165:
20:
309:
215:. However some Irish soldiers chose to stay in French service despite their alliance with Cromwell, which led to the Royalists recruiting fresh troops direct from Ireland. James, Duke York was reluctant to abandon his position in the French court and military which he felt would serve the Royalist cause far better, until he received a direct order from his brother.
242:. The Irish troops were formed into regiments under the notional command of several exiled princes and grandees, but under the effective command of their previous colonels. Ormonde's Regiment was led by
247:
567:
562:
207:. Ultimately despite French resistance to the move, which Charles justified by his need to secure his restoration, and the status of the French-born queen mother
366:
brought an end to the conflict in
November 1659. By that time internal developments in Britain following the death of Oliver Cromwell laid the path towards the
351:
336:
in
England and launch a rising against the regime of Oliver Cromwell. The activities of the exile army were closely monitored by agents of Cromwell's
572:
411:
211:, the Irish colonels all transferred into the king's service. Their troops, if denied permission, deserted in droves and made their way to the
577:
362:
and were decisively defeated, with
Dunkirk falling soon after. The army continued to serve with the Spanish field armies until the
283:
255:
402:
in 1662, serving alongside their former opponents from the Battle of the Dunes. They were then dispersed, either to serve in the
291:
542:
231:
180:
Charles had committed to his
Spanish allies to recruit those Irish soldiers serving in the French armies. Some troops began
547:
537:
223:
312:
The
Royalist cause suffered a major setback when the exiled army and their Spanish allies were heavily defeated at the
185:
129:
267:
251:
192:
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204:
145:
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who had arranged their defection to the King's service. In addition to the six infantry regiments, a small
219:
359:
313:
303:
189:
173:
552:
121:
91:
35:
378:
Following the
Restoration the new political settlement in England called for a dramatically reduced
355:
508:
Better
Begging Than Fighting': The Royalist Army in Exile in the War Against Cromwell 1656-1660
363:
109:
239:
164:
55:
23:
271:
200:
117:
101:
31:
8:
387:
367:
212:
169:
153:
105:
79:
67:
522:
Royalist Agents, Conspirators and Spies: Their Role in the
British Civil Wars, 1640–1660
137:
133:
75:
63:
27:
97:
403:
227:
125:
39:
398:. Many of the troops of the exiled Royalist Army remained at Dunkirk until it was
399:
208:
113:
71:
383:
347:
317:
259:
531:
379:
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was raised to serve with the King's brother, the Duke of York. A regiment of
243:
19:
391:
340:
332:
from their
Spanish allies, the Royalist Army pledged to attempt to seize a
58:
from 1656 to 1660 during his exile from the throne. They were a mixture of
184:
in small numbers to serve the
Royalist cause, Charles' principal advisors
308:
149:
141:
230:. A separate Scottish infantry regiment was raised under the command of
42:
raised hopes of a military restoration to his British and Irish thrones.
358:. The Spanish and their English Royalist allies confronted them at the
329:
287:
337:
181:
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of the regiments, many of whom had fought for Charles following his
325:
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but this was never accomplished. In a more junior role, the future
263:
235:
196:
59:
407:
279:
275:
266:. He exercised control but it was under the formal command of
333:
51:
172:
commanded the Royalist Army in the field, notably at the
262:
who led his regiment across from a French garrison near
120:
forced him to leave the French capital. He signed the
568:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1660
136:since the defeat of their cause, while many former
62:troops from his three Kingdoms including men from
563:Military units and formations established in 1656
529:
390:forbade Catholics from serving in the reformed
246:, the Duke of York's Regiment was commanded by
316:by a combined French-English force featuring
218:English cavaliers filtered in and formed an
148:. Whole Irish regiments were serving in the
78:, many of whom had previously served in the
258:. A fourth Irish regiment was formed under
234:, formed of a mixture of veterans from the
16:Historic military force loyal to Charles II
132:. Exiled Royalists had been living on the
573:Military units and formations by country
307:
163:
18:
128:, committing to raise forces for their
530:
382:following the disbanding of the large
346:In 1658 an allied force of Cromwell's
195:opened negotiations with the various
226:which formed the basis of the later
201:alliance with the Irish Confederates
96:Charles had been living in exile in
13:
578:Warfare of the early modern period
14:
589:
152:as was Charles' younger brother
500:
282:was planned to be raised under
205:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
146:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
487:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
412:English expedition to Portugal
294:served with the Duke of York.
159:
1:
417:
168:Charles II's younger brother
85:
543:Military history of Scotland
373:
7:
548:Military history of Ireland
538:Military history of England
297:
290:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
10:
594:
304:Battle of the Dunes (1658)
301:
89:
92:Treaty of Brussels (1656)
54:formed by those loyal to
350:and French troops under
140:had taken up service as
515:The Army of Charles II
364:Treaty of the Pyrenees
321:
177:
70:, with the bulk being
48:Royalist Army in Exile
43:
311:
188:and the former Irish
167:
34:in 1651. In 1656 his
22:
370:the following year.
356:lay siege to Dunkirk
118:English Commonwealth
30:exile following his
558:Spanish Netherlands
524:. Routledge, 2016.
360:Battle of the Dunes
314:Battle of the Dunes
213:Spanish Netherlands
174:Battle of the Dunes
170:James, Duke of York
154:James, Duke of York
112:between France and
106:defeat at Worcester
32:escape from England
517:. Routledge, 1976.
400:sold to the French
322:
252:Duke of Gloucester
240:Glencairn's Rising
178:
138:Irish Confederates
122:Treaty of Brussels
44:
520:Smith, Geoffrey.
220:infantry regiment
80:Irish Confederate
585:
553:Disbanded armies
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491:
485:
482:
476:
473:
467:
464:
458:
455:
449:
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440:
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431:
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404:Tangier Garrison
396:Irish equivalent
386:. The reimposed
348:English soldiers
228:Grenadier Guards
593:
592:
588:
587:
586:
584:
583:
582:
528:
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510:. Helion, 2016.
506:Barratt, John.
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498:
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488:
483:
479:
474:
470:
465:
461:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:Barratt p.23-24
438:
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430:Barratt p.20-26
429:
425:
420:
376:
306:
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209:Henrietta Maria
162:
130:war with France
114:Oliver Cromwell
110:Treaty of Paris
94:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
591:
581:
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513:Childs, John.
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493:Childs p.11-12
486:
477:
468:
459:
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422:
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384:New Model Army
375:
372:
324:In return for
318:New Model Army
302:Main article:
299:
296:
292:Richard Talbot
260:Lisagh Farrell
232:Lord Middleton
224:Lord Rochester
161:
158:
144:following the
108:. However the
104:following the
90:Main article:
87:
84:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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380:standing army
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248:Lord Muskerry
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244:Richard Grace
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236:1648 campaign
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29:
25:
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521:
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501:Bibliography
489:
484:Barratt p.22
480:
475:Barratt p.32
471:
466:Barratt p.31
462:
457:Barratt p.30
453:
448:Barratt p.24
444:
435:
426:
392:English Army
377:
354:advanced to
345:
341:John Thurloe
323:
268:Lord Bristol
217:
193:Lord Ormonde
179:
95:
47:
45:
36:new alliance
368:Restoration
284:Lord Gerard
256:Lord Taaffe
203:during the
186:Edward Hyde
160:Composition
150:French Army
142:mercenaries
28:Continental
532:Categories
418:References
388:penal laws
330:ammunition
102:his escape
86:Background
56:Charles II
24:Charles II
374:Aftermath
338:spymaster
272:Lifeguard
182:deserting
134:continent
72:Catholics
326:supplies
298:Campaign
288:Jacobite
276:horseman
264:Brussels
197:colonels
82:armies.
68:Scotland
60:Royalist
50:was the
410:or the
408:Morocco
394:or its
352:Turenne
320:troops.
280:cavalry
190:Viceroy
76:Ireland
64:England
26:was in
254:'s by
250:, the
222:under
100:since
98:France
126:Spain
124:with
74:from
40:Spain
38:with
334:port
328:and
238:and
66:and
52:army
46:The
406:in
274:of
116:'s
534::
414:.
343:.
156:.
176:.
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