feeding at night.

8576: 8191: 4189: 3761: 35: 30:"Steinbock" redirects here. For the African antelope sometimes known as "steinbuck" or "steinbok", see 7166: 4111: 4102: 1076: 17: 1316: 6953: 1236:, literally "stone buck". Several European names for the animal developed from this, including the 8463: 115: 7602: 6995: 4891: 4032: 3699:"Symbolic species as a cultural ecosystem service in the European Alps: insights and open issues" 411:

may have originated in Central Asia and spread to Europe, the Caucasus, and East Africa from the

8528: 7115: 4551: 1551:

Pidancier, N.; Jordan, S.; Luikart, G.; Taberlet, P. (2006). "Evolutionary history of the genus

8571: 8398: 8229: 4653: 4359: 4278: 3638: 2414:

Brambilla, A.; von Hardenberg, A.; Canedoli, C.; Brivio, F.; Sueur, C.; Stanley, C. R. (2022).

1555:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla): Discordance between mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome phylogenies". 1263: 1109: 477: 476:) were considered to be subspecies of the Alpine ibex; populations in the Alps were given the 8523: 7803: 6833: 5058: 4287: 4171: 3754: 2611: 1193: 1092: 1066:

and can lead to death rates of up to 30%. Ibexes can host gastrointestinal parasites such as

1052: 324: 230: 8515: 3217: 3129: 2244:

Biancardi, C. M.; Minetti, A. E. (2017). "Gradient limits and safety factor of Alpine ibex (

1008:

once the animal reaches 10 years of age. The slowing of horn growth in males coincides with

8424: 8315: 8276: 8267: 8110: 7876: 7867: 7812: 7437: 7401: 7374: 6782: 6773: 6218: 6209: 4575: 4434: 4377: 4323: 3710: 3359: 3304: 2820: 2671: 2478: 2427: 2388: 2210: 2174: 2081: 2034: 1930: 1644: 1564: 1259: 1063: 992: 484:. Genetic evidence from 2006 has supported the status of these Ibexes as separate species. 3243:

A Monastery for the Ibex: Conservation, State, and Conflict on the Gran Paradiso 1919–1949

8: 8056: 7758: 7749: 7497: 7365: 7338: 7274: 6935: 6815: 6764: 4443: 4350: 3941: 1438: 1042: 955: 904: 435:

during the late Pleistocene have been found in France and Italy. The Alpine Ibex and the

432: 404: 80: 3714: 3363: 3308: 2824: 2675: 2482: 2431: 2392: 2214: 2178: 2085: 2038: 1934: 1648: 1568: 1148:. By 1933, the Alpine ibex population reached 4,000 but subsequent mismanagement by the 1000: 8143: 8134: 7506: 7446: 7428: 7410: 7356: 7329: 7320: 6944: 6926: 6860: 6553: 6279: 5756: 5747: 5466: 4900: 4368: 4180: 4162: 4041: 3679: 3619: 3547: 3529: 3476: 3447: 3428: 3380: 3347: 3328: 3071: 2969: 2922: 2875: 2789: 2754: 2695: 2687: 2576: 2494: 2400: 2342: 2296: 2226: 2147: 2105: 2050: 2000: 1946: 1787: 1733: 1667: 1632: 1588: 1189: 1137: 724: 110: 1293: 8510: 8302: 7776: 7767: 7455: 7383: 7311: 7142: 7124: 6977: 5927: 5322: 5313: 5165: 5067: 4846: 4813: 4756: 4626: 4153: 4014: 3623: 3533: 3521: 3481: 3385: 3320: 3316: 3271: 3246: 3221: 3193: 3110: 3004: 2973: 2961: 2914: 2879: 2836: 2832: 2758: 2230: 2186: 2097: 1813: 1791: 1737: 1672: 1611: 1580: 1388: 1378: 420: 304: 3584:"The names of southwestern European goats: is Iberian ibex the best common name for 3517: 3432: 3332: 3075: 2926: 2793: 2699: 2580: 2551:"Alternative mating tactics and their impact on survival in adult male Alpine ibex ( 2498: 2346: 2300: 2054: 2004: 1950: 1608:

Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Action Plan for Caprinae

1592: 8281: 8217: 8170: 7924: 7915: 7794: 7635: 7626: 7419: 7091: 7082: 7030: 7021: 6869: 6842: 6755: 6535: 6143: 5569: 5560: 5550: 5523: 5244: 5113: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4078: 4069: 4005: 3932: 3923: 3718: 3609: 3599: 3513: 3471: 3463: 3420: 3375: 3367: 3348:"Purging of highly deleterious mutations through severe bottlenecks in Alpine ibex" 3312: 3189: 3102: 3063: 3035: 2996: 2953: 2906: 2867: 2828: 2781: 2726: 2679: 2644: 2599: 2566: 2529: 2486: 2445: 2435: 2396: 2334: 2288: 2257: 2218: 2182: 2151: 2139: 2109: 2089: 2042: 1992: 1938: 1896: 1779: 1725: 1662: 1652: 1572: 1528: 1370: 1311: 1244: 1105: 1101: 1097: 988: 971: 781: 428: 320: 8307: 3211: 2046: 1942: 760:, the Alpine ibex has glands near the eyes, groin, and feet but none on the face. 8497: 7900: 7891: 7839: 7830: 7611: 6468: 6459: 5936: 5532: 4584: 4494: 4332: 4144: 4023: 3996: 3987: 3552: 3106: 2375:

Villaret, J. C.; Bon, R. (1995). "Social and spatial segregation in Alpine ibex (

1374: 1237: 1229: 824: 8476: 8437: 1576: 735:

The Alpine ibex is a stocky animal with a tough neck and robust legs with short

8354: 8341: 8205: 8100: 8038: 7668: 7659: 7184: 7133: 7054: 7045: 6986: 6824: 6526: 6348: 6339: 5894: 5861: 5843: 5331: 5141: 5016: 4855: 3843: 3815: 3371: 3039: 2910: 2631:

Stüwe, M.; Grodinsky, C. (1987). "Reproductive biology of captive Alpine ibex (

2598:(in Italian). 14 (ATIt Congress Supplement) (Special Issue: IV ATIt Congress). 2261: 2222: 1291: 1157: 3746: 3723: 3698: 3604: 3583: 3402: 3088: 2730: 2603: 2571: 2550: 2490: 2093: 1838:

Grignolio, S.; Parrini, F.; Bassano, B.; Luccarini, S.; Apollonio, M. (2003).

1783: 8560: 8419: 8252: 7725: 7707: 7593: 7530: 7521: 6580: 6315: 6288: 6059: 5969: 5960: 5945: 5810: 5774: 5729: 5666: 5657: 5174: 5132: 5025: 4991: 4981: 4882: 4864: 4527: 4476: 4386: 3950: 1392: 1302: 1209: 1201: 1181: 1169: 849: 820: 786: 517: 503: 469: 352: 344: 288: 246: 207: 100: 95: 2871: 2534: 2513: 2338: 1964:

Wiersema, G. (1984). "Seasonal use and quality assessment of ibex habitat".

8119: 8088: 7978: 7650: 7464: 7392: 7265: 7208: 7199: 6917: 6851: 6613: 6571: 6486: 6297: 6017: 6008: 5870: 5801: 5690: 5681: 5423: 5192: 4873: 4828: 4795: 4566: 4458: 4425: 4341: 3525: 3485: 3389: 3324: 3114: 3008: 3000: 2965: 2957: 2840: 2648: 2292: 2101: 1858: 1676: 1584: 1071: 1026: 651: 436: 424: 300: 2918: 2021:

Neuhaus, P.; Ruckstuhl, K. E. (2002). "Foraging behaviour in Alpine ibex (

1120: 715: 259: 8502: 8458: 8380: 8261: 7740: 7488: 6650: 6604: 6595: 6544: 6496: 6357: 6199: 5792: 5611: 5405: 5396: 5386: 5280: 5123: 4933: 4924: 4837: 4680: 4602: 4485: 4410: 4401: 3778: 3424: 2712: 1255: 1251: 1250:. The Alpine ibex is one of many animals depicted in the art of the Late 1192:, the Alpine ibex population has low genetic diversity and is at risk of 1165: 1129: 938: 919: 900: 888: 832: 605: 539: 453: 416: 395: 308: 167: 3683: 3614: 2450: 1406: 727:. Males grow to a height of 90 to 101 cm (35 to 40 in) at the 8372: 7347: 7247: 7072: 6664: 6086: 6068: 5819: 5514: 5499: 5490: 5457: 5234: 5040: 4957: 4948: 4723: 4714: 4593: 4518: 4059: 3880: 3067: 2785: 2691: 2143: 1996: 1161: 1058: 1009: 895: 736: 461: 431:

of species in this lineage. Fossils of the Alpine ibex dating from the

3670:

Thorington, J. M. (1944). "The ibex and chamois in ancient medicine".

3467: 3128:

Guarda, F.; Bollo, E.; Bassono, B.; Peracino, V.; Giraldo, A. (2001).

2939: 2514:"Social dominance and conflict reduction in rutting male Alpine ibex, 2440: 2415: 1729: 1657: 1140:

declared Gran Paradiso a royal hunting reserve. In 1920, his grandson

267:

Distribution of the Alpine ibex (population in Bulgaria not included)

8385: 8328: 8047: 7968: 7821: 7692: 7683: 7157: 6731: 6722: 6707: 6698: 6562: 6134: 5918: 5852: 5738: 5253: 5049: 4738: 4662: 4542: 4093: 3978: 3968: 3862: 3853: 3741: 3021: 2683: 2413: 1707:"Distribution, status, and recent population dynamics of Alpine ibex 1087: 947: 927: 884: 488: 127: 8223: 8014: 3052: 2989:

Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)

2318: 1900: 907:

in the mornings. They also reduce their heart rate and metabolism.

8333: 8246: 7956: 7584: 7256: 6968: 6806: 6746: 6411: 6110: 5642: 5587: 5475: 5304: 4780: 4771: 4747: 4635: 4509: 4259: 4135: 3831: 3809: 3797: 1144:

donated the land to the state of Italy and it was established as a

1133: 1067: 1047: 1037: 1033: 923: 915: 879: 873: 837: 753: 412: 307:

species; males are larger and carry longer horns than females. Its

187: 147: 31: 2067: 1704: 1533: 1516: 8536: 8161: 7996: 7857: 7716: 7106: 6893: 6884: 6797: 6683: 6674: 6646: 6402: 6306: 6270: 6185: 6181: 6152: 6077: 5765: 5638: 5599: 5183: 5100: 5006: 4269: 4219: 3914: 2809: 2464: 2025:): consequences of reproductive status, body size, age and sex". 1705:

Bramnilla, A.; von Hadenberg, A.; Nelli, L.; Bassono, B. (2020).

1267: 984: 911: 855: 728: 561: 400: 383: 347:

first described the Alpine ibex in 1758. It is classified in the

197: 177: 2125: 1837: 8320: 8005: 7574: 7479: 7302: 7292: 6908: 6420: 6260: 6242: 6233: 6119: 6041: 5993: 5984: 5442: 5433: 5368: 5359: 5349: 5271: 4804: 4617: 4467: 3803: 3791: 2743: 2593: 1766:

Geskos, A. (2013). "Past and present distribution of the genus

1367:

Terrestrial Cetartiodactyla – Handbook of the Mammals of Europe

1360: 1096:. Several individuals have died from heart diseases, including 1022: 903:

during the winter; they take shelter on cold winter nights and

861: 798: 740: 157: 137: 3234: 2661: 1550: 1292:

Toïgo, C.; Brambilla, A.; Grignolio, S.; Pedrotti, L. (2020).

8029: 7987: 7562: 7232: 7223: 6517: 6444: 6435: 6366: 6095: 6050: 5909: 5834: 5714: 5705: 5216: 5207: 4699: 4690: 3899: 3890: 3445: 3346:

Grossen, C.; Guillaume, F.; Keller, L. F.; Croll, D. (2020).

2893:

Ferrogilo, E.; Tolari, F.; Bassano, B. (1998). "Isolation of

843: 794: 752:

in spring, when their thick winter coat consisting of woolly

749: 348: 3446:

Brambilla, A.; Keller, L.; Bassuno, B.; Grossen, C. (2017).

2986: 2199: 1916: 748:

genus. As with other goats, only males have a beard. Ibexes

7175: 6505: 6393: 6375: 6032: 5885: 5289: 5156: 4972: 4246: 4207: 3581: 3498: 3345: 2853: 1810:

European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century

1177: 777: 590: 333: 292: 6643: 3127: 8200: 7785: 6384: 6330: 5262: 4644: 3213:

Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves

867: 390:

and is possibly derived from an earlier Alpine language.

2274: 1365:

Linnaeus, 1758". In Corlatti, L.; Zachos, F. E. (eds.).

1258:

culture in Western Europe. Local people used Ibexes for

443:) probably evolved from the extinct Pleistocene species 5635: 3696: 3411:

hybrids in a restricted area of southern Switzerland".

3093:) in the eastern Alps, Italy: An ecological approach". 1982: 1630: 6178: 2892: 2374: 1882: 1515:

Parrini, F. III; Cain, J. W.; Krausman, P. R. (2009).

8189: 403:

deposits in China; these fossils appear to have been

316:

predators but may succumb to parasites and diseases.

3582:

García-González, R.; Herrero, J.; Nores, C. (2021).

3265: 3240: 1514: 3577: 3575: 1840:"Habitat selection in adult males of Alpine ibex, 3742:Alpine Ibex European Specialist Group (GSE-AIESG) 1124:Biologist transporting an ibex for reintroduction 495:species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence: 8558: 3697:Schirpke, U.; Meisch, C.; Tappeiner, U. (2018). 2243: 2020: 1912: 1910: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1356: 1354: 1136:banned hunting of the Alpine ibex and in 1854, 3776: 3572: 3284: 3179: 2548: 2511: 2370: 2368: 2164: 1921:) in relation to climatic conditions and age". 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1546: 1544: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1317:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42397A161916377.en 910:The Alpine ibex may compete for resources with 887:, eat more than males. High temperatures cause 3245:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 32. 2630: 2121: 2119: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 319:By the 19th century, the Alpine ibex had been 3762: 3290: 2616:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 2319:"Sociality and relationships in Alpine ibex ( 2237: 1907: 1826: 1803: 1801: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 407:between goats and their ancestors. The genus 336:lists the species as being of least concern. 323:from most of its range and it went through a 3636: 2805: 2803: 2365: 2130:in the Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy". 1807: 1683: 1541: 1331: 3339: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2116: 1812:. Cambridge University Press. p. 514. 763: 373: 357: 3851: 3769: 3755: 3669: 3639:"Ibex Images from the Magdalenian Culture" 3209: 2771: 2016: 2014: 1798: 1605: 1463: 966: 258: 89: 65: 51: 8086: 5558: 3722: 3613: 3603: 3475: 3379: 3028:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 2800: 2624: 2596:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 2570: 2533: 2449: 2439: 2250:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 1666: 1656: 1532: 1315: 991:, urinates, and sniffs the female. After 7967: 5357: 3205: 3203: 3162: 3026:) interacting with domestic ruminants". 2858:) dans le parc national de la Vanoise". 2307: 1963: 1219: 1119: 999:their own. Mothers and kids gather into 970: 937: 809: 805: 767: 714: 295:. It is one of ten species in the genus 4258: 3829: 3216:. Princeton University Press. pp. 2011: 1015: 772:Ibex walking along its mountain habitat 299:and its closest living relative is the 14: 8559: 3976: 3270:. Ohio University Press. p. 149. 1765: 1287: 1285: 1283: 8228: 8227: 8085: 7954: 7953: 7559: 6642: 6177: 5634: 5096: 4242: 3828: 3750: 3651:from the original on 20 December 2023 3200: 3150:from the original on 21 December 2023 2549:Willisch, C. S.; Neuhaus, P. (2009). 2512:Willisch, C. S.; Neuhaus, P. (2010). 1557:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1451:from the original on 11 December 2023 8542:EB70A67C-5ADB-408F-869F-E3A85A0256CC 8360:2840c106-5d14-49e8-9a1b-c1f11fab87d6 5394: 3592:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 2353:from the original on 7 November 2023 1747:from the original on 3 December 2023 8567:IUCN Red List least concern species 4243: 3672:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 3560:from the original on 8 January 2024 2471:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1303:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1280: 1180:considers the Alpine ibex to be of 933: 24: 7560: 5097: 3268:Nature and History in Modern Italy 2664:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2401:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00366.x 25: 8603: 3735: 2317:Villaret, J.-C.; Bon, R. (1998). 776:The Alpine ibex is native to the 356:with nine other species of goat. 8211: 8199: 3317:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04420.x 3241:Graf von Hardenberg, W. (2021). 3182:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 3056:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 2833:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01254.x 2774:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 2187:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01806.x 2027:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 1985:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 1206:major histocompatibility complex 114: 4121:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 3690: 3663: 3630: 3540: 3518:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105239 3492: 3439: 3396: 3259: 3121: 3082: 3046: 3015: 2980: 2933: 2886: 2847: 2765: 2737: 2706: 2655: 2587: 2542: 2505: 2458: 2407: 2268: 2193: 2158: 2061: 1976: 1957: 1876: 1759: 1419:from the original on 5 May 2022 1196:. A 2020 analysis found highly 1115: 4910:Central American red brocket ( 3506:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 1923:Ethology Ecology and Evolution 1624: 1599: 1431: 1399: 1369:. Springer. pp. 383–408. 1224:The Alpine ibex is called the 13: 1: 3210:Riley, L.; Riley, W. (2005). 2047:10.1080/08927014.2002.9522738 1943:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522636 1273: 1176:in Slovenia. As of 2020, the 710: 5617:Large subfamily listed below 5605:Large subfamily listed below 5593:Large subfamily listed below 3194:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90262-V 3107:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.026 2946:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2944:) colonies in Switzerland". 2899:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1857:(2): 113–120. Archived from 1375:10.1007/978-3-030-24475-0_32 1228:, which originated from the 1142:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 831:The Alpine ibex is strictly 378:is translated from Latin as 7: 8587:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4112:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 4103:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 1889:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1577:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.002 1444:Online Etymology Dictionary 1412:Online Etymology Dictionary 339: 330:Gran Paradiso National Park 287:, is a European species of 10: 8608: 8592:Habitats Directive species 3372:10.1038/s41467-020-14803-1 3040:10.4404/hystrix-00393-2020 2911:10.7589/0090-3558-34.2.400 2379:) in Bargy, French Alps". 2262:10.4404/hystrix-28.1-11504 2223:10.1007/s10980-019-00902-y 1606:Shackleton, D. W. (1997). 36:Steinbock (disambiguation) 29: 8582:Mammals described in 1758 8236: 8160: 8132: 8108: 8099: 8095: 8081: 8048:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 8039:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 8027: 7976: 7963: 7949: 7913: 7889: 7865: 7856: 7738: 7705: 7681: 7648: 7624: 7603:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 7582: 7573: 7569: 7555: 7519: 7477: 7300: 7291: 7245: 7221: 7197: 7155: 7104: 7080: 7071: 7043: 7019: 7012: 6966: 6906: 6882: 6795: 6744: 6720: 6696: 6672: 6663: 6659: 6638: 6593: 6494: 6485: 6457: 6433: 6328: 6268: 6259: 6231: 6207: 6198: 6194: 6173: 6132: 6108: 6030: 6006: 5982: 5958: 5907: 5883: 5832: 5727: 5703: 5679: 5655: 5651: 5630: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5549: 5512: 5488: 5455: 5431: 5422: 5385: 5348: 5302: 5242: 5233: 5205: 5154: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5092: 5038: 5004: 4970: 4946: 4922: 4892:Amazonian brown brocket ( 4826: 4793: 4769: 4736: 4712: 4688: 4679: 4615: 4564: 4540: 4507: 4456: 4423: 4399: 4267: 4254: 4238: 4225:Large family listed below 4218: 4213:Large family listed below 4206: 4190:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 4133: 4091: 4067: 4058: 3967: 3912: 3888: 3879: 3842: 3838: 3824: 3786: 3724:10.1007/s10980-018-0628-x 3605:10.32800/abc.2021.44.0001 3456:Evolutionary Applications 2813:Journal of Animal Ecology 2731:10.1017/S0952836904005485 2606:(inactive 17 March 2024). 2604:10.4404/hystrix-14.0-4292 2572:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-316R1.1 2491:10.1007/s00265-010-0944-x 2094:10.1007/s00442-008-1198-4 1784:10.1007/s13364-012-0094-9 1077:Teladorsagia circumcincta 1032:Alpine ibexes may suffer 649: 634: 627: 603: 588: 581: 574: 559: 552: 537: 530: 515: 508: 452:In the 20th century, the 332:, Italy. As of 2020, the 266: 257: 236: 229: 111:Scientific classification 109: 87: 78: 73: 64: 59: 50: 45: 6289:Domestic water buffalo ( 4654:Central Asian red deer ( 4279:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 1521:(Artiodactyla: Bovidae)" 764:Distribution and habitat 7167:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 6954:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 5059:Yucatan brown brocket ( 4288:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 4172:Philippine mouse-deer ( 3095:Veterinary Parasitology 2872:10.3406/revec.1999.2294 2339:10.3406/revec.1998.2251 1059:Mycoplasma conjunctivae 1040:caused by the bacteria 967:Reproduction and growth 372:while the species name 303:. The Alpine ibex is a 7877:White-lipped peccary ( 7813:Philippine warty pig ( 7438:Yellow-backed duiker ( 7402:Black-fronted duiker ( 7375:White-bellied duiker ( 6996:Przewalski's gazelle ( 6219:Four-horned antelope ( 5017:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 4576:Visayan spotted deer ( 4435:European fallow deer ( 4378:Northern red muntjac ( 4324:Southern red muntjac ( 3001:10.20506/rst.21.2.1338 2958:10.7589/JWD-D-20-00050 2649:10.1002/zoo.1430060407 2293:10.1006/anbe.2001.1776 1966:Acta Zoologica Fennica 1310:: e.T42397A161916377. 1188:Having gone through a 1134:Government of Piedmont 1125: 1110:valvular heart disease 1083:Marshallagi amarshalli 976: 943: 828: 773: 720: 374: 358: 34:. For other uses, see 8524:Paleobiology Database 8057:Wild Bactrian camel ( 7759:Bornean bearded pig ( 7750:Palawan bearded pig ( 7339:White-legged duiker ( 6765:Red-fronted gazelle ( 4444:Persian fallow deer ( 4360:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 4033:Himalayan musk deer ( 3942:Reticulated giraffe ( 3637:Castelli, A. (2010). 3409:C. aegagrus domestica 3352:Nature Communications 2535:10.1093/beheco/arp200 1220:Cultural significance 1198:deleterious mutations 1194:inbreeding depression 1123: 1093:Muellerius capillaris 1053:Dichelobacter nodosus 974: 946:The Alpine ibex is a 941: 818: 806:Behaviour and ecology 771: 718: 393:Fossils of the genus 325:population bottleneck 283:), also known as the 8355:Fauna Europaea (new) 8144:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 7804:Oliver's warty pig ( 7429:Red-flanked duiker ( 6834:Erlanger's gazelle ( 6554:Harnessed bushbuck ( 6280:Wild water buffalo ( 5757:East Caucasian tur ( 5748:West Caucasian tur ( 4901:Little red brocket ( 4369:Truong Son muntjac ( 4181:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 4163:Greater mouse-deer ( 4042:Siberian musk deer ( 3425:10.2981/wlb.2004.018 3137:Large Animals Review 2747:Gibier Faune Sauvage 2559:Journal of Mammalogy 1260:traditional medicine 1064:keratoconjunctivitis 1016:Mortality and health 942:Male ibexes fighting 7777:Celebes warty pig ( 7768:Visayan warty pig ( 7384:Red forest duiker ( 7116:Günther's dik-dik ( 6978:Mongolian gazelle ( 6783:Heuglin's gazelle ( 6774:Thomson's gazelle ( 5928:Long-tailed goral ( 5323:Mountain reedbuck ( 5314:Southern reedbuck ( 5166:East African oryx ( 5068:White-tailed deer ( 4847:Small red brocket ( 4814:South Andean deer ( 4757:Siberian roe deer ( 4748:European roe deer ( 4585:Philippine sambar ( 4552:Père David's deer ( 4154:Lesser mouse-deer ( 4015:Kashmir musk deer ( 3715:2018LaEco..33..711S 3364:2020NatCo..11.1001G 3309:2009MolEc..18.5046B 2897:from alpine ibex". 2895:Brucella melitensis 2825:2007JAnEc..76..679T 2676:2007JWMan..71..713G 2483:2010BEcoS..64.1299B 2432:2022Oikos2022E9511B 2393:1995Ethol.101..291V 2215:2019LaEco..34.2523H 2179:2011FuEco..25..537S 2086:2009Oecol.159..237A 2039:2002EtEcE..14..373N 1935:2004EtEcE..16..255G 1649:2022MolEc..31.3548R 1569:2006MolPE..40..739P 1062:damage the eye via 1043:Brucella melitensis 989:curls the upper lip 956:dominance hierarchy 433:last glacial period 81:Conservation status 7925:Collared peccary ( 7795:Flores warty pig ( 7636:Giant forest hog ( 7498:Maxwell's duiker ( 7420:Ruwenzori duiker ( 7366:Jentink's duiker ( 7275:Sharpe's grysbok ( 7031:Tibetan antelope ( 6936:Bright's gazelle ( 6870:Goitered gazelle ( 6843:Mountain gazelle ( 6816:Cuvier's gazelle ( 6756:Mongalla gazelle ( 6144:Pyrenean chamois ( 5570:Tibetan antelope ( 5524:Black wildebeest ( 4351:Reeves's muntjac ( 4315:Sumatran muntjac ( 4306:Gongshan muntjac ( 4079:Water chevrotain ( 4006:Alpine musk deer ( 3933:Southern giraffe ( 3924:Northern giraffe ( 3068:10.1007/BF02241870 2786:10.1007/BF01905758 2719:Journal of Zoology 2522:Behavioral Ecology 2167:Functional Ecology 2144:10.1007/BF03194179 1997:10.1007/BF02239946 1208:diversity. In the 1190:genetic bottleneck 1150:Fascist government 1138:Victor Emmanuel II 1126: 1056:. Infections from 977: 944: 926:, Italy, where it 894:In Gran Paradiso, 829: 774: 725:sexually dimorphic 723:Alpine ibexes are 721: 446:Capra camburgensis 399:are found in late 305:sexually dimorphic 291:that lives in the 8577:Mammals of Europe 8552: 8551: 8511:Open Tree of Life 8230:Taxon identifiers 8187: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8156: 8155: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7901:Chacoan peccary ( 7852: 7851: 7840:Javan warty pig ( 7831:Timor warty pig ( 7638:H. meinertzhageni 7612:Togian babirusa ( 7551: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7507:Walter's duiker ( 7447:Abbott's duiker ( 7411:Ogilby's duiker ( 7357:Harvey's duiker ( 7321:Brooke's duiker ( 7287: 7286: 7067: 7066: 7008: 7007: 6945:Peter's gazelle ( 6927:Grant's gazelle ( 6861:Speke's gazelle ( 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6511: 6481: 6480: 6469:African buffalo ( 6300:B. depressicornis 6255: 6254: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6164: 5937:Himalayan goral ( 5759:C. cylindricornis 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5582: 5581: 5545: 5544: 5533:Blue wildebeest ( 5467:Common tsessebe ( 5418: 5417: 5381: 5380: 5344: 5343: 5256:K. ellipsiprymnus 5229: 5228: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5028:P. mephistophiles 4984:P. mephistophiles 4675: 4674: 4371:M. truongsonensis 4333:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 4234: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4202: 4201: 4145:Java mouse-deer ( 4054: 4053: 4024:Black musk deer ( 3997:Dwarf musk deer ( 3988:Anhui musk deer ( 3963: 3962: 3926:G. camelopardalis 3875: 3874: 3703:Landscape Ecology 3468:10.1111/eva.12575 3303:(24): 5046–5058. 3297:Molecular Ecology 2441:10.1111/oik.09511 2209:(11): 2523–2539. 2203:Landscape Ecology 2132:Acta Theriologica 1772:Acta Theriologica 1730:10.1111/mam.12194 1658:10.1111/mec.16503 1643:(13): 3548–3565. 1637:Molecular Ecology 1525:Mammalian Species 1384:978-3-030-24474-3 975:Mother with young 825:Bernese Highlands 819:Alpine ibexes on 816: 707: 706: 698: 697: 689: 688: 680: 679: 671: 670: 662: 661: 616: 615: 271: 270: 104: 27:Species of mammal 16:(Redirected from 8599: 8545: 8544: 8532: 8531: 8519: 8518: 8506: 8505: 8493: 8492: 8480: 8479: 8477:NHMSYS0000376474 8467: 8466: 8454: 8453: 8441: 8440: 8428: 8427: 8415: 8414: 8402: 8401: 8389: 8388: 8376: 8375: 8363: 8362: 8350: 8349: 8337: 8336: 8324: 8323: 8311: 8310: 8298: 8297: 8285: 8284: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8225: 8224: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8203: 8195: 8106: 8105: 8097: 8096: 8083: 8082: 7974: 7973: 7965: 7964: 7951: 7950: 7863: 7862: 7669:Common warthog ( 7660:Desert warthog ( 7580: 7579: 7571: 7570: 7557: 7556: 7456:Weyns's duiker ( 7330:Peters' duiker ( 7312:Aders's duiker ( 7298: 7297: 7185:Royal antelope ( 7143:Salt's dik-dik ( 7134:Silver dik-dik ( 7125:Kirk's dik-dik ( 7078: 7077: 7055:Saiga antelope ( 7017: 7016: 6956:N. soemmerringii 6825:Dorcas gazelle ( 6670: 6669: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6640: 6639: 6527:Mountain nyala ( 6510: 6509: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6447:P. nghetinhensis 6349:European bison ( 6340:American bison ( 6266: 6265: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6175: 6174: 6051:Domestic sheep ( 5895:Himalayan tahr ( 5862:Mainland serow ( 5844:Japanese serow ( 5653: 5652: 5646: 5632: 5631: 5556: 5555: 5429: 5428: 5392: 5391: 5355: 5354: 5332:Bohor reedbuck ( 5240: 5239: 5219:A. nasomaculatus 5142:Sable antelope ( 5119: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5094: 5093: 4856:Merida brocket ( 4686: 4685: 4627:Thorold's deer ( 4479:A. calamianensis 4362:M. rooseveltorum 4308:M. gongshanensis 4265: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4065: 4064: 3974: 3973: 3953:G. tippelskirchi 3886: 3885: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3617: 3607: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3413:Wildlife Biology 3407:x domestic goat 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3188:(1–4): 379–387. 3177: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3101:(1–2): 132–138. 3086: 3080: 3079: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2860:Revue d'Écologie 2851: 2845: 2844: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2684:10.2193/2005-675 2659: 2653: 2652: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2565:(6): 1421–1430. 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2477:(8): 1299–1307. 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2327:Revue d'Écologie 2314: 2305: 2304: 2281:Animal Behaviour 2272: 2266: 2265: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2018: 2009: 2008: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1848: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1715: 1702: 1681: 1680: 1670: 1660: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1512: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1358: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1289: 1106:sarcosporidiosis 1102:cardiac fibrosis 1098:arteriosclerosis 934:Social behaviour 817: 797:and mixed larch- 630: 629: 584: 583: 577: 576: 555: 554: 533: 532: 511: 510: 499: 498: 389: 386: 381: 377: 371: 368: 365: 361: 262: 242: 119: 118: 98: 93: 92: 69: 55: 43: 42: 21: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8527: 8522: 8514: 8509: 8501: 8498:Observation.org 8496: 8488: 8483: 8475: 8470: 8462: 8457: 8449: 8444: 8436: 8431: 8423: 8418: 8410: 8405: 8397: 8392: 8384: 8379: 8371: 8366: 8358: 8353: 8345: 8340: 8332: 8327: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8293: 8288: 8280: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8232: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8198: 8190: 8188: 8175: 8152: 8128: 8091: 8065: 8023: 7959: 7933: 7909: 7885: 7848: 7815:S. philippensis 7752:S. ahoenobarbus 7734: 7726:Red river hog ( 7701: 7677: 7644: 7620: 7594:Buru babirusa ( 7565: 7539: 7531:Common duiker ( 7515: 7473: 7283: 7241: 7217: 7193: 7151: 7100: 7063: 7039: 7004: 6989:P. picticaudata 6962: 6902: 6878: 6872:G. subgutturosa 6791: 6740: 6716: 6692: 6655: 6644: 6622: 6589: 6581:Cape bushbuck ( 6574:T. strepsiceros 6503: 6502: 6500: 6477: 6453: 6429: 6324: 6316:Mountain anoa ( 6251: 6245:B. tragocamelus 6227: 6221:T. quadricornis 6190: 6179: 6161: 6128: 6104: 6060:Bighorn sheep ( 6026: 6002: 5978: 5970:Mountain goat ( 5954: 5946:Chinese goral ( 5903: 5879: 5864:C. sumatraensis 5828: 5811:Siberian ibex ( 5775:Domestic goat ( 5723: 5699: 5675: 5667:Barbary sheep ( 5647: 5636: 5618: 5606: 5594: 5578: 5541: 5508: 5484: 5451: 5414: 5377: 5340: 5298: 5225: 5201: 5175:Scimitar oryx ( 5150: 5133:Roan antelope ( 5104: 5098: 5076: 5034: 5026:Northern pudu ( 5000: 4992:Southern pudu ( 4982:Northern pudu ( 4966: 4942: 4918: 4883:Pygmy brocket ( 4865:Dwarf brocket ( 4822: 4789: 4765: 4732: 4708: 4671: 4611: 4560: 4536: 4503: 4477:Calamian deer ( 4452: 4446:D. mesopotamica 4419: 4395: 4389:M. vuquangensis 4387:Giant muntjac ( 4297:Fea's muntjac ( 4250: 4244: 4226: 4214: 4198: 4129: 4087: 4050: 4008:M. chrysogaster 3959: 3951:Masai giraffe ( 3908: 3871: 3834: 3820: 3782: 3775: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3695: 3691: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3586:Capra pyrenaica 3580: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3553:Merriam-Webster 3546: 3545: 3541: 3497: 3493: 3444: 3440: 3405:Capra ibex ibex 3401: 3397: 3344: 3340: 3293:Capra ibex ibex 3289: 3285: 3278: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3208: 3201: 3178: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3087: 3083: 3051: 3047: 3020: 3016: 2985: 2981: 2938: 2934: 2891: 2887: 2856:Capra ibex ibex 2852: 2848: 2808: 2801: 2770: 2766: 2742: 2738: 2711: 2707: 2660: 2656: 2629: 2625: 2609: 2608: 2592: 2588: 2553:Capra ibex ibex 2547: 2543: 2510: 2506: 2463: 2459: 2412: 2408: 2373: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2315: 2308: 2277:Capra ibex ibex 2273: 2269: 2248:) locomotion". 2242: 2238: 2198: 2194: 2163: 2159: 2128:Capra ibex ibex 2124: 2117: 2066: 2062: 2019: 2012: 1981: 1977: 1962: 1958: 1919:Capra ibex ibex 1915: 1908: 1901:10.1139/z97-009 1885:Capra ibex ibex 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1851:Folia Zoologica 1846: 1842:Capra ibex ibex 1836: 1827: 1820: 1806: 1799: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1713: 1703: 1684: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1604: 1600: 1549: 1542: 1513: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1385: 1359: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1290: 1281: 1276: 1230:Old High German 1222: 1158:founder animals 1118: 1018: 969: 936: 810: 808: 782:locally extinct 766: 719:Male ibex skull 713: 708: 699: 690: 681: 672: 663: 617: 387: 382: 379: 369: 366: 363: 342: 253: 244: 238: 225: 113: 105: 94: 90: 83: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8605: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8533: 8520: 8507: 8494: 8481: 8468: 8455: 8442: 8429: 8416: 8403: 8390: 8377: 8364: 8351: 8342:Fauna Europaea 8338: 8325: 8312: 8299: 8286: 8273: 8258: 8242: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8221: 8220: 8208: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8166: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8146:C. liberiensis 8140: 8138: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8120:Hippopotamus ( 8116: 8114: 8103: 8101:Hippopotamidae 8093: 8092: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8054: 8050:C. dromedarius 8045: 8035: 8033: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8012: 8003: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7971: 7961: 7960: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7837: 7833:S. timoriensis 7828: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7792: 7786:Domestic pig ( 7783: 7774: 7765: 7756: 7746: 7744: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7666: 7662:P. aethiopicus 7656: 7654: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7614:B. togeanensis 7609: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7577: 7567: 7566: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7465:Zebra duiker ( 7462: 7453: 7444: 7440:C. silvicultor 7435: 7426: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7393:Black duiker ( 7390: 7381: 7377:C. leucogaster 7372: 7363: 7354: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7272: 7266:Cape grysbok ( 7263: 7253: 7251: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7209:Klipspringer ( 7205: 7203: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7182: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7140: 7136:M. piacentinii 7131: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6998:P. przewalskii 6993: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6933: 6924: 6918:Dama gazelle ( 6914: 6912: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6867: 6858: 6852:Rhim gazelle ( 6849: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6710:A. marsupialis 6704: 6702: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6614:Common eland ( 6611: 6601: 6599: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6572:Greater kudu ( 6569: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6400: 6391: 6385:Domestic yak ( 6382: 6373: 6364: 6355: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6313: 6309:B. mindorensis 6304: 6298:Lowland anoa ( 6295: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6202: 6192: 6191: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6018:Nilgiri tahr ( 6014: 6012: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5871:Taiwan serow ( 5868: 5859: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5802:Iberian ibex ( 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5691:Arabian tahr ( 5687: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5649: 5648: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5329: 5325:R. fulvorufula 5320: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5193:Arabian oryx ( 5190: 5181: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5116: 5106: 5105: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5070:O. virginianus 5065: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4989: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4936:O. bezoarticus 4930: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4876:M. gouazoubira 4874:Gray brocket ( 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4629:C. albirostris 4623: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4413:E. cephalophus 4407: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4342:Leaf muntjac ( 4339: 4335:M. puhoatensis 4330: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4262: 4252: 4251: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4192:T. williamsoni 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4044:M. moschiferus 4039: 4035:M. leucogaster 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3999:M. berezovskii 3994: 3984: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3846: 3844:Antilocapridae 3836: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3816:Laurasiatheria 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3736:External links 3734: 3731: 3730: 3709:(5): 711–730. 3689: 3662: 3629: 3571: 3539: 3491: 3462:(5): 631–644. 3438: 3419:(2): 137–143. 3395: 3338: 3283: 3276: 3258: 3252:978-0822946359 3251: 3233: 3226: 3199: 3161: 3139:(in Italian). 3120: 3081: 3045: 3014: 2995:(2): 335–345. 2979: 2952:(2): 327–337. 2932: 2905:(2): 400–402. 2885: 2866:(3): 235–251. 2846: 2819:(4): 679–686. 2799: 2780:(4): 188–213. 2764: 2736: 2725:(4): 425–432. 2705: 2670:(3): 713–719. 2654: 2643:(4): 331–339. 2623: 2586: 2541: 2528:(2): 372–380. 2504: 2457: 2406: 2387:(4): 291–300. 2364: 2333:(2): 153–170. 2306: 2287:(3): 495–504. 2267: 2236: 2192: 2173:(3): 537–547. 2157: 2138:(3): 411–423. 2115: 2080:(1): 237–247. 2072:) in summer". 2060: 2033:(4): 373–381. 2010: 1991:(3): 171–181. 1975: 1956: 1929:(3): 255–264. 1906: 1875: 1864:on 22 May 2013 1825: 1818: 1797: 1758: 1724:(3): 267–277. 1682: 1623: 1616: 1598: 1563:(3): 739–749. 1540: 1462: 1430: 1398: 1383: 1330: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1221: 1218: 1202:domestic goats 1117: 1114: 1017: 1014: 968: 965: 935: 932: 807: 804: 765: 762: 712: 709: 705: 704: 701: 700: 696: 695: 692: 691: 687: 686: 683: 682: 678: 677: 674: 673: 669: 668: 665: 664: 660: 659: 656: 655: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 633: 628: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 610: 609: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 587: 582: 580: 575: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 558: 553: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 536: 531: 529: 526: 525: 522: 521: 514: 509: 507: 497: 487:The following 427:evidence show 341: 338: 269: 268: 264: 263: 255: 254: 245: 234: 233: 227: 226: 219: 217: 213: 212: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 107: 106: 88: 85: 84: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 62: 61: 57: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8604: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8572:Capra (genus) 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8555: 8543: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8263: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8080: 8062: 8060: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8041:C. bactrianus 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8018: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7930: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7882: 7880: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7843: 7842:S. verrucosus 7838: 7836: 7834: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7788:S. domesticus 7784: 7782: 7780: 7779:S. celebensis 7775: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7729: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7708:Potamochoerus 7704: 7698: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7672: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7605:B. celebensis 7601: 7599: 7597: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7489:Blue duiker ( 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7404:C. nigrifrons 7400: 7398: 7396: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7386:C. natalensis 7382: 7380: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7332:C. callipygus 7328: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7259:R. campestris 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7211:O. oreotragus 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7148: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6854:G. leptoceros 6850: 6848: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6758:E. albonotata 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6734:A. cervicapra 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6637: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6605:Giant eland ( 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6583:T. sylvaticus 6579: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6545:Lesser kudu ( 6543: 6541: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6360:B. domesticus 6358:Bali cattle ( 6356: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6172: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6062:O. canadensis 6058: 6056: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6009:Nilgiritragus 6005: 5999: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5972:O. americanus 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5897:H. jemlahicus 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5793:Nubian ibex ( 5791: 5789: 5787: 5784:Alpine ibex ( 5782: 5780: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Pantholopinae 5548: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5502:A. buselaphus 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5406:Grey rhebok ( 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350:Aepycerotinae 5347: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5281:Nile lechwe ( 5279: 5277: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:Hippotraginae 5111: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4960:B. dichotomus 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4934:Pampas deer ( 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4894:M. nemorivaga 4890: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4838:Red brocket ( 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4807:H. antisensis 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4647:C. canadensis 4643: 4641: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4596:R. timorensis 4592: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4554:E. davidianus 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4521:R. duvaucelii 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4486:Bawean deer ( 4484: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4411:Tufted deer ( 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4344:M. putaoensis 4340: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4290:M. crinifrons 4286: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4183:T. versicolor 4179: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3990:M. anhuiensis 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3944:G. reticulata 3940: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3277:9780821443477 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3227:0-691-12219-9 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058:(in German). 3057: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3034:(1): 95–101. 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862:(in French). 2861: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776:(in German). 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2749:(in French). 2748: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:Capra i. ibex 2627: 2619: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426:(8): e09511. 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987:(in German). 1986: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1821: 1819:9780521760614 1815: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:Mammal Review 1712: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1535: 1534:10.1644/830.1 1530: 1527:(830): 1–12. 1526: 1522: 1520: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210:Bornes Massif 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1182:Least Concern 1179: 1173: 1171: 1170:Augstmatthorn 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1146:national park 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1027:golden eagles 1024: 1013: 1011: 1005: 1002: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 973: 964: 960: 957: 952: 949: 940: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 881: 876: 875: 870: 869: 864: 863: 858: 857: 852: 851: 850:Calamagrostis 846: 845: 840: 839: 834: 827:, Switzerland 826: 822: 821:Augstmatthorn 803: 800: 796: 790: 788: 787:Gran Paradiso 783: 779: 770: 761: 759: 755: 751: 745: 742: 738: 733: 730: 726: 717: 703: 702: 694: 693: 685: 684: 676: 675: 667: 666: 658: 657: 654: 653: 647: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 625: 624: 621: 620: 612: 611: 608: 607: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 591:Domestic goat 586: 585: 579: 578: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 557: 556: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 535: 534: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 518:Siberian ibex 513: 512: 506: 505: 501: 500: 496: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:Siberian ibex 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:hybridisation 426: 422: 421:Mitochondrial 418: 415:and into the 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397: 391: 385: 376: 362:is Latin for 360: 355: 354: 350: 346: 345:Carl Linnaeus 337: 335: 331: 326: 322: 317: 313: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281: 276: 265: 261: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 235: 232: 231:Binomial name 228: 224: 223: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 117: 112: 108: 102: 97: 96:Least Concern 86: 82: 77: 72: 68: 63: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8554: 8237: 8145: 8133: 8122:H. amphibius 8121: 8111:Hippopotamus 8109: 8089:Whippomorpha 8058: 8049: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8007: 7998: 7989: 7977: 7926: 7914: 7902: 7890: 7878: 7866: 7841: 7832: 7823: 7814: 7805: 7796: 7787: 7778: 7770:S. cebifrons 7769: 7760: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7718: 7706: 7694: 7682: 7671:P. africanus 7670: 7661: 7651:Phacochoerus 7649: 7637: 7625: 7613: 7604: 7596:B. babyrussa 7595: 7583: 7532: 7520: 7508: 7500:P. maxwellii 7499: 7491:P. monticola 7490: 7478: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7431:C. rufilatus 7430: 7421: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7367: 7358: 7349: 7348:Bay duiker ( 7341:C. crusalbum 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7301: 7293:Cephalophini 7276: 7268:R. melanotis 7267: 7258: 7246: 7234: 7222: 7210: 7198: 7186: 7178:N. moschatus 7177: 7168: 7156: 7144: 7135: 7126: 7118:M. guentheri 7117: 7105: 7094:D. megalotis 7093: 7081: 7056: 7044: 7033:P. hodgsonii 7032: 7020: 6997: 6988: 6980:P. gutturosa 6979: 6967: 6955: 6946: 6937: 6928: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6836:G. erlangeri 6835: 6826: 6817: 6809:G. bennettii 6808: 6796: 6784: 6776:E. thomsonii 6775: 6767:E. rufifrons 6766: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6615: 6607:T. derbianus 6606: 6594: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6555: 6546: 6538:T. eurycerus 6537: 6528: 6519: 6495: 6487:Tragelaphini 6470: 6458: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6413: 6405:B. javanicus 6404: 6395: 6387:B. grunniens 6386: 6377: 6369:B. frontalis 6368: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6329: 6317: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6281: 6269: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6155:R. rupicapra 6154: 6146:R. pyrenaica 6145: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6088: 6087:Snow sheep ( 6079: 6070: 6069:Dall sheep ( 6061: 6052: 6043: 6031: 6020:N. hylocrius 6019: 6007: 5996:O. moschatus 5995: 5983: 5971: 5959: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5908: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5820:Walia ibex ( 5812: 5804:C. pyrenaica 5803: 5794: 5785: 5783: 5776: 5768:C. falconeri 5767: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5728: 5717:B. taxicolor 5716: 5704: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5656: 5572:P. hodgsonii 5571: 5559: 5534: 5525: 5515:Connochaetes 5513: 5501: 5500:Hartebeest ( 5489: 5477: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5432: 5424:Alcelaphinae 5408:P. capreolus 5407: 5395: 5370: 5358: 5333: 5324: 5316:R. arundinum 5315: 5303: 5291: 5283:K. megaceros 5282: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5243: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5155: 5143: 5134: 5122: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5018: 5005: 4993: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4958:Marsh deer ( 4947: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4840:M. americana 4839: 4827: 4815: 4806: 4796:Hippocamelus 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4750:C. capreolus 4749: 4737: 4725: 4724:Water deer ( 4713: 4701: 4689: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4595: 4587:R. mariannus 4586: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4528:Eld's deer ( 4520: 4519:Barasingha ( 4508: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4380:M. vaginalis 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4281:M. atherodes 4280: 4268: 4191: 4182: 4174:T. nigricans 4173: 4164: 4155: 4147:T. javanicus 4146: 4134: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4092: 4081:H. aquaticus 4080: 4068: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3977: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3913: 3902:O. johnstoni 3901: 3889: 3865:A. americana 3864: 3852: 3814:Superorder: 3808:Infraclass: 3779:Artiodactyla 3706: 3702: 3692: 3678:(1): 65–78. 3675: 3671: 3665: 3653:. Retrieved 3632: 3615:10261/264864 3595: 3591: 3585: 3562:. Retrieved 3551: 3542: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3267: 3261: 3242: 3236: 3212: 3185: 3181: 3152:. Retrieved 3143:(2): 47–52. 3140: 3136: 3123: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2816: 2812: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2612:cite journal 2595: 2589: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2451:10281/402427 2423: 2419: 2409: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2355:. Retrieved 2330: 2326: 2320: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2256:(1): 56–60. 2253: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2030: 2026: 2022: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1866:. Retrieved 1859:the original 1854: 1850: 1841: 1809: 1775: 1771: 1770:in Greece". 1767: 1761: 1749:. Retrieved 1721: 1717: 1708: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1607: 1601: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1524: 1518: 1453:. Retrieved 1442: 1433: 1421:. Retrieved 1410: 1401: 1366: 1362: 1321:. Retrieved 1307: 1301: 1295: 1247: 1240: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1213: 1187: 1174: 1155: 1127: 1116:Conservation 1091: 1086:as well as 1081: 1075: 1057: 1051: 1041: 1031: 1019: 1006: 997: 978: 961: 953: 945: 909: 893: 878: 872: 866: 860: 854: 848: 842: 836: 830: 791: 775: 757: 746: 734: 722: 652:Iberian ibex 650: 636: 635: 604: 589: 560: 538: 516: 502: 492: 486: 481: 473: 465: 457: 451: 444: 441:C. pyrenaica 440: 437:Iberian ibex 425:Y chromosome 408: 405:transitional 394: 392: 351: 343: 318: 314: 301:Iberian ibex 296: 284: 279: 278: 274: 272: 239: 237: 222:C. ibex 221: 220: 208: 168:Artiodactyla 46:Alpine ibex 40: 8459:NatureServe 8381:iNaturalist 8262:Wikispecies 7999:L. guanicoe 7858:Tayassuidae 7822:Wild boar ( 7761:S. barbatus 7719:P. larvatus 7695:P. salvania 7693:Pygmy hog ( 7627:Hylochoerus 7480:Philantomba 7368:C. jentinki 7350:C. dorsalis 7303:Cephalophus 7187:N. pygmaeus 7145:M. saltiana 7083:Dorcatragus 7057:S. tatarica 6947:N. petersii 6885:Litocranius 6785:E. tilonura 6732:Blackbuck ( 6708:Springbok ( 6651:Antilopinae 6649:(subfamily 6596:Taurotragus 6563:Sitatunga ( 6556:T. scriptus 6547:T. imberbis 6504:(including 6497:Tragelaphus 6318:B. quarlesi 6200:Boselaphini 6184:(subfamily 6089:O. nivicola 5930:N. caudatus 5919:Red goral ( 5910:Naemorhedus 5873:C. swinhoei 5853:Red serow ( 5835:Capricornis 5813:C. sibirica 5750:C. caucasia 5741:C. aegagrus 5739:Wild goat ( 5693:A. jayakari 5682:Arabitragus 5641:(subfamily 5612:Antilopinae 5535:C. taurinus 5478:D. pygargus 5371:A. melampus 5292:K. vardonii 5254:Waterbuck ( 5195:O. leucoryx 5124:Hippotragus 5052:O. hemionus 5050:Mule deer ( 4949:Blastocerus 4858:M. bricenii 4816:H. bisulcus 4783:R. tarandus 4759:C. pygargus 4681:Capreolinae 4663:Sika deer ( 4605:R. unicolor 4594:Rusa deer ( 4497:A. porcinus 4317:M. montanus 4114:M. kathygre 3863:Pronghorn ( 3854:Antilocapra 3655:19 December 3598:(1): 1–16. 3548:"steinbock" 3358:(1): 1001. 3154:21 December 2637:Zoo Biology 1868:18 December 1455:11 December 1423:11 December 1323:19 November 1256:Magdalenian 1252:Pleistocene 1166:Le Pleureur 1130:Middle Ages 1128:During the 928:licks salts 920:Cingino Dam 896:home ranges 889:heat stress 833:herbivorous 737:metapodials 637:Alpine ibex 606:Bezoar ibex 540:Nubian ibex 474:C. sibirica 417:Pleistocene 396:Tossunnoria 275:Alpine ibex 184:Subfamily: 8561:Categories 8282:Capra_ibex 8268:Capra ibex 8238:Capra ibex 8135:Choeropsis 8017:L. vicugna 7903:C. wagneri 7806:S. oliveri 7797:S. heureni 7533:S. grimmia 7522:Sylvicapra 7509:P. walteri 7422:C. rubidis 7413:C. ogilbyi 7359:C. harveyi 7323:C. brookei 7277:R. sharpei 7257:Steenbok ( 7248:Raphicerus 7200:Oreotragus 7073:Neotragini 7022:Pantholops 6938:N. notatus 6896:L. walleri 6845:G. gazella 6818:G. cuvieri 6807:Chinkara ( 6699:Antidorcas 6686:A. clarkei 6675:Ammodorcas 6665:Antilopini 6565:T. spekeii 6529:T. buxtoni 6520:T. angasii 6412:Wild yak ( 6396:B. indicus 6351:B. bonasus 6291:B. bubalis 6234:Boselaphus 6210:Tetracerus 6080:O. gmelini 5948:N. griseus 5921:N. baileyi 5886:Hemitragus 5855:C. rubidus 5846:C. crispus 5795:C. nubiana 5658:Ammotragus 5561:Pantholops 5491:Alcelaphus 5476:Bontebok ( 5469:D. lunatus 5458:Damaliscus 5445:B. hunteri 5334:R. redunca 5235:Reduncinae 5186:O. gazella 5135:H. equinus 5061:O. pandora 5041:Odocoileus 4925:Ozotoceros 4781:Reindeer ( 4726:H. inermis 4715:Hydropotes 4638:C. elaphus 4636:Red deer ( 4578:R. alfredi 4495:Hog deer ( 4353:M. reevesi 4326:M. muntjak 4156:T. kanchil 4123:M. meminna 4070:Hyemoschus 4060:Tragulidae 4017:M. cupreus 3935:G. giraffa 3881:Giraffidae 3832:Ruminantia 3512:: 105239. 3502:Capra ibex 3450:Capra ibex 3091:Capra ibex 3024:Capra ibex 2942:Capra ibex 2753:: 99–118. 2715:Capra ibex 2516:Capra ibex 2467:Capra ibex 2377:Capra ibex 2357:7 November 2321:Capra ibex 2246:Capra ibex 2070:Capra ibex 2023:Capra ibex 1751:1 December 1711:in Europe" 1709:Capra ibex 1617:2831703530 1519:Capra ibex 1363:Capra ibex 1296:Capra ibex 1274:References 1162:Piz Albris 1072:strongyles 1050:caused by 993:copulation 711:Appearance 482:C. i. ibex 458:C. nubiana 321:extirpated 280:Capra ibex 240:Capra ibex 8218:Mountains 8087:Suborder 7997:Guanaco ( 7969:Camelidae 7955:Suborder 7927:D. tajacu 7916:Dicotyles 7892:Catagonus 7879:T. pecari 7824:S. scrofa 7728:P. porcus 7717:Bushpig ( 7585:Babyrousa 7561:Suborder 7458:C. weynsi 7449:C. spadix 7314:C. adersi 7235:O. ourebi 7169:N. batesi 7158:Neotragus 7127:M. kirkii 6929:N. granti 6894:Gerenuk ( 6863:G. spekei 6827:G. dorcas 6684:Dibatag ( 6471:S. caffer 6436:Pseudoryx 6423:B. taurus 6403:Banteng ( 6378:B. gaurus 6307:Tamaraw ( 6153:Chamois ( 6135:Rupicapra 6122:P. nayaur 6098:O. vignei 6078:Mouflon ( 5777:C. hircus 5766:Markhor ( 5669:A. lervia 5434:Beatragus 5360:Aepyceros 5184:Gemsbok ( 5177:O. dammah 5019:P. carlae 4912:M. temama 4903:M. rufina 4867:M. chunyi 4849:M. bororo 4739:Capreolus 4665:C. nippon 4656:C. hanglu 4543:Elaphurus 4488:A. kuhlii 4402:Elaphodus 4270:Muntiacus 4105:M. indica 4094:Moschiola 4026:M. fuscus 3969:Moschidae 3830:Suborder 3790:Kingdom: 3624:229546091 3564:7 January 3534:229721738 3062:: 24–35. 2974:232357703 2880:193212971 2759:132957886 2231:202570193 2074:Oecologia 1895:: 75–79. 1792:256122729 1738:218784224 1393:2730-7387 1248:stambecco 1241:bouquetin 1226:steinbock 1090:, mainly 1088:lungworms 1025:, though 901:hibernate 885:lactating 491:of seven 489:cladogram 478:trinomial 285:steinbock 216:Species: 134:Kingdom: 128:Eukaryota 18:Steinbock 8464:2.105329 8451:14200783 8399:10227900 8247:Wikidata 8059:C. ferus 8015:Vicuña ( 8008:L. pacos 8006:Alpaca ( 7990:L. glama 7957:Tylopoda 7467:C. zebra 7395:C. niger 6969:Procapra 6747:Eudorcas 6723:Antilope 6460:Syncerus 6421:Cattle ( 6414:B. mutus 6342:B. bison 6282:B. arnee 6243:Nilgai ( 6120:Bharal ( 6111:Pseudois 6071:O. dalli 6053:O. aries 6044:O. ammon 6042:Argali ( 5994:Muskox ( 5961:Oreamnos 5939:N. goral 5822:C. walie 5706:Budorcas 5643:Caprinae 5588:Caprinae 5443:Hirola ( 5387:Peleinae 5369:Impala ( 5274:K. leche 5272:Lechwe ( 5168:O. beisa 5144:H. niger 4805:Taruca ( 4772:Rangifer 4702:A. alces 4603:Sambar ( 4530:R. eldii 4510:Rucervus 4468:Chital ( 4260:Cervinae 4247:Cervidae 4208:Cervidae 4136:Tragulus 3810:Eutheria 3804:Mammalia 3798:Chordata 3796:Phylum: 3792:Animalia 3684:44442799 3646:Archived 3558:Archived 3526:33373957 3486:29875807 3433:55900555 3390:32081890 3333:36215646 3325:19912536 3145:Archived 3115:26476915 3076:36051526 3009:11974619 2966:33822150 2927:43739687 2841:17584373 2794:20248387 2700:84661674 2581:86267022 2499:36262460 2381:Ethology 2351:Archived 2347:58921073 2301:53205174 2102:18987895 2055:84995631 2005:41249118 1972:: 89–90. 1951:85380031 1778:: 1–11. 1742:Archived 1677:35560856 1593:12743878 1585:16757184 1449:Archived 1417:Archived 1243:and the 1234:steinboc 1214:Brucella 1068:coccidia 1048:foot rot 1038:fibrosis 1034:necrosis 924:Piedmont 916:red deer 880:Trisetum 874:Sesleria 838:Agrostis 754:underfur 466:C. walie 413:Pliocene 367:she-goat 340:Taxonomy 247:Linnaeus 188:Caprinae 174:Family: 158:Mammalia 148:Chordata 144:Phylum: 138:Animalia 124:Domain: 101:IUCN 3.1 32:Steenbok 8537:ZooBank 8438:1006185 8373:2441055 8253:Q168327 8206:Mammals 8192:Portals 8171:Cetacea 8162:Cetacea 8030:Camelus 7988:Llama ( 7868:Tayassu 7684:Porcula 7233:Oribi ( 7224:Ourebia 7107:Madoqua 7092:Beira ( 7013:Saigini 6920:N. dama 6798:Gazella 6647:Bovidae 6645:Family 6616:T. oryx 6536:Bongo ( 6518:Nyala ( 6445:Saola ( 6367:Gayal ( 6271:Bubalus 6186:Bovinae 6182:Bovidae 6180:Family 6096:Urial ( 5786:C. ibex 5715:Takin ( 5639:Bovidae 5637:Family 5600:Bovinae 5526:C. gnou 5305:Redunca 5217:Addax ( 5101:Bovidae 5099:Family 5007:Pudella 4994:P. pudu 4885:M. nana 4700:Moose ( 4470:A. axis 4437:D. dama 4299:M. feae 4245:Family 4220:Bovidae 4165:T. napu 3979:Moschus 3915:Giraffa 3900:Okapi ( 3802:Class: 3781:species 3777:Extant 3711:Bibcode 3477:5979623 3381:7035315 3360:Bibcode 3305:Bibcode 2919:9577795 2821:Bibcode 2692:4495243 2672:Bibcode 2479:Bibcode 2428:Bibcode 2389:Bibcode 2211:Bibcode 2175:Bibcode 2152:6211702 2110:1755798 2082:Bibcode 2035:Bibcode 1931:Bibcode 1668:9328357 1645:Bibcode 1565:Bibcode 1407:"Capri" 1268:Grisons 1245:Italian 1001:nursery 985:oestrus 912:chamois 856:Festuca 823:in the 729:withers 562:Markhor 468:), and 401:Miocene 384:chamois 204:Genus: 198:Caprini 194:Tribe: 178:Bovidae 164:Order: 154:Class: 99: ( 74:Female 8529:104251 8516:698617 8412:625139 8347:305228 8334:CAPAIB 8321:328692 8295:494278 7575:Suidae 7176:Suni ( 6909:Nanger 6394:Zebu ( 6376:Gaur ( 6261:Bovini 5985:Ovibos 5290:Puku ( 5265:K. kob 4829:Mazama 4618:Cervus 3891:Okapia 3682: 3622: 3532: 3524: 3484: 3474: 3431: 3388: 3378: 3331: 3323: 3274: 3249: 3224: 3113: 3074: 3007: 2972: 2964: 2925: 2917: 2878: 2839: 2792: 2757: 2698: 2690: 2579: 2497: 2345: 2299: 2229: 2150: 2108: 2100: 2053: 2003: 1949: 1816: 1790: 1736: 1675: 1665: 1614: 1591: 1583: 1439:"ibex" 1391: 1381: 1264:canton 1238:French 1168:, and 1108:, and 1080:, and 1046:, and 1023:wolves 948:social 877:, and 862:Phleum 799:spruce 741:callus 454:Nubian 8503:80195 8490:72542 8425:42397 8394:IRMNG 8386:42357 7563:Suina 7046:Saiga 6987:Goa ( 6506:kudus 5730:Capra 5397:Pelea 5263:Kob ( 5245:Kobus 5208:Addax 4691:Alces 4645:Elk ( 3680:JSTOR 3649:(PDF) 3642:(PDF) 3620:S2CID 3530:S2CID 3429:S2CID 3329:S2CID 3148:(PDF) 3133:(PDF) 3072:S2CID 2970:S2CID 2923:S2CID 2876:S2CID 2790:S2CID 2755:S2CID 2696:S2CID 2688:JSTOR 2577:S2CID 2495:S2CID 2420:Oikos 2343:S2CID 2297:S2CID 2227:S2CID 2148:S2CID 2106:S2CID 2051:S2CID 2001:S2CID 1947:S2CID 1862:(PDF) 1847:(PDF) 1788:S2CID 1768:Capra 1745:(PDF) 1734:S2CID 1714:(PDF) 1589:S2CID 1553:Capra 1254:-era 1232:word 1010:aging 844:Avena 795:larch 758:Capra 750:moult 504:Capra 493:Capra 462:walia 409:Capra 359:Capra 353:Capra 349:genus 297:Capra 209:Capra 60:Male 8485:NCBI 8420:IUCN 8407:ITIS 8368:GBIF 8329:EPPO 8308:QS69 8290:BOLD 8169:see 7979:Lama 6033:Ovis 5157:Oryx 4973:Pudu 4567:Rusa 4459:Axis 4426:Dama 3657:2023 3566:2024 3522:PMID 3504:)". 3482:PMID 3386:PMID 3321:PMID 3295:)". 3272:ISBN 3247:ISBN 3222:ISBN 3156:2023 3111:PMID 3005:PMID 2962:PMID 2915:PMID 2837:PMID 2717:)". 2635:)". 2618:link 2469:)". 2424:2022 2359:2023 2098:PMID 1887:)". 1870:2014 1814:ISBN 1753:2023 1673:PMID 1612:ISBN 1581:PMID 1457:2023 1425:2023 1389:ISSN 1379:ISBN 1325:2021 1308:2020 1178:IUCN 1036:and 914:and 905:bask 778:Alps 423:and 375:ibex 334:IUCN 309:coat 293:Alps 289:goat 273:The 251:1758 8472:NBN 8446:MSW 8433:MDD 8316:EoL 8303:CoL 8277:ADW 7741:Sus 6331:Bos 3719:doi 3610:hdl 3600:doi 3514:doi 3510:187 3472:PMC 3464:doi 3421:doi 3376:PMC 3368:doi 3313:doi 3218:390 3190:doi 3103:doi 3099:214 3064:doi 3036:doi 2997:doi 2954:doi 2907:doi 2868:doi 2829:doi 2782:doi 2727:doi 2723:263 2680:doi 2645:doi 2600:doi 2567:doi 2530:doi 2487:doi 2446:hdl 2436:doi 2397:doi 2385:101 2335:doi 2289:doi 2279:". 2258:doi 2219:doi 2183:doi 2140:doi 2090:doi 2078:159 2043:doi 1993:doi 1970:172 1939:doi 1897:doi 1780:doi 1726:doi 1663:PMC 1653:doi 1573:doi 1529:doi 1371:doi 1312:doi 1266:of 981:rut 922:in 868:Poa 480:of 460:), 8563:: 8539:: 8526:: 8513:: 8500:: 8487:: 8474:: 8461:: 8448:: 8435:: 8422:: 8409:: 8396:: 8383:: 8370:: 8357:: 8344:: 8331:: 8318:: 8305:: 8292:: 8279:: 8264:: 8249:: 3717:. 3707:33 3705:. 3701:. 3676:15 3674:. 3644:. 3618:. 3608:. 3596:44 3594:. 3590:. 3588:?" 3574:^ 3556:. 3550:. 3528:. 3520:. 3508:. 3480:. 3470:. 3460:11 3458:. 3454:. 3452:)" 3427:. 3417:10 3415:. 3384:. 3374:. 3366:. 3356:11 3354:. 3350:. 3327:. 3319:. 3311:. 3301:18 3299:. 3220:. 3202:^ 3186:29 3184:. 3164:^ 3135:. 3109:. 3097:. 3070:. 3060:41 3032:32 3030:. 3003:. 2993:21 2991:. 2968:. 2960:. 2950:57 2948:. 2921:. 2913:. 2903:34 2901:. 2874:. 2864:54 2835:. 2827:. 2817:76 2815:. 2802:^ 2788:. 2778:23 2751:11 2721:. 2694:. 2686:. 2678:. 2668:71 2666:. 2639:. 2614:}} 2610:{{ 2575:. 2563:90 2561:. 2557:. 2555:)" 2526:21 2524:. 2520:. 2493:. 2485:. 2475:64 2473:. 2444:. 2434:. 2422:. 2418:. 2395:. 2383:. 2367:^ 2349:. 2341:. 2331:53 2329:. 2325:. 2323:)" 2309:^ 2295:. 2285:62 2283:. 2254:28 2252:. 2225:. 2217:. 2207:34 2205:. 2181:. 2171:25 2169:. 2146:. 2136:48 2134:. 2118:^ 2104:. 2096:. 2088:. 2076:. 2049:. 2041:. 2031:14 2029:. 2013:^ 1999:. 1989:41 1968:. 1945:. 1937:. 1927:16 1925:. 1909:^ 1893:75 1891:. 1855:52 1853:. 1849:. 1828:^ 1800:^ 1786:. 1776:58 1774:. 1740:. 1732:. 1722:40 1720:. 1716:. 1685:^ 1671:. 1661:. 1651:. 1641:31 1639:. 1635:. 1587:. 1579:. 1571:. 1561:40 1559:. 1543:^ 1523:. 1465:^ 1447:. 1441:. 1415:. 1409:. 1387:. 1377:. 1333:^ 1306:. 1300:. 1282:^ 1270:. 1164:, 1112:. 1104:, 1100:, 1074:, 1070:, 871:, 865:, 859:, 853:, 847:, 841:, 419:. 249:, 8194:: 8148:) 8124:) 8061:) 8052:) 8043:) 8019:) 8010:) 8001:) 7992:) 7929:) 7905:) 7881:) 7844:) 7835:) 7826:) 7817:) 7808:) 7799:) 7790:) 7781:) 7772:) 7763:) 7754:) 7730:) 7721:) 7697:) 7673:) 7664:) 7640:) 7616:) 7607:) 7598:) 7535:) 7511:) 7502:) 7493:) 7469:) 7460:) 7451:) 7442:) 7433:) 7424:) 7415:) 7406:) 7397:) 7388:) 7379:) 7370:) 7361:) 7352:) 7343:) 7334:) 7325:) 7316:) 7279:) 7270:) 7261:) 7237:) 7213:) 7189:) 7180:) 7171:) 7147:) 7138:) 7129:) 7120:) 7096:) 7059:) 7035:) 7000:) 6991:) 6982:) 6958:) 6949:) 6940:) 6931:) 6922:) 6898:) 6874:) 6865:) 6856:) 6847:) 6838:) 6829:) 6820:) 6811:) 6787:) 6778:) 6769:) 6760:) 6736:) 6712:) 6688:) 6653:) 6618:) 6609:) 6585:) 6576:) 6567:) 6558:) 6549:) 6540:) 6531:) 6522:) 6508:) 6473:) 6449:) 6425:) 6416:) 6407:) 6398:) 6389:) 6380:) 6371:) 6362:) 6353:) 6344:) 6320:) 6311:) 6302:) 6293:) 6284:) 6247:) 6223:) 6188:) 6157:) 6148:) 6124:) 6100:) 6091:) 6082:) 6073:) 6064:) 6055:) 6046:) 6022:) 5998:) 5974:) 5950:) 5941:) 5932:) 5923:) 5899:) 5875:) 5866:) 5857:) 5848:) 5824:) 5815:) 5806:) 5797:) 5788:) 5779:) 5770:) 5761:) 5752:) 5743:) 5719:) 5695:) 5671:) 5645:) 5574:) 5537:) 5528:) 5504:) 5480:) 5471:) 5447:) 5410:) 5373:) 5336:) 5327:) 5318:) 5294:) 5285:) 5276:) 5267:) 5258:) 5221:) 5197:) 5188:) 5179:) 5170:) 5146:) 5137:) 5072:) 5063:) 5054:) 5030:) 5021:) 5010:? 4996:) 4988:? 4986:) 4962:) 4938:) 4914:) 4905:) 4896:) 4887:) 4878:) 4869:) 4860:) 4851:) 4842:) 4818:) 4809:) 4785:) 4761:) 4752:) 4728:) 4704:) 4667:) 4658:) 4649:) 4640:) 4631:) 4607:) 4598:) 4589:) 4580:) 4556:) 4532:) 4523:) 4499:) 4490:) 4481:) 4472:) 4448:) 4439:) 4415:) 4391:) 4382:) 4373:) 4364:) 4355:) 4346:) 4337:) 4328:) 4319:) 4310:) 4301:) 4292:) 4283:) 4194:) 4185:) 4176:) 4167:) 4158:) 4149:) 4125:) 4116:) 4107:) 4083:) 4046:) 4037:) 4028:) 4019:) 4010:) 4001:) 3992:) 3955:) 3946:) 3937:) 3928:) 3904:) 3867:) 3770:e 3763:t 3756:v 3727:. 3721:: 3713:: 3686:. 3659:. 3626:. 3612:: 3602:: 3568:. 3536:. 3516:: 3500:( 3488:. 3466:: 3435:. 3423:: 3392:. 3370:: 3362:: 3335:. 3315:: 3307:: 3280:. 3255:. 3230:. 3196:. 3192:: 3158:. 3141:7 3117:. 3105:: 3078:. 3066:: 3042:. 3038:: 3011:. 2999:: 2976:. 2956:: 2929:. 2909:: 2882:. 2870:: 2843:. 2831:: 2823:: 2796:. 2784:: 2761:. 2733:. 2729:: 2702:. 2682:: 2674:: 2651:. 2647:: 2641:6 2620:) 2602:: 2583:. 2569:: 2538:. 2532:: 2518:" 2501:. 2489:: 2481:: 2454:. 2448:: 2438:: 2430:: 2403:. 2399:: 2391:: 2361:. 2337:: 2303:. 2291:: 2264:. 2260:: 2233:. 2221:: 2213:: 2189:. 2185:: 2177:: 2154:. 2142:: 2112:. 2092:: 2084:: 2057:. 2045:: 2037:: 2007:. 1995:: 1953:. 1941:: 1933:: 1903:. 1899:: 1872:. 1844:" 1822:. 1794:. 1782:: 1755:. 1728:: 1679:. 1655:: 1647:: 1620:. 1595:. 1575:: 1567:: 1537:. 1531:: 1517:" 1459:. 1427:. 1395:. 1373:: 1327:. 1314:: 1298:" 1294:" 472:( 464:( 456:( 439:( 388:' 380:' 370:' 364:' 277:( 103:) 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index