12927:
3746:); "the universe looks the same whoever and wherever you are." The cosmological principle exists because when the predecessors of the ÎCDM model were being developed, there was not sufficient data available to distinguish between more complex anisotropic or inhomogeneous models, so homogeneity and isotropy were assumed to simplify the models, and the assumptions were carried over into the ÎCDM model. However, recent findings have suggested that violations of the cosmological principle, especially of isotropy, exist. These violations have called the ÎCDM model into question, with some authors suggesting that the cosmological principle is obsolete or that the
12939:
4644:. On the contrary, about 80 % of observed galaxies give evidence of no such bulges, and giant pure-disc galaxies are commonplace. The tension can be quantified by comparing the observed distribution of galaxy shapes today with predictions from high-resolution hydrodynamical cosmological simulations in the ÎCDM framework, revealing a highly significant problem that is unlikely to be solved by improving the resolution of the simulations. The high bulgeless fraction was nearly constant for 8 billion years.
679:
156:
43:
12975:
12999:
12951:
691:
12987:
12963:
3590:. In addition, ÎCDM has no explicit physical theory for the origin or physical nature of dark matter or dark energy; the nearly scale-invariant spectrum of the CMB perturbations, and their image across the celestial sphere, are believed to result from very small thermal and acoustic irregularities at the point of recombination.
2687:
3820:
The CMB dipole is hinted at through a number of other observations. First, even within the cosmic microwave background, there are curious directional alignments and an anomalous parity asymmetry that may have an origin in the CMB dipole. Separately, the CMB dipole direction has emerged as a preferred
11181:
We hence do not see any evidence for a violation of the strong equivalence principle in Coma cluster UDGs, contrarily to, for instance, Chae et al. (2020, 2021), for disc galaxies in the field. Our work extends that of BĂlek et al. (2019b) and Haghi et al. (2019a), which is limited to DF44 and makes
5943:
predict the scalar spectral index should be slightly smaller than 1, consistent with the estimated value 0.96. The parameter values, and uncertainties, are estimated using large computer searches to locate the region of parameter space providing an acceptable match to cosmological observations. From
4708:
Existence of surprisingly massive galaxies in the early universe challenges the preferred models describing how dark matter halos drive galaxy formation. It remains to be seen whether a revision of the Lambda-CDM model with parameters given by Planck
Collaboration is necessary to resolve this issue.
4502:
is of zero curvature (is flat) and has an undetermined topology. In 2019, interpretation of Planck data suggested that the curvature of the universe might be positive (often called "closed"), which would contradict the ÎCDM model. Some authors have suggested that the Planck data detecting a positive
3536:
During the 1970s, most attention focused on pure-baryonic models, but there were serious challenges explaining the formation of galaxies, given the small anisotropies in the CMB (upper limits at that time). In the early 1980s, it was realized that this could be resolved if cold dark matter dominated
2075:, or unlimited expansion. For the Lambda-CDM model with a positive cosmological constant (as observed), the universe is predicted to expand forever regardless of whether the total density is slightly above or below the critical density; though other outcomes are possible in extended models where the
1015:
Dark matter constitutes about 26.5 % of the massâenergy density of the universe. The remaining 4.9 % comprises all ordinary matter observed as atoms, chemical elements, gas and plasma, the stuff of which visible planets, stars and galaxies are made. The great majority of ordinary matter in
10544:
Ghirardini, V.; Bulbul, E.; Artis, E.; Clerc, N.; Garrel, C.; Grandis, S.; Kluge, M.; Liu, A.; Bahar, Y. E.; Balzer, F.; Chiu, I.; Comparat, J.; Gruen, D.; Kleinebreil, F.; Krippendorf, S. (February 2024). "The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Cosmology
Constraints from Cluster Abundances in the Western
4672:
and too much dark matter in the innermost regions of galaxies. This problem is called the "small scale crisis". These small scales are harder to resolve in computer simulations, so it is not yet clear whether the problem is the simulations, non-standard properties of dark matter, or a more radical
4084:
inside a void is predicted by the authors to yield a larger local value for the Hubble constant than cosmological measures of the Hubble constant. However, other work has found no evidence for this in observations, finding the scale of the claimed underdensity to be incompatible with observations
871:
in electromagnetic radiation as it travels across expanding space. Although this expansion increases the distance between objects that are not under shared gravitational influence, it does not increase the size of the objects (e.g. galaxies) in space. It also allows for distant galaxies to recede
6554:
Extended models allow one or more of the "fixed" parameters above to vary, in addition to the basic six; so these models join smoothly to the basic six-parameter model in the limit that the additional parameter(s) approach the default values. For example, possible extensions of the simplest ÎCDM
6633:
the uncertainties in the standard six parameters quoted above, and may also shift the central values slightly. The table below shows results for each of the possible "6+1" scenarios with one additional variable parameter; this indicates that, as of 2015, there is no convincing evidence that any
4296:
tension. The name "tension" reflects that the disagreement is not merely between two data sets: the many sets of early- and late-time measurements agree well within their own categories, but there is an unexplained difference between values obtained from different points in the evolution of the
3544:
During the 1980s, most research focused on cold dark matter with critical density in matter, around 95 % CDM and 5 % baryons: these showed success at forming galaxies and clusters of galaxies, but problems remained; notably, the model required a Hubble constant lower than preferred by
3690:
data release, there are seven observed peaks in the temperature (TT) power spectrum, six peaks in the temperatureâpolarization (TE) cross spectrum, and five peaks in the polarization (EE) spectrum. The six free parameters can be well constrained by the TT spectrum alone, and then the TE and EE
3532:
cosmology. From that point on, it was generally accepted that the universe started in a hot, dense state and has been expanding over time. The rate of expansion depends on the types of matter and energy present in the universe, and in particular, whether the total density is above or below the
4525:
is true. However, in 2020 a group of astronomers analyzed data from the
Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) sample, together with estimates of the large-scale external gravitational field from an all-sky galaxy catalog. They concluded that there was highly statistically
3593:
Historically, a large majority of astronomers and astrophysicists support the ÎCDM model or close relatives of it, but recent observations that contradict the ÎCDM model have led some astronomers and astrophysicists to search for alternatives to the ÎCDM model, which include dropping the
10155:
Heymans, Catherine; Tröster, Tilman; Asgari, Marika; Blake, Chris; Hildebrandt, Hendrik; Joachimi, Benjamin; Kuijken, Konrad; Lin, Chieh-An; Sånchez, Ariel G.; van den Busch, Jan Luca; Wright, Angus H.; Amon, Alexandra; Bilicki, Maciej; de Jong, Jelte; Crocce, Martin (February 2021).
5932:, six is the smallest number of parameters needed to give an acceptable fit to the observations; other possible parameters are fixed at "natural" values, e.g. total density parameter = 1.00, dark energy equation of state = â1. (See below for extended models that allow these to vary.)
4599:
galaxies are observed to be orbiting in thin, planar structures whereas the simulations predict that they should be distributed randomly about their parent galaxies. However, latest research suggests this seemingly bizarre alignment is just a quirk which will dissolve over time.
1684:
2272:
1968:
3699:
Over the years, numerous simulations of ÎCDM and observations of our universe have been made that challenge the validity of the ÎCDM model, to the point where some cosmologists believe that the ÎCDM model may be superseded by a different, as yet unknown cosmological model.
1035:, or CMB, a very low-energy radiation emanating from all parts of the sky. The "Big Bang" scenario, with cosmic inflation and standard particle physics, is the only cosmological model consistent with the observed continuing expansion of space, the observed distribution of
10416:
Dalal, Roohi; Li, Xiangchong; Nicola, Andrina; Zuntz, Joe; Strauss, Michael A.; Sugiyama, Sunao; Zhang, Tianqing; Rau, Markus M.; Mandelbaum, Rachel; Takada, Masahiro; More, Surhud; Miyatake, Hironao; Kannawadi, Arun; Shirasaki, Masato; Taniguchi, Takanori (2023-12-11).
5009:
10358:
Li, Xiangchong; Zhang, Tianqing; Sugiyama, Sunao; Dalal, Roohi; Terasawa, Ryo; Rau, Markus M.; Mandelbaum, Rachel; Takada, Masahiro; More, Surhud; Strauss, Michael A.; Miyatake, Hironao; Shirasaki, Masato; Hamana, Takashi; Oguri, Masamune; Luo, Wentao (2023-12-11).
11194:
Kroupa, P.; Famaey, B.; de Boer, Klaas S.; Dabringhausen, Joerg; Pawlowski, Marcel; Boily, Christian; Jerjen, Helmut; Forbes, Duncan; Hensler, Gerhard (2010). "Local-Group tests of dark-matter
Concordance Cosmology: Towards a new paradigm for structure formation".
3800:
predicted that the cosmic microwave background has a significant dipole anisotropy. In recent years, the CMB dipole has been tested, and the results suggest our motion with respect to distant radio galaxies and quasars differs from our motion with respect to the
2476:
2971:
11930:
Smith, Tristian L.; Lucca, Matteo; Poulin, Vivian; Abellan, Guillermo F.; Balkenhol, Lennart; Benabed, Karim; Galli, Silvia; Murgia, Riccardo (August 2022). "Hints of early dark energy in Planck, SPT, and ACT data: New physics or systematics?".
10300:
Dark Energy Survey; Kilo-Degree Survey
Collaboration; Abbott, T.M.C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A.; Alves, O.; Amon, A.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Asgari, M.; Avila, S.; Bacon, D.; Bechtol, K.; Becker, M. R.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bertin, E. (2023-10-20).
4564:
The density distributions of dark matter halos in cold dark matter simulations (at least those that do not include the impact of baryonic feedback) are much more peaked than what is observed in galaxies by investigating their rotation curves.
4731:
Massimo Persic and Paolo
Salucci first estimated the baryonic density today present in ellipticals, spirals, groups and clusters of galaxies. They performed an integration of the baryonic mass-to-light ratio over luminosity (in the following
4530:
in the ÎCDM model. These results have been challenged as failing to consider inaccuracies in the rotation curves and correlations between galaxy properties and clustering strength. and as inconsistent with similar analysis of other galaxies.
3146:
10105:
Planck
Collaboration; Aghanim, N.; Akrami, Y.; Ashdown, M.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Ballardini, M.; Banday, A. J.; Barreiro, R. B.; Bartolo, N.; Basak, S.; Battye, R.; Benabed, K.; Bernard, J.-P.; Bersanelli, M. (September 2020).
4483:
The actual observable amount of lithium in the universe is less than the calculated amount from the ÎCDM model by a factor of 3â4. If every calculation is correct, then solutions beyond the existing ÎCDM model might be needed.
8980:
Migkas, K.; Pacaud, F.; Schellenberger, G.; Erler, J.; Nguyen-Dang, N. T.; Reiprich, T. H.; Ramos-Ceja, M. E.; Lovisari, L. (May 2021). "Cosmological implications of the anisotropy of ten galaxy cluster scaling relations".
4881:
3552:
in 1992, and several modified CDM models, including ÎCDM and mixed cold and hot dark matter, came under active consideration through the mid-1990s. The ÎCDM model then became the leading model following the observations of
2069:
12087:
Behroozi, Peter; Conroy, Charlie; Wechsler, Risa H.; Hearin, Andrew; Williams, Christina C.; Moster, Benjamin P.; Yung, L. Y. Aaron; Somerville, Rachel S.; Gottlöber, Stefan; Yepes, Gustavo; Endsley, Ryan (December 2020).
6891:, B. Famaey, K.S. de Boer, J. Dabringhausen, M. Pawlowski, C.M. Boily, H. Jerjen, D. Forbes, G. Hensler, M. Metz, "Local-Group tests of dark-matter concordance cosmology. Towards a new paradigm for structure formation"
3226:
10234:
Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A.; Allam, S.; Alves, O.; Amon, A.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Annis, J.; Avila, S.; Bacon, D.; Baxter, E.; Bechtol, K.; Becker, M. R.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bhargava, S. (2022-01-13).
5089:, filling the space between galaxies. Together with the amount of baryons inside galaxies and surrounding them, the total amount of baryons in the late time Universe is compatible with early Universe measurements.
4549:
in the ÎCDM model and observations of galaxies and their clustering have arisen. Some of these problems have proposed solutions, but it remains unclear whether they can be solved without abandoning the ÎCDM model.
4229:
7553:
Elcio
Abdalla; Guillermo Franco AbellĂĄn; et al. (11 Mar 2022). "Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies".
5928:: physical baryon density parameter; physical dark matter density parameter; the age of the universe; scalar spectral index; curvature fluctuation amplitude; and reionization optical depth. In accordance with
4051:
Statistically significant differences remain in measurements of the Hubble constant based on the cosmic background radiation compared to astronomical distance measurements. This difference has been called the
3452:
1543:
5078:, so that stars and gas in galaxies and in galaxy groups and clusters account for less than 10 % of the primordially synthesized baryons. This issue is known as the problem of the "missing baryons".
4006:
approximately 2 billion light-years (600 megaparsecs, Mpc) in diameter. Some authors have said the existence of the KBC void violates the assumption that the CMB reflects baryonic density fluctuations at
2118:
1821:
4085:
which extend beyond its radius. Important deficiencies were subsequently pointed out in this analysis, leaving open the possibility that the Hubble tension is indeed caused by outflow from the KBC void.
4461:, and certain aspects of the CMB. This may indicate that there is something wrong with the data or the interpretation of the cosmic microwave background used as evidence for the ÎCDM model, or that the
3852:
or more. However, many large-scale structures have been discovered, and some authors have reported some of the structures to be in conflict with the predicted scale of homogeneity for ÎCDM, including
872:
from each other at speeds greater than the speed of light; local expansion is less than the speed of light, but expansion summed across great distances can collectively exceed the speed of light.
867:
of prominent spectral absorption or emission lines in the light from distant galaxies, and as the time dilation in the light decay of supernova luminosity curves. Both effects are attributed to a
4892:
3833:. The fact that all these independent observables, based on different physics, are tracking the CMB dipole direction suggests that the Universe is anisotropic in the direction of the CMB dipole.
3638:
theory (TeVeS theory). Other proposals by theoretical astrophysicists of cosmological alternatives to
Einstein's general relativity that attempt to account for dark energy or dark matter include
1334:
6637:
Some researchers have suggested that there is a running spectral index, but no statistically significant study has revealed one. Theoretical expectations suggest that the tensor-to-scalar ratio
4526:
significant evidence of violations of the strong equivalence principle in weak gravitational fields in the vicinity of rotationally supported galaxies. They observed an effect inconsistent with
1016:
the universe is unseen, since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10 % of the ordinary matter contribution to the massâenergy density of the universe.
1425:
3017:
1027:
containing radiation at temperatures of around 10 K. This was immediately (within 10 seconds) followed by an exponential expansion of space by a scale multiplier of 10 or more, known as
5076:
3789:
in two respects: one with respect to average temperature (i.e. temperature fluctuations), the second with respect to larger variations in the degree of perturbations (i.e. densities). The
840:, after a period of time when disparate observed properties of the universe appeared mutually inconsistent, and there was no consensus on the makeup of the energy density of the universe.
12670:; Ashdown, M.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Ballardini, M.; Banday, A. J.; Barreiro, R. B. (2016-05-11). "Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history".
2682:{\displaystyle H(a)\equiv {\frac {\dot {a}}{a}}=H_{0}{\sqrt {(\Omega _{\rm {c}}+\Omega _{\rm {b}})a^{-3}+\Omega _{\mathrm {rad} }a^{-4}+\Omega _{k}a^{-2}+\Omega _{\Lambda }a^{-3(1+w)}}},}
2071:
is the reduced Hubble constant. If the cosmological constant were actually zero, the critical density would also mark the dividing line between eventual recollapse of the universe to a
9646:
930:
that, according to the general theory of relativity, causes accelerating expansion. The fraction of the total energy density of our (flat or almost flat) universe that is dark energy,
8886:
Migkas, K.; Schellenberger, G.; Reiprich, T. H.; Pacaud, F.; Ramos-Ceja, M. E.; Lovisari, L. (April 2020). "Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the
3906:
Other authors claim that the existence of structures larger than the scale of homogeneity in the ÎCDM model does not necessarily violate the cosmological principle in the ÎCDM model.
1773:
9888:
6580:
6259:
5503:
2858:
6544:
887:
in empty space that is used to explain the contemporary accelerating expansion of space against the attractive effects of gravity. A cosmological constant has negative pressure,
955:
4709:
The discrepancies could also be explained by particular properties (stellar masses or effective volume) of the candidate galaxies, yet unknown force or particle outside of the
4579:
Cold dark matter simulations predict large numbers of small dark matter halos, more numerous than the number of small dwarf galaxies that are observed around galaxies like the
3708:
Extensive searches for dark matter particles have so far shown no well-agreed detection, while dark energy may be almost impossible to detect in a laboratory, and its value is
1270:
10772:"K-State study reveals asymmetry in spin directions of galaxies, suggests early universe could have been spinning | Kansas State University | News and Communications Services"
1188:
5334:
3582:
Research is active into many aspects of the ÎCDM model, both to refine the parameters and to resolve the tensions between recent observations and the ÎCDM model, such as the
8917:
2375:
6468:
6415:
5545:
994:
of light by galaxy clusters; and the enhanced clustering of galaxies) that cannot be accounted for by the quantity of observed matter. The ÎCDM model proposes specifically
924:
5038:
2343:
2317:
11903:
3974:
3372:
2821:
2110:
4767:
3507:
1457:
3836:
Nevertheless, some authors have stated that the universe around Earth is isotropic at high significance by studies of the cosmic microwave background temperature maps.
3481:
3252:
6500:
6361:
2407:
1813:
1534:
3278:
2734:
7931:
Krishnan, Chethan; Mohayaee, Roya; ColgĂĄin, Eoin Ă; Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.; Yin, Lu (16 September 2021). "Does Hubble
Tension Signal a Breakdown in FLRW Cosmology?".
4713:
through which dark matter interacts, more efficient baryonic matter accumulation by the dark matter halos, early dark energy models, or the hypothesized long-sought
4031:
3947:
3313:
3025:
2464:
1113:
8642:
de Oliveira-Costa, Angelica; Tegmark, Max; Zaldarriaga, Matias; Hamilton, Andrew (25 March 2004). "The significance of the largest scale CMB fluctuations in WMAP".
4796:
4325:
4294:
4267:
4162:
4135:
3747:
3729:
3595:
3340:
1482:
1215:
1055:
280:
2850:
2783:
1370:
3793:(the governing body of the Planck Mission) has concluded that these anisotropies in the CMB are, in fact, statistically significant and can no longer be ignored.
6655:
6616:
6329:
6294:
2754:
2710:
2434:
2295:
1793:
1730:
1708:
1508:
1238:
1133:
1005:
Cold: Its velocity is far less than the speed of light at the epoch of radiationâmatter equality (thus neutrinos are excluded, being non-baryonic but not cold)
8764:
Kim, Jaiseung; Naselsky, Pavel (10 May 2010). "Anomalous parity asymmetry of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe power spectrum data at low multipoles".
4037:, either of which would violate the ÎCDM model, while other authors have claimed that supervoids as large as the KBC void are consistent with the ÎCDM model.
5085:
spanning more than 90 % of the lifetime of the Universe, in 2021 astrophysicists found that approximately 50 % of all baryonic matter is outside
2785:
and also observable distanceâredshift relations for any chosen values of the cosmological parameters, which can then be compared with observations such as
9476:"A massive blow for ÎCDM â the high redshift, mass, and collision velocity of the interacting galaxy cluster El Gordo contradicts concordance cosmology"
9417:"A massive blow for ÎCDM â the high redshift, mass, and collision velocity of the interacting galaxy cluster El Gordo contradicts concordance cosmology"
9342:
651:
4804:
1976:
12845:
7439:
7171:
3579:
in 2013â2015 have continued to support the model and pin down the parameter values, most of which are constrained below 1 percent uncertainty.
990:
of galaxies; the
3154:
11585:; Drory, N.; Bender, R.; Cornell, M.E. (2010). "Bulgeless giant galaxies challenge our picture of galaxy formation by hierarchical clustering".
6073:, which is the total density of matter/energy needed for the universe to be spatially flat. Measurements indicate that the actual total density
9592:
Keenan, Ryan C.; Barger, Amy J.; Cowie, Lennox L. (2013). "Evidence for a ~300 Mpc Scale Under-density in the Local Galaxy Distribution".
4073:), then the existing interpretations of the Hubble constant and the Hubble tension have to be revised, which might resolve the Hubble tension.
4088:
As a result of the Hubble tension, other researchers have called for new physics beyond the ÎCDM model. Moritz Haslbauer et al. proposed that
12516:
10854:
10302:
12588:
10524:
5967:
and globular cluster ages, are generally consistent with these, providing a check of the model, but are less precisely measured at present.
4170:
3565:
galaxy redshift survey measured the matter density to be near 25 %; the large difference between these values supports a positive Î or
4503:
curvature could be evidence of a local inhomogeneity in the curvature of the universe rather than the universe actually being globally a 3-
4269:. However, these two categories of measurement differ by more standard deviations than their uncertainties. This discrepancy is called the
3848:
in ÎCDM, Yadav and his colleagues showed that the spatial distribution of galaxies is statistically homogeneous if averaged over scales 260
721:
12060:
10567:
6626:
more massive than the minimal value, or a running spectral index; the latter is generally not favoured by simple cosmic inflation models.
3674:
In addition to explaining many pre-2000 observations, the model has made a number of successful predictions: notably the existence of the
2716:
parameter of dark energy, and assuming negligible neutrino mass (significant neutrino mass requires a more complex equation). The various
11881:
9095:
Luongo, Orlando; Muccino, Marco; ColgĂĄin, Eoin Ă; Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.; Yin, Lu (2022). "Larger H0 values in the CMB dipole direction".
1679:{\displaystyle H^{2}=\left({\frac {\dot {a}}{a}}\right)^{2}={\frac {8\pi G}{3}}\rho -{\frac {kc^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {\Lambda c^{2}}{3}},}
17:
10771:
10689:
Mariano, Antonio; Perivolaropoulos, Leandros (2013). "CMB maximum temperature asymmetry axis: Alignment with other cosmic asymmetries".
9896:
6955:
Pandey, Kanhaiya L.; Karwal, Tanvi; Das, Subinoy (2019-10-21). "Alleviating the H0 and S8 Anomalies With a Decaying Dark Matter Model".
10796:
10044:
Poulin, Vivian; Smith, Tristan L.; Karwal, Tanvi; Kamionkowski, Marc (2019-06-04). "Early Dark Energy can Resolve the Hubble Tension".
3647:
9042:
Krishnan, Chethan; Mohayaee, Roya; ColgĂĄin, Eoin Ă; Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.; Yin, Lu (2022). "Hints of FLRW breakdown from supernovae".
3561:
microwave background experiment measured the total (matterâenergy) density to be close to 100 % of critical, whereas in 2001 the
3380:
2267:{\displaystyle \Omega _{x}\equiv {\frac {\rho _{x}(t=t_{0})}{\rho _{\mathrm {crit} }}}={\frac {8\pi G\rho _{x}(t=t_{0})}{3H_{0}^{2}}}}
1963:{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {crit} }={\frac {3H_{0}^{2}}{8\pi G}}=1.878\;47(23)\times 10^{-26}\;h^{2}\;\mathrm {kg{\cdot }m^{-3}} ,}
8825:
Hutsemekers, D.; Cabanac, R.; Lamy, H.; Sluse, D. (October 2005). "Mapping extreme-scale alignments of quasar polarization vectors".
8436:
Siewert, Thilo M.; Schmidt-Rubart, Matthias; Schwarz, Dominik J. (2021). "Cosmic radio dipole: Estimators and frequency dependence".
6904:
Petit, J. P.; D'Agostini, G. (2018-07-01). "Constraints on Janus Cosmological model from recent observations of supernovae type Ia".
6681:
1002:
Non-baryonic: Consists of matter other than protons and neutrons (and electrons, by convention, although electrons are not baryons)
11307:
Klypin, Anatoly; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Valenzuela, Octavio; Prada, Francisco (1999). "Where are the missing galactic satellites?".
9806:
di Valentino, Eleonora; Mena, Olga; Pan, Supriya; et al. (2021). "In the realm of the Hubble tensionâa review of solutions".
1011:
Collisionless: Dark matter particles interact with each other and other particles only through gravity and possibly the weak force
12493:
3888:
1031:. The early universe remained hot (above 10 000 K) for several hundred thousand years, a state that is detectable as a residual
10214:
9861:"One Number Shows Something Is Fundamentally Wrong with Our Conception of the Universe â This fight has universal implications"
818:
107:
11411:
Sawala, Till; Cautun, Marius; Frenk, Carlos; et al. (2022). "The Milky Way's plane of satellites: consistent with ÎCDM".
8489:
Secrest, Nathan; von Hausegger, Sebastian; Rameez, Mohamed; Mohayaee, Roya; Sarkar, Subir; Colin, Jacques (25 February 2021).
12829:
7843:
7419:
6747:
5004:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\rm {b}}=\Omega _{*}+\Omega _{\text{gas}}=2.2\times 10^{-3}+1.5\times 10^{-3}\;h^{-1.3}\simeq 0.003,}
79:
11133:"Probing the radial acceleration relation and the strong equivalence principle with the Coma cluster ultra-diffuse galaxies"
8197:
Nathan J. Secrest; Sebastian von Hausegger; Mohamed Rameez; Roya Mohayaee; Subir Sarkar; Jacques Colin (February 25, 2021).
8320:
6997:
3635:
3614:
have long been leading critics of the ÎCDM model, attacking the dark matter portions of the theory from the perspective of
455:
4069:
reported that the cause of the Hubble tension discrepancy is not known. However, if the cosmological principle fails (see
1278:
6691:
5935:
The values of these six parameters are mostly not predicted by theory (though, ideally, they may be related by a future "
986:
is postulated in order to account for gravitational effects observed in very large-scale structures (the "non-keplerian"
11131:
Freundlich, Jonathan; Famaey, Benoit; Oria, Pierre-Antoine; BĂlek, Michal; MĂŒller, Oliver; Ibata, Rodrigo (2022-02-01).
86:
10750:
Shamir, Lior (2020-05-27). "Multipole alignment in the large-scale distribution of spin direction of spiral galaxies".
1378:
808:
7055:"First Cosmology Results using Type Ia Supernovae from the Dark Energy Survey: Constraints on Cosmological Parameters"
4453:
and our interpretation of the CMB are correct. However, there exists an apparent correlation between the plane of the
3683:
2979:
12589:"Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Sky Maps, Systematic Errors, and Basic Results"
11023:"Testing the Strong Equivalence Principle: Detection of the External Field Effect in Rotationally Supported Galaxies"
664:
126:
60:
6998:"Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe"
5046:
10589:"Joint analysis of 6dFGS and SDSS peculiar velocities for the growth rate of cosmic structure and tests of gravity"
9321:
Horvath, I.; Hakkila, J.; Bagoly, Z. (2013). "The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts".
6025:. Likewise for the difference between "physical dark matter density parameter" and "dark matter density parameter".
4164:
parameter in the ÎCDM model quantifies the amplitude of matter fluctuations in the late universe and is defined as
3884:, discovered in 2012, which is three times longer than and twice as wide as is predicted possible according to ÎCDM
714:
12926:
11362:"Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies"
93:
9979:"The Local Perspective on the Hubble Tension: Local Structure Does Not Impact Measurement of the Hubble Constant"
8134:
8106:
7863:
6666:
4612:
association are moving away too rapidly to be consistent with expectations in the ÎCDM model. In this framework,
297:
31:
10820:
13029:
6671:
801:
659:
383:
373:
64:
12500:
11021:
Chae, Kyu-Hyun; Lelli, Federico; Desmond, Harry; McGaugh, Stacy S.; Li, Pengfei; Schombert, James M. (2020).
10158:"KiDS-1000 Cosmology: Multi-probe weak gravitational lensing and spectroscopic galaxy clustering constraints"
9679:"The KBC void and Hubble tension contradict LCDM on a Gpc scale â Milgromian dynamics as a possible solution"
8558:"Peculiar motion of Solar system from the Hubble diagram of supernovae Ia and its implications for cosmology"
8133:
Migkas, K.; Schellenberger, G.; Reiprich, T. H.; Pacaud, F.; Ramos-Ceja, M. E.; Lovisari, L. (8 April 2020).
7475:
Frieman, Joshua A.; Turner, Michael S.; Huterer, Dragan (2008). "Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe".
6591:
5959:
anisotropy, the brightness/redshift relation for supernovae, and large-scale galaxy clustering including the
3709:
2966:{\displaystyle H(a)=H_{0}{\sqrt {\Omega _{\rm {m}}a^{-3}+\Omega _{\mathrm {rad} }a^{-4}+\Omega _{\Lambda }}}}
2713:
1740:
1063:
302:
225:
75:
12259:"Measuring the evolution of intergalactic gas from z = 0 to 5 using the kinematic SunyaevâZel'dovich effect"
12777:
11760:
Mahmood, R; Ghafourian, N; Kashfi, T; Banik, I; Haslbauer, M; Cuomo, V; Famaey, B; Kroupa, P (2021-11-01).
11132:
5749:
5082:
4668:
Comparison of the model with observations may have some problems on sub-galaxy scales, possibly predicting
4522:
4516:
4478:
2790:
11182:
the result all the more compelling. We recall that the MOND predictions do not involve any free parameter.
7450:
7283:
6558:
6237:
5461:
3545:
observations, and observations around 1988â1990 showed more large-scale galaxy clustering than predicted.
9860:
8325:
6512:
5960:
5956:
4450:
4235:
3802:
3786:
3675:
3619:
3525:
1032:
844:
795:
707:
683:
230:
12310:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
8601:"Solar system peculiar motion from the Hubble diagram of quasars and testing the cosmological principle"
933:
13034:
12917:
12821:
5964:
4682:
4239:
3562:
3549:
1815:
is zero, regardless of its actual value. Substituting these conditions to the Friedmann equation gives
1243:
643:
449:
429:
237:
182:
11523:
Banik, Indranil; Haslbauer, Moritz; Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Famaey, Benoit; Kroupa, Pavel (2021-06-21).
4660:
with the halo. This is in serious tension with the fact that observed galaxy bars are typically fast.
3891:, discovered in November 2013, which has a length of 2000â3000 Mpc (more than seven times that of the
1138:
12910:
11646:
11587:
10237:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmological constraints from galaxy clustering and weak lensing"
5307:
3977:
3950:
3920:
3915:
3691:
spectra can be predicted theoretically to few-percent precision with no further adjustments allowed.
1487:
275:
10640:"Cosmic flows in the nearby Universe: new peculiar velocities from SNe and cosmological constraints"
10587:
Said, Khaled; Colless, Matthew; Magoulas, Christina; Lucey, John R; Hudson, Michael J (2020-09-01).
8889:
8350:
7993:
2352:
12653:
10958:
8196:
6832:"First test of Verlinde's theory of emergent gravity using weak gravitational lensing measurements"
6443:
6373:
5772:
5520:
4444:
4297:
universe. Such a tension indicates that the ÎCDM model may be incomplete or in need of correction.
3857:
3643:
3623:
1078:
1036:
927:
890:
812:
790:
of Big Bang cosmology because it is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of:
444:
209:
11929:
8135:"Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the LX-T scaling relation"
5017:
3821:
direction in studies of alignments in quasar polarizations, scaling relations in galaxy clusters,
3686:
of the CMB, discovered in 2002 by DASI, has been successfully predicted by the model: in the 2015
3345:
It follows that the transition from decelerating to accelerating expansion (the second derivative
2756:
by construction. In the general case this is integrated by computer to give the expansion history
2326:
2300:
12257:
Chaves-Montero, JonĂĄs; HernĂĄndez-Monteagudo, Carlos; Angulo, RaĂșl E; Emberson, J D (2021-03-25).
7994:"Luminosity distance and anisotropic sky-sampling at low redshifts: A numerical relativity study"
6594:
of dark energy is allowed to differ from â1. Cosmic inflation predicts tensor fluctuations (
3956:
3631:
3348:
2799:
2088:
412:
292:
53:
9148:
Saadeh D, Feeney SM, Pontzen A, Peiris HV, McEwen, JD (2016). "How Isotropic is the Universe?".
8257:
4063:
in cosmology is widely acknowledged to be a major problem for the ÎCDM model. In December 2021,
3486:
1433:
10361:"Hyper Suprime-Cam Year 3 results: Cosmology from cosmic shear two-point correlation functions"
6583:
5974:
Collaboration Cosmological parameters 68 % confidence limits for the base ÎCDM model from
4735:
4726:
4466:
3735:
3725:
3460:
3231:
3141:{\displaystyle a(t)=(\Omega _{\rm {m}}/\Omega _{\Lambda })^{1/3}\,\sinh ^{2/3}(t/t_{\Lambda })}
1734:
10299:
6482:
6343:
5978:
CMB power spectra, in combination with lensing reconstruction and external data (BAO + JLA + H
4540:
2392:
1798:
1519:
851:, modified gravity, theories of large-scale variations in the matter density of the universe,
100:
12086:
6587:
4694:
4499:
4493:
3790:
3751:
3743:
3738:, which states that, on a large-enough scale, the universe looks the same in all directions (
3679:
3554:
3257:
2719:
1513:
880:
759:
617:
419:
361:
12693:
12551:
12464:
12393:
12258:
11218:
11158:
10639:
10588:
10183:
9004:
8942:
8848:
8459:
8160:
7889:
7732:
7498:
7135:
6917:
6089:
This is the minimal value allowed by solar and terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments.
5963:
feature. Other observations, such as the Hubble constant, the abundance of galaxy clusters,
4010:
3926:
3283:
2439:
1083:
13024:
13019:
12864:
12736:
12689:
12613:
12547:
12460:
12389:
12327:
12221:
12162:
12111:
12007:
11950:
11846:
11783:
11724:
11665:
11606:
11546:
11487:
11430:
11383:
11326:
11271:
11214:
11154:
11081:
11044:
10980:
10873:
10708:
10497:
10440:
10382:
10324:
10258:
10179:
10063:
10000:
9941:
9825:
9759:
9700:
9611:
9556:
9497:
9438:
9379:
9287:
9232:
9167:
9114:
9061:
9000:
8938:
8844:
8783:
8722:
8661:
8512:
8455:
8397:
8363:
8279:
8220:
8156:
8069:
8015:
7950:
7885:
7784:
7728:
7667:
7573:
7506:
7494:
7359:
7302:
7241:
7190:
7131:
7076:
7019:
6913:
6853:
6786:
6697:
The ÎCDM model is also known as the standard model of cosmology, but is not related to the
6618:), which is determined by the unknown energy scale of inflation. Other modifications allow
5936:
4714:
4669:
4574:
4462:
4303:
4272:
4245:
4140:
4113:
3849:
3750:
breaks down in the late universe. This has additional implications for the validity of the
3558:
3318:
1467:
1193:
980:
data, or more than 68.3 % (2018 estimate) of the massâenergy density of the universe.
843:
Some alternative models challenge the assumptions of the ÎCDM model. Examples of these are
836:
is the correct theory of gravity on cosmological scales. It emerged in the late 1990s as a
630:
602:
424:
10797:"Patterns Formed by Spiral Galaxies Suggest The Universe's Structure Isn't Totally Random"
7836:
Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity
7613:
5081:
The missing baryon problem is claimed to be resolved. Using observations of the kinematic
5043:
Note that this value is much lower than the prediction of standard cosmic nucleosynthesis
4772:
2826:
2759:
1346:
863:
The ÎCDM model includes an expansion of metric space that is well documented, both as the
8:
13003:
12773:
12065:
9738:"ClusterâVoid Degeneracy Breaking: Dark Energy, Planck, and the Largest Cluster and Void"
9358:"Seeing patterns in noise: gigaparsec-scale 'structures' that do not violate homogeneity"
8111:
8082:
8057:
7298:
7279:
6739:
6473:
5983:
5559:
5550:
5218:
4336:
4065:
3627:
3575:
3510:
1460:
1059:
974:
522:
492:
439:
395:
287:
177:
12905:
12868:
12740:
12617:
12331:
12225:
12166:
12115:
12028:
12011:
11985:
11954:
11850:
11787:
11728:
11669:
11610:
11550:
11491:
11434:
11387:
11330:
11275:
11048:
10984:
10877:
10712:
10501:
10444:
10386:
10328:
10262:
10067:
10004:
9945:
9829:
9763:
9704:
9615:
9560:
9501:
9442:
9383:
9291:
9236:
9171:
9118:
9065:
8787:
8726:
8665:
8516:
8367:
8283:
8224:
8073:
8019:
7954:
7788:
7671:
7577:
7363:
7306:
7245:
7219:
7194:
7080:
7023:
6974:
6857:
6790:
4697:
of 13.2. Other candidate galaxies which have not been confirmed by spectroscopy include
562:
12991:
12979:
12943:
12882:
12854:
12802:
12705:
12679:
12637:
12603:
12563:
12537:
12476:
12450:
12405:
12379:
12343:
12317:
12270:
12211:
12180:
12152:
12101:
12041:
11997:
11966:
11940:
11910:
11862:
11836:
11773:
11742:
11714:
11655:
11622:
11596:
11536:
11477:
11446:
11420:
11373:
11342:
11316:
11289:
11261:
11230:
11204:
11144:
11093:
11062:
11034:
10996:
10970:
10932:
10914:
10886:
10863:
10849:
10751:
10732:
10698:
10651:
10600:
10546:
10487:
10430:
10418:
10372:
10360:
10314:
10248:
10236:
10169:
10087:
10053:
10026:
9990:
9931:
9841:
9815:
9785:
9749:
9690:
9627:
9601:
9546:
9487:
9428:
9397:
9369:
9322:
9303:
9277:
9250:
9222:
9191:
9157:
9130:
9104:
9077:
9051:
9024:
8990:
8962:
8928:
8868:
8834:
8807:
8795:
8773:
8746:
8712:
8685:
8651:
8612:
8569:
8538:
8502:
8471:
8445:
8295:
8269:
8238:
8210:
8172:
8146:
8087:
8031:
8005:
7974:
7940:
7901:
7875:
7800:
7796:
7774:
7744:
7718:
7691:
7657:
7589:
7563:
7510:
7484:
7385:
7349:
7231:
7180:
7147:
7121:
7094:
7066:
7009:
6978:
6960:
6937:
6871:
6843:
6812:
6776:
6725:
6640:
6601:
6595:
6314:
6279:
4657:
4559:
4363:
4034:
3874:
3810:
2739:
2695:
2467:
2419:
2280:
1778:
1715:
1693:
1493:
1223:
1190:; the usual convention in cosmology is that subscript 0 denotes present-day values, so
1118:
991:
958:
833:
747:
582:
552:
517:
487:
434:
378:
147:
12528:
Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters".
12441:
Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters".
6892:
6799:
6764:
1218:
1047:" in the CMB; indeed, it seems likely that the universe is larger than the observable
12938:
12877:
12840:
12825:
12754:
12625:
12567:
12480:
12409:
12347:
12290:
12239:
12175:
12140:
12045:
12033:
11970:
11809:
11737:
11702:
11683:
11626:
11618:
11564:
11505:
11450:
11284:
11249:
11172:
11113:
11066:
11000:
10936:
10900:
10736:
10724:
10671:
10620:
10456:
10398:
10340:
10282:
10195:
10137:
10107:
10091:
10079:
10030:
10018:
9959:
9845:
9789:
9777:
9772:
9737:
9718:
9631:
9623:
9574:
9569:
9534:
9515:
9456:
9401:
9254:
9245:
9210:
9183:
9134:
9081:
9028:
9016:
8966:
8954:
8860:
8799:
8750:
8738:
8689:
8677:
8542:
8530:
8475:
8291:
8242:
8176:
8132:
8091:
8035:
7978:
7966:
7905:
7839:
7804:
7748:
7683:
7593:
7415:
7377:
7257:
7151:
7035:
6982:
6941:
6929:
6816:
6804:
6743:
6721:
6676:
4641:
4416:
4093:
3845:
3775:
962:
612:
12886:
12641:
11866:
11746:
11346:
11293:
11234:
10902:
10157:
8872:
8811:
8299:
8255:
7861:
7552:
7514:
7389:
7337:
7098:
6875:
4656:, then the bars that often develop in their central regions would be slowed down by
12955:
12872:
12744:
12709:
12697:
12629:
12621:
12555:
12468:
12397:
12370:
Planck Collaboration (2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters".
12335:
12280:
12229:
12184:
12170:
12119:
12023:
12015:
11958:
11854:
11801:
11791:
11732:
11673:
11614:
11554:
11495:
11438:
11391:
11334:
11279:
11222:
11162:
11103:
11052:
10988:
10924:
10881:
10716:
10661:
10610:
10505:
10448:
10390:
10332:
10274:
10266:
10187:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10075:
10071:
10008:
9949:
9833:
9767:
9708:
9647:"We're Way Below Average! Astronomers Say Milky Way Resides In A Great Cosmic Void"
9619:
9564:
9505:
9446:
9387:
9307:
9295:
9240:
9179:
9175:
9122:
9069:
9008:
8946:
8852:
8791:
8730:
8669:
8622:
8579:
8520:
8463:
8409:
8371:
8287:
8228:
8164:
8077:
8023:
7958:
7893:
7792:
7736:
7709:
Planck Collaboration (2016). "Planck 2015 Results. XIII. Cosmological Parameters".
7695:
7675:
7581:
7502:
7367:
7310:
7249:
7198:
7139:
7084:
7027:
6970:
6921:
6861:
6794:
6735:
5940:
5929:
5086:
4653:
4625:
4596:
4546:
3892:
3864:
3830:
3826:
3615:
3603:
3538:
2346:
1340:
1048:
1039:(hydrogen, helium, and lithium), and the spatial texture of minute irregularities (
1028:
995:
852:
848:
773:
695:
497:
202:
12701:
12559:
12536:. page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column).
12472:
12449:. page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column).
12401:
11226:
11167:
10191:
9195:
9012:
8950:
8467:
8168:
7897:
7740:
7143:
3678:
feature, discovered in 2005 in the predicted location; and the statistics of weak
1135:
counted from the birth of the universe), defined relative to the present time, so
1066:
to describe the observable universe from approximately 0.1 s to the present.
507:
482:
12900:
12504:
10572:
10529:
10219:
8856:
7831:
7253:
7167:"The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies â I. The dark matter connection"
7112:
Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters".
6619:
5945:
5603:
5098:
3663:
3659:
3651:
1044:
622:
557:
542:
527:
512:
502:
366:
263:
12339:
12256:
11962:
10509:
10452:
10394:
10270:
9126:
9073:
8375:
8027:
7585:
4876:{\displaystyle \rho _{\rm {b}}=\sum \int L\phi (L){\frac {M_{\rm {b}}}{L}}\,dL.}
4076:
Some authors postulate that the Hubble tension can be explained entirely by the
2064:{\displaystyle h\equiv H_{0}/(100\;\mathrm {km{\cdot }s^{-1}{\cdot }Mpc^{-1}} )}
12931:
12667:
12517:
Findings of the Joint Dark Energy Mission Figure of Merit Science Working Group
12019:
11858:
11678:
11642:"The High Fraction of Thin Disk Galaxies Continues to Challenge ÎCDM Cosmology"
11641:
11442:
11057:
11022:
10992:
10720:
10013:
9978:
9837:
9510:
9475:
8734:
8673:
8525:
8490:
8233:
8198:
7962:
7862:
Jacques Colin; Roya Mohayaee; Mohamed Rameez; Subir Sarkar (20 November 2019).
7411:
7315:
7089:
7054:
6698:
6686:
6099:
5102:
4710:
4690:
4060:
4053:
4046:
3822:
3806:
3782:
3767:
3583:
987:
607:
567:
12841:"Cosmological parameter estimation using Very Small Array data out to â= 1500"
12234:
12199:
12090:"The Universe at z > 10: predictions for JWST from the UNIVERSEMACHINE DR1"
11640:
Haslbauer, M; Banik, I; Kroupa, P; Wittenburg, N; Javanmardi, B (2022-02-01).
10928:
10336:
8414:
8256:
B. Javanmardi; C. Porciani; P. Kroupa; J. Pflamm-Altenburg (August 27, 2015).
7372:
6925:
4636:
If galaxies grew hierarchically, then massive galaxies required many mergers.
13013:
12294:
12285:
12243:
12124:
12089:
11813:
11796:
11761:
11687:
11582:
11568:
11509:
11176:
11117:
11108:
10901:
Eleonora Di Valentino; Alessandro Melchiorri; Joseph Silk (4 November 2019).
10728:
10675:
10666:
10624:
10615:
10460:
10419:"Hyper Suprime-Cam Year 3 results: Cosmology from cosmic shear power spectra"
10402:
10344:
10286:
10199:
10141:
10022:
9963:
9781:
9722:
9713:
9678:
9578:
9519:
9460:
9451:
9416:
9020:
8958:
8864:
8803:
8742:
8681:
8584:
8557:
8534:
7970:
7641:
7381:
7261:
7203:
7166:
7039:
6933:
6808:
6657:
should be between 0 and 0.3, and the latest results are within those limits.
5362:
4637:
3899:
3797:
3713:
3607:
3569:. Much more precise spacecraft measurements of the microwave background from
1217:
denotes the age of the universe. The scale factor is related to the observed
1075:
868:
592:
577:
477:
12749:
11559:
11524:
11500:
11465:
11396:
11361:
9954:
9919:
9392:
9357:
8627:
8600:
6866:
6831:
3953:
in terms of its redshift, mass, and the collision velocity leads to strong (
3221:{\displaystyle t_{\Lambda }\equiv 2/(3H_{0}{\sqrt {\Omega _{\Lambda }}})\ ;}
2470:
can be conveniently rewritten in terms of the various density parameters as
12967:
12758:
12037:
11082:"The phenomenology of the external field effect in cold dark matter models"
10903:"Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology"
10475:
10083:
9865:
9187:
8641:
7687:
7618:
7440:"The Review of Particle Physics. 2. Astrophysical constants and parameters"
6888:
6598:). Their amplitude is parameterized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio (denoted
5359:
4686:
4454:
4238:
data collected using the Planck observatory) and late-time (e.g. measuring
3639:
3611:
597:
572:
547:
532:
388:
11525:"On the absence of backsplash analogues to NGC 3109 in the ÎCDM framework"
8258:"Probing the Isotropy of Cosmic Acceleration Traced By Type Ia Supernovae"
2796:
In the minimal 6-parameter Lambda-CDM model, it is assumed that curvature
12859:
12807:
12216:
12157:
11321:
11266:
10303:"DES Y3 + KiDS-1000: Consistent cosmology combining cosmic shear surveys"
10278:
9282:
8839:
8717:
8656:
7662:
7646:"Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI"
7354:
7185:
7014:
5949:
5717:
5106:
4698:
4617:
4527:
3980:
are however consistent with cosmological simulations in the framework of
3755:
3599:
3566:
3548:
These difficulties sharpened with the discovery of CMB anisotropy by the
2410:
2076:
983:
884:
767:
345:
338:
10104:
9343:"Line of galaxies is so big it breaks our understanding of the universe"
7679:
4620:
for it to have been flung out in a three-body interaction involving the
12586:
11805:
10132:
9268:
Gott, J. Richard III; et al. (May 2005). "A Map of the Universe".
8703:
Land, Kate; Magueijo, Joao (28 November 2005). "Is the Universe odd?".
4081:
3758:
is implied by observations only if the cosmological principle is true.
3587:
3557:
in 1998, and was quickly supported by other observations: in 2000, the
2786:
2072:
1040:
587:
12665:
12633:
6729:
4224:{\displaystyle S_{8}\equiv \sigma _{8}{\sqrt {\Omega _{\rm {m}}/0.3}}}
4137:
tension in cosmology is another major problem for the ÎCDM model. The
4096:
proposed a cosmological model with early dark energy to replace ÎCDM.
4092:
would resolve the Hubble tension. Another group of researchers led by
12818:
Heart of Darkness: Unraveling the mysteries of the invisible universe
10638:
Boruah, Supranta S; Hudson, Michael J; Lavaux, Guilhem (2020-09-21).
9041:
7930:
7568:
5925:
5097:
It has been argued that the ÎCDM model is built upon a foundation of
4621:
4592:
4580:
4003:
3655:
2378:
1024:
1023:", which was not an explosion but the abrupt appearance of expanding
826:
537:
9209:
Yadav, Jaswant; J. S. Bagla; Nishikanta Khandai (25 February 2010).
7645:
7031:
2416:
Since the densities of various species scale as different powers of
42:
12724:
12684:
12542:
12497:
12455:
12384:
12322:
12275:
12106:
12002:
11945:
11915:
11841:
11778:
11719:
11703:"Survival of pure disk galaxies over the last 8 billion years"
11660:
11541:
11482:
11425:
11338:
11149:
11098:
11039:
10919:
10756:
10656:
10605:
10551:
10525:"Clashing Cosmic Numbers Challenge Our Best Theory of the Universe"
10492:
10435:
10377:
10319:
10253:
10174:
10058:
9995:
9936:
9820:
9754:
9695:
9492:
9433:
9299:
9162:
9109:
9056:
8995:
8933:
8617:
8574:
8507:
8450:
8274:
8215:
8151:
8010:
7945:
7880:
7779:
7723:
7236:
7126:
7071:
6965:
6848:
6781:
6623:
4702:
4613:
4609:
4504:
4458:
4351:
4077:
3999:
3993:
3881:
3739:
3529:
2386:
1020:
864:
855:, scale invariance of empty space, and decaying dark matter (DDM).
751:
270:
172:
165:
12608:
11827:
Rini, Matteo (2017). "Synopsis: Tackling the Small-Scale Crisis".
11601:
11378:
11209:
10975:
10868:
10703:
9606:
9551:
9374:
9327:
9227:
9208:
9094:
8885:
8778:
8488:
8351:"Peculiar Velocity of the Sun and the Cosmic Microwave Background"
7489:
4002:
is an immense, comparatively empty region of space containing the
2976:
Observations show that the radiation density is very small today,
1463:
gives the expansion rate in terms of the matter+radiation density
30:"Standard cosmological model" redirects here. For other uses, see
12801:
Ostriker, J. P.; Steinhardt, P. J. (1995). "Cosmic Concordance".
11882:"NASA's Webb Reaches New Milestone in Quest for Distant Galaxies"
7991:
7765:
Michael Turner (12 Jan 2022). "The Road to Precision Cosmology".
4510:
4412:
4400:
3814:
12141:"The history of star formation in a Î cold dark matter universe"
11193:
10568:"Fresh X-Rays Reveal a Universe as Clumpy as Cosmology Predicts"
10108:"Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters (Corrigendum)"
6765:"An Alternative to the ÎCDM Model: The Case of Scale Invariance"
4798:
over the previously mentioned classes of astrophysical objects:
3805:. The same conclusion has been reached in recent studies of the
3447:{\displaystyle a=(\Omega _{\rm {m}}/2\Omega _{\Lambda })^{1/3},}
9651:
8979:
7644:; Carlstrom, J. E.; Halverson, N. W.; Holzapfel, W. L. (2002).
5634:
5622:
3923:
is a massive interacting galaxy cluster in the early Universe (
3771:
3019:; if this term is neglected the above has an analytic solution
2382:
2320:
876:
822:
780:
763:
11904:"Spectroscopy of four metal-poor galaxies beyond redshift ten"
11639:
9977:
Kenworthy, W. D'Arcy; Scolnic, Dan; Riess, Adam (2019-04-24).
9920:"Gaia Cepheid parallaxes and 'Local Hole' relieve H 0 tension"
9535:"Galaxy Cluster Bulk Flows and Collision Velocities in QUMOND"
12725:"The dark side of the cosmology: dark matter and dark energy"
12138:
12061:"Astronomers Grapple with JWST's Discovery of Early Galaxies"
11522:
11306:
10043:
4070:
3870:
1043:) in the CMB radiation. Cosmic inflation also addresses the "
11759:
10956:
10476:"Inconsistency Turns Up Again for Cosmological Observations"
9211:"Fractal dimension as a measure of the scale of homogeneity"
8435:
155:
11762:"Fast galaxy bars continue to challenge standard cosmology"
9805:
9801:
9799:
9533:
Katz, H; McGaugh, S; Teuben, P; Angus, G. W. (2013-07-20).
8824:
8395:
4089:
3981:
3719:
3570:
12962:
11986:"Stress testing ÎCDM with high-redshift galaxy candidates"
11581:
11466:"A plane of high velocity galaxies across the Local Group"
11250:"The cored distribution of dark matter in spiral galaxies"
10543:
9924:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
8321:"Simple but challenging: the Universe according to Planck"
6634:
additional parameter is different from its default value.
5944:
these six parameters, the other model values, such as the
11130:
10154:
9147:
7639:
6629:
Allowing additional variable parameter(s) will generally
3902:, discovered in June 2021, which has a length of 1000 Mpc
10586:
10233:
9796:
6011:
multiplied by the square of the reduced Hubble constant
11020:
10688:
1775:
is the present-day density, which gives zero curvature
1459:
is the time-derivative of the scale factor. The first
10215:"A New Cosmic Tension: The Universe Might Be Too Thin"
9736:
SahlĂ©n, Martin; ZubeldĂa, Ăñigo; Silk, Joseph (2016).
9532:
9267:
7438:
K.A. Olive; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2015).
5955:
Commonly, the set of observations fitted includes the
4775:
4738:
1339:
The expansion rate is described by the time-dependent
12915:
12911:
WMAP estimated cosmological parameters/Latest Summary
9976:
9917:
8892:
7002:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
6643:
6604:
6561:
6515:
6485:
6446:
6376:
6346:
6317:
6282:
6240:
5523:
5464:
5310:
5049:
5020:
4895:
4807:
4306:
4275:
4248:
4173:
4143:
4116:
4013:
3959:
3929:
3489:
3463:
3383:
3351:
3321:
3286:
3260:
3234:
3157:
3028:
2982:
2861:
2829:
2802:
2762:
2742:
2722:
2698:
2479:
2442:
2422:
2395:
2355:
2329:
2303:
2283:
2121:
2091:
1979:
1824:
1801:
1781:
1743:
1718:
1696:
1546:
1522:
1496:
1470:
1436:
1381:
1349:
1281:
1246:
1226:
1196:
1141:
1121:
1086:
957:, is estimated to be 0.669 ± 0.038 based on the 2018
936:
893:
12527:
12440:
12369:
10357:
9889:"The universe is expanding faster than it should be"
9676:
9320:
7992:
Asta Heinesen; Hayley J. Macpherson (15 July 2021).
7708:
7474:
7111:
6080:
is very close if not equal to this value, see below.
5996:
5994:
3909:
3867:, discovered in 2003, which has a length of 423 Mpc,
3622:(MOND) theory, which requires a modification of the
1329:{\displaystyle a(t_{\text{em}})={\frac {1}{1+z}}\,.}
1074:
The expansion of the universe is parameterized by a
1019:
The model includes a single originating event, the "
12308:Merritt, David (2017). "Cosmology and convention".
9918:Shanks, T; Hogarth, L M; Metcalfe, N (2019-03-21).
8491:"A Test of the Cosmological Principle with Quasars"
8398:"On the expected anisotropy of radio source counts"
8199:"A Test of the Cosmological Principle with Quasars"
7985:
6903:
6728:(2018-08-30). de Forcrand-Millard, Patricia (ed.).
3860:, discovered in 1991, which has a length of 580 Mpc
3778:suggest that isotropy is violated on large scales.
813:
hydrogen (including deuterium), helium, and lithium
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
12800:
12132:
10637:
10415:
9735:
9473:
9414:
8911:
8349:
6649:
6610:
6574:
6538:
6494:
6462:
6409:
6355:
6323:
6288:
6253:
5539:
5497:
5328:
5070:
5032:
5003:
4875:
4790:
4761:
4652:If galaxies were embedded within massive halos of
4319:
4288:
4261:
4242:events) facilitate increasingly precise values of
4223:
4156:
4129:
4025:
3968:
3941:
3501:
3475:
3446:
3366:
3334:
3307:
3272:
3246:
3220:
3140:
3011:
2965:
2844:
2815:
2777:
2748:
2728:
2704:
2681:
2458:
2428:
2401:
2369:
2337:
2311:
2289:
2266:
2104:
2063:
1962:
1807:
1787:
1767:
1724:
1702:
1678:
1528:
1502:
1476:
1451:
1419:
1364:
1328:
1264:
1232:
1209:
1182:
1127:
1107:
949:
918:
12846:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12263:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12204:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12145:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
12139:Volker Springel; Lars Hernquist (February 2003).
12094:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11766:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11529:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11470:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11410:
11366:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11254:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11086:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10644:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10593:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9683:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9591:
9421:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9362:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9215:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8605:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8562:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8402:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
7926:
7924:
7922:
7342:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
7172:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
7052:
6996:Davis, Tamara M.; Lineweaver, Charles H. (2004).
6836:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
5991:
4545:Several discrepancies between the predictions of
4534:
3976:) tension with the ÎCDM model. The properties of
3877:discovered in 2011, which has a length of 780 Mpc
1420:{\displaystyle H(t)\equiv {\frac {\dot {a}}{a}},}
1008:Dissipationless: Cannot cool by radiating photons
13011:
12587:Jarosik, N. et al. (WMAP Collaboration) (2011).
11902:Curtis-Lake, Emma; et al. (December 2022).
11895:
10957:Philip Bull; Marc Kamionkowski (15 April 2013).
9677:Haslbauer, M; Banik, I; Kroupa, P (2020-12-21).
8396:G. F. R. Ellis; J. E. Baldwin (1 January 1984).
7864:"Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration"
7611:
5783:The present root-mean-square matter fluctuation
3825:time delay, Type Ia supernovae, and quasars and
3528:(CMB) in 1964 confirmed a key prediction of the
3012:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{rad}}\sim 10^{-4}}
12521:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12359:
12357:
12058:
11977:
11923:
11873:
7830:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7218:Bertone, Gianfranco; Hooper, Dan (2018-10-15).
6995:
6954:
4685:have resulted in various galaxies confirmed by
4603:
4472:
3817:. This contradicts the cosmological principle.
3682:, first observed in 2000 by several teams. The
3509:for the best-fit parameters estimated from the
2112:for various species as the dimensionless ratio
12815:
12722:
11983:
11247:
11080:Paranjape, Aseem; Sheth, Ravi K (2022-10-04).
11079:
9474:Asencio, E; Banik, I; Kroupa, P (2023-09-10).
9415:Asencio, E; Banik, I; Kroupa, P (2021-02-21).
7919:
7857:
7855:
7819:An Introduction to Modern Cosmology (2nd ed.).
7764:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7336:Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (1992-09-01).
6989:
6957:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
6716:
6714:
6066:is expressed in terms of the critical density
5889:Redshift of reionization (with uniform prior)
5071:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\rm {b}}\simeq 0.0486}
4511:Violations of the strong equivalence principle
883:, which is associated with a vacuum energy or
12816:Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Mitton, Simon (2013).
12197:
12080:
11633:
10855:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
8347:
7767:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
7542:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7335:
7217:
5118:Planck Collaboration Cosmological parameters
3734:The ÎCDM model has been shown to satisfy the
2079:is not constant but actually time-dependent.
715:
12434:
12354:
11700:
11694:
11575:
9672:
9670:
9668:
9467:
9261:
8702:
8104:
7600:
7433:
7431:
6720:
4631:
4449:The ÎCDM model assumes that the data of the
3839:
12596:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
12581:
12579:
12577:
11901:
11753:
10843:
10841:
10821:"The Energy of Empty Space That Isn't Zero"
9852:
8763:
7852:
7477:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
7401:
7399:
6711:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
5970:Parameter values listed below are from the
1069:
12052:
8049:
7521:
7437:
7273:
7271:
7164:
4978:
4647:
3748:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker metric
3730:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker metric
3596:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker metric
2007:
1930:
1919:
1890:
1056:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker metric
722:
708:
154:
12876:
12858:
12806:
12748:
12683:
12607:
12541:
12454:
12431:Planck 2015, p. 32, table 4, last column.
12422:Planck 2015, p. 32, table 4, last column.
12383:
12321:
12284:
12274:
12233:
12215:
12174:
12156:
12123:
12105:
12059:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (6 December 2022).
12027:
12001:
11944:
11914:
11840:
11795:
11777:
11736:
11718:
11677:
11659:
11600:
11558:
11540:
11499:
11481:
11463:
11424:
11395:
11377:
11359:
11353:
11320:
11283:
11265:
11208:
11166:
11148:
11107:
11097:
11056:
11038:
10974:
10918:
10885:
10867:
10755:
10702:
10665:
10655:
10614:
10604:
10550:
10491:
10434:
10376:
10318:
10252:
10173:
10131:
10057:
10012:
9994:
9953:
9935:
9819:
9771:
9753:
9712:
9694:
9665:
9605:
9568:
9550:
9509:
9491:
9450:
9432:
9391:
9373:
9326:
9281:
9244:
9226:
9161:
9108:
9055:
8994:
8932:
8838:
8777:
8716:
8655:
8626:
8616:
8583:
8573:
8524:
8506:
8449:
8413:
8273:
8232:
8214:
8150:
8081:
8009:
7944:
7879:
7778:
7760:
7758:
7722:
7661:
7567:
7488:
7428:
7371:
7353:
7314:
7277:
7235:
7202:
7184:
7125:
7088:
7070:
7013:
6964:
6865:
6847:
6798:
6780:
6682:List of cosmological computation software
6000:The "physical baryon density parameter" Ω
4863:
4769:), weighted with the luminosity function
4720:
4676:
4586:
3761:
3519:
3092:
2082:It is standard to define the present-day
1322:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
12574:
10838:
9355:
9349:
7405:
7396:
7284:"Astrophysical Constants and Parameters"
6028:
5569:Effective number of relativistic degrees
4487:
4071:Violations of the cosmological principle
3720:Violations of the cosmological principle
3541:motivated models with critical density.
12307:
11464:Banik, Indranil; Zhao, H (2018-01-21).
11360:Pawlowski, Marcel; et al. (2014).
10959:"What if Planck's Universe isn't flat?"
10682:
9408:
7268:
6829:
6734:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press.
5186:Physical dark matter density parameter
4568:
3984:due to more rapid structure formation.
1768:{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {crit} }}
14:
13012:
12838:
12198:Persic, M.; Salucci, P. (1992-09-01).
11879:
11404:
11300:
10847:
10749:
10565:
10522:
9886:
9638:
9141:
8598:
8555:
8341:
8313:
7755:
7507:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145243
6762:
5924:The simple ÎCDM model is based on six
3618:models and supporting the alternative
3315:gives the present age of the universe
819:accelerating expansion of the universe
10794:
9895:. National Geographic. Archived from
9202:
8062:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
8055:
4663:
4553:
3714:vacuum energy theoretical predictions
1795:, assuming the cosmological constant
12771:
12200:"The baryon content of the Universe"
11880:Cesari, Thaddeus (9 December 2022).
11826:
10473:
10212:
9887:Gresko, Michael (17 December 2021).
9858:
9526:
8107:"Do We Live in a Lopsided Universe?"
7338:"The baryon content of the Universe"
6692:Weakly interacting massive particles
6575:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{tot}}}
6507:Physical neutrino density parameter
6254:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{tot}}}
5952:density, can be readily calculated.
5498:{\displaystyle dn_{\text{s}}/d\ln k}
4616:is too massive and distant from the
3703:
3537:over the baryons, and the theory of
754:theory with three major components:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
9585:
7556:Journal of High Energy Astrophysics
6555:model allow for spatial curvature (
6539:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\nu }h^{2}}
6007:is the "baryon density parameter" Ω
5092:
4415:). Values have also obtained using
3889:HerculesâCorona Borealis Great Wall
821:observed in the light from distant
794:the existence and structure of the
24:
12794:
10887:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445
10213:Wood, Charlie (8 September 2020).
9644:
7797:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-041046
6740:10.1093/oso/9780198786399.001.0001
6563:
6517:
6242:
6210:
5785:averaged over a sphere of radius 8
5312:
5148:Physical baryon density parameter
5056:
5051:
4925:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4852:
4814:
4745:
4541:Cold dark matter § Challenges
4205:
4200:
3418:
3414:
3399:
3394:
3342:in terms of the other parameters.
3202:
3198:
3163:
3130:
3069:
3065:
3053:
3048:
2984:
2956:
2952:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2895:
2890:
2804:
2723:
2641:
2637:
2611:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2396:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2331:
2305:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2123:
2093:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2021:
2012:
2009:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1802:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1654:
1523:
1256:
1253:
950:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\Lambda }}
942:
938:
450:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
25:
13046:
12894:
11707:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
11248:Gentile, G.; Salucci, P. (2004).
9742:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
8262:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
8203:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
7447:Particle Data Group: Berkeley Lab
6274:Equation of state of dark energy
5939:"), except that most versions of
5416:Equation of state of dark energy
4040:
3910:El Gordo galaxy cluster collision
1265:{\displaystyle t_{\mathrm {em} }}
665:Timeline of cosmological theories
430:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
12997:
12985:
12973:
12961:
12949:
12937:
12925:
12878:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08102.x
12839:Rebolo, R.; et al. (2004).
12765:
12716:
12666:Planck Collaboration; Adam, R.;
12659:
12509:
12487:
12425:
12416:
12301:
12250:
12191:
12176:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06207.x
11984:Boylan-Kolchin, Michael (2023).
11820:
11285:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07836.x
10850:"The primordial lithium problem"
10307:The Open Journal of Astrophysics
9246:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16612.x
7612:Matthew Chalmers (2 July 2021).
7165:Persic, M.; et al. (1996).
6159:
6132:
6105:
6092:
6083:
5292:Curvature fluctuation amplitude,
4521:The ÎCDM model assumes that the
4498:The ÎCDM model assumes that the
1183:{\displaystyle a_{0}=a(t_{0})=1}
1037:lighter elements in the universe
689:
678:
677:
41:
11701:Sachdeva, S.; Saha, K. (2016).
11516:
11457:
11241:
11187:
11124:
11073:
11014:
10950:
10894:
10813:
10795:Starr, Michelle (2 June 2020).
10788:
10764:
10743:
10631:
10580:
10559:
10537:
10523:Kruesi, Liz (19 January 2024).
10516:
10467:
10409:
10351:
10293:
10227:
10206:
10148:
10098:
10037:
9970:
9911:
9880:
9729:
9335:
9314:
9088:
9035:
8973:
8879:
8818:
8757:
8696:
8635:
8592:
8549:
8482:
8429:
8389:
8249:
8190:
8126:
8105:Lee Billings (April 15, 2020).
8098:
8058:"Dark energy and inhomogeneity"
7824:
7811:
7702:
7633:
7468:
7329:
7211:
7158:
6667:Bolshoi Cosmological Simulation
5329:{\displaystyle \Delta _{R}^{2}}
4438:
1064:cosmological equations of state
804:in the distribution of galaxies
445:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
298:Future of an expanding universe
52:needs additional citations for
32:Standard model (disambiguation)
10076:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221301
9180:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.131302
8912:{\displaystyle L_{\text{X}}-T}
8348:Dennis Sciama (12 June 1967).
8083:10.1088/1742-6596/189/1/012011
7838:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7614:"Exploring the Hubble tension"
7105:
7046:
6948:
6906:Astrophysics and Space Science
6897:
6882:
6823:
6756:
6672:Galaxy formation and evolution
6368:Running of the spectral index
5665:Dark matter density parameter
4841:
4835:
4785:
4779:
4640:inevitably create a classical
4535:Cold dark matter discrepancies
3785:shows hemispheric bias in the
3424:
3390:
3296:
3290:
3209:
3179:
3135:
3114:
3075:
3044:
3038:
3032:
2871:
2865:
2772:
2766:
2669:
2657:
2557:
2527:
2489:
2483:
2370:{\displaystyle \mathrm {rad} }
2238:
2219:
2167:
2148:
2058:
2001:
1900:
1894:
1391:
1385:
1359:
1353:
1298:
1285:
1171:
1158:
1102:
1096:
660:History of the Big Bang theory
456:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
13:
1:
12498:LSST Science Book Version 2.0
9859:Mann, Adam (26 August 2019).
9808:Classical and Quantum Gravity
7933:Classical and Quantum Gravity
7640:Kovac, J. M.; Leitch, E. M.;
7410:(4 ed.). San Diego, CA:
6975:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/07/026
6705:
6582:may be different from 1); or
6463:{\displaystyle \sum m_{\nu }}
6438:Sum of three neutrino masses
6410:{\displaystyle dn_{s}/d\ln k}
5540:{\displaystyle \sum m_{\nu }}
5515:Sum of three neutrino masses
5112:
4435:(2020), among other methods.
4099:
3949:). The extreme properties of
3694:
3630:as seen in proposals such as
3374:crossing zero) occurred when
1240:of the light emitted at time
973:based on the 2018 release of
919:{\displaystyle p=-\rho c^{2}}
652:Discovery of cosmic microwave
303:Ultimate fate of the universe
12901:Cosmology tutorial/NedWright
12672:Astronomy & Astrophysics
12530:Astronomy & Astrophysics
12443:Astronomy & Astrophysics
12372:Astronomy & Astrophysics
11137:Astronomy & Astrophysics
10566:Kruesi, Liz (4 March 2024).
10162:Astronomy & Astrophysics
10124:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910e
10112:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8983:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8921:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8827:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8796:10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L265
8438:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8326:ESA Science & Technology
8139:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7711:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7278:Tanabashi, M.; et al. (
7254:10.1103/RevModPhys.90.045002
7114:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6731:Relativity in Modern Physics
6509:
6440:
6370:
6311:
6276:
6234:
5891:
5862:
5823:
5792:
5753:
5722:
5690:
5667:
5644:
5607:
5573:
5517:
5458:
5438:
5418:
5401:
5366:
5304:
5263:
5222:
5188:
5150:
5033:{\displaystyle h\simeq 0.72}
4604:High-velocity galaxy problem
4523:strong equivalence principle
4517:Strong equivalence principle
4479:Cosmological lithium problem
4473:Cosmological lithium problem
3669:
3636:tensorâvectorâscalar gravity
3533:so-called critical density.
3228:this is fairly accurate for
2791:baryon acoustic oscillations
2338:{\displaystyle \mathrm {c} }
2312:{\displaystyle \mathrm {b} }
7:
12702:10.1051/0004-6361/201628897
12560:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910
12473:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910
12402:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830
12340:10.1016/j.shpsb.2016.12.002
11963:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.043526
11227:10.1051/0004-6361/201014892
11168:10.1051/0004-6361/202142060
10510:10.1103/PhysRevD.108.123519
10453:10.1103/PhysRevD.108.123519
10395:10.1103/PhysRevD.108.123518
10271:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.023520
10192:10.1051/0004-6361/202039063
9356:Nadathur, Seshadri (2013).
9127:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.103510
9074:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.063514
9013:10.1051/0004-6361/202140296
8951:10.1051/0004-6361/201936602
8468:10.1051/0004-6361/202039840
8376:10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.1065
8169:10.1051/0004-6361/201936602
8028:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.023525
7898:10.1051/0004-6361/201936373
7741:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830
7586:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002
7144:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910
6800:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/194
6660:
5961:baryon acoustic oscillation
5957:cosmic microwave background
4451:cosmic microwave background
3987:
3969:{\displaystyle 6.16\sigma }
3803:cosmic microwave background
3787:cosmic microwave background
3742:) and from every location (
3676:baryon acoustic oscillation
3662:and its extensions such as
3620:modified Newtonian dynamics
3526:cosmic microwave background
3367:{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}}
3280:million years. Solving for
2816:{\displaystyle \Omega _{k}}
2105:{\displaystyle \Omega _{x}}
1033:cosmic microwave background
926:, which contributes to the
858:
845:modified Newtonian dynamics
796:cosmic microwave background
420:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
27:Model of Big Bang cosmology
18:Standard cosmological model
10:
13051:
12822:Princeton University Press
12626:10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/14
12020:10.1038/s41550-023-01937-7
11859:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.121302
11738:10.3847/2041-8205/820/1/L4
11619:10.1088/0004-637X/723/1/54
11443:10.1038/s41550-022-01856-z
11197:Astronomy and Astrophysics
10993:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.081301
10721:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.043511
10474:Yoon, Mijin (2023-12-11).
9773:10.3847/2041-8205/820/1/L7
9624:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/62
9570:10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/10
8857:10.1051/0004-6361:20053337
8735:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.101302
8674:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.063516
8292:10.1088/0004-637X/810/1/47
7868:Astronomy and Astrophysics
7316:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001
7053:DES Collaboration (2018).
6216:Extended model parameters
5965:weak gravitational lensing
5595:
5456:Running of spectral index
5099:conventionalist stratagems
4762:{\textstyle M_{\rm {b}}/L}
4724:
4689:at high redshift, such as
4683:James Webb Space Telescope
4591:Dwarf galaxies around the
4572:
4557:
4538:
4514:
4491:
4476:
4442:
4240:weak gravitational lensing
4044:
3991:
3913:
3723:
3550:Cosmic Background Explorer
3502:{\displaystyle z\sim 0.66}
1711:is the speed of light and
1452:{\displaystyle {\dot {a}}}
183:Chronology of the universe
29:
12778:"Cosmological Parameters"
12772:Zyla, P.A.; et al. (
11647:The Astrophysical Journal
11588:The Astrophysical Journal
11027:The Astrophysical Journal
10929:10.1038/s41550-019-0906-9
10337:10.21105/astro.2305.17173
9983:The Astrophysical Journal
9594:The Astrophysical Journal
9539:The Astrophysical Journal
9480:The Astrophysical Journal
9270:The Astrophysical Journal
8766:The Astrophysical Journal
8599:Singal, Ashok K. (2022).
8556:Singal, Ashok K. (2022).
8495:The Astrophysical Journal
7224:Reviews of Modern Physics
7059:The Astrophysical Journal
6926:10.1007/s10509-018-3365-3
6769:The Astrophysical Journal
5688:Matter density parameter
5642:Baryon density parameter
5391:
5138:
5083:SunyaevâZel'dovich effect
4632:Galaxy morphology problem
3916:El Gordo (galaxy cluster)
3840:Violations of homogeneity
3476:{\displaystyle a\sim 0.6}
3247:{\displaystyle a>0.01}
786:It is referred to as the
276:Expansion of the universe
11679:10.3847/1538-4357/ac46ac
11058:10.3847/1538-4357/abbb96
10014:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0ebf
9838:10.1088/1361-6382/ac086d
9511:10.3847/1538-4357/ace62a
8526:10.3847/2041-8213/abdd40
8234:10.3847/2041-8213/abdd40
8056:Ellis, G. F. R. (2009).
7963:10.1088/1361-6382/ac1a81
7406:Dodelson, Scott (2008).
7220:"History of dark matter"
7090:10.3847/2041-8213/ab04fa
6830:Brouwer, Margot (2017).
6495:{\displaystyle 2\sigma }
6356:{\displaystyle 2\sigma }
6232:Total density parameter
5399:Total density parameter
5105:in the sense defined by
4445:Axis of evil (cosmology)
4080:, as measuring galactic
4033:or Einstein's theory of
3624:Einstein field equations
2852:, so this simplifies to
2402:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
1808:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
1529:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
1070:Cosmic expansion history
440:Planck space observatory
226:Gravitational wave (GWB)
12750:10.1126/science.aaa0980
12723:Spergel, D. N. (2015).
12694:2016A&A...596A.108P
12552:2020A&A...641A...6P
12465:2020A&A...641A...6P
12394:2016A&A...594A..13P
12235:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P
11219:2010A&A...523A..32K
11159:2022A&A...658A..26F
10184:2021A&A...646A.140H
10046:Physical Review Letters
9150:Physical Review Letters
9005:2021A&A...649A.151M
8943:2020A&A...636A..15M
8849:2005A&A...441..915H
8460:2021A&A...653A...9S
8415:10.1093/mnras/206.2.377
8356:Physical Review Letters
8161:2020A&A...636A..15M
7890:2019A&A...631L..13C
7733:2016A&A...594A..13P
7499:2008ARA&A..46..385F
7373:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P
7136:2020A&A...641A...6P
6918:2018Ap&SS.363..139D
6893:A&A 523, 32 (2010).
6309:Tensor-to-scalar ratio
5821:Redshift at decoupling
4670:too many dwarf galaxies
4648:Fast galaxy bar problem
4507:of positive curvature.
3632:modified gravity theory
3273:{\displaystyle t>10}
2729:{\displaystyle \Omega }
832:The model assumes that
740:Lambda cold dark matter
293:Inhomogeneous cosmology
12785:Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys
12286:10.1093/mnras/staa3782
12125:10.1093/mnras/staa3164
11797:10.1093/mnras/stab2553
11109:10.1093/mnras/stac2689
10848:Fields, B. D. (2011).
10667:10.1093/mnras/staa2485
10616:10.1093/mnras/staa2032
10545:Galactic Hemisphere".
9893:nationalgeographic.com
9714:10.1093/mnras/staa2348
9452:10.1093/mnras/staa3441
8913:
8585:10.1093/mnras/stac1986
7204:10.1093/mnras/278.1.27
6763:Maeder, Andre (2017).
6651:
6612:
6576:
6540:
6496:
6464:
6411:
6357:
6325:
6290:
6255:
6156:/ (100 kmâ
sâ
Mpc).
6129:/ (100 kmâ
sâ
Mpc).
5541:
5499:
5330:
5261:Scalar spectral index
5072:
5034:
5005:
4877:
4792:
4763:
4727:Missing baryon problem
4721:Missing baryon problem
4681:Observations from the
4677:High redshift galaxies
4587:Satellite disk problem
4467:cosmological principle
4321:
4290:
4263:
4225:
4158:
4131:
4027:
4026:{\displaystyle z=1100}
3970:
3943:
3942:{\displaystyle z=0.87}
3762:Violations of isotropy
3754:in the ÎCDM model, as
3736:cosmological principle
3726:Cosmological principle
3644:scalarâtensor theories
3555:accelerating expansion
3520:Historical development
3503:
3477:
3448:
3368:
3336:
3309:
3308:{\displaystyle a(t)=1}
3274:
3248:
3222:
3142:
3013:
2967:
2846:
2817:
2779:
2750:
2730:
2706:
2683:
2460:
2459:{\displaystyle a^{-3}}
2430:
2403:
2371:
2339:
2313:
2291:
2268:
2106:
2065:
1964:
1809:
1789:
1769:
1737:. A critical density
1735:gravitational constant
1726:
1704:
1680:
1530:
1504:
1478:
1453:
1421:
1366:
1330:
1266:
1234:
1211:
1184:
1129:
1109:
1108:{\displaystyle a=a(t)}
951:
920:
13030:Concepts in astronomy
12906:Millennium Simulation
11560:10.1093/mnras/stab751
11501:10.1093/mnras/stx2596
11397:10.1093/mnras/stu1005
11309:Astrophysical Journal
9955:10.1093/mnrasl/sly239
9393:10.1093/mnras/stt1028
8914:
8628:10.1093/mnras/stac144
6867:10.1093/mnras/stw3192
6652:
6613:
6588:cosmological constant
6577:
6541:
6497:
6465:
6412:
6358:
6326:
6291:
6256:
6177:/ (100 kmâ
sâ
Mpc)
6023:/ (100 kmâ
sâ
Mpc)
5542:
5500:
5331:
5073:
5035:
5006:
4878:
4793:
4791:{\textstyle \phi (L)}
4764:
4695:cosmological redshift
4500:shape of the universe
4494:Shape of the universe
4488:Shape of the universe
4322:
4320:{\displaystyle S_{8}}
4291:
4289:{\displaystyle S_{8}}
4264:
4262:{\displaystyle S_{8}}
4226:
4159:
4157:{\displaystyle S_{8}}
4132:
4130:{\displaystyle S_{8}}
4028:
3971:
3944:
3791:European Space Agency
3752:cosmological constant
3680:gravitational lensing
3602:. On the other hand,
3524:The discovery of the
3504:
3478:
3449:
3369:
3337:
3335:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
3310:
3275:
3249:
3223:
3143:
3014:
2968:
2847:
2818:
2780:
2751:
2736:parameters add up to
2731:
2707:
2684:
2466:for matter etc., the
2461:
2431:
2404:
2372:
2340:
2314:
2292:
2269:
2107:
2066:
1965:
1810:
1790:
1770:
1727:
1705:
1681:
1531:
1514:cosmological constant
1505:
1479:
1477:{\displaystyle \rho }
1454:
1422:
1367:
1331:
1267:
1235:
1212:
1210:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
1185:
1130:
1110:
992:gravitational lensing
952:
921:
881:cosmological constant
838:concordance cosmology
802:large-scale structure
766:(Î), associated with
760:cosmological constant
384:Large-scale structure
362:Shape of the universe
12585:Table 8 on p. 39 of
9899:on December 17, 2021
8890:
7821:London: Wiley, 2003.
6701:of particle physics.
6641:
6602:
6559:
6513:
6483:
6444:
6374:
6344:
6315:
6280:
6238:
5937:Theory of Everything
5521:
5462:
5436:Tensor/scalar ratio
5308:
5047:
5018:
4893:
4805:
4773:
4736:
4715:Population III stars
4673:error in the model.
4575:Dwarf galaxy problem
4569:Dwarf galaxy problem
4463:Copernican principle
4304:
4273:
4246:
4171:
4141:
4114:
4011:
3957:
3927:
3858:ClowesâCampusano LQG
3487:
3461:
3381:
3349:
3319:
3284:
3258:
3232:
3155:
3026:
2980:
2859:
2845:{\displaystyle w=-1}
2827:
2800:
2778:{\displaystyle a(t)}
2760:
2740:
2720:
2696:
2477:
2440:
2420:
2393:
2353:
2327:
2301:
2281:
2277:where the subscript
2119:
2089:
1977:
1822:
1799:
1779:
1741:
1716:
1694:
1544:
1520:
1494:
1468:
1434:
1379:
1365:{\displaystyle H(t)}
1347:
1279:
1244:
1224:
1194:
1139:
1119:
1084:
934:
928:stressâenergy tensor
891:
696:Astronomy portal
654:background radiation
631:List of cosmologists
61:improve this article
12869:2004MNRAS.353..747R
12774:Particle Data Group
12741:2015Sci...347.1100S
12735:(6226): 1100â1102.
12618:2011ApJS..192...14J
12332:2017SHPMP..57...41M
12226:1992MNRAS.258P..14P
12167:2003MNRAS.339..312S
12116:2020MNRAS.499.5702B
12066:Scientific American
12012:2023NatAs...7..731B
11955:2022PhRvD.106d3526S
11851:2017PhRvD..95l1302N
11788:2021MNRAS.508..926R
11729:2016ApJ...820L...4S
11670:2022ApJ...925..183H
11611:2010ApJ...723...54K
11551:2021MNRAS.503.6170B
11492:2018MNRAS.473.4033B
11435:2023NatAs...7..481S
11388:2014MNRAS.442.2362P
11331:1999ApJ...522...82K
11276:2004MNRAS.351..903G
11049:2020ApJ...904...51C
10985:2013PhRvD..87h1301B
10878:2011ARNPS..61...47F
10713:2013PhRvD..87d3511M
10502:2023PhRvD.108l3519D
10445:2023PhRvD.108l3519D
10387:2023PhRvD.108l3518L
10329:2023OJAp....6E..36D
10263:2022PhRvD.105b3520A
10068:2019PhRvL.122v1301P
10005:2019ApJ...875..145K
9946:2019MNRAS.484L..64S
9830:2021CQGra..38o3001D
9764:2016ApJ...820L...7S
9705:2020MNRAS.499.2845H
9616:2013ApJ...775...62K
9561:2013ApJ...772...10K
9502:2023ApJ...954..162A
9443:2021MNRAS.500.5249A
9384:2013MNRAS.434..398N
9292:2005ApJ...624..463G
9237:2010MNRAS.405.2009Y
9172:2016PhRvL.117m1302S
9119:2022PhRvD.105j3510L
9066:2022PhRvD.105f3514K
8919:scaling relation".
8788:2010ApJ...714L.265K
8727:2005PhRvD..72j1302L
8666:2004PhRvD..69f3516D
8517:2021ApJ...908L..51S
8368:1967PhRvL..18.1065S
8284:2015ApJ...810...47J
8225:2021ApJ...908L..51S
8112:Scientific American
8074:2009JPhCS.189a2011E
8020:2021PhRvD.104b3525M
7955:2021CQGra..38r4001K
7789:2022ARNPS..72....1T
7680:10.1038/nature01269
7672:2002Natur.420..772K
7578:2022JHEAp..34...49A
7364:1992MNRAS.258P..14P
7307:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
7299:Particle Data Group
7280:Particle Data Group
7246:2018RvMP...90d5002B
7195:1996MNRAS.281...27P
7081:2019ApJ...872L..30A
7024:2004PASA...21...97D
6858:2017MNRAS.466.2547B
6791:2017ApJ...834..194M
6726:Uzan, Jean-Philippe
6596:gravitational waves
6217:
6102:of particle physics
5984:Planck (spacecraft)
5325:
5219:Age of the universe
5119:
4417:peculiar velocities
4066:National Geographic
3628:Friedmann equations
3457:which evaluates to
2260:
1869:
1060:Friedmann equations
1054:The model uses the
998:, hypothesized as:
396:Structure formation
288:Friedmann equations
178:Age of the universe
142:Part of a series on
12503:2013-02-26 at the
8909:
8329:. October 5, 2016
8145:(April 2020): 42.
7456:on 3 December 2015
6722:Deruelle, Nathalie
6647:
6608:
6572:
6536:
6492:
6460:
6407:
6353:
6321:
6286:
6251:
6215:
5860:Age at decoupling
5720:density parameter
5537:
5495:
5326:
5311:
5117:
5087:dark matter haloes
5068:
5030:
5001:
4873:
4788:
4759:
4664:Small scale crisis
4658:dynamical friction
4560:Cuspy halo problem
4554:Cuspy halo problem
4457:, the rotation of
4317:
4286:
4259:
4234:Early- (e.g. from
4221:
4154:
4127:
4035:general relativity
4023:
3966:
3939:
3875:large quasar group
3846:N-body simulations
3811:Type Ia supernovae
3776:type Ia supernovae
3499:
3473:
3444:
3364:
3332:
3305:
3270:
3244:
3218:
3138:
3009:
2963:
2842:
2813:
2775:
2746:
2726:
2702:
2679:
2468:Friedmann equation
2456:
2426:
2399:
2385:plus relativistic
2367:
2335:
2309:
2287:
2264:
2246:
2102:
2061:
1960:
1855:
1805:
1785:
1765:
1722:
1700:
1676:
1526:
1500:
1474:
1461:Friedmann equation
1449:
1417:
1362:
1326:
1262:
1230:
1207:
1180:
1125:
1105:
963:Type Ia supernovae
959:Dark Energy Survey
947:
916:
834:general relativity
748:mathematical model
435:Dark Energy Survey
379:Large quasar group
148:Physical cosmology
76:"Lambda-CDM model"
13035:Scientific models
12831:978-0-691-13430-7
12820:. Princeton, NJ:
11933:Physical Review D
11829:Physical Review D
10963:Physical Review D
10691:Physical Review D
10423:Physical Review D
10365:Physical Review D
10241:Physical Review D
9097:Physical Review D
9044:Physical Review D
8900:
8705:Physical Review D
8644:Physical Review D
8362:(24): 1065â1067.
7998:Physical Review D
7845:978-0-471-92567-5
7656:(6917): 772â787.
7421:978-0-12-219141-1
7291:Physical Review D
6749:978-0-19-878639-9
6677:Illustris project
6650:{\displaystyle r}
6611:{\displaystyle r}
6592:equation of state
6569:
6552:
6551:
6433:= 0.002 Mpc
6324:{\displaystyle r}
6289:{\displaystyle w}
6248:
6138:Calculated from Ω
6111:Calculated from Ω
5922:
5921:
5475:
4931:
4861:
4377:(2023 DES+KIDS),
4219:
4094:Marc Kamionkowski
3796:Already in 1967,
3704:Lack of detection
3652:brane cosmologies
3573:in 2003â2010 and
3361:
3214:
3207:
2990:
2961:
2749:{\displaystyle 1}
2714:equation of state
2705:{\displaystyle w}
2674:
2510:
2505:
2429:{\displaystyle a}
2290:{\displaystyle x}
2262:
2192:
2084:density parameter
1882:
1788:{\displaystyle k}
1725:{\displaystyle G}
1703:{\displaystyle c}
1671:
1646:
1611:
1580:
1575:
1503:{\displaystyle k}
1446:
1412:
1407:
1320:
1295:
1233:{\displaystyle z}
1128:{\displaystyle t}
879:) represents the
732:
731:
403:
402:
245:
244:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
13042:
13002:
13001:
13000:
12990:
12989:
12988:
12978:
12977:
12976:
12966:
12965:
12954:
12953:
12952:
12942:
12941:
12930:
12929:
12921:
12890:
12880:
12862:
12860:astro-ph/0402466
12835:
12812:
12810:
12808:astro-ph/9505066
12789:
12788:
12782:
12769:
12763:
12762:
12752:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12687:
12663:
12657:
12651:
12649:
12648:
12611:
12593:
12583:
12572:
12571:
12545:
12525:
12519:
12513:
12507:
12491:
12485:
12484:
12458:
12438:
12432:
12429:
12423:
12420:
12414:
12413:
12387:
12367:
12352:
12351:
12325:
12305:
12299:
12298:
12288:
12278:
12269:(2): 1798â1814.
12254:
12248:
12247:
12237:
12219:
12217:astro-ph/0502178
12195:
12189:
12188:
12178:
12160:
12158:astro-ph/0206395
12136:
12130:
12129:
12127:
12109:
12100:(4): 5702â5718.
12084:
12078:
12077:
12075:
12073:
12056:
12050:
12049:
12031:
12005:
11990:Nature Astronomy
11981:
11975:
11974:
11948:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11908:
11899:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11888:
11877:
11871:
11870:
11844:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11799:
11781:
11757:
11751:
11750:
11740:
11722:
11698:
11692:
11691:
11681:
11663:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11604:
11579:
11573:
11572:
11562:
11544:
11535:(4): 6170â6186.
11520:
11514:
11513:
11503:
11485:
11476:(3): 4033â4054.
11461:
11455:
11454:
11428:
11413:Nature Astronomy
11408:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11381:
11372:(3): 2362â2380.
11357:
11351:
11350:
11324:
11322:astro-ph/9901240
11304:
11298:
11297:
11287:
11269:
11267:astro-ph/0403154
11245:
11239:
11238:
11212:
11191:
11185:
11184:
11170:
11152:
11128:
11122:
11121:
11111:
11101:
11077:
11071:
11070:
11060:
11042:
11018:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11007:
10978:
10954:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10943:
10922:
10907:Nature Astronomy
10898:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10871:
10845:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10832:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10807:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10782:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10759:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10706:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10669:
10659:
10650:(2): 2703â2718.
10635:
10629:
10628:
10618:
10608:
10599:(1): 1275â1293.
10584:
10578:
10577:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10495:
10471:
10465:
10464:
10438:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10380:
10355:
10349:
10348:
10322:
10297:
10291:
10290:
10256:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10177:
10152:
10146:
10145:
10135:
10102:
10096:
10095:
10061:
10041:
10035:
10034:
10016:
9998:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9957:
9939:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9856:
9850:
9849:
9823:
9803:
9794:
9793:
9775:
9757:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9716:
9698:
9689:(2): 2845â2883.
9674:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9659:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9609:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9572:
9554:
9530:
9524:
9523:
9513:
9495:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9454:
9436:
9427:(2): 5249â5267.
9412:
9406:
9405:
9395:
9377:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9318:
9312:
9311:
9285:
9283:astro-ph/0310571
9265:
9259:
9258:
9248:
9230:
9221:(3): 2009â2015.
9206:
9200:
9199:
9165:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9112:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9059:
9039:
9033:
9032:
8998:
8977:
8971:
8970:
8936:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8902:
8901:
8898:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8842:
8840:astro-ph/0507274
8822:
8816:
8815:
8781:
8772:(2): L265âL267.
8761:
8755:
8754:
8720:
8718:astro-ph/0507289
8700:
8694:
8693:
8659:
8657:astro-ph/0307282
8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8620:
8611:(2): 1819â1829.
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8577:
8568:(4): 5969â5980.
8553:
8547:
8546:
8528:
8510:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8453:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8417:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8353:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8277:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8236:
8218:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8154:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8085:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8013:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7948:
7928:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7883:
7859:
7850:
7849:
7828:
7822:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7782:
7762:
7753:
7752:
7726:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7665:
7663:astro-ph/0209478
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7609:
7598:
7597:
7571:
7550:
7519:
7518:
7492:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7449:. Archived from
7444:
7435:
7426:
7425:
7408:Modern cosmology
7403:
7394:
7393:
7375:
7357:
7355:astro-ph/0502178
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7288:
7275:
7266:
7265:
7239:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7188:
7186:astro-ph/9506004
7162:
7156:
7155:
7129:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7092:
7074:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7017:
7015:astro-ph/0310808
6993:
6987:
6986:
6968:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6901:
6895:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6869:
6851:
6842:(3): 2547â2559.
6827:
6821:
6820:
6802:
6784:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6718:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6525:
6524:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6425:
6423:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6304:
6302:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6269:
6267:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6218:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6178:
6165:Calculated from
6163:
6157:
6136:
6130:
6109:
6103:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6081:
6065:
6041:
6026:
6024:
5998:
5941:cosmic inflation
5918:
5916:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5805:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5750:Critical density
5744:
5742:
5735:
5733:
5712:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5680:
5678:
5657:
5655:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5591:
5589:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5387:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5302:
5287:
5285:
5278:
5276:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5213:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5181:
5179:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5120:
5116:
5093:Unfalsifiability
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4991:
4990:
4977:
4976:
4955:
4954:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4886:The result was:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4701:at cosmological
4654:cold dark matter
4626:Andromeda Galaxy
4608:Galaxies in the
4547:cold dark matter
4434:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4410:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4361:
4359:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4300:Some values for
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3865:Sloan Great Wall
3831:standard candles
3827:gamma-ray bursts
3664:bimetric gravity
3634:(MOG theory) or
3616:galaxy formation
3539:cosmic inflation
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3178:
3167:
3166:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2572:
2571:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2347:cold dark matter
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2218:
2217:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1689:where, as usual
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1341:Hubble parameter
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1049:particle horizon
1029:cosmic inflation
996:cold dark matter
972:
970:
956:
954:
953:
948:
946:
945:
925:
923:
922:
917:
915:
914:
853:bimetric gravity
849:entropic gravity
776:, denoted by CDM
774:cold dark matter
724:
717:
710:
694:
693:
692:
681:
680:
374:Galaxy formation
334:Lambda-CDM model
323:
322:
315:Components
197:
196:
158:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
13050:
13049:
13045:
13044:
13043:
13041:
13040:
13039:
13010:
13009:
13008:
12998:
12996:
12986:
12984:
12974:
12972:
12960:
12950:
12948:
12936:
12924:
12916:
12897:
12832:
12797:
12795:Further reading
12792:
12780:
12770:
12766:
12721:
12717:
12664:
12660:
12646:
12644:
12591:
12584:
12575:
12526:
12522:
12514:
12510:
12505:Wayback Machine
12492:
12488:
12439:
12435:
12430:
12426:
12421:
12417:
12368:
12355:
12306:
12302:
12255:
12251:
12196:
12192:
12137:
12133:
12085:
12081:
12071:
12069:
12057:
12053:
11982:
11978:
11928:
11924:
11906:
11900:
11896:
11886:
11884:
11878:
11874:
11825:
11821:
11758:
11754:
11699:
11695:
11638:
11634:
11580:
11576:
11521:
11517:
11462:
11458:
11409:
11405:
11358:
11354:
11305:
11301:
11246:
11242:
11192:
11188:
11129:
11125:
11078:
11074:
11019:
11015:
11005:
11003:
10955:
10951:
10941:
10939:
10899:
10895:
10846:
10839:
10830:
10828:
10819:
10818:
10814:
10805:
10803:
10793:
10789:
10780:
10778:
10776:www.k-state.edu
10770:
10769:
10765:
10748:
10744:
10687:
10683:
10636:
10632:
10585:
10581:
10573:Quanta Magazine
10564:
10560:
10542:
10538:
10530:Quanta Magazine
10521:
10517:
10472:
10468:
10414:
10410:
10356:
10352:
10298:
10294:
10232:
10228:
10220:Quanta Magazine
10211:
10207:
10153:
10149:
10103:
10099:
10042:
10038:
9975:
9971:
9916:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9885:
9881:
9871:
9869:
9857:
9853:
9804:
9797:
9734:
9730:
9675:
9666:
9657:
9655:
9645:Siegel, Ethan.
9643:
9639:
9590:
9586:
9531:
9527:
9472:
9468:
9413:
9409:
9354:
9350:
9341:
9340:
9336:
9319:
9315:
9266:
9262:
9207:
9203:
9146:
9142:
9093:
9089:
9040:
9036:
8978:
8974:
8897:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8880:
8823:
8819:
8762:
8758:
8701:
8697:
8640:
8636:
8597:
8593:
8554:
8550:
8487:
8483:
8434:
8430:
8420:
8418:
8394:
8390:
8380:
8378:
8346:
8342:
8332:
8330:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8304:
8302:
8254:
8250:
8195:
8191:
8181:
8179:
8131:
8127:
8117:
8115:
8103:
8099:
8054:
8050:
8040:
8038:
7990:
7986:
7929:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7832:Steven Weinberg
7829:
7825:
7817:Andrew Liddle.
7816:
7812:
7763:
7756:
7707:
7703:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7610:
7601:
7551:
7522:
7473:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7442:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7404:
7397:
7334:
7330:
7321:
7319:
7286:
7276:
7269:
7216:
7212:
7163:
7159:
7110:
7106:
7051:
7047:
7032:10.1071/AS03040
6994:
6990:
6953:
6949:
6902:
6898:
6887:
6883:
6828:
6824:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6719:
6712:
6708:
6663:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6622:in the form of
6620:hot dark matter
6603:
6600:
6599:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6432:
6429:
6421:
6419:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6300:
6298:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6265:
6263:
6245:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6213:
6211:Extended models
6208:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6029:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5981:
5946:Hubble constant
5914:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5812:
5810:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5740:
5738:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5708:
5706:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5630:
5628:
5621:0.46 kmâ
sâ
5618:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5604:Hubble constant
5599:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5579:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5450:
5441:
5431:=ââ1.03â
屉
0.03
5430:
5421:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5209:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5115:
5101:, rendering it
5095:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5019:
5016:
5015:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4965:
4947:
4943:
4928:
4924:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4679:
4666:
4650:
4634:
4606:
4589:
4577:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4543:
4537:
4519:
4513:
4496:
4490:
4481:
4475:
4447:
4441:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4406:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4049:
4043:
4012:
4009:
4008:
3996:
3990:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3842:
3768:galaxy clusters
3764:
3732:
3724:Main articles:
3722:
3710:extremely small
3706:
3697:
3672:
3660:massive gravity
3522:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3174:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2935:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2232:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2157:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1906:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1399:
1397:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1165:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1045:horizon problem
988:rotation curves
968:
966:
941:
937:
935:
932:
931:
910:
906:
892:
889:
888:
861:
772:the postulated
728:
690:
688:
670:
669:
656:
653:
646:
644:Subject history
636:
635:
627:
472:
464:
463:
460:
457:
415:
405:
404:
367:Galaxy filament
320:
308:
307:
259:
254:Expansion
247:
246:
231:Microwave (CMB)
210:Nucleosynthesis
194:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13048:
13038:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13007:
13006:
12994:
12982:
12970:
12958:
12946:
12934:
12914:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12896:
12895:External links
12893:
12892:
12891:
12853:(3): 747â759.
12836:
12830:
12813:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12790:
12764:
12715:
12658:
12654:WMAP Documents
12573:
12520:
12508:
12486:
12433:
12424:
12415:
12353:
12300:
12249:
12210:(1): 14Pâ18P.
12190:
12151:(2): 312â334.
12131:
12079:
12051:
11996:(6): 731â735.
11976:
11922:
11894:
11872:
11835:(12): 121302.
11819:
11772:(1): 926â939.
11752:
11693:
11632:
11574:
11515:
11456:
11419:(4): 481â491.
11403:
11352:
11339:10.1086/307643
11299:
11260:(3): 903â922.
11240:
11186:
11123:
11092:(1): 130â139.
11072:
11013:
10949:
10913:(2): 196â203.
10893:
10837:
10812:
10787:
10763:
10742:
10681:
10630:
10579:
10558:
10536:
10515:
10466:
10429:(12): 123519.
10408:
10371:(12): 123518.
10350:
10292:
10226:
10205:
10147:
10097:
10052:(22): 221301.
10036:
9969:
9930:(1): L64âL68.
9910:
9879:
9851:
9814:(15): 153001.
9795:
9728:
9664:
9637:
9584:
9525:
9466:
9407:
9368:(1): 398â406.
9348:
9334:
9313:
9300:10.1086/428890
9276:(2): 463â484.
9260:
9201:
9156:(13): 131302.
9140:
9103:(10): 103510.
9087:
9034:
8972:
8908:
8905:
8896:
8878:
8833:(3): 915â930.
8817:
8756:
8711:(10): 101302.
8695:
8634:
8591:
8548:
8481:
8428:
8408:(2): 377â381.
8388:
8340:
8312:
8248:
8189:
8125:
8097:
8048:
7984:
7939:(18): 184001.
7918:
7851:
7844:
7823:
7810:
7754:
7701:
7632:
7599:
7520:
7483:(1): 385â432.
7467:
7427:
7420:
7412:Academic Press
7395:
7348:(1): 14Pâ18P.
7328:
7267:
7210:
7157:
7104:
7045:
6988:
6947:
6896:
6881:
6822:
6755:
6748:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6699:Standard Model
6695:
6689:
6687:Millennium Run
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6662:
6659:
6646:
6607:
6586:rather than a
6565:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6519:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6491:
6488:
6475:
6470:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6417:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6349:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6320:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6296:
6285:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6244:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6184:
6181:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6158:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6104:
6100:Standard Model
6091:
6082:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6027:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5989:
5988:
5979:
5920:
5919:
5910:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5843:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5714:
5713:
5704:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5633:0.5 kmâ
sâ
5626:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5601:
5593:
5592:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5336:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5303:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5243:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5173:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5114:
5111:
5094:
5091:
5067:
5064:
5058:
5053:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5012:
5011:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4899:
4884:
4883:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4816:
4811:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4725:Main article:
4722:
4719:
4711:Standard Model
4691:JADES-GS-z13-0
4678:
4675:
4665:
4662:
4649:
4646:
4633:
4630:
4605:
4602:
4588:
4585:
4573:Main article:
4570:
4567:
4558:Main article:
4555:
4552:
4539:Main article:
4536:
4533:
4515:Main article:
4512:
4509:
4492:Main article:
4489:
4486:
4477:Main article:
4474:
4471:
4469:are violated.
4443:Main article:
4440:
4437:
4314:
4310:
4283:
4279:
4256:
4252:
4232:
4231:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4151:
4147:
4124:
4120:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4061:Hubble tension
4054:Hubble tension
4047:Hubble tension
4045:Main article:
4042:
4041:Hubble tension
4039:
4022:
4019:
4016:
3992:Main article:
3989:
3986:
3965:
3962:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3914:Main article:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3885:
3878:
3868:
3861:
3841:
3838:
3823:strong lensing
3807:Hubble diagram
3783:Planck Mission
3781:Data from the
3766:Evidence from
3763:
3760:
3721:
3718:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3671:
3668:
3584:Hubble tension
3521:
3518:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3455:
3454:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3360:
3357:
3329:
3325:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2810:
2806:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2745:
2725:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2425:
2398:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2333:
2307:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2099:
2095:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1804:
1784:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1721:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1525:
1499:
1473:
1445:
1442:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1229:
1204:
1200:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1124:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1071:
1068:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
961:results using
944:
940:
913:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
875:The letter Î (
860:
857:
830:
829:
815:
805:
798:
788:standard model
784:
783:
777:
770:
730:
729:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
701:
700:
699:
698:
686:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
657:
650:
647:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
454:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
400:
399:
398:
386:
381:
376:
364:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
336:
328:
327:
321:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
278:
273:
260:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
242:
241:
240:
238:Neutrino (CNB)
228:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
195:
193:Early universe
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
160:
159:
151:
150:
144:
143:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13047:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13015:
13005:
12995:
12993:
12983:
12981:
12971:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12957:
12947:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12922:
12919:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12898:
12888:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12870:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12852:
12848:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12833:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12798:
12786:
12779:
12775:
12768:
12760:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12742:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12719:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12678:(108): A108.
12677:
12673:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12652:(from NASA's
12643:
12639:
12635:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12601:
12597:
12590:
12582:
12580:
12578:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12553:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12506:
12502:
12499:
12495:
12490:
12482:
12478:
12474:
12470:
12466:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12437:
12428:
12419:
12411:
12407:
12403:
12399:
12395:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12366:
12364:
12362:
12360:
12358:
12349:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12315:
12311:
12304:
12296:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12245:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12227:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12194:
12186:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12150:
12146:
12142:
12135:
12126:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12083:
12068:
12067:
12062:
12055:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11980:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11939:(4): 043526.
11938:
11934:
11926:
11917:
11912:
11905:
11898:
11883:
11876:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11834:
11830:
11823:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11789:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11756:
11748:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11730:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11697:
11689:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11648:
11643:
11636:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11589:
11584:
11578:
11570:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11552:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11526:
11519:
11511:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11493:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11460:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11436:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11407:
11398:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11356:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11303:
11295:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11244:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11190:
11183:
11178:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11134:
11127:
11119:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11091:
11087:
11083:
11076:
11068:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11017:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10969:(3): 081301.
10968:
10964:
10960:
10953:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10897:
10888:
10883:
10879:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10844:
10842:
10826:
10822:
10816:
10802:
10798:
10791:
10777:
10773:
10767:
10758:
10753:
10746:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10697:(4): 043511.
10696:
10692:
10685:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10634:
10626:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10583:
10575:
10574:
10569:
10562:
10553:
10548:
10540:
10532:
10531:
10526:
10519:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10470:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10412:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10354:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10296:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10279:11368/3013060
10276:
10272:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10247:(2): 023520.
10246:
10242:
10238:
10230:
10222:
10221:
10216:
10209:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10151:
10143:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10101:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10040:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9973:
9965:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9914:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9868:
9867:
9862:
9855:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9802:
9800:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9732:
9724:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9654:
9653:
9648:
9641:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9588:
9580:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9529:
9521:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9411:
9403:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9344:
9338:
9329:
9324:
9317:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9264:
9256:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9205:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9144:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9050:(6): 063514.
9049:
9045:
9038:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8976:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8906:
8903:
8894:
8882:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8760:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8699:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8650:(6): 063516.
8649:
8645:
8638:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8595:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8432:
8416:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8392:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8352:
8344:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8316:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8252:
8244:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8129:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8101:
8093:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8068:(1): 012011.
8067:
8063:
8059:
8052:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8004:(2): 023525.
8003:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7858:
7856:
7847:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7827:
7820:
7814:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7759:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7452:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7432:
7423:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7400:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7272:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7230:(4): 045002.
7229:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7008:(1): 97â109.
7007:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6900:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6751:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6710:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6644:
6635:
6632:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6605:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6547:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6506:
6505:
6489:
6486:
6478:
6471:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6437:
6436:
6418:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6350:
6347:
6340:= 0.002 Mpc (
6332:
6318:
6308:
6307:
6297:
6283:
6273:
6272:
6262:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6162:
6135:
6108:
6101:
6095:
6086:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5930:Occam's razor
5927:
5911:
5899:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5870:
5859:
5858:
5844:
5831:
5820:
5819:
5809:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5761:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5627:
5624:
5615:
5605:
5602:
5594:
5584:
5581:
5576:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5557:
5555:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5454:
5446:
5443:
5435:
5434:
5426:
5423:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5398:
5390:
5380:
5371:
5364:
5363:optical depth
5361:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5337:
5321:
5316:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5271:
5260:
5259:
5244:
5230:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5197:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5159:
5147:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:unfalsifiable
5100:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5065:
5062:
5041:
5027:
5024:
5021:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4921:
4916:
4908:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4858:
4847:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4782:
4776:
4756:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:Major mergers
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4532:
4529:
4528:tidal effects
4524:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4485:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4436:
4418:
4414:
4402:
4365:
4353:
4338:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4281:
4277:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4237:
4216:
4212:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4149:
4145:
4122:
4118:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3963:
3960:
3952:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3798:Dennis Sciama
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:or modifying
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3410:
3406:
3387:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3358:
3355:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3215:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3159:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3060:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2808:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2769:
2763:
2743:
2715:
2699:
2676:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2542:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2348:
2322:
2284:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2052:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2016:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1939:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1782:
1745:
1736:
1719:
1697:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1515:
1497:
1489:
1471:
1462:
1443:
1440:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:, defined as
1356:
1350:
1342:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1248:
1227:
1220:
1202:
1198:
1177:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1122:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1076:dimensionless
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
979:
977:
964:
960:
929:
911:
907:
903:
900:
897:
894:
886:
882:
878:
873:
870:
869:Doppler shift
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
810:
807:the observed
806:
803:
799:
797:
793:
792:
791:
789:
782:
778:
775:
771:
769:
765:
762:, denoted by
761:
757:
756:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
703:
702:
697:
687:
685:
676:
675:
674:
673:
666:
663:
661:
658:
655:
649:
648:
645:
640:
639:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
468:
467:
459:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
414:
409:
408:
397:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
353:
352:
347:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:
325:
324:
318:
312:
311:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
261:
257:
251:
250:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
190:
189:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
117:February 2024
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: â
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
13004:Solar System
12850:
12844:
12817:
12784:
12767:
12732:
12728:
12718:
12675:
12671:
12661:
12645:. Retrieved
12599:
12595:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12511:
12489:
12446:
12442:
12436:
12427:
12418:
12375:
12371:
12313:
12309:
12303:
12266:
12262:
12252:
12207:
12203:
12193:
12148:
12144:
12134:
12097:
12093:
12082:
12070:. Retrieved
12064:
12054:
11993:
11989:
11979:
11936:
11932:
11925:
11897:
11885:. Retrieved
11875:
11832:
11828:
11822:
11769:
11765:
11755:
11710:
11706:
11696:
11651:
11645:
11635:
11595:(1): 54â80.
11592:
11586:
11583:Kormendy, J.
11577:
11532:
11528:
11518:
11473:
11469:
11459:
11416:
11412:
11406:
11369:
11365:
11355:
11315:(1): 82â92.
11312:
11308:
11302:
11257:
11253:
11243:
11200:
11196:
11189:
11180:
11140:
11136:
11126:
11089:
11085:
11075:
11030:
11026:
11016:
11004:. Retrieved
10966:
10962:
10952:
10940:. Retrieved
10910:
10906:
10896:
10862:(1): 47â68.
10859:
10853:
10829:. Retrieved
10827:. 2006-05-07
10825:www.edge.org
10824:
10815:
10804:. Retrieved
10801:ScienceAlert
10800:
10790:
10779:. Retrieved
10775:
10766:
10745:
10694:
10690:
10684:
10647:
10643:
10633:
10596:
10592:
10582:
10571:
10561:
10539:
10528:
10518:
10483:
10479:
10469:
10426:
10422:
10411:
10368:
10364:
10353:
10310:
10306:
10295:
10244:
10240:
10229:
10218:
10208:
10165:
10161:
10150:
10115:
10111:
10100:
10049:
10045:
10039:
9986:
9982:
9972:
9927:
9923:
9913:
9901:. Retrieved
9897:the original
9892:
9882:
9870:. Retrieved
9866:Live Science
9864:
9854:
9811:
9807:
9745:
9741:
9731:
9686:
9682:
9656:. Retrieved
9650:
9640:
9597:
9593:
9587:
9542:
9538:
9528:
9483:
9479:
9469:
9424:
9420:
9410:
9365:
9361:
9351:
9337:
9316:
9273:
9269:
9263:
9218:
9214:
9204:
9153:
9149:
9143:
9100:
9096:
9090:
9047:
9043:
9037:
8986:
8982:
8975:
8924:
8920:
8881:
8830:
8826:
8820:
8769:
8765:
8759:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8647:
8643:
8637:
8608:
8604:
8594:
8565:
8561:
8551:
8498:
8494:
8484:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8419:. Retrieved
8405:
8401:
8391:
8379:. Retrieved
8359:
8355:
8343:
8331:. Retrieved
8324:
8315:
8303:. Retrieved
8265:
8261:
8251:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8180:. Retrieved
8142:
8138:
8128:
8116:. Retrieved
8110:
8100:
8065:
8061:
8051:
8039:. Retrieved
8001:
7997:
7987:
7936:
7932:
7909:. Retrieved
7871:
7867:
7835:
7826:
7818:
7813:
7770:
7766:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7653:
7649:
7635:
7623:. Retrieved
7619:CERN Courier
7617:
7569:2203.06142v1
7559:
7555:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7458:. Retrieved
7451:the original
7446:
7407:
7345:
7341:
7331:
7320:. Retrieved
7294:
7290:
7227:
7223:
7213:
7179:(1): 27â47.
7176:
7170:
7160:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7062:
7058:
7048:
7005:
7001:
6991:
6956:
6950:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6884:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6730:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6584:quintessence
6553:
6548:< 0.0062
6221:Description
6161:
6134:
6107:
6094:
6085:
5982:). See also
5975:
5971:
5969:
5954:
5934:
5923:
5786:
5784:
5574:
5360:Reionization
5125:Description
5096:
5080:
5042:
5013:
4885:
4730:
4707:
4687:spectroscopy
4680:
4667:
4651:
4635:
4607:
4590:
4578:
4563:
4544:
4520:
4497:
4482:
4455:Solar System
4448:
4439:Axis of evil
4299:
4233:
4109:
4100:
4087:
4075:
4064:
4058:
4050:
3997:
3919:
3905:
3843:
3835:
3819:
3795:
3780:
3765:
3733:
3712:compared to
3707:
3698:
3687:
3684:polarization
3673:
3640:f(R) gravity
3592:
3581:
3574:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3456:
3344:
3150:
2975:
2823:is zero and
2795:
2691:
2415:
2276:
2083:
2081:
1972:
1688:
1429:
1338:
1079:scale factor
1073:
1053:
1041:anisotropies
1018:
1014:
982:
975:
874:
862:
842:
837:
831:
787:
785:
743:
739:
735:
733:
458:Probe (WMAP)
392:
389:Reionization
370:
342:
333:
316:
284:
267:
264:Hubble's law
255:
234:
206:
169:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
13025:Dark energy
13020:Dark matter
12992:Outer space
12980:Spaceflight
12944:Mathematics
12668:Aghanim, N.
12378:(13): A13.
12072:10 December
11806:10023/24680
10486:(12): 193.
10133:10902/24951
9903:21 December
8333:October 29,
7717:(13): A13.
6333:< 0.11,
5950:dark energy
5718:Dark energy
5571:of freedom
5451:< â0.06
5301:= 0.002 Mpc
5134:Value-2018
5131:Value-2015
5107:Karl Popper
4699:CEERS-93316
4618:Local Group
4427:(2020) and
3756:dark energy
3744:homogeneity
3600:dark energy
3567:dark energy
2411:dark energy
2077:dark energy
1115:(with time
984:Dark matter
885:dark energy
768:dark energy
746:model is a
413:Experiments
346:Dark matter
339:Dark energy
281:FLRW metric
218:Backgrounds
13014:Categories
12776:) (2020).
12685:1605.03507
12647:2010-12-04
12634:2152/43001
12543:1807.06209
12494:Appendix A
12456:1807.06209
12385:1502.01589
12323:1703.02389
12276:1911.10690
12107:2007.04988
12003:2208.01611
11946:2202.09379
11916:2212.04568
11887:9 December
11842:1703.10559
11779:2106.10304
11720:1602.08942
11661:2202.01221
11654:(2): 183.
11542:2105.04575
11483:1701.06559
11426:2205.02860
11150:2109.04487
11099:2112.00026
11040:2009.11525
10920:1911.02087
10831:2018-08-05
10806:2020-10-13
10781:2020-10-13
10757:2004.02963
10657:1912.09383
10606:2007.04993
10552:2402.08458
10493:2304.00701
10436:2304.00701
10378:2304.00702
10320:2305.17173
10254:2105.13549
10175:2007.15632
10059:1811.04083
9996:1901.08681
9989:(2): 145.
9937:1810.02595
9821:2103.01183
9755:1511.04075
9696:2009.11292
9658:2017-06-09
9493:2308.00744
9486:(2): 162.
9434:2012.03950
9163:1605.07178
9110:2108.13228
9057:2106.02532
8996:2103.13904
8934:2004.03305
8618:2107.09390
8575:2106.11968
8508:2009.14826
8501:(2): L51.
8451:2010.08366
8275:1507.07560
8216:2009.14826
8209:(2): L51.
8152:2004.03305
8011:2103.11918
7946:2105.09790
7881:1808.04597
7780:2201.04741
7724:1502.01589
7460:10 January
7322:2020-03-08
7301:: 030001.
7282:) (2019).
7237:1605.04909
7127:1807.06209
7072:1811.02374
7065:(2): L30.
6966:1902.10636
6912:(7): 139.
6849:1612.03034
6782:1701.03964
6775:(2): 194.
6706:References
6590:where the
6472:< 0.58
6043:A density
5926:parameters
5113:Parameters
4705:of 16.4.
4082:supernovae
3695:Challenges
3650:theories,
3588:CMB dipole
3514:spacecraft
2787:supernovae
2297:is one of
2073:Big Crunch
1062:, and the
827:supernovae
809:abundances
736:Lambda-CDM
493:Copernicus
471:Scientists
326:Components
87:newspapers
12956:Astronomy
12787:. 083C01.
12609:1001.4744
12602:(2): 14.
12568:119335614
12481:119335614
12410:119262962
12348:119401938
12316:: 41â52.
12295:0035-8711
12244:0035-8711
12046:251252960
11971:247011465
11814:0035-8711
11713:(1): L4.
11688:1538-4357
11627:119303368
11602:1009.3015
11569:0035-8711
11510:0035-8711
11451:254920916
11379:1406.1799
11210:1006.1647
11203:: 32â54.
11177:0004-6361
11118:0035-8711
11067:221879077
11033:(1): 51.
11001:118437535
10976:1302.1617
10937:207880880
10869:1203.3551
10737:119258571
10729:1550-7998
10704:1211.5915
10676:0035-8711
10625:0035-8711
10461:2470-0010
10403:2470-0010
10345:2565-6120
10287:2470-0010
10200:0004-6361
10142:0004-6361
10092:119233243
10031:119095484
10023:1538-4357
9964:1745-3925
9872:26 August
9846:232092525
9790:119286482
9782:2041-8205
9748:(1): L7.
9723:0035-8711
9632:118433293
9607:1304.2884
9600:(1): 62.
9579:1538-4357
9552:1305.3651
9545:(1): 10.
9520:1538-4357
9461:0035-8711
9402:119220579
9375:1306.1700
9328:1311.1104
9255:118603499
9228:1001.0617
9135:248713777
9082:235352881
9029:232352604
9021:0004-6361
8967:215238834
8959:0004-6361
8904:−
8865:0004-6361
8804:2041-8205
8779:1001.4613
8751:119333704
8743:1550-7998
8690:119463060
8682:1550-7998
8543:222066749
8535:2041-8213
8476:223953708
8305:March 24,
8268:(1): 47.
8243:222066749
8177:215238834
8118:March 24,
8092:250670331
8036:232307363
7979:234790314
7971:0264-9381
7906:208175643
7805:245906450
7749:119262962
7642:Pryke, C.
7594:247411131
7490:0803.0982
7382:0035-8711
7262:0034-6861
7152:119335614
7040:1323-3580
6983:119234939
6942:125167116
6934:1572-946X
6889:P. Kroupa
6817:119513478
6809:0004-637X
6624:neutrinos
6564:Ω
6522:ν
6518:Ω
6490:σ
6456:ν
6448:∑
6402:
6351:σ
6243:Ω
6098:from the
5533:ν
5525:∑
5490:
5313:Δ
5063:≃
5052:Ω
5025:≃
4993:≃
4985:−
4971:−
4963:×
4949:−
4941:×
4926:Ω
4917:∗
4913:Ω
4898:Ω
4833:ϕ
4827:∫
4824:∑
4810:ρ
4777:ϕ
4622:Milky Way
4597:Andromeda
4593:Milky Way
4581:Milky Way
4201:Ω
4189:σ
4185:≡
4004:Milky Way
3964:σ
3900:Giant Arc
3844:Based on
3670:Successes
3656:DGP model
3559:BOOMERanG
3494:∼
3468:∼
3419:Λ
3415:Ω
3395:Ω
3359:¨
3203:Λ
3199:Ω
3169:≡
3164:Λ
3131:Λ
3112:
3070:Λ
3066:Ω
3049:Ω
3002:−
2994:∼
2985:Ω
2957:Λ
2953:Ω
2941:−
2919:Ω
2907:−
2891:Ω
2837:−
2805:Ω
2724:Ω
2652:−
2642:Λ
2638:Ω
2626:−
2612:Ω
2600:−
2578:Ω
2566:−
2547:Ω
2532:Ω
2503:˙
2493:≡
2449:−
2397:Λ
2387:neutrinos
2379:radiation
2211:ρ
2204:π
2173:ρ
2140:ρ
2133:≡
2124:Ω
2094:Ω
2050:−
2035:⋅
2026:−
2017:⋅
1984:≡
1949:−
1940:⋅
1912:−
1904:×
1876:π
1827:ρ
1803:Λ
1746:ρ
1655:Λ
1617:−
1614:ρ
1602:π
1573:˙
1524:Λ
1488:curvature
1472:ρ
1444:˙
1405:˙
1395:≡
1025:spacetime
978:satellite
943:Λ
939:Ω
904:ρ
901:−
779:ordinary
623:Zeldovich
523:Friedmann
498:de Sitter
425:BOOMERanG
354:Structure
319:Structure
203:Inflation
12887:13971059
12759:25745164
12642:46171526
12515:p. 7 of
12501:Archived
12038:37351007
12029:10281863
11867:54675159
11747:14644377
11347:12983798
11294:14308775
11235:11711780
11006:24 March
10942:24 March
10168:: A140.
10084:31283280
9188:27715088
8989:: A151.
8873:14626666
8812:24389919
8421:25 March
8381:25 March
8300:54958680
8182:24 March
8041:25 March
7911:25 March
7834:(1972).
7773:: 1â35.
7688:12490941
7625:25 March
7515:15117520
7390:17945298
7099:84833144
6876:18916375
6661:See also
6631:increase
5948:and the
5771:10
5139:Indepen-
4703:redshift
4614:NGC 3109
4610:NGC 3109
4505:manifold
4459:galaxies
4078:KBC void
4000:KBC void
3994:KBC void
3988:KBC void
3978:El Gordo
3951:El Gordo
3921:El Gordo
3882:Huge-LQG
3740:isotropy
3648:galileon
3646:such as
3626:and the
3586:and the
3530:Big Bang
1512:and the
1219:redshift
1021:Big Bang
865:redshift
859:Overview
823:galaxies
752:Big Bang
684:Category
603:Suntzeff
563:LemaĂźtre
513:Einstein
478:Aaronson
271:Redshift
173:Universe
166:Big Bang
12932:Physics
12918:Portals
12865:Bibcode
12737:Bibcode
12729:Science
12710:5892152
12690:Bibcode
12614:Bibcode
12548:Bibcode
12496:of the
12461:Bibcode
12390:Bibcode
12328:Bibcode
12222:Bibcode
12185:8715136
12163:Bibcode
12112:Bibcode
12008:Bibcode
11951:Bibcode
11847:Bibcode
11784:Bibcode
11725:Bibcode
11666:Bibcode
11607:Bibcode
11547:Bibcode
11488:Bibcode
11431:Bibcode
11384:Bibcode
11327:Bibcode
11272:Bibcode
11215:Bibcode
11155:Bibcode
11143:: A26.
11045:Bibcode
10981:Bibcode
10874:Bibcode
10709:Bibcode
10498:Bibcode
10480:Physics
10441:Bibcode
10383:Bibcode
10325:Bibcode
10259:Bibcode
10180:Bibcode
10064:Bibcode
10001:Bibcode
9942:Bibcode
9826:Bibcode
9760:Bibcode
9701:Bibcode
9612:Bibcode
9557:Bibcode
9498:Bibcode
9439:Bibcode
9380:Bibcode
9308:9654355
9288:Bibcode
9233:Bibcode
9168:Bibcode
9115:Bibcode
9062:Bibcode
9001:Bibcode
8939:Bibcode
8927:: A15.
8845:Bibcode
8784:Bibcode
8723:Bibcode
8662:Bibcode
8513:Bibcode
8456:Bibcode
8364:Bibcode
8280:Bibcode
8221:Bibcode
8157:Bibcode
8070:Bibcode
8016:Bibcode
7951:Bibcode
7886:Bibcode
7874:: L13.
7785:Bibcode
7729:Bibcode
7696:4359884
7668:Bibcode
7574:Bibcode
7495:Bibcode
7360:Bibcode
7303:Bibcode
7242:Bibcode
7191:Bibcode
7132:Bibcode
7077:Bibcode
7020:Bibcode
6914:Bibcode
6854:Bibcode
6787:Bibcode
6694:(WIMPs)
6224:Symbol
5600:values
5396:meters
5246:(13.787
5232:(13.799
5145:meters
5128:Symbol
4413:EROSITA
4401:HSC-SSP
4106:tension
3815:quasars
3772:quasars
3608:McGaugh
3604:Milgrom
2712:is the
2436:, e.g.
2389:), and
2383:photons
2321:baryons
1733:is the
750:of the
608:Sunyaev
593:Schmidt
583:Penzias
578:Penrose
553:Huygens
543:Hawking
528:Galileo
101:scholar
12885:
12828:
12757:
12708:
12640:
12566:
12479:
12408:
12346:
12293:
12242:
12183:
12044:
12036:
12026:
11969:
11865:
11812:
11745:
11686:
11625:
11567:
11508:
11449:
11345:
11292:
11233:
11175:
11116:
11065:
10999:
10935:
10735:
10727:
10674:
10623:
10459:
10401:
10343:
10313:: 36.
10285:
10198:
10140:
10118:: C4.
10090:
10082:
10029:
10021:
9962:
9844:
9788:
9780:
9721:
9652:Forbes
9630:
9577:
9518:
9459:
9400:
9306:
9253:
9196:453412
9194:
9186:
9133:
9080:
9027:
9019:
8965:
8957:
8871:
8863:
8810:
8802:
8749:
8741:
8688:
8680:
8541:
8533:
8474:
8444:: A9.
8298:
8241:
8175:
8090:
8034:
7977:
7969:
7904:
7842:
7803:
7747:
7694:
7686:
7650:Nature
7592:
7562:: 49.
7513:
7418:
7388:
7380:
7260:
7150:
7120:: A6.
7097:
7038:
6981:
6940:
6932:
6874:
6815:
6807:
6746:
6420:â0.022
6299:â0.980
6268:0.0019
6264:0.9993
6227:Value
5976:Planck
5972:Planck
5881:years
5806:0.0086
5802:0.8159
5743:0.0073
5739:0.6847
5734:0.0062
5730:0.6911
5702:0.0062
5698:0.3089
5679:0.0057
5675:0.2589
5656:0.0010
5652:0.0486
5596:Calcu-
5582:3.046
5344:â0.092
5342:+0.088
5277:0.0040
5273:0.9667
5256:years
5250:0.020)
5242:years
5236:0.021)
5203:0.0010
5199:0.1188
5180:0.0001
5176:0.0224
5066:0.0486
5014:where
4411:(2024
4399:(2023
4395:â0.033
4393:+0.032
4384:â0.034
4382:+0.031
4373:â0.014
4371:+0.018
4362:(2022
4350:(2021
4346:â0.014
4344:+0.020
4337:Planck
4335:(2020
3850:/h Mpc
3774:, and
3688:Planck
3658:, and
3654:, the
3612:Kroupa
3610:, and
3576:Planck
3563:2dFGRS
3512:Planck
3213:
3151:where
2692:where
1973:where
1430:where
1058:, the
976:Planck
971:0.0073
967:0.6847
877:lambda
781:matter
764:lambda
682:
618:Wilson
613:Tolman
573:Newton
568:Mather
558:Kepler
548:Hubble
508:Ehlers
488:Alpher
483:Alfvén
391:
369:
341:
283:
266:
258:Future
233:
205:
168:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
12968:Stars
12883:S2CID
12855:arXiv
12803:arXiv
12781:(PDF)
12706:S2CID
12680:arXiv
12656:page)
12638:S2CID
12604:arXiv
12592:(PDF)
12564:S2CID
12538:arXiv
12477:S2CID
12451:arXiv
12406:S2CID
12380:arXiv
12344:S2CID
12318:arXiv
12271:arXiv
12212:arXiv
12181:S2CID
12153:arXiv
12102:arXiv
12042:S2CID
11998:arXiv
11967:S2CID
11941:arXiv
11911:arXiv
11907:(PDF)
11863:S2CID
11837:arXiv
11774:arXiv
11743:S2CID
11715:arXiv
11656:arXiv
11623:S2CID
11597:arXiv
11537:arXiv
11478:arXiv
11447:S2CID
11421:arXiv
11374:arXiv
11343:S2CID
11317:arXiv
11290:S2CID
11262:arXiv
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6452:m
6431:0
6428:k
6422:±
6405:k
6396:d
6392:/
6386:s
6382:n
6378:d
6348:2
6338:0
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6319:r
6301:±
6284:w
6266:±
6203:.
6199:h
6194:Ă
6182:Ï
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6168:h
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5631:±
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5612:0
5609:H
5588:±
5575:N
5562:c
5553:c
5529:m
5493:k
5484:d
5480:/
5474:s
5470:n
5466:d
5447:r
5440:r
5429:0
5427:w
5420:w
5402:Ω
5384:±
5375:±
5368:Ï
5348:Ă
5322:2
5317:R
5299:0
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5156:h
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5057:b
5022:h
4999:,
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4974:3
4957:+
4952:3
4935:=
4922:+
4909:=
4903:b
4871:.
4868:L
4865:d
4859:L
4853:b
4848:M
4842:)
4839:L
4836:(
4830:L
4821:=
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4757:L
4753:/
4746:b
4741:M
4431:±
4423:±
4407:±
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4313:8
4309:S
4282:8
4278:S
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4213:/
4206:m
4193:8
4180:8
4176:S
4150:8
4146:S
4123:8
4119:S
4104:8
4101:S
4018:=
4015:z
3934:=
3931:z
3895:)
3491:z
3465:a
3442:,
3437:3
3433:/
3429:1
3425:)
3411:2
3407:/
3400:m
3391:(
3388:=
3385:a
3356:a
3328:0
3324:t
3303:1
3300:=
3297:)
3294:t
3291:(
3288:a
3262:t
3236:a
3216:;
3210:)
3191:0
3187:H
3183:3
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3176:/
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3122:/
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3115:(
3107:3
3103:/
3099:2
3088:3
3084:/
3080:1
3076:)
3061:/
3054:m
3045:(
3042:=
3039:)
3036:t
3033:(
3030:a
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2949:+
2944:4
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2927:a
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2875:=
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2869:a
2866:(
2863:H
2840:1
2834:=
2831:w
2809:k
2773:)
2770:t
2767:(
2764:a
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2667:w
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2648:a
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2558:)
2552:b
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2537:c
2528:(
2521:0
2517:H
2513:=
2508:a
2500:a
2490:)
2487:a
2484:(
2481:H
2452:3
2445:a
2424:a
2381:(
2364:d
2361:a
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2332:c
2306:b
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2257:2
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2234:0
2230:t
2226:=
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2220:(
2215:x
2207:G
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2195:=
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2155:=
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2149:(
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2059:)
2053:1
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2039:M
2029:1
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2013:m
2010:k
2002:(
1998:/
1992:0
1988:H
1981:h
1958:,
1952:3
1945:m
1936:g
1933:k
1926:2
1922:h
1901:)
1895:(
1885:=
1879:G
1873:8
1866:2
1861:0
1857:H
1853:3
1847:=
1841:t
1838:i
1835:r
1832:c
1783:k
1760:t
1757:i
1754:r
1751:c
1720:G
1698:c
1674:,
1669:3
1663:2
1659:c
1649:+
1642:2
1638:a
1631:2
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1609:3
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1599:8
1593:=
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1570:a
1563:(
1558:=
1553:2
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1536:,
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1441:a
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1392:)
1389:t
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1383:H
1360:)
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1354:(
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1324:.
1317:z
1314:+
1311:1
1307:1
1302:=
1299:)
1290:t
1286:(
1283:a
1257:m
1254:e
1249:t
1228:z
1203:0
1199:t
1178:1
1175:=
1172:)
1167:0
1163:t
1159:(
1156:a
1153:=
1148:0
1144:a
1123:t
1103:)
1100:t
1097:(
1094:a
1091:=
1088:a
969:±
912:2
908:c
898:=
895:p
723:e
716:t
709:v
393:·
371:·
343:·
317:·
285:·
268:·
256:·
235:·
207:·
170:·
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124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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