Role of Christianity in civilization

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ensconced in the universities and in the public life of the emerging nations of Europe." After the death of Eusebios in 370 and the election of Basil as bishop of Caesarea, Basil established the first formal soup kitchen, hospital, homeless shelter, hospice, poorhouse, orphanage, reform center for thieves, women's center for those leaving prostitution and many other ministries. Basil was personally involved and invested in the projects and process giving all of his personal wealth to fund the ministries. Basil himself would put on an apron and work in the soup kitchen. These ministries were given freely regardless of religious affiliation. Basil refused to make any discrimination when it came to people who needed help saying that "the digestive systems of the Jew and the Christian are indistinguishable." "...there is a striking resemblance between ideals and those of modern times. ...certainly he was the most modern among the pioneers of monasticism, and for this reason, if for none other, his work has a permanent interest..."

4475: 1607:(1230s–1302) was created to restore order disrupted by mob violence against heretics. Heresy was a religious, political, and social issue. As such, "the first stirrings of violence against dissidents were usually the result of popular resentment." This led to a breakdown of social order. In the Late Roman Empire, an inquisitorial system of justice had developed, and that is the system that was revived in the Middle Ages. It used a combined panel of both civil and ecclesiastical representatives with a Bishop, his representative, or a local judge, as inquisitor. Essentially, the church reintroduced Roman law in Europe (in the form of the Inquisition) when it seemed that Germanic law had failed. "The Inquisition was not an organization arbitrarily devised and imposed upon the judicial system by the ambition or fanaticism of the church. It was rather a natural—one may almost say an inevitable—evolution of the forces at work in the thirteenth century." 2135:

revealing ways to the actual psychology of volition and the material constraints on sexual action... The church's acute concern with volition places Christian philosophy in the liveliest currents of imperial Greco-Roman philosophy orthodox Christians offered a radically distinctive version of it." The Greeks and Romans said our deepest moralities depend on our social position which is given to us by fate. Christianity "preached a liberating message of freedom". It was a revolution in the rules of behavior, but also in the very image of the human being as a sexual being, free, frail and awesomely responsible for one's own self to God alone. "It was a revolution in the nature of society's claims on the moral agent... There are risks in over-estimating the change in old patterns Christianity was able to begin bringing about; but there are risks, too, in underestimating Christianization as a watershed."

5462:. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The 6504: 1430:, the Church successfully established itself as "an autonomous legal and political ... within Western Christendom".For the next three hundred years, the Church held great influence over Western society; church laws were the single "universal law ... common to jurisdictions and peoples throughout Europe." With its own court system, the Church retained jurisdiction over many aspects of ordinary life, including education, inheritance, oral promises, oaths, moral crimes, and marriage. As one of the more powerful institutions of the Middle Ages, Church attitudes were reflected in many secular laws of the time. The Catholic Church was very powerful, essentially internationalist and democratic in it structures, with its many branches run by the different monastic organizations, each with its own distinct theology and often in disagreement with the others. 1221:, who courted pagan support for his own bid for the imperial throne. Brown says the language of the Theodosian Decrees is "uniformly vehement and the penalties are harsh and frequently horrifying." They may have provided a foundation for similar laws in the High Middle Ages. However, in antiquity, these laws were not much enforced, and Brown adds that, "In most areas, polytheists were not molested, and, apart from a few ugly incidents of local violence, Jewish communities also enjoyed a century of stable, even privileged, existence." Contemporary scholars indicate pagans were not wiped out or fully converted by the fifth century as Christian sources claim. Pagans remained throughout the fourth and fifth centuries in sufficient numbers to preserve a broad spectrum of pagan practices into the 6th century and even beyond in some places. 2871:

nations. But – We say with profound sorrow – there were to be found afterwards among the Faithful men who, shamefully blinded by the desire of sordid gain, in lonely and distant countries, did not hesitate to reduce to slavery Indians, negroes and other wretched peoples, or else, by instituting or developing the trade in those who had been made slaves by others, to favour their unworthy practice. Certainly many Roman Pontiffs of glorious memory, Our Predecessors, did not fail, according to the duties of their charge, to blame severely this way of acting as dangerous for the spiritual welfare of those engaged in the traffic and a shame to the Christian name; they foresaw that as a result of this, the infidel peoples would be more and more strengthened in their hatred of the true Religion.

5311: 2397:, "ome historians hold that the Church played a considerable part in fostering the inferior status of women in medieval society in general" by providing a "moral justification" for male superiority and by accepting practices such as wife-beating. "The ecclesiastical conception of the inferior status of women, deriving from Creation, her role in Original Sin and her subjugation to man, provided both direct and indirect justification for her inferior standing in the family and in society in medieval civilization. It was not the Church which induced husbands to beat their wives, but it not only accepted this custom after the event, if it was not carried to excess, but, by proclaiming the superiority of man, also supplied its moral justification." Despite these laws, some women, particularly 1926: 1083:

more than two years without remarrying. Christianity did not force widows to marry and supported them financially. Pagan widows lost all control of their husband's estate when they remarried, but the church allowed widows to maintain their husband's estate. Christians did not believe in cohabitation. If a Christian man wanted to live with a woman, the church required marriage, and this gave women legal rights and far greater security. Finally, the pagan double standard of allowing married men to have extramarital sex and mistresses was forbidden. Jesus' teachings on divorce and Paul's advocacy of monogamy began the process of elevating the status of women so that Christian women tended to enjoy greater security and equality than women in surrounding cultures.

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they isolated by the Index from European scholarship. Prohibited books entered private libraries where they would be consulted by those prepared to break the rules in the interests of learning. One such collection was in the hands of Galileo's Paduan friend, G. V. Pinelli. One can lose a sense of perspective if the condemnation of Galileo is taken to epitomize the attitude of Catholic authorities toward the natural sciences. Relatively few scientific works were placed on the Index. The attempt to put a stop to the moving earth stands out because it proved so tragic an aberration – a personal tragedy for Galileo and, in the long run, a tragedy for the Church, which overreached itself in securing a territory that would prove impossible to hold.

6677:, the real impact of the activities of the missionaries is still a topic open to debate in academia today. Sharkey asserted that "the missionaries played manifold roles in colonial Africa and stimulated forms of cultural, political and religious change." "Historians still debate the nature of their impact and question their relation to the system of European colonialism in the continent." She noted that the missionaries did great good in Africa, providing crucial social services such as modern education and health care that would have otherwise not been available. Sharkey said that, in societies that were traditionally male-dominated, female missionaries provided women in Africa with health care knowledge and basic education. A 1365: 2131:, which is a single name for that array of sexual behaviors, "collided with deeply entrenched patterns of Roman permissiveness where the legitimacy of sexual contact was determined primarily by status. St. Paul, whose views became dominant in early Christianity, made the body into a consecrated space, a point of mediation between the individual and the divine. Paul's over-riding sense that gender—rather than status or power or wealth or position—was the prime determinant in the propriety of the sex act was momentous. By boiling the sex act down to the most basic constituents of male and female, Paul was able to describe the sexual culture surrounding him in transformative terms." 6647: 1031:

required that deformed infants be put to death; for Plato, infanticide is one of the regular institutions of the ideal State; Aristotle regards abortion as a desirable option; and the Stoic philosopher Seneca writes unapologetically: "Unnatural progeny we destroy; we drown even children who at birth are weakly and abnormal... And whilst there were deviations from these views..., it is probably correct to say that such practices...were less proscribed in ancient times. Most historians of western morals agree that the rise of ...Christianity contributed greatly to the general feeling that human life is valuable and worthy of respect.

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and the early modern period; secondly, Western Christianity did not recognize the reality of witches for centuries, or criminalize them until around 1400." Sociologist Don Swenson says the explanation for this may lay in the nature of Medieval society as heirocratic which led to violence and the use of coercion to force conformity. "There has been much debate ...as to how many women were executed... small and large do little to portray the horror and dishonor inflicted upon these women. This treatment provides contrast to the respect given to women during the early era of Christianity and in early Europe ..."

20911: 3919:, most of the technological advances in Europe were made in the monasteries. According to the medievalist Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every monastery had a model factory, often as large as the church and only several feet away, and waterpower drove the machinery of the various industries located on its floor." Waterpower was used for crushing wheat, sieving flour, fulling cloth and tanning – a "level of technological achievement could have been observed in practically all" of the Cistercian monasteries. The English science historian 6571: 5766: 5642: 6257: 7758: 5482: 5973:. Medical treatment and care came to many Chinese who were addicted, and eventually public and official opinion was influenced in favor of bringing an end to the destructive trade. By 1901, China was the most popular destination for medical missionaries. The 150 foreign physicians operated 128 hospitals and 245 dispensaries, treating 1.7 million patients. In 1894, male medical missionaries comprised 14 percent of all missionaries; women doctors were four percent. Modern medical education in China started in the early 20th century at hospitals run by international missionaries. 2385:, the Church developed and codified a view of marriage as a sacrament. In a departure from societal norms, Church law required the consent of both parties before a marriage could be performed and established a minimum age for marriage. The elevation of marriage to a sacrament also made the union a binding contract, with dissolutions overseen by Church authorities. Although the Church abandoned tradition to allow women the same rights as men to dissolve a marriage, in practice, when an accusation of infidelity was made, men were granted dissolutions more frequently than women. 60: 4842: 4199: 5618:. Schröder posits that Lutheranism promoted the idea of a nationwide community of believers and led to increased state involvement in economic and social life, allowing for nationwide welfare solidarity and economic co-ordination. Esa Mangeloja says that the revival movements helped to pave the way for the modern Finnish welfare state. During that process, the church lost some of its most important social responsibilities (health care, education, and social work) as these tasks were assumed by the secular Finnish state. Pauli Kettunen presents the 13780:..one of the most common myths widely held about the trial of Galileo, including several elements: that he "saw" the earth's motion (an observation still impossible to make even in the twenty-first century); that he was "imprisoned" by the Inquisition (whereas he was actually held under house arrest); and that his crime was to have discovered the truth. And since to condemn someone for this reason can result only from ignorance, prejudice, and narrow-mindedness, this is also the myth that alleges the incompatibility between science and religion. 19: 2115:

women, and for the well-born, than it did for the poor, and for the free citizen, than it did for the slave—for whom the concepts of honor, shame and sexual modesty could be said to have no meaning at all. Slaves were not thought to have an interior ethical life because they could go no lower socially and were commonly used sexually; the free and well born were thought to embody social honor and were therefore able to exhibit the fine sense of shame suited to their station. Roman literature indicates the Romans were aware of these dualities.

3721: 4183: 6844: 3557: 2609: 5700: 3962: 1299:(480–543), who vowed a life of chastity, obedience and poverty; after rigorous intellectual training and self-denial, Benedictines lived by the "Rule of Benedict:" work and pray. This "Rule" became the foundation of the majority of the thousands of monasteries that spread across what is modern day Europe; "...certainly there will be no demur in recognizing that St. Benedict's Rule has been one of the great facts in the history of western Europe, and that its influence and effects are with us to this day." 3075: 3139: 3809: 6741: 4459: 3420: 5273:, wrote, "it is they who come nearer than does any other group to having been the 'founders' of scientific economics." Other economists and historians, such as Raymond de Roover, Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson, and Alejandro Chafuen, have also made similar statements. Historian Paul Legutko of Stanford University said the Catholic Church is "at the center of the development of the values, ideas, science, laws, and institutions which constitute what we call Western civilization." 7552: 2417: 6962: 2724: 1156: 2255:. While sex before marriage was not a taboo in the Anglican Church until the "Hardwicke Marriage Act of 1753, which for the first time stipulated that everyone in England and Wales had to be married in their parish church" Prior to that time, "marriage began at the time of betrothal, when couples would live and sleep together... The process begun at the time of the Hardwicke Act continued throughout the 1800s, with stigma beginning to attach to illegitimacy." 27214: 25893: 23006: 3896: 3087:

of literacy in Western Europe. In time, the Cathedral schools developed into Europe's earliest universities and the church has established thousands of primary, secondary and tertiary institutions throughout the world in the centuries since. The Church and clergymen have also sought at different times to censor texts and scholars. Thus different schools of opinion exist as to the role and influence of the Church in relation to western letters and learning.

5213: 4945: 4409:, and would soon be discarded whether used for such research or not. The Church, by contrast, has consistently upheld its ideal of the dignity of each individual human life, and argues that it is as wrong to destroy an embryo as it would be to kill an adult human being; and that therefore advances in medicine can and must come without the destruction of human embryos, for example by using adult or umbilical stem cells in place of embryonic stem cells. 4437: 27285: 27297: 6234: 25949: 1079:

copper coins to the Temple in Jerusalem, his stepping to the aid of the woman accused of adultery, his friendship with Mary and Martha the sisters of Lazarus, and the presence of Mary Magdalene, his mother, and the other women as he was crucified. Historian Geoffrey Blainey concludes that "as the standing of women was not high in Palestine, Jesus' kindnesses towards them were not always approved by those who strictly upheld tradition".

27273: 25882: 22995: 20923: 1828:"What the observer of the papacy witnessed in the second half of the thirteenth century was a gradual, though clearly perceptible, decomposition of Europe as a single ecclesiastical unit, and the fragmentation of Europe into independent, autonomous entities which were soon to be called national monarchies or states. This fragmentation heralded the withering away of the papacy as a governing institution operating on a universal scale." 16886:

that would augment the political, economic, and social systems so that those systems might be more humane. It included the establishment of Methodist hospitals in all the major cities in the United States. These hospitals were required to provide the best treatment possible free of charge to all who needed it, and were often staffed by deaconesses who trained as nurses. Homes for the aged and orphanages were also part of this work.

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Edessa marks the beginning of the hospital and medical center at Gundeshapur. It included a medical school and hospital (bimaristan), a pharmacology laboratory, a translation house, a library and an observatory. Indian doctors also contributed to the school at Gundeshapur, most notably the medical researcher Mankah. Later after Islamic invasion, the writings of Mankah and of the Indian doctor Sustura were translated into Arabic at

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than those of other inquisitions were. Where the medieval Inquisition had focused on popular misconceptions which resulted in the disturbance of public order, the Roman Inquisition was concerned with orthodoxy of a more intellectual, academic nature. The Roman Inquisition is probably best known for its condemnation of the difficult and cantankerous Galileo which was more about "bringing Florence to heel" than about heresy.

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prosperous kingdom. This helped form a group of independent minded warlords into a well-administered empire, with a tradition of working with the Pope, which became the precursor to the nation of France. Fried says, "he was the first king and emperor to seriously enact the legal principle according to which the Pope was beyond the reach of all human justice—a decision that would have major ramifications in the future."

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have "lovers, prostitutes and concubines" but wives who engaged in extramarital affairs were considered guilty of adultery. It was not rare for pagan women to be married before the age of puberty and then forced to consummate the marriage with her often much older husband. Husbands could divorce their wives at any time simply by telling the wife to leave; wives did not have a similar ability to divorce their husbands.

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thought. Most bishops and Popes of this period were trained lawyers rather than theologians, and much Christian thought of this time became little more than an extension of law. In the High Middle Ages, the religion that had begun by decrying the power of law (Romans 7:1) developed the most complex religious law the world has ever seen. Canon law became a fertile field for those who advocated strong papal power, and

3881:, for some five centuries after the fall of Rome, virtually all men of intellect joined the Church and practically nobody in western Europe outside of monastic settlements had the ability to read or write. While church scholars at different times also destroyed classical texts they felt were contrary to the Christian message, it was they, virtually alone in Western Europe, who preserved texts from the old society. 27238: 27226: 6369:, the universities benefited from the use of Latin, the common language of the Church, and its internationalist reach, and their role was to "teach, argue and reason within a Christian framework". The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of enquiry and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including 1557:"...one cannot and need not deny that Human Rights are of Western Origin. It cannot be denied, because they are morally based on the Judeo-Christian tradition and Graeco-Roman philosophy; they were codified in the West over many centuries, they have secured an established position in the national declarations of western democracies, and they have been enshrined in the constitutions of those democracies." 14389:: "The fifth century marked a definite turning point in Byzantine higher education. Theodosios ΙΙ founded in 425 a major university with 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric and other subjects. Fifteen chairs were assigned to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university was reorganized by Michael III (842–867) and flourished down to the fourteenth century". 5778: 897: 2123:. This, for example, permitted Roman society to find both a husband's control of a wife's sexual behavior a matter of intense importance and at the same time see his own sex with young boys as of little concern. Christianity sought to establish equal sexual standards for men and women and to protect all the young whether slave or free. This was a transformation in the deep logic of sexual morality. 2150: 6728:, were a part of the curricula. During the British Raj, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting against prostitution, championing the right of widowed women to remarry, and trying to stop early marriages for women. 1483:"The exceptional character of persecution in the Latin west since the twelfth century has lain not in the scale or savagery of particular persecutions, ... but in its capacity for sustained long-term growth. The patterns, procedures and rhetoric of persecution, which were established in the twelfth century, have given it the power of infinite and indefinite self-generation and self-renewal." 4125: 7605: 1405: 1675:, concepts of tolerance and intolerance were not starting points for thoughts about relations for any of the various groups involved in or affected by the crusades. Instead, concepts of tolerance began to grow during the crusades from efforts to define legal limits and the nature of co-existence. Eventually, this would help provide the foundation to the conviction among the early 1092:

possible to ascertain, with any degree of accuracy, what diminution of infanticide resulted from legal efforts against it in the Roman empire. "It may, however, be safely asserted that the publicity of the trade in exposed children became impossible under the influence of Christianity, and that the sense of the seriousness of the crime was very considerably increased."

3178:, historian of science Thomas Goldstein, and Ted Davis, have argued that the Church had a significant, positive influence on the development of Western civilization. They hold that, not only did monks save and cultivate the remnants of ancient civilization during the barbarian invasions, but that the Church promoted learning and science through its sponsorship of many 13978:"Because he would not accept the Formula of Concord without some reservations, he was excommunicated from the Lutheran communion. Because he remained faithful to his Lutheranism throughout his life, he experienced constant suspicion from Catholics." John L. Treloar, "Biography of Kepler shows man of rare integrity. Astronomer saw science and spirituality as one." 1338:

Church and State as co-operating to form a united whole, which acted in two distinct spheres, ecclesiastical and secular, but by the time of his death, the papacy was the great power in Italy: Gregory was one of the few sovereigns called Great by universal consent. He is known for sending out the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome to convert the then-

4234:, which said that the sky revolved around the Earth. When Galileo began to assert that the Earth in fact revolved around the Sun, he therefore found himself challenging the Church establishment at a time where the Church hierarchy also held temporal power and was engaged in the ongoing political challenge of the rise of Protestantism. After discussions with 4261:

system was not merely an abstract model for calculating planetary motions, but actually corresponded to physical reality – that is, he insisted the planets really do orbit the Sun. After years of telescopic observation, consultations with the Popes, and verbal and written discussions with astronomers and clerics, a trial was convened by the

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their hands on. These scribes then served as conduits through which the Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian cultures were transmitted to the tribes of Europe, newly settled amid the rubble and ruined vineyards of the civilization they had overwhelmed. Without this Service of the Scribes, everything that happened subsequently would be unthinkable. Without the

4238:(a man who had written admiringly of Galileo before taking papal office), Galileo believed he could avoid censure by presenting his arguments in dialogue form, but the Pope took offence when he discovered that some of his own words were being spoken by a character in the book who was a simpleton and Galileo was called for a trial before the Inquisition. 1711:

politics...ruling as secular princes in their papal lands. Their worldly interests and blatant political maneuverings only intensified the mounting disapproval of the papacy and provided the church's critics with more examples of the institution's corruption and decline." As the Church grew more powerful, wealthy, and corrupt, many sought reform. The

7468: 1639:"By the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks had conquered . The holdings of the old Eastern Roman Empire, known to modern historians as the Byzantine Empire, were reduced to little more than Greece. In desperation, the emperor in Constantinople sent word to the Christians of western Europe asking them to aid their brothers and sisters in the East." 2632:, and the distinctive concept of a united family which lives and progresses forever is at the core of Latter-day Saint doctrine. Church members are encouraged to marry and have children, and as a result, Latter-day Saint families tend to be larger than average. All sexual activity outside of marriage is considered a serious sin. All 1707:, the church lost "the moral, spiritual and authoritative leadership it had built up in Europe over the centuries of minute, consistent, detailed, dynamic forward-looking work. ...The papacy was now forced to pursue policies which, in substance, aimed at appeasement and were no longer directive, orientating and determinative." 18320:... Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene ... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period ... 2866:

tolerated slavery but had called on masters to "act well towards their slaves... knowing that the common Master both of themselves and of the slaves is in Heaven, and that with Him there is no distinction of persons". Gregory continued to discuss the involvement of Christians for and against slavery through the ages:

4737:, who was like the hero of a modern play, except that he happened to paint very well. This conformism was not based on fear of the Inquisition, but on the perfectly simple belief that the faith which had inspired the great saints of the preceding generation was something by which a man should regulate his life. 1323:

medieval monasteries, and they are best known for their contributions to medical tradition. They also made advances in sciences such as astronomy. For centuries, nearly all secular leaders were trained by monks because, excepting private tutors who were still, often, monks, it was the only education available.

1887:(purity of blood) appeared in Toledo in 1449 and was later adopted in Portugal as well. Initially, these statutes were condemned by the Church, but in 1555, the highly corrupt Pope Alexander VI approved a 'blood purity' statute for one of the religious orders. In his history of the Portuguese Inquisition, 5719:. Many hospitals were built and maintained by bishops in their respective prefectures. Hospitals were usually built near or around churches, and great importance was laid on the idea of healing through salvation. When medicine failed, doctors would ask their patients to pray. This often involved icons of 18960:

Walker Publishing Company, New York, 2008, (page number not available – occurs toward end of Chapter 13, "The Wrap-up of Antiquity"). "It was in the Near and Middle East and North Africa that the old traditions of teaching and learning continued, and where Christian scholars were carefully preserving

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The missionary Church opposed this state of affairs from the beginning, and nearly everything positive that was done for the benefit of the indigenous peoples resulted from the call and clamor of the missionaries. The fact remained, however, that widespread injustice was extremely difficult to uproot

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The one valuable item, sought for in Europe, which Iran possessed and which could bring in silver in sufficient quantities was silk, which was produced in the northern provinces, along the Caspian coastline. The trade of this product was done by Persians to begin with, but during the 17th century the

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The private schools and colleges established by the mainline Protestant denominations, as a rule, still want to be known as places that foster values, but few will go so far as to identify those values as Christian.... Overall, the distinctiveness of mainline Protestant identity has largely dissolved

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is considered an influential early patron of Gothic architecture. He believed that love of beauty brought people closer to God: "The dull mind rises to truth through that which is material". Clarke calls this "the intellectual background of all the sublime works of art of the next century and in fact

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by the Church, but Catholic authorities were generally tolerant of discussion of the hypothesis as long as it was portrayed only as a useful mathematical fiction, and not descriptive of reality. Galileo, by contrast, argued from his unprecedented observations of the Solar System that the heliocentric

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says that “Generations of historians and sociologists have discovered many ways in which Christians, Christian beliefs, and Christian institutions played crucial roles in fashioning the tenets, methods, and institutions of what in time became modern science. They found that some forms of Christianity

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which confirmed that "their souls were as immortal as those of Europeans", that Indians were to be regarded as fully human, and they should neither be robbed nor turned into slaves. While these edicts may have had some beneficial effects, these were limited in scope. European colonies were mainly run

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It was women, primarily Amerindian Christian converts who became the primary supporters of the Latin American Church. While the Spanish military was known for its ill-treatment of Amerindian men and women, Catholic missionaries are credited with championing all efforts to initiate protective laws for

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study about Religion and Living arrangements around the world in 2019, found that Christians around the world live in somewhat smaller households, on average, than non-Christians (4.5 vs. 5.1 members). 34% of world's Christian population live in two parent families with minor children, while 29% live

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women were legally classified as children regardless of age and were the "legal property of some man at all stages in her life." Women in the Roman Empire had limited legal rights and could not enter professions. Female infanticide and abortion were practiced by all classes. In family life, men could

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was different in one fundamental respect: it was responsible to the crown rather than the Pope and was used to consolidate state interest." It was authorized by the Pope, yet the initial Inquisitors proved so severe that the Pope almost immediately opposed it to no avail. Early in 1483, the king and

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According to Aquinas, every law is ultimately derived from what he calls the 'eternal law': God's ordering of all created things. For Aquinas, a human action is good or bad depending on whether it conforms to reason, and it is this participation in the 'eternal law' by the 'rational creature' that is

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writes that natural law has been assailed for a century and a half, yet it remains an aspect of legal philosophy since much human rights theory is based on it. Aquinas taught that just leadership must work for the "common good". He defines a law as "an ordinance of reason" and that it can't simply be

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Christianity in the High Middle Ages had a lasting impact on politics and law through the newly established universities. Canon law emerged from theology and developed independently there. By the 1200s, both civil and canon law had become a major aspect of ecclesiastical culture, dominating Christian

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writes that Charlemagne left such a profound impression on his age that traces of it still remain. He promoted education and literacy and subsidized schools, he worked at protecting the poor enacting economic and currency reform; these, along with legal and judicial reforms, created a more lawful and

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Theodosius reigned (albeit for a brief interim) as the last Emperor of a united Eastern and Western Roman Empire. Between 389 and 391, Theodosius promulgated the Theodosian Decrees, a collection of laws from the time of Constantine including laws against heretics and pagans. In 391 Theodosius blocked

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In the ancient world, infanticide was not legal but was rarely prosecuted. A broad distinction was popularly made between infanticide and infant exposure, which was widely practiced. Many exposed children died, but many were taken by speculators who raised them to be slaves or prostitutes. It is not

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The New Testament refers to a number of women in Jesus' inner circle. There are several Gospel accounts of Jesus imparting important teachings to and about women: his meeting with the Samaritan woman at the well, his anointing by Mary of Bethany, his public admiration for a poor widow who donated two

8630:... The insights of Christian philosophy "would not have happened without the direct or indirect contribution of Christian faith" (FR 76). Typical Christian philosophers include St. Augustine, St. Bonaventure, and St. Thomas Aquinas. The benefits derived from Christian philosophy are twofold ... 5743:

The Catholic Church established a hospital system in Medieval Europe that was different from the merely reciprocal hospitality of the Greeks and family-based obligations of the Romans. These hospitals were established to cater to "particular social groups marginalized by poverty, sickness, and age",

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has had little Catholic support. In the 1950s, the Church's position was one of neutrality; by the late 20th century its position evolved to one of general acceptance in recent years. However, the church insists that the human soul was immediately infused by God, and the reality of a single ancestor

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Both the ancient Greeks and the Romans cared and wrote about sexual morality within categories of good and bad, pure and defiled, and ideal and transgression. But the sexual ethical structures of Roman society were built on status, and sexual modesty meant something different for men than it did for

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and expressing Christian ideals in active works of charity, exemplified by the new hospitals, the pastoral work of the Augustinians and Premonstratensians, and the service of the friars. Riley-Smith concludes, "The charity of St. Francis may now appeal to us more than that of the crusaders, but both

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and other contemporary scholars, "the growth of secular power and the pursuit of secular interests, constituted the essential context of the developments that led to a persecuting society." This has had a permanent impact on politics and law in multiple ways: through a new rhetoric of exclusion that

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In the pivotal twelfth century (1100s), Europe began laying the foundation for its gradual transformation from the medieval to the modern. Feudal lords slowly lost power to the feudal kings as kings began centralizing power into themselves and their nation-state. Kings built their own armies instead

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Pope Gregory the Great made himself in Italy a power stronger than emperor or exarch, and established a political influence which dominated the peninsula for centuries. From this time forth the varied populations of Italy looked to the pope for guidance, and Rome as the papal capital continued to be

1208:

According to Christian literature of the fourth century, paganism ended by the early to mid—fifth century with everyone either converted or cowed. Contemporary archaeology, on the other hand, indicates this is not so; paganism continued across the empire, and the end of paganism varied from place to

947:

and moral philosopher who urged followers to worship God, act without violence or prejudice, and care for the sick, hungry, and poor. These teachings deeply influenced Western culture. Jesus criticized the hypocrisy of the religious establishment, which drew the ire of the authorities, who persuaded

16188:

The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of

5695:

Albert Jonsen, University of Washington historian of medicine, says "the second great sweep of medical history begins at the end of the fourth century, with the founding of the first Christian hospital at Caesarea in Cappadocia, and concludes at the end of the fourteenth century, with medicine well

3086:

The influence of the Church on Western letters and learning has been formidable. The ancient texts of the Bible have deeply influenced Western art, literature and culture. For centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, small monastic communities were practically the only outposts

2660:

to each other for eternity. The implication is that other institutional forms, including the church, might disappear, but the family will endure. A 2011 survey of Mormons in the United States showed that family life is very important to Mormons, with family concerns significantly higher than career

2205:, while highly valuing the institution, viewed marriage as a "civil", rather than a "religious" matter, being "under the jurisdiction of the civil courts". This is because they found no biblical precedent for clergy performing marriage ceremonies. Further, marriage was said to be for the "relief of 1741:

Women were in many respects excluded from political and mercantile life; however, some leading churchwomen were exceptions. Medieval abbesses and female superiors of monastic houses were powerful figures whose influence could rival that of male bishops and abbots: "They treated with kings, bishops,

1474:

of the accused; by the creation of new civil laws which included allowing the state to be the defendant and bring charges on its own behalf; the invention of police forces as the arm of state enforcement; the invention of a general taxation, gold coins, and modern banking to pay for it all; and the

1082:

According to Christian apologist Tim Keller, it was common in the Greco-Roman world to expose female infants because of the low status of women in society. The church forbade its members to do so. Greco-Roman society saw no value in an unmarried woman, and therefore it was illegal for a widow to go

1061:

approach, which regards life as an absolute moral value... sanctity of life approach ... which embeds a presumption in favor of preserving life, but concedes that there are circumstances in which life should not be preserved at all costs", and it is this which provides the solid foundation for law

854:

writes that medieval Europe's advances in production methods, navigation, and war technology "can be traced to the unique Christian conviction that progress was a God-given obligation, entailed in the gift of reason. That new technologies and techniques would always be forthcoming was a fundamental

16885:

The new view of evangelism called for the denomination to undertake two new forms of activities: humanitarian aid and social witness. Humanitarian aid went beyond the individual help that many home missionaries were already providing to people within their care. It involved creating new structures

8658:... .Catholic thinkers contributed extensively to philosophy during the Nineteenth Century. Besides pioneering the revivals of Augustinianism and Thomism, they helped initiate such philosophical movements as Romanticism, Traditionalism, Semi-Rationalism, Spiritualism, Ontologism, and Integralism... 7595:

to his capital city and provided them with loans. And as the shah realized the importance of doing trade with the Europeans, he assured that the Safavid society was one with religious tolerance. The Christian Armenians thus became a commercial elite in the Safavid society and managed to survive in

6109:

Missionary activity for the Catholic Church has always incorporated education of evangelized peoples as part of its social ministry. History shows that in evangelized lands, the first people to operate schools were Roman Catholics. In some countries, the Church is the main provider of education or

3993:

It is important not to exaggerate the oppressive effects of Index and Inquisition. The Counter-Reformation did not prevent Italian scholars from making original contributions in classical scholarship, history, law, literary criticism, logic, mathematics, medicine, philology, and rhetoric. Nor were

2118:

Shame was a profoundly social concept that was, in ancient Rome, always mediated by gender and status. "It was not enough that a wife merely regulate her sexual behavior in the accepted ways; it was required that her virtue in this area be conspicuous." Men, on the other hand, were allowed live-in

1737:

Woman-as-witch became a stereotype in the 1400s until it was codified in 1487 by Pope Innocent VIII who declared "most witches are female". "The European witch stereotype embodies two apparent paradoxes: first, it was not produced by the 'barbaric Dark Ages', but during the progressive Renaissance

1663:

adds that those "scholars who see the crusades as the beginning of European colonialism and expansionism would have surprised people at the time. would not have denied some selfish aspects... but the predominant emphasis was on the defense and recovery of lands that had once been Christian and on

1151:

During the fourth century, Christian writing and theology blossomed into a "Golden Age" of literary and scholarly activity unmatched since the days of Virgil and Horace. Many of these works remain influential in politics, law, ethics and other fields. A new genre of literature was also born in the

7636:

released his portion of the city's captive Christian population with instructions to start the rebuilding of Constantinople which had been devastated by siege and war. Afterwards, he began to also repopulate the city bringing new inhabitants – both Christian and Muslim – from the whole empire and

6731:

In India, over 25,000 schools and colleges are operated by the Church. The Jesuits' educational institutions have left a prestigious impact through their education institutions. Education has become the major priority for the Church in India in recent years with nearly 60% of the Catholic schools

6665:

By the close of the 19th century, European powers had managed to gain control of most of the African interior. The new rulers introduced cash-based economies which created an enormous demand for literacy and a western education—a demand which for most Africans could only be satisfied by Christian

5622:

as the outcome of a sort of mythical "Lutheran peasant enlightenment", portraying the Nordic model as the result of a sort of "secularized Lutheranism"; however, mainstream academic discourse on the subject focuses on "historical specificity", with the centralized structure of the Lutheran church

3868:

s the Roman Empire fell, as all through Europe matted, unwashed barbarians descended on the Roman cities, looting artifacts and burning books, the Irish, who were just learning to read and write, took up the great labor of copying all western literature – everything they could lay

3037:

2842:

The Church initially accepted slavery as part of the Greco-Roman social fabric of society, campaigning primarily for humane treatment of slaves but also admonishing slaves to behave appropriately towards their masters. Historian Glenn Sunshine says, "Christians were the first people in history to

1976:

favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up

1910:

operated to serve the papacy's long standing political aims in Naples, Venice and Florence." Under Paul III and his successor Julius III, and under most of the popes thereafter, the Roman Inquisition's activity was relatively restrained and its command structure was considerably more bureaucratic

1837:

The history of the Inquisition divides into two major parts: "its creation by the medieval papacy in the early thirteenth century, and its transformation between 1478 and 1542 into permanent secular governmental bureaucracies: the Spanish, Portuguese, and Roman Inquisitions...all of which endured

1667:

Ideas such as holy war and Christian chivalry, in both thought and culture, continued to evolve gradually from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. This can be traced in expressions of law, traditions, tales, prophecy, and historical narratives, in letters, bulls and poems written during the

1516:

Medieval universities were not secular institutions, but they, and some religious orders, were founded with a respect for dialogue and debate, believing good understanding came from viewing something from multiple sides. Because of this, they incorporated reasoned disputation into their system of

8968:

6526:

Education in Latin American began under the direction of missionaries who were sponsored by the Spanish crown. Royal policy stipulated that the Amerindians had to accept missionaries but they did not have to convert. Indians who agreed to listen to the missionaries were not subjected to work for

6444:(Jesuits) in 1540. Initially a missionary order, the Jesuits took Western learning and the Catholic faith to India, Japan, China, Canada, Central and South America and Australia. The order became increasingly involved in education, founding schools, colleges and universities across the globe and 6305:

of monasteries that had begun in 910 sparked widespread monastic growth and renewal. Monasteries introduced new technologies and crops, fostered the creation and preservation of literature and promoted economic growth. Monasteries, convents and cathedrals still operated virtually all schools and

4746:

In music, Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation in order to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church, and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. This led directly to the emergence and development of European

4603:

wrote that Western Europe's first "great age of civilization" was ready to begin around the year 1000. From 1100, he wrote, monumental abbeys and cathedrals were constructed and decorated with sculptures, hangings, mosaics and works belonging to one of the greatest epochs of art, providing stark

2870:

In the process of time, the fog of pagan superstition being more completely dissipated and the manners of barbarous people having been softened, thanks to Faith operating by Charity, it at last comes about that, since several centuries, there are no more slaves in the greater number of Christian

1337:

540–604) administered the church with strict reform. A trained Roman lawyer, administrator, and monk, he represents the shift from the classical to the medieval outlook and was a father of many of the structures of the later Catholic Church. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, he looked upon

18464:

The evidence of early medieval laws that enforced punishments for the destruction of bathing houses suggests that such buildings were not rare. That they ... took a bath every week. At places in southern Europe, Roman baths remained in use or were even restored ... The Paris city scribe Nicolas

7534:

theological and medical university. These scholars made their way to Gundeshapur in 529 following the closing of the academy by Emperor Justinian. They were engaged in medical sciences and initiated the first translation projects of medical texts. The arrival of these medical practitioners from

5453:

The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was

4327:

has slowly been refined. For about 100 years, there was no authoritative pronouncement on the subject, though many hostile comments were made by local church figures. In contrast with many Protestant objections, Catholic issues with evolutionary theory have had little to do with maintaining the

2923:

which led to debate on the nature of human rights and the birth of modern international law. Enforcement of these laws was lax, and some historians blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the Indians; others point to the Church as the only voice raised on behalf of indigenous peoples.

1710:

According to Matthews and DeWitt, "The Popes in the fourteenth to the mid-fifteenth century turned their interest to the arts and humanities rather than to pressing moral and spiritual issues. Moreover, they were vitally concerned with the trappings of political power. They plunged into Italian

1564:

David Gushee says Christianity has a "tragically mixed legacy" when it comes to the application of its own ethics. He examines three cases of "Christendom divided against itself": the crusades and St. Francis' attempt at peacemaking with Muslims; Spanish conquerors and the killing of indigenous

3915:, which could express numbers from 0 to 9999 in a single sign. According to one modern Cistercian, "enterprise and entrepreneurial spirit" have always been a part of the order's identity, and the Cistercians "were catalysts for development of a market economy" in 12th-century Europe. Until the 1107:

in 313 AD ended the state-sponsored persecution of Christians in the East, and his own conversion to Christianity was a significant turning point in history. In 312, Constantine offered civic toleration to Christians, and through his reign instigated laws and policies in keeping with Christian

14441:

Le nom "université" désigne au Moyen Âge occidental une organisation corporative des élèves et des maîtres, avec ses fonctions et privilèges, qui cultive un ensemble d'études supérieures. L'existence d'une telle institution est fort contestée pour Byzance. Seule l'école de Constantinople sous

5262:

and a Catholic thinker who studied the issue regarding the human rights of colonized natives, is recognized by the United Nations as a father of international law, and now also by historians of economics and democracy as a leading light for the West's democracy and rapid economic development.

3834:

centred at Constantinople in the East, Western civilisation suffered a collapse of literacy and organisation following the fall of Rome in 476AD. Monks sought refuge at the far fringes of the known world: like Cornwall, Ireland, or the Hebrides. Disciplined Christian scholarship carried on in

2865:

condemned all forms of slavery; nevertheless some American bishops continued to support slavery for several decades. In this historic Bull, Pope Gregory outlined his summation of the impact of the Church on the ancient institution of slavery, beginning by acknowledging that early Apostles had

2572:

stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children. It became widely recognized that children possess rights on their own behalf. This included the rights of poor children to sustenance, membership in a community, education, and job training. The

1322:

Monasteries were models of productivity and economic resourcefulness teaching their local communities animal husbandry, cheese making, wine making, and various other skills. They were havens for the poor, hospitals, hospices for the dying, and schools. Medical practice was highly important in

1298:

The period between the Fall of Rome (476 C.E.) and the rise of the Carolingian Franks (750 C.E.) is often referred to as the "Dark Ages", however, it could also be designated the "Age of the Monk". This era had a lasting impact on politics and law through Christian aesthetes like St. Benedict

1030:

If we turn to the roots of our western tradition, we find that in Greek and Roman times not all human life was regarded as inviolable and worthy of protection. Slaves and 'barbarians' did not have a full right to life and human sacrifices and gladiatorial combat were acceptable... Spartan Law

5892:

all people. In Western nations, governments have increasingly taken up funding and organisation of health services for the poor but the Church still maintains a massive network of health care providers across the world. In the West, these institutions are increasingly run by lay-people after

2134:

Christian sexual ideology is inextricable from its concept of freewill. "In its original form, Christian freewill was a cosmological claim—an argument about the relationship between God's justice and the individual... as Christianity became intermeshed with society, the discussion shifted in

1651:

says the crusades were products of the renewed spirituality of the central Middle Ages as much as they were of political circumstances. Senior churchmen of this time presented the concept of Christian love to the faithful as the reason to take up arms. The people had a concern for living the

1550:"The philosophical foundation of the liberal concept of human rights can be found in natural law theories", and much thinking on natural law is traced to the thought of the Dominican friar, Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas continues to influence the works of leading political and legal philosophers. 1074:

explains in his letters to Emperor Trajan, had people from "every age and rank, and both sexes". Pliny reports arresting two slave women who claimed to be 'deaconesses' in the first decade of the second century. There was a rite for the ordination of women deacons in the Roman Pontifical (a

8597:

Virtually every major European composer contributed to the development of church music. Monteverdi, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Rossini, and Verdi are examples of composers who made significant contributions in this sphere. The Catholic Church was one of the most important patrons of musical

4380:

have been made. The Catholic Church's official position is fairly non-specific, stating only that faith and the origin of man's material body "from pre-existing living matter" are not in conflict, and that the existence of God is required to explain the spiritual component of man's origin.

1521:

where a 'master' would raise a question, students would provide arguments, and those arguments would be assessed and argued. Brian Law says, "Literally anyone could attend, masters and scholars from other schools, all kinds of ecclesiastics and prelates and even civil authorities, all the

7664:

began facing problems in the conduct of their foreign relations, and were having difficulties in dictating terms to their neighbours; the Porte was faced for the first time with the need of participating in diplomatic negotiations. From 1669 until the Greek War of Independence in 1821,

4552:

is often called "post-Byzantine". Certain artistic traditions that originated in the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church architecture, are maintained in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day.

2881: 4139:

Historically, the Catholic Church has been a major a sponsor of astronomy, not least due to the astronomical basis of the calendar by which holy days and Easter are determined. Nevertheless, the most famous case of a scientist being tried for heresy arose in this field of science: the

7596:

the tough atmosphere of business being fought over by the British, Dutch, French, Indians and Persians, by always having large capital readily available and by managing to strike harder bargains ensuring cheaper prices than what, for instance, their British rivals ever were able to.

1742:

and the greatest lords on terms of perfect equality; ... they were present at all great religious and national solemnities, at the dedication of churches, and even, like the queens, took part in the deliberation of the national assemblies ...". The increasing popularity of

5864:, sport, TV, science, law and education. Pius XII was called "the Pope of Technology" for his willingness and ability to examine the social implications of technological advances. The dominant concern was the continued rights and dignity of the individual. With the beginning of the 2377:

Early Church Fathers advocated against polygamy, abortion, infanticide, child abuse, homosexuality, transvestism, and incest. After the Roman Empire adopted Christianity as the official religion, however, the link between Christian teachings and Roman family laws became more clear.

8008: 5897:

is the largest non-government provider grouping of health, community and aged care services, representing about 10% of the health sector. In 1968, nuns or priests were the chief executives of 770 of America's 796 Catholic hospitals. By 2011, they presided over 8 of 636 hospitals.

4295:, in the nineteenth century, claimed that those who attack the Church can only point to the Galileo case, which to many historians does not prove the Church's opposition to science since many of the churchmen at that time were encouraged by the Church to continue their research. 1258:; and hostels or inns where pilgrims could buy a cheap bed and meal". It supplied food to the population during famine and distributed food to the poor. This welfare system the church funded through collecting taxes on a large scale and by owning large farmlands and estates. The 1838:

into the nineteenth century." The old medieval inquisitions had limited power and influence, whereas the powers of the modern "Holy Tribunal" were extended and enlarged by the power of the state into "one of the most formidable engines of destruction which ever existed."

5691:

Historians record that, prior to Christianity, the ancient world left little trace of any organized charitable effort. Christian charity and the practice of feeding and clothing the poor, visiting prisoners, supporting widows and orphan children has had sweeping impact.

18288:... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christians who wished to attend the baths ... 2963:

and many others spread through Indian populations. "In most of the New World 90 percent or more of the native population was destroyed by wave after wave of previously unknown afflictions. Explorers and colonists did not enter an empty land but rather an emptied one".

956:, to have him executed. The Talmud says Jesus was executed by the Hasmonean government who stone and hang him and that his punishment is to boil in human excrements for eternity for sorcery and for leading the people into apostasy. In Jerusalem, around 30AD, Jesus was 870:

world of old. Outside the Western world, Christianity has had an influence and contributed to various cultures, such as in Africa, Central Asia, the Near East, Middle East, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Scholars and intellectuals have noted

1746:(the mother of Jesus) secured maternal virtue as a central cultural theme of Catholic Europe. Kenneth Clarke wrote that the 'Cult of the Virgin' in the early 12th century "had taught a race of tough and ruthless barbarians the virtues of tenderness and compassion". 6201:, in addition to the historical evidence that "Christian monks built libraries and, in the days before printing presses, preserved important earlier writings produced in Latin, Greek and Arabic". According to the same study, Christians have a significant amount of 8798:... In the centuries succeeding the Reformation the teaching of Protestantism was consistent on the nature of work. Some Protestant theologians also contributed to the study of economics, especially the nineteenth-century Scottish minister Thomas Chalmers ... 4567:

Several historians credit the Catholic Church for what they consider to be the brilliance and magnificence of Western art. "Even though the church dominated art and architecture, it did not prevent architects and artists from experimenting..." Historians such as

706:" and the welfare commonly provided by governments in the West. Long-held Christian teachings on sexuality, marriage, and family life have also been influential and controversial in recent times. Christianity in general affected the status of women by condemning 3873:, who single-handedly re-founded European civilization throughout the continent in the bays and valleys of their exile, the world that came after them would have been an entirely different one-a world without books. And our own world would never have come to be. 1209:

place. Violence such as temple destructions are attested in some locations, generally in small numbers, and are not spread equally throughout the empire. In most regions away from the imperial court, the end of paganism was, more often, gradual and untraumatic.

4576:, an eastern movement against visual representations of the divine, and the western church's insistence on building structures befitting worship. Important contributions include its cultivation and patronage of individual artists, as well as development of the 2100:"...the triumph of Christianity not only drove profound cultural change, it created a new relationship between sexual morality and society... The legacy of Christianity lies in the dissolution of an ancient system where social and political status, power, and 1807:

of France responded by sending an army to arrest the Pope. Boniface fled for his life and died shortly thereafter. "This episode revealed that the popes were no longer a match for the feudal kings" and showed there had been a marked decline in papal prestige.

7688:

languages and cultures, officials found themselves unable to handle such affairs. The Porte subsequently assigned those tasks to the Greeks who had a long mercantile and educational tradition and could provide the necessary skills. As a result, the so−called

1441:. Those with intellectual, administrative, or diplomatic skill could advance beyond the usual restraints of society. Leading churchmen from faraway lands were accepted in local bishoprics, linking European thought across wide distances. Complexes like the 7259:. During the 4th through the 7th centuries, scholarly work in the Syriac and Greek languages was either newly initiated, or carried on from the Hellenistic period. Centers of learning and of transmission of classical wisdom included colleges such as the 4225:

and, with its aid declared his belief that Copernicus was correct, were both practising Catholics – indeed Copernicus was a Catholic clergyman. Yet the church establishment at that time held to theories devised in pre-Christian Greece by

4955:

Scholasticism was initially a program conducted by medieval Christian thinkers attempting to harmonize the various authorities of their own tradition, and to reconcile Christian theology with classical and late antiquity philosophy, especially that of

7876:

amongst others played leading role in the development of civilization and Arab culture. Given this role in politics and culture, Ottoman ministers began to include them in their governments. In the economic sphere, a number of Christian families like

8104:, that Christianity was fundamentally responsible for the successes of seventeenth-century science. It would be a mistake of equal magnitude, however, to overlook the intricate interlocking of scientific and religious concerns throughout the century. 4751:

style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor.

3763:), and although they preserved much of the ancient knowledge of science and geometry, after the 6th century Byzantine scholars made few novel contributions to science in terms of developing new theories or extending the ideas of classical authors.; 1560:

Howard Tumber says, "human rights is not a universal doctrine, but is the descendent of one particular religion (Christianity)." This does not suggest Christianity has been superior in its practice or has not had "its share of human rights abuses".

5327:

in the 16th century contributed to the development of banking in Northern Europe. In the late 18th century, Protestant merchant families began to move into banking to an increasing degree, especially in trading countries such as the United Kingdom

2827:

not only forbids clerical marriage, but generally follows a practice of clerical celibacy, requiring candidates for ordination to be unmarried or widowed. However, this public policy in the Catholic Church has not always been enforced in private.

1891:

says there is a deep connection between the rise of the Felipes in Portugal, the growth of the inquisition, and the adoption of the statutes of purity of blood which spread and increased and were more concerned with ethnic ancestry than religion.

4875:

is any poetry that contains Christian teachings, themes, or references. The influence of Christianity on poetry has been great in any area that Christianity has taken hold. Christian poems often directly reference the Bible, while others provide

3186:, the Church's "model theologian", argued that reason is in harmony with faith, and that reason can contribute to a deeper understanding of revelation, and so encouraged intellectual development. The Church's priest-scientists, many of whom were 3098:

have made similar arguments in their education in order to inculcate a negative view of Catholicism (and religion in general) in their citizens. The most famous incidents cited by such critics are the Church's condemnations of the teachings of

1643:

This was the impetus of the first crusade, however, the "Colossus of the Medieval world was Islam, not Christendom" and despite initial success, these conflicts, which lasted four centuries, ultimately ended in failure for western Christendom.

1326:

The formation of these organized bodies of believers distinct from political and familial authority, especially for women, gradually carved out a series of social spaces with some amount of independence thereby revolutionizing social history.

1522:'intellectuals' of the time, who were always attracted to skirmishes of this kind, and all of whom had the right to ask questions and oppose arguments." In a kind of 'Town Hall Meeting' atmosphere, questions could be raised orally by anyone ( 1112:

to gain consensus and unity within Christianity, with a view to establishing it as the religion of the Empire. The population and wealth of the Roman Empire had been shifting east, and around the year 330, Constantine established the city of

12869:

Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere

4907:(c.1225–1274), and although unfinished, "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature." It is intended as a manual for beginners in theology and a compendium of all of the main 6008:, the London Missionary Society Hospital "pioneered improvements in the public health system for the treatment of diseases even before organised attempts were made by the colonial Madras Presidency, reducing the death rate substantially". 15143:

in 1638, some five years after his trial, they did so under the pretense that a manuscript he had presented to the French Ambassador to Rome for preservation and circulation to interested intellectuals had been used without his knowledge

6110:

significantly supplements government forms of education. Presently, the Church operates the world's largest non-governmental school system. Many of Western Civilization's most influential universities were founded by the Catholic Church.

8885:(2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. Most (65.4%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. 16977:

David W. Stevenson, M.D., of the Canadian Mission, writes as follows: ... ' 'Dr. Peter Parker, who went out in 1835, almost opened China to the Gospel at the point of his lancet. His great eye hospital become noted the world over.' '

2847:, became the first kingdom in history to begin the process of outlawing slavery. ...In the 1200s, Thomas Aquinas declared slavery a sin. When the African slave trade began in the 1400s, it was condemned numerous times by the papacy." 1882:

was also fully controlled by the crown which established a government board, known as the General Council, to oversee it. The Grand Inquisitor, who was chosen by the king, was always a member of the royal family. The first statute of

6213:, which led to the eradication of illiteracy among females in Protestant communities. According to the same study "there is a large and pervasive gap in educational attainment between Muslims and Christians in sub-Saharan Africa" as 1457:

of relying on their vassals, thereby taking power from the nobility. The 'state' took over legal practices that had traditionally belonged to local nobles and local church officials; and they began to target minorities. According to

14144:(2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion Most 65.4% have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. 1989:

and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like

3678:(Γυμνάσιον). At the time various economic schools, colleges, polytechnics, libraries and fine arts academies also operated in the city of Constantinople. And a few scholars have gone so far as to call the Pandidakterion the first " 5929:

Although their influence is often described as intangible, the nuns kept their hospitals focused on serving the needy and brought a spiritual reassurance that healing would prevail over profit, authorities on Catholic health care

2854:

within Europe, though outright slavery existed in European colonies in other parts of the world. Several popes issued papal bulls condemning mistreatment of enslaved Native Americans; these were largely ignored. In his 1839 bull

6910:

clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women naked bathing in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the

2661:

concerns. Four out of five Mormons believe that being a good parent is one of the most important goals in life, and roughly three out of four Mormons put having a successful marriage in this category. Mormons also have a strict

7881:

became prominent. Thus, the Nahda led the Muslims and Christians to a cultural renaissance and national general despotism. This solidified Arab Christians as one of the pillars of the region and not a minority on the fringes.

7699:, came to occupy high posts of secretaries and interpreters to Ottoman officials and officers. The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce exemplified in the 1253:

likened the Catholic Church in its activities during the Middle Ages to an early version of a welfare state: "It conducted hospitals for the old and orphanages for the young; hospices for the sick of all ages; places for the

14442:

Théodose Il peut être prise pour une institution universitaire. Par la loi de 425, l'empereur a établi l'"université de Constantinople", avec 31 professeurs rémunérés par l'État qui jouissaient du monopole des cours publics.

4115:

Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to study God's influence on the world and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

2126:

Early Church Fathers advocated against adultery, polygamy, homosexuality, pederasty, bestiality, prostitution, and incest while advocating for the sanctity of the marriage bed. The central Christian prohibition against such

5837:. Unlike Leo, who addressed mainly the condition of workers, Pius XI concentrated on the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He called for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principle of 12139:

Feige, Diana, and Franz G M. Feige. "Love, Marriage, and Family in Puritan Society." Dialogue & Alliance 9, no. 1 (1 March 1995): 96–114. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed 3 December 2010).

1108:

principles – making Sunday the Sabbath "day of rest" for Roman society (though initially this was only for urban dwellers) and embarking on a church building program. In AD 325, Constantine conferred the

7703:. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the 5001:" is a name is given to a saint from whose writings the whole Church is held to have derived great advantage and to whom "eminent learning" and "great sanctity" have been attributed by a proclamation of a pope or of an 3839:

in Ireland, where literate monks became some of the last preservers in Western Europe of the poetic and philosophical works of Western antiquity. By around 800AD they were producing illuminated manuscripts such as the

12993:

However, the practice is still common among Christians in the United States, Oceania, South Korea, the Philippines, the Middle East and Africa. Some Middle Eastern Christians actually view the procedure as a rite of

1512:

says that a church-centered empire almost became a reality in this era. However, Downing says the rule of law, established in the Middle Ages, is one of the reasons why Europe eventually developed democracy instead.

6629:

has grown to be the second biggest sector after government schools with around 21 per cent of all secondary school enrolments. The Church has established primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions. St

13445:

In the Americas, the Catholic priest Bartolome de las Casas avidly encouraged enquiries into the Spanish conquest's many cruelties. Las Casas chronicled Spanish brutality against the Native peoples in excruciating

5868:

at the end of his pontificate, Pius XII explored the social implications of space exploration and satellites on the social fabric of humanity asking for a new sense of community and solidarity in light of existing

1812:

says the implementation of the papal monarchial idea had led to the loss of prestige, as, the more efficient the papal bureaucratic machine became, the further it alienated the people, and the further it declined.

986:. Nevertheless, carried through the synagogues, merchants and missionaries across the known world, Christianity quickly grew in size and influence. Its unique appeal was partly the result of its values and ethics. 4020:

Canon law still recommends that works concerning sacred Scripture, theology, canon law, church history, and any writings which specially concern religion or good morals, be submitted to the judgement of the local

1554:

called 'natural law'. Aquinas said natural law is a fundamental principle that is woven into the fabric of human nature. Secularists, such as Hugo Grotius, later expanded the idea of human rights and built on it.

6724:(1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the British Raj. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj, Christian texts, especially the 5678:

services in the world. It has around 18,000 clinics, 16,000 homes for the elderly and those with special needs, and 5,500 hospitals, with 65 percent of them located in developing countries. In 2010, the Church's

4604:

contrast to the monotonous and cramped conditions of ordinary living during the period. The Late Middle Ages produced ever more extravagant art and architecture, but also the virtuous simplicity of those such as

1725:

or the new devotion—which worked toward the ideal of a pious society of ordinary non-ordained people and, ultimately, to the Reformation and the development of modern concepts of tolerance and religious freedom.

1038:

gives the now classical account of the sanctity of human life in his history of European morals saying Christianity "formed a new standard, higher than any which then existed in the world...". Christian ethicist

2174:

The teachings of the Church have also been used to "establish the status of women under the law". There has been some debate as to whether the Church has improved the status of women or hindered their progress.

17297:

Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

6890:

for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal. The women in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church are prohibited from entering the church temple during

14426: 9351:

The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization.

8376:... . Many of the early leaders of the scientific revolution were Christians, including Roger Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, Francis Bacon, Galileo, Newton, Boyle, Pascal, Descartes, Ray, Linnaeus, and Gassendi... 1025:

ruled in the name of a divinity or by rulers who were seen as divine. Rulers, and the priests, soldiers and bureaucrats who carried out their will, were a small minority who kept power by exploiting the many.

14475:

King, David. "The Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades. Volume I: Zīj al-⊂ Alā⊃ ī by Gregory Chioniades; David Pingree; An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy by Alexander Jones." (1991).

6669:

With a high number of adult baptisms, the Church is growing faster in Africa than anywhere else. It also operates a greater number of Catholic schools per parish here (3:1) than in other areas of the world.

1075:

liturgical book) up through the 12th century. For women deacons, the oldest rite in the West comes from an eighth-century book, whereas Eastern rites go back to the third century and there are more of them.

13643:

The conflict thesis, at least in its simple form, is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science

5433:

gave birth to capitalism. It is one of the most influential and cited books in sociology although the thesis presented has been controversial since its release. In opposition to Weber, historians such as

6495:, the university became a hallmark of Christian Civilisation, though, he writes, "in the most recent century perhaps no institution has done more to promote an alternative or secular view of the world". 6297:

and libraries. As well as providing a focus for spiritual life, they functioned as agricultural, economic and production centers, particularly in remote regions, becoming major conduits of civilization.

12837:

Coptic Christians, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Eritrean Orthodox churches on the other hand, do observe the ordainment, and circumcise their sons anywhere from the first week of life to the first few years.

10658:

Boswell, John. Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. N.p., University of Chicago Press, 2015.

6803:

have played leadership roles in many aspects of American life, including politics, business, science, the arts, and education. They founded most of the country's leading institutes of higher education.

6751:

As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels got a strong boost. Compulsory education for both boys and girls was introduced. For example, the

3989:

has been described by some as the "turning-point in the freedom of enquiry" in the Catholic world, the actual effects of the Index were minimal and it was largely ignored. John Hedley Brooke explains:

2915:

in response. The issue resulted in a crisis of conscience in 16th-century Spain. Further abuses against the Amerindians committed by Spanish authorities were denounced by Catholic missionaries such as

6638:, and in 2010 became the first Australian to be canonised as a saint. Catholic education is also significant in neighbouring South Pacific nations: 11% of New Zealand students attend Catholic schools 17818: 3830:, Church scholars and missionaries played a vital role in preserving knowledge of Classical Learning. While the Roman Empire and Christian religion survived in an increasingly Hellenised form in the 3342:

provided the motivation to study nature systematically...” Virtually all modern scholars and historians agree that Christianity moved many early-modern intellectuals to study nature systematically.

78: 2009:

Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In 17th century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the

24070: 2843:

oppose slavery systematically. Early Christians purchased slaves in the markets simply to set them free. Later, in the seventh century, the Franks..., under the influence of its Christian queen,

1387:. Sometimes called the "Father of Europe" and the founder of feudalism, Charlemagne instituted political and judicial reform and led what is sometimes referred to as the Early Renaissance or the 17933:

J. Hutching THE CATHOLIC POOR SCHOOLS, 1800 to 1845: Part 1 The Catholic Poor-relief, welfare and schools Journal of Educational Administration and History, Volume 1, Issue 2 June 1969, pp. 1–8.

4269:, and all of his works, including any future writings, were banned. Galileo had been threatened with torture and other Catholic scientists fell silent on the issue. Galileo's great contemporary 2850:

During the early medieval period, Christians tolerated enslavement of non-Christians. By the end of the Medieval period, enslavement of Christians had been mitigated somewhat with the spread of

1186:. In a private letter from Ambrose to Theodosius, sometime in August after this event, Ambrose told Theodosius he cannot be given communion while Theodosius is unrepentant of this terrible act. 7360: 7232: 4079:

on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental techniques and

2037:. Later, the British took their democratic ideals also to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the British variety of modern-time democracy, 17595: 5653:

The Catholic Church has contributed to society through its social doctrine which has guided leaders to promote social justice and providing care to the sick and poor. In orations such as his

1121:. The Eastern Patriarch in Constantinople now came to rival the Pope in Rome. Although cultural continuity and interchange would continue between these Eastern and Western Roman Empires, the 16217:

By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.

7583:. They were even hired by wealthy Persian merchants to travel to Europe when they wanted to create commercial bases there, and the Armenians eventually established themselves in cities like 3766:

In the final century of the Empire, Byzantine grammarians were those principally responsible for carrying, in person and in writing, ancient Greek grammatical and literary studies to early

15703:

Percy Ernst Schramm, Neun Generationen: Dreihundert Jahre deutscher "Kulturgeschichte" im Lichte der Schicksale einer Hamburger Bürgerfamilie (1648–1948). Vol. I and II, Göttingen 1963/64.

5969:

established the first modern clinics and hospitals, provided the first training for nurses, and opened the first medical schools in China. Work was also done in opposition to the abuse of

5893:

centuries of being run by priests, nuns and brothers, In 2009, Catholic hospitals in the US received approximately one of every six patients, according to the Catholic Health Association.

2408:. Chivalry was influenced by a new Church attitude towards Mary, the mother of Jesus. This "ambivalence about women's very nature" was shared by most major religions in the Western world. 4017:, which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835. The various editions of the Index also contained the rules of the Church relating to the reading, selling and pre-emptive censorship of books. 1851: 5663:, Jesus called on followers to worship God, act without violence or prejudice and care for the sick, hungry and poor. Such teachings are the foundation of Catholic Church involvement in 17998:

Of all these northern schools, only Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania were historically Anglican; the rest are associated with revivalist Presbyterianism or Congregationalism.

4397:, and results in the killing of a human person. Much criticism of this position has been on the grounds that the doctrine hinders scientific research; even some conservatives, taking a 2201:

in 1438 gave this definition, following earlier Church statements in 1208, and declared that sexual union was a special participation in the union of Christ in the Church. However, the

1278:

of the Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church. It was the first modern Western

21682: 21519: 5852:

repeat these teachings, and apply them in greater detail not only to workers and owners of capital, but also to other professions such as politicians, educators, house-wives, farmers

3475:

and other passages of the Hebrew Bible have also been deeply influential in Western Literature and thought. Accounts of the actions of Jesus' early followers are contained within the

2709:, overwhelmingly live in extended or two parent families with minor children. While more Christians in Europe and North America live alone or as couples without other family members. 1538: 15078:. A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn's fine books, and here. 7660:

for skilled and educated negotiators as the power of their empire declined and they were compelled to rely on treaties more than the force of arms. From the 17th century onwards the

18351:... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ... 7889:

are relatively wealthy, well educated, and politically moderate, as they have today an active role in various social, economical, sporting and political aspects in the Middle East.

7014:

including hot baths incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as "charity baths" because they served both the clerics and needy poor people.

17909: 5727:, patron saints of medicine and doctors. Christianity also played a key role in propagating the idea of charity. Medicine was made, according to Oregon State University historian, 855:

article of Christian faith. Hence, no bishops or theologians denounced clocks or sailing ships—although both were condemned on religious grounds in various non-Western societies."

3998:

The first Index was published in 1559 by the Sacred Congregation of the Roman Inquisition. The last edition of the Index appeared in 1948 and publication of the list ceased 1966.

6550:. The founding and operation of most universities resulted from the – usually local – initiative of one of these orders, which sometimes quarreled openly over the control of the 4284:

The effect of the trial and imprisonment was to put a total stop to the scientific tradition in the Mediterranean. From now on the Scientific Revolution moved to Northern Europe.

1703:, people were thrown into confusion and despair. From its pinnacle of power in the 1200s, the church entered a period of decline, internal conflict, and corruption. According to 1229:

The central bureaucracy of imperial Rome remained in Rome in the sixth century but was replaced in the rest of the empire by German tribal organization and the church. After the

23778: 20699: 6276:

The Catholic Church founded the West's first universities, which were preceded by the schools attached to monasteries and cathedrals, and generally staffed by monks and friars.

5680: 4887:

have been constants of the Catholic canon but countless other historical works may be listed as noteworthy in terms of their influence on Western society. From late Antiquity,

3800:

achieved the complete codification of the whole of Byzantine law in Greek, which became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law, generating interest to the present day.

14952: 14903: 5450:(or "calling" from God) for their work, according to the Protestant work ethic the lowly workman also has a noble vocation which he can fulfil through dedication to his work. 1949:

upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise

1875:, the Spanish inquisition became the first truly national, unified and centralized state institution. After the 1400s, few Spanish inquisitors were from the religious orders. 7800:

were Arab Christians, and many Arab Christians are physicians, philosophers, government officials and people of literature. Arab Christians traditionally formed the educated

1664:

the self-sacrifice, rather than the self-seeking, of the participants." Riley-Smith also says scholars are turning away from the idea the crusades were materially motivated.

87: 86: 5880:, among other Christian denominations, was responsible for the establishment of hospitals, universities, orphanages, soup kitchens, and schools to follow Jesus's command to 3182:

which, under its leadership, grew rapidly in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries. Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler all considered themselves Christian. St.

74: 63: 85: 4548:, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire despite being in other respects part of western European culture. Art produced by Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the 12944:

Although it is stated that circumcision is not a sacrament necessary for salvation, this rite is accepted for the Ethiopian Jacobites and other Middle Eastern Christians.

11796:

Dass eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeine Recht und Macht habe, alle Lehre zu beurteilen und Lehrer zu berufen, ein- und abzusetzen: Grund und Ursach aus der Schrift

4147:

The Church's interest in astronomy began with purely practical concerns, when in the 16th century Pope Gregory XIII required astronomers to correct for the fact that the

3852:

spread Christianity back into Western Europe during the Middle Ages, establishing monasteries through Anglo-Saxon England and the Frankish Empire during the Middle Ages.

1969:

and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was used by the other Reformed churches.

13164: 3387:, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes). Overall, Christians have won a total of 78.3% of all the Nobel Prizes in 3736:

at the end of the first millennium Byzantine scholars re-asserted themselves becoming experts in the scientific developments of the Arabs and Persians, particularly in

2677:, 11% live as couples without other family members, 9% live in household with least one child over the age of 18 with one or two parents, 7% live alone, and 6% live in 26835: 17241:

Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.

13500:... Even more important than Bartolome de Las Casas was the Bishop of Nicaragua, Antonio de Valdeviso, who ultimately suffered martyrdom for his defense of the Indian. 11712:

Burk, Rachel L., "Salus Erat in Sanguine: Limpieza De Sangre and Other Discourses of Blood in Early Modern Spain" (2010). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1550.

4474: 2893:

the Indians and fought against their enslavement. This began within 20 years of the discovery of the New World by Europeans in 1492 – in December 1511,

1233:(476) most of the west returned to a subsistence agrarian form of life. What little security there was in this world was largely provided by the Christian church. The 144: 70: 66: 16850:

Wesleyan institutions, whether hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens, or schools, historically were begun with the spirit to serve all people and to transform society.

15170: 8699:

Encyclopaedia Perthensis, Or, Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, Etc. : Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference, Volume 18

1190:

says records show "Theodosius duly complied and came to church humbly, without his imperial robes, until Christmas, when Ambrose openly readmitted him to communion."

25093: 24423: 23572: 21274: 20588: 16728: 5735:

there is evidence of Christian influence. John Zacharias Aktouarios recommends the use of Holy Water mixed with a pellitory plant to act as a way to cure epilepsy.

22689: 19685: 19358:(1982), "The Dual Role of the Armenian Amira Class within the Ottoman Government and the Armenian Millet (1750–1850)", in Braude, Benjamin; Lewis, Bernard (eds.), 2982:

were part of African societies and states which supplied the Arab world with slaves before the arrival of the Europeans. Several decades prior to discovery of the

15152: 5349: 1197:

explains that the image of the mitered prelate braced in the door of the cathedral in Milan blocking Theodosius from entering, is a product of the imagination of

5603:. These families were influential in the development and leadership of arts, culture, science, medicine, law, politics, industry and trade in the United States. 2937: 1603:

were actually a series of separate inquisitions beginning from around 1184 lasting to the 1230s that were in response to dissidents accused of heresy, while the

24636: 21304: 20895: 20890: 16990: 5252:

attached directly to the Vatican, may have given rise to operations of a banking nature or a financial nature (issuance of securities, investments) is proved.

1920: 1951:

On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture

1350:, pacified the Goths, left a famous example of penitence for a crime, revised the liturgy, and influenced music through the development of antiphonal chants. 16510: 3903:. From left to right: 1 in units place, 2 in tens place (20), 3 in hundreds place (300), 4 in thousands place (4000), then compound numbers 5555, 6789, 9394. 3709:

works c. 530, and it is through this tradition, kept alive by the school of mathematics and engineering founded c. 850 during the "Byzantine Renaissance" by

1871:, to govern the inquisition and chose Torquemada to head it as inquisitor general. In October 1483, a papal bull conceded control to the crown. According to 1734:

In the 13th-century Roman Pontifical, the prayer for ordaining women as deacons was removed, and ordination was re-defined and applied only to male Priests.

15070:

Favaro, Antonio (ed.). Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale (in Italian) (1890–1909; reprinted 1929–1939 and 1964–1966 ed.). Florence: Barbera.

8345:... the Christian contribution to science has been uniformly at the top level, but it has reached that level and it has been sufficiently strong overall ... 6685:

around the world in 2016, found that "there is a large and pervasive gap in educational attainment between Muslims and Christians in sub-Saharan Africa" as

3494:

After the death of Jesus, the new sect grew to be the dominant religion of the Roman Empire and the long tradition of Christian scholarship began. When the

25128: 22609: 18562:"The Great Famine and the Black Death – 1315–1317, 1346–1351 – Lectures in Medieval History – Dr. Lynn H. Nelson, Emeritus Professor, Medieval History, KU" 9986:

Pagans and Christians in Late Antique Rome: Conflict, Competition, and Coexistence in the Fourth Century. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2016.

600:

were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the

9239:

Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.

7579:

Whereas domestic trade was largely in the hands of Persian and Jewish merchants, by the late 17th century, almost all foreign trade was controlled by the

7217:, which surrounded the origins of Islam. Islam, emerging in the context of the Middle East that was largely Christian, was first seen as a Christological 2041:, was taken over by Protestant-formed Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands as well as the Catholic countries Belgium and Spain. In North America, 1170:

The remarkable transformation of Christianity from peripheral sect to major force within the Empire is often held to be a result of the influence held by

21707: 11131: 6353:

founded in 1150 but formed from a pre–existing cathedral school, specialising in such topics as theology, came to rival Bologna under the supervision of

5965:

Protestant and Catholic physicians and surgeons of the 19th and early 20th centuries laid many foundations for modern medicine in China. Western medical

2652:

tend to be very family-oriented and have strong connections across generations and with extended family, reflective of their belief that families can be

1888: 13146: 1872: 20239: 19719: 16493: 5988:

missionaries, for example, arrived in Calcutta in 1836 and by "the year 1880 there were over 31,200 Lutheran Christians spread out in 1,052 villages".

1672: 81: 14748: 5751:

Family from Augsburg, Germany who were bankers, 500 years ago founded one of the first social housing projects in the world, which exists till today.

2452:, the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in Western democracies was "fueled by the religio-cultural value system provided by elements of 23042: 22174: 20614: 13280:

because Eastern Christian priests were allowed to marry and therefore the clergy soon became somewhat of a caste made up of a closely - knit families

12916:

This practice is old and widespread among African Christians with very close links to their beliefs. It can be executed traditionally or in hospital.

6445: 5421: 5316: 3530:, which outlines his sinful youth and conversion to Christianity, is widely considered to be the first autobiography of ever written in the canon of 2968: 1896: 1654: 1420: 1194: 1009:

to philosophy and ethics, the Bible has directly and indirectly influenced politics and law, war and peace, sexual morals, marriage and family life,

18656: 17603: 15773: 12701: 6784:(1701); a nineteenth-century book on "Colleges in America" says, "Eighty three percent of the colleges in were founded by Christian philanthropy." 3337:

as an exception, with the relationship between science and Christianity, and have corrected numerous false interpretations of the affair. Professor

3008:, and approved the ordination of native clergy in the face of government racism. The United States would eventually outlaw African slavery in 1865. 2945: 1858: 20960: 20689: 18531: 12150: 5361: 3352:, both historically and in modern times. Many well-known historical figures who influenced Western science considered themselves Christian such as 1842: 1590: 1572: 1201:, a historian of the fifth century who wrote of the events of 390 "using his own ideology to fill the gaps in the historical record." According to 17643: 17388: 10306: 6293:

throughout Europe. The new monasteries preserved classical craft and artistic skills while maintaining intellectual culture within their schools,

4895:, which outlines his sinful youth and conversion to Christianity, is widely considered to be the first autobiography ever written in the canon of 1005:, and education. With a literary tradition spanning two millennia, the Bible is one of the most influential works ever written. From practices of 77: 73: 22495: 19506: 15211: 5731:(professor of ancient Greek and Rome history with a speciality in ancient medicine) "accessible to all and... simple". In the actual practice of 5728: 4155:

was tied to the celebration of Easter, the Church considered that this steady movement in the date of the equinox was undesirable. The resulting

2944:, institutionalized prejudice and injustice toward indigenous people continued well into the twentieth century. This has led to the formation of 1632: 754:

in Western history through and as part of the church, particularly in education and healthcare, but also as influential theologians and mystics.

5901:

As with schooling, women have played a vital role in running and staffing Christian care institutions – in Methodist hospitals,

1977:

against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (

23788: 23535: 15112:

reprinted in 1635, he was informed by the Venetian Inquisitor that the Inquisition had forbidden further publication of any of Galileo's works

12435:

Strauss, Barry S.; Noble, Thomas F. X.; Cohen, William B.; Osheim, Duane; Neuschel, Kristen B.; Accampo, Elinore A.; Roberts, David D. (2005).

5352:). At the same time, new types of financial activities broadened the scope of banking far beyond its origins. One school of thought attributes 1518: 1146: 601: 19143: 15621: 6813:

Protestantism also initiated translations of the Bible into national languages and thereby supported the development of national literatures.

67: 25596: 24719: 23347: 22887: 22674: 21677: 21014: 19999: 19726: 16371: 7817: 5024:, has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English-speaking world. 4562: 2078: 1773:

Relations between the major powers in Western society: the nobility, monarchy and clergy, also sometimes produced conflict. For example, the

979: 974:

carried this new theology concerning Jesus and its ethic throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, sowing the seeds for the development of the

84: 14052: 10348: 8479:

Many prominent Catholic physicians and psychologists have made significant contributions to hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.

6732:

situated in rural areas. Even in the early part of the 19th century, Catholic schools had emphasised relief for the poor and their welfare.

1542:

the will of the legislator and be good law. Aquinas says the primary goal of law is that "good is to be done and pursued and evil avoided."

27249: 24055: 21557: 19678: 17669: 17134:

Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-cultural Communication Since 1500, with Special Reference to Caste, Conversion, and Colonialism

16759: 15539:

Sabbath Laws and Sabbath Duties: Considered in Relation to Their Natural and Scriptural Grounds, and to the Principles of Religious Liberty

10730:

Shoemaker, Karl (2010). "When the Devil went to Law school: Canon Law and Theology in the Fourteenth Century". In Young, Spencer E. (ed.).

4911:

teachings of the Church. It presents the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West. The epic poetry of the Italian

3345: 1046: 765: 374: 6582:

A number of Catholic universities, schools and colleges have been formed in the United States. The religious tolerance established by the

1342:

Anglo-Saxons in England, for his many writings, his administrative skills, and his focus on the welfare of the people. He also fought the

24519: 22226: 21969: 21507: 20272: 19765: 2927:

Slavery and human sacrifice were both part of Latin American culture before the Europeans arrived. Indian slavery was first abolished by

2625: 485: 17960: 15880: 15238: 11312:

Alkopher, Tal Dingott (2005). "The Social (And Religious) Meanings That Constitute War: The Crusades as Realpolitik vs. Socialpolitik".

25552: 24092: 23196: 22882: 21911: 21814: 20654: 19953: 17269:

All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.

12911: 12587: 10961:

Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas on Justice and Human Rights: A Paradigm for the Africa-cultural Conflicts Resolution-Nigerian Perspectives

6503: 3038:

missionaries. Catholic missionaries followed colonial governments into Africa, and built schools, hospitals, monasteries and churches.

69: 18971: 18957: 8965: 8726: 6747:, historically one of several favored undergraduate schools for the Protestant elite. Seen here is the 1836 Harvard alumni procession. 6666:

missionaries.Catholic missionaries followed colonial governments into Africa, and built schools, hospitals, monasteries and churches.

4709:

paintings. Referring to a "great outburst of creative energy such as took place in Rome between 1620 and 1660", Kenneth Clarke wrote:

4163:

used throughout the world today and is an important contribution of the Catholic Church to Western Civilisation. It was introduced by

83: 25103: 23398: 22847: 22709: 21627: 18987: 18177: 15470: 7976:

Johnson, P. (2000). The Renaissance: a short history. Modern Library chronicles (Modern Library ed.). New York: Modern Library, p. 9.

7208: 6559: 6337:, established in the 9th Century, became a leading medical school and translated the work of Greek and Arabic physicians into Latin. 5773:. The French Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo arriving on the battle field to succor the wounded." Unsigned lithograph, 1870 or 1871. 5683:

said that the Church manages 26% of the world's health care facilities. The Church's involvement in health care has ancient origins.

5446:

and that capitalism developed in pre-Reformation Catholic communities. Just as priests and caring professionals are deemed to have a

4938: 4722: 4291:, on 31 October 1992, publicly expressed regret for the actions of those Catholics who badly treated Galileo in that trial. Cardinal 872: 82: 64: 15406: 14949: 7124:. By the mid-19th century, the English urbanised middle classes had formed an ideology of cleanliness that ranked alongside typical 6558:

in the late 18th century proved to be a major setback for the university landscape in Latin America, several of the suppressed

4883:

Similarly, the list of Catholic authors and literary works is vast. With a literary tradition spanning two millennia, the Bible and

4755:

The list of Catholic composers and Catholic sacred music which have a prominent place in Western culture is extensive, but includes

25055: 25007: 24564: 24514: 23821: 23434: 21222: 20407: 18897: 18817:

Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet ... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.

6635: 5860:, and all aspects of life including the military. Going beyond Pius XI, he also defined social teachings in the areas of medicine, 4257: 3612: 3175: 3065: 15451:

on Muslim philosophers. In the case of Aquinas, for instance, see Jan Aertsen, "Aquinas' philosophy in its historical setting" in

10640:

Cotts, John D.. Europe's Long Twelfth Century: Order, Anxiety and Adaptation, 1095–1229. United Kingdom, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

8713:... Christians has also contributed greatly to the abolition of slavery, or at least to the mitigation of the rigour of servitude. 5623:

being but one aspect of the cultural values and state structures that led to the development of the welfare state in Scandinavia.

3717:). Indeed, geometry and its applications (architecture and engineering instruments of war) remained a specialty of the Byzantines. 2404:

Although these teachings emboldened secular authorities to give women fewer rights than men, they also helped form the concept of

1945:). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the 916:

The foundation of canon law is found in its earliest texts and their interpretation in the church fathers' writings. Christianity

23826: 22794: 21888: 19671: 15714: 8388: 4427: 2894: 1205:, these events concern personal piety; they do not represent a turning point in history with the State submitting to the Church. 19383:, vol. II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's, pp. 15493: 14569:

How The Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe

14317: 7792:

affirm that Christians in the Arab world have made significant contributions to the Arab civilization since the introduction of

5715:

Charity has now become a universal practice. Christianity played a key role in the building and maintaining of hospitals in the

5310: 1866: 1479:

that allowed the judge to investigate on his own initiative without requiring a victim (other than the state) to press charges.

24985: 24975: 24739: 24671: 24539: 23783: 23691: 23422: 23342: 23290: 23088: 21122: 21117: 20101: 20043: 17137: 16824: 13984:

Kepler's Witch: An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order amid Religious War, Political Intrigue and Heresy Trial of His Mother

8530: 5800: 4497:

Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from the

442: 5799:

brought many concerns about the deteriorating working and living conditions of urban workers. Influenced by the German Bishop

2279: 2271: 1070:

Rome had a social caste system, with women having "no legal independence and no independent property". Early Christianity, as

993:

has had a profound influence on Western civilization and on cultures around the globe; it has contributed to the formation of

25564: 23300: 23035: 22826: 22774: 21406: 19603: 19427: 19179: 19087: 19060: 18907: 18735: 18708: 18375: 18160: 18135: 17555: 16614: 16416: 15926: 15821: 15688: 15416: 15075: 14621: 14270: 14101: 13837: 13805: 13773: 13318: 13126: 12783: 12363: 12103: 12078: 12046: 11762: 11565: 11434: 11296: 11192: 11047: 11018: 10993: 10968: 10915: 10579: 10228: 10197: 9813: 9725: 9676: 9645: 9601: 9573: 9519: 9494: 9451: 9422: 9319: 8744: 8089: 7961: 7331:

family served as private doctors to caliphs and sultans between the 8th and 11th centuries. Scholars and intellectuals agree

4176: 3620: 3456: 3400: 3057: 2941: 2275: 917: 738:(equal and different), some modern "advocates of ordination of women and other feminists" argue that teachings attributed to 76: 19185: 11620:"Historical Sketch of the Jews Since Their Return from Babylon. With Illustrations of Jewish Customs and Life. (Concluded.)" 9829:

Liebeschuetz, John Hugo Wolfgang Gideon; Hill, Carole (2005). Liebeschuetz, John Hugo Wolfgang Gideon; Hill, Carole (eds.).

8424: 2486:, the Catholic church "changed extended family ties, as well as values and psychology of individuals in the Western world". 943:(which later became influential in Western law) and became an influential wandering preacher. He was a persuasive teller of 68: 24077: 22764: 21018: 20953: 19911: 17696:

Cultural Conversions: Unexpected Consequences of Christian Missionary Encounters in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia

15656:

Severing the Neck of Pride: Donatello's "Judith and Holofernes" and the Recollection of Albizzi Shame in Medicean Florence

11713: 10857: 10649:

Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000–1500. Spain, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

4596:(God "ordered all things by measure and number and weight") influenced the geometric constructions of Gothic architecture. 4520:, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward. A number of states contemporary with the 4152: 3440: 3131:, holding that religion and science have been in conflict throughout history. While the conflict thesis remains popular in 3030:, which was highly interwoven with offices of state. However, its successors were in many cases outside of the established 3002:

followed in a challenge to Spanish and Portuguese policy, by condemning slavery and the slave trade in the 1839 papal bull

2510: 1925: 925: 182: 16970: 16736: 14513: 12930:

On Faith, Rationality, and the Other in the Late Middle Ages:: A Study of Nicholas of Cusa's Manuductive Approach to Islam

8491: 7719:, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination in the leadership of the 75: 25727: 24272: 22804: 22634: 21542: 21289: 20773: 20671: 20558: 16349: 14975: 11676:

Mathew, Arnold Harris. The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia, Pope Alexander VI. N.p., Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

8125: 6555: 5845:. He noted major dangers for human freedom and dignity, arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism. 4701: 2574: 1862: 1778: 79: 72: 17625: 15589:"A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of Modern Democracy, Equality, and Freedom Under the Influence of Christianity" 13194: 12972:

On the Coptic Christian practice of male circumcision in Egypt, and on its practice by other Christians in western Asia.

5917: – and teaching and nursing have been seen as "women's vocations". Seeking to define the role played by 4265:. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy" (not "guilty of heresy", as is frequently misreported), placed under 3572:, the first compiler of Archimedes' various works. The influence of Archimedes' principles of solid geometry is evident. 2998:(1452). Six years after African slavery was first outlawed by the first major entity to do so, (Great Britain in 1833), 23870: 23773: 22463: 21960: 21569: 21294: 20811: 20113: 19864: 18841: 18313: 18222: 17851: 17826: 17797: 17768: 17743: 17468: 17200: 17170: 17145: 17116: 17091: 17062: 16781: 15333: 13855: 13438: 11039: 10032: 9397: 8890: 8791: 8706: 8651: 8623: 8615: 8472: 8369: 8338: 8196: 8156: 7276: 6883: 6397: 5217: 2514: 18260:... From Fleming's perspective, the transition to Christianity required a good dose of personal and public hygiene ... 11726: 10317: 7591:, Venice, Livorno, Marseilles and Amsterdam. Realizing this, Shah Abbas resettled large numbers of Armenians from the 1571:, a Lebanese academic, diplomat, philosopher and theologian was responsible for the drafting and adoption of the 1948 71: 27332: 25929: 25613: 24712: 24509: 22446: 22048: 21695: 21529: 20980: 19943: 19630: 19575: 19392: 18934: 18810: 18785: 18760: 18681: 18637: 18611: 18514: 18486: 18457: 18429: 18344: 18281: 18253: 18110: 18022: 17991: 17954: 17710:"Religion in colonial Africa: Professor Heather Sharkey spoke about the role of Christian missionaries in the region" 17564: 17343: 17318: 17290: 17262: 17234: 16878: 16836: 16711: 16654: 16589: 16564: 16443: 16389: 16332: 16288: 16263: 16238: 16210: 16181: 16097: 16063: 15864: 15389: 15362: 15059: 14912: 14720: 14435: 14386: 14361: 14242: 14214: 13963: 13916: 13885: 13722: 13697: 13636: 13594: 13554: 13525: 13492: 13467: 13408: 13372: 13273: 13248: 13223: 13110: 13078: 12965: 12937: 12891: 12862: 12830: 12626: 12568: 12539: 12514: 12476: 12444: 12237: 12013: 11901: 11697: 11661: 11602: 11409: 11231: 11114: 11089: 10943: 10890: 10865: 10836: 10811: 10781: 10739: 10711: 10625: 10536: 10511: 10486: 10454: 10408: 10380: 10358: 10268: 10102: 9971: 9943: 9909: 9865: 9840: 9753: 9548: 9372: 9344: 9232: 9207: 9182: 9146: 9049: 8942: 8915: 8810: 8279: 8251: 8226: 7994: 7707:

in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in

7413: 6170: 5515:, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the 4937:, a key figure in the Catholic counter-reformation, is the author of an influential book of meditations known as the 4593: 4304: 3933: 3597: 3384: 3061: 1824:

says the church reached its nadir at this time when there were three different men claiming to be the rightful Pope.

813: 384: 23: 12746: 9311: 8983: 6507: 3689:

never ceased to be cultivated in Byzantium. Therefore, Byzantine science was in every period closely connected with

27327: 25857: 24287: 24186: 23645: 23178: 23173: 23168: 23163: 23158: 23153: 23148: 23143: 23138: 23133: 23128: 23123: 23028: 22960: 22508: 22261: 22206: 22071: 21806: 21802: 21547: 21332: 21279: 20714: 20194: 20084: 16511:"Catholic hospitals comprise one quarter of world's healthcare, council reports :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)" 6814: 6595: 6261: 5568: 5516: 5500: 3860: 2581:

to care for all the poor children in the area. And prior to the 20th century, three major branches of Christianity—

2461: 2252: 1789: 1275: 1259: 573: 17553:

Roberts, John; Rodriguez Cruz, Agueda M.; Herbst, Jürgen: "Exporting Models", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.):

16939: 15553: 4083:; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious 2283: 1445:

became vibrant centres with dependencies spread throughout Europe. Ordinary people also trekked vast distances on

27037: 25124: 25022: 24990: 24372: 24102: 23841: 23798: 23681: 23671: 23481: 23444: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23083: 22969: 22311: 22286: 22251: 22246: 22211: 22091: 21690: 21574: 21164: 21127: 21010: 20990: 20946: 20209: 20133: 19753: 19731: 14960: 7886: 7727: 6721: 6710: 6626: 5704: 5636: 5017: 3920: 3094:, asserts that the Church's doctrines are entirely superstitious and have hindered the progress of civilization. 2349:" at various times). They have believed and taught that such behaviors are forbidden because they are considered 1635:

says "the city importance is reflected in the fact that early medieval maps place at the center of the world."

909: 769: 502: 478: 65: 11619: 11580:"Inquisition, The: The Inquisition in the Old World." Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia.com. 28 April 2020 8846: 7223: 7167:

is due in part to the Biblical toilet etiquette which encourages washing after all instances of defecation. The

2109:

Kyle Harper, From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity, pages 4 and 7

1647:

At the time of the First crusade, there was no clear concept of what a crusade was beyond that of a pilgrimage.

1364: 26476: 25816: 25065: 24980: 24686: 24654: 24481: 24400: 23831: 23601: 23517: 23408: 22907: 22619: 22306: 22276: 22256: 22196: 21986: 21702: 21240: 21232: 21144: 21005: 20985: 20448: 20067: 19714: 19706: 19694: 14850: 14538:

Tatakis, Basil, Vasileios N. Tatakēs, and Vasileios N. Tatakes. Byzantine philosophy. Hackett Publishing, 2003.

14494: 14125: 13628: 12575:... Christianity placed great emphasis on the family and on all members from children to the aged ... 12279: 10680: 8590: 8307: 7836:, a Syrian military officer who blew himself up while ramming a French ship, was also an Arab Christian. While 7829: 6693:

counterparts, with scholars suggesting that this gap is due to the educational facilities that were created by

6599: 6221:

counterparts, with scholars suggesting that this gap is due to the educational facilities that were created by

5870: 5368:, which became prominent in the U.S. and throughout the world in the late 19th century and early 20th century. 4256:, previously proposed by the Polish clergyman and intellectual Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus's work had been 2248: 1496: 437: 24783: 16350:"The Sellers of Labour Power as Social Citizens: A Utopian Wage Work Society in the Nordic Visions of Welfare" 13936: 12204:

Mbuwayesango, Dora R. (2016) . "Part III: The Bible and Bodies – Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative". In

10686:

Pontificia studiorum universitas salesiana, Facilitas juris canonici, Studia et textus historie juris canonici

9139:

The great fairy tale tradition : from Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm : texts, criticism

5905:

who trained as nurses staffed the hospitals, and in Catholic hospitals, through religious institutes like the

25623: 24945: 24676: 24666: 24430: 24087: 23885: 23855: 23696: 23547: 23500: 23238: 22281: 22271: 21597: 21468: 21366: 21063: 20743: 20322: 20297: 19906: 8868: 8832: 8552: 8513: 8446: 8410: 7869: 7865: 7637:

from the newly conquered territories. Phanar was then repopulated with Greeks deported from Mouchlion in the

7332: 6717: 5659: 4479: 3451: 1696: 1035: 699: 449: 8244:

Catholic Christianity A Complete Catechism of Catholic Beliefs Based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church

4037: 4001:

The avowed aim of the list was to protect the faith and morals of the faithful by preventing the reading of

1985:

which was later employed in the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Thus early Protestants resisted political

27042: 26281: 26027: 25628: 24705: 23865: 22862: 22833: 22816: 22724: 22336: 22301: 22291: 21869: 21850: 21712: 21463: 21376: 20783: 20302: 20292: 19748: 19293:

Constantinopolis/Istanbul: Cultural Encounter, Imperial Vision, and the Construction of the Ottoman Capital

13458:

Spliesgart, Roland (2007). Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano; Spliesgart, Roland (eds.).

10759:

Hastings, Ed. The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, US, 2000.

9303: 7563:

of Isfahan and were free to build their prayer houses, eventually becoming an integral part of the society.

7180: 6129:

with an average of 9.3 years of schooling, and the highest of years of schooling among Christians found in

5504: 5493: 4828: 4390: 4009:

errors. Books thought to contain such errors included some scientific works by leading astronomers such as

3745: 3631: 1942: 1820:

from 1305 to 1378 This arose from the conflict between the Italian Papacy and the French crown. Theologian

1719:

Orders were founded, which emphasized poverty and spirituality, and the concept of lay piety developed—the

1408: 983: 326: 268: 13934:

candidate to Prince-Bishop of Warmia, cf. Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj",

6153:

degrees per capita while in absolute numbers ranked in the first place (220 million). Between the various

3884:

As Western Europe became more orderly again, the Church remained a driving force in education, setting up

27124: 25699: 25480: 25342: 24229: 23875: 23860: 23846: 23753: 23743: 23233: 22872: 21622: 21490: 21359: 20748: 20118: 19891: 18652: 17892: 13689: 7735: 7109: 5077: 4892: 4091:(English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a 3974: 3527: 3069: 3051: 2837: 2789: 2665:, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside heterosexual marriage and fidelity within marriage. 2342: 2290: 2182: 2162: 1946: 1914: 389: 18539: 16867:

Methodist Evangelism, American Salvation: The Home Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1860–1920

15173: 14707:

Sesiano, Jacques (1985). "Un système artificiel de numérotation au Moyen Age". In Folkerts, Menso &

14206:

Caesar and Christ: a History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325

12154: 6400:

into urban settings. These orders also played a large role in the development of cathedral schools into

5649:, says that the Church spearheaded the development of a hospital system geared towards the marginalized. 4402: 27322: 27263: 26567: 26384: 26234: 25809: 25771: 25258: 23880: 23748: 23552: 22789: 22587: 22241: 21893: 21859: 21818: 20757: 19782: 18924: 17647: 16174:

Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression

15902:

The Religious Factor: A Sociological Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family Life

15455:, ed. Norman Kretzmann and Eleonore Stump (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Jean Leclerq, 13941: 12381: 10323: 7629: 7086: 6312:

began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into

6001: 5910: 5857: 5842: 5485: 4533: 4187: 4022: 3949:; and the Cistercians were the main force of technological diffusion in fields such as agriculture and 3924: 3822: 3756: 3267: 2758: 2226: 471: 43: 19503: 16819:

Models for Christian Higher Education: Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty-First Century

15326:

Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art, 3rd‒7th Century

15215: 15167: 15128: 15117: 15102: 15098: 14855: 12277:(June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". 10774:

The Military Revolution and Political Change Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe

6646: 6205:

in educational attainment, and the study suggests that one of the reasons is the encouragement of the

3923:

examines the impact of Cistercian waterpower, derived from Roman watermill technology such as that of

1599:

implies "an institutional coherence and an official unity that never existed in the Middle Ages." The

928:

of the Bible, one of the bedrock texts of Western Civilization and inspiration for countless works of

27179: 26612: 26042: 26037: 26032: 25852: 25842: 25804: 25559: 25369: 25337: 25291: 25268: 24659: 24142: 23606: 23496: 22979: 22925: 22596: 22546: 22236: 22191: 21299: 20816: 20518: 19829: 18858: 17789: 17054: 16870: 7739: 7704: 6848: 6682: 6333: 6118: 5997: 5940: 5894: 5333: 3667: 3408: 3214:, becoming some of the "fathers" of these sciences. Examples include important churchmen such as the 2804:), while allowing married men to be ordained, do not allow clerical marriage after ordination: their 2502: 2144: 1283: 526: 293: 19540: 17709: 17673: 15160: 12645:

Schulz, Jonathan F.; Bahrami-Rad, Duman; Beauchamp, Jonathan P.; Henrich, Joseph (8 November 2019).

9769: 6425:

The university reached central Europe by the 14th century, with the foundation of institutions like

2916: 1565:

peoples and the protests against it; and the on-again off-again persecution and protection of Jews.

936:, and his resurrection during Easter. Christmas and Easter remain holidays in many Western nations. 27342: 27337: 27230: 27139: 27129: 27032: 26830: 26531: 25832: 25737: 25732: 25547: 25512: 25438: 25394: 25389: 25186: 25012: 24857: 24754: 24749: 24681: 24649: 24544: 24224: 24037: 23530: 23466: 23009: 22945: 22867: 22838: 22458: 22453: 22331: 22231: 22216: 22201: 22043: 21864: 21754: 21672: 21496: 21473: 21424: 21097: 20649: 20224: 19741: 19447: 19104: 18606:, Helmut Stache, ed., Volume 56 of Surfactant science series, CRC Press, 1996, chapter 11, p. 632, 15633: 14923:

Gregory, Andrew (1998), Handout for course 'The Scientific Revolution' at The Scientific Revolution

13908: 13877: 13041: 13019: 12799: 12633:... in cultures with stronger 'extended family traditions', such as Asian and Catholic countries... 9540: 7731: 7184: 7100:(mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives. By the 15th century, the manufacture of soap in the 6899: 6838: 6830: 6757: 6535: 6346: 5950: 5814: 5724: 5720: 5632: 5512: 5365: 5277: 5085: 4423: 4315: 3870: 3845: 3732:

Though scholarship lagged during the dark years following the Arab conquests, during the so-called

3404: 3392: 3263: 3167: 3091: 3047: 2808:

are often married, but must marry before being ordained to the priesthood. Within the lands of the

2369:

held that women were inferior to men intellectually and physically and were "naturally dependent".

2314: 2190: 2050: 1792:, based in Sicily, experienced tension and rivalry with the Papacy over control of Northern Italy. 1743: 1476: 1399: 1287: 1179: 363: 24065: 6590:, America's oldest Catholic university, in 1789 and it became a Jesuit institution in 1805. Saint 6341:

founded in 1088 became the most influential of the early universities, which first specialised in

2951:

A catastrophe was wrought upon the Amerindians by contact with Europeans. Old World diseases like

80: 26950: 26210: 26180: 26114: 26099: 25517: 25251: 25156: 25045: 24995: 24852: 24769: 24744: 23952: 23892: 23768: 23650: 23449: 23051: 22930: 22562: 22523: 22490: 21936: 21916: 21784: 21662: 21612: 21391: 21192: 21132: 20267: 20123: 19850: 19077: 18305: 18102:

To Change the World: The Irony, Tragedy, and Possibility of Christianity in the Late Modern World

18089:, Vol. 558, Americans and Religions in the Twenty-First Century (July 1998), pp. 57–66. 17083: 16703: 15588: 15198: 14753: 14061: 12854: 12379:

Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality".

12221: 10050:

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Greenwood guides to historic events of the ancient world

8120: 7861: 6834: 6198: 5977: 5918: 5610:, the dominant traditional religion of the Nordic countries, had an effect on the development of 5467: 5141: 5089: 5065: 4766: 4509: 4241:

In this most famous example cited by critics of the Catholic Church's "posture towards science",

3942: 3755:

Although at various times the Byzantines made magnificent achievements in the application of the

3659: 3624: 2994:

had granted Portugal the right to subdue Muslims, pagans and other unbelievers in the papal bull

2641: 2038: 1774: 1763: 1686: 1388: 1202: 1122: 1109: 1043:

says "The justice teachings of Jesus are closely related to a commitment to life's sanctity...".

1010: 905: 656: 506: 432: 416: 298: 230: 19384: 19378: 18994:

Dr. Yazberdiyev is Director of the Library of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat.

16828: 16149: 15023: 9668: 9662: 8582: 6598:(now known as the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament), founded schools across America and started 6161:

outranks other nations in terms of Christians who obtain a university degree in institutions of

5996:

with a focus on "education, health ministry, and evangelism". In the 1790s, Christians from the

5080:

composed great works of music. Prominent painters with Protestant background were, for example,

3816:. Celtic Church scholars did much to preserve the texts of ancient Europe through the Dark Ages. 3623:

to Renaissance Italy. Many of the most distinguished classical scholars held high office in the

3372:. Some scholars and historians attributes Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the 26885: 26632: 26501: 26349: 26342: 26307: 26094: 26022: 25837: 25428: 25286: 25228: 25119: 25098: 24863: 24612: 24499: 24117: 23738: 23659: 23635: 23067: 22999: 22940: 22935: 22569: 22375: 22296: 22221: 22101: 21779: 21667: 21607: 21284: 21172: 20738: 20624: 20337: 19374: 19260: 17556:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800)

17311:

Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes

14378: 14290: 13797: 10220: 10214: 7746:

class, a social elite whose members included the Duzians (Directors of the Imperial Mint), the

7335:

have made significant contributions to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of

7268: 7228: 6863: 6694: 6481: 6465: 6222: 6166: 5765: 5581:, who were regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites, were often associated with the 5153: 5133: 4713:

ith a single exception, the great artists of the time were all sincere, conforming Christians.

4529: 4525: 4502: 4406: 4394: 3585: 3439:

and became an influential wandering preacher. Accounts of his life and teachings appear in the

3396: 3004: 2902: 2857: 2812:, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a 2613: 2490: 2465: 2267: 2210: 2034: 2030: 2006:

was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

1879: 652: 608:. Many scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the 513:

has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care; an inspiration for

19620: 16433: 16320: 15678: 14646: 14645:

Meskens, Ad; Bonte, Germain; De Groot, Jacques; De Jonghe, Mieke & King, David A. (1999).

14529:

Robins, Robert H. "The Byzantine Grammarians." Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 51 (1998): 29–38.

14054:

Science, Religion, and A.D. White: Seeking Peace in the "Warfare Between Science and Theology"

12984: 12732: 11557: 10094: 10088: 8736: 6895:; and the men do not enter a church the day after they have had intercourse with their wives. 5641: 1193:

McLynn states that "the encounter at the church door has long been known as a pious fiction."

27154: 27072: 26945: 26769: 26647: 26592: 26582: 26572: 26446: 26302: 26254: 26144: 26109: 25986: 25966: 25922: 25896: 25495: 25221: 25030: 24933: 24888: 24817: 24607: 24549: 24440: 24435: 24313: 24307: 24107: 23655: 23620: 23525: 23439: 23221: 22704: 22531: 21956: 21737: 21602: 21448: 21154: 21092: 21051: 21036: 20634: 20619: 20332: 20189: 20096: 19896: 19879: 19792: 19736: 19050: 18100: 17944: 15811: 15246: 14802: 14177: 13586: 13070: 13064: 12335: 9789: 8038:

Haskins, Charles H. (1898). "The Life of Medieval Students as Illustrated by their Letters".

7951: 7786: 7757: 7272: 6924: 6916: 6851: 6587: 6575: 6313: 5821:

argued for the establishment of a living wage and the right of workers to form trade unions.

5796: 5671: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5372: 5305: 5061: 4320: 4108: 4104: 3950: 3946: 3916: 3889: 3714: 3373: 3116: 2648:

shortly after birth to formally give the child a name and generate a church record for them.

2322: 2222: 2167: 1953:; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen ( 1502: 1359: 751: 648: 609: 20684: 17458: 16556: 14840:

Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 145

14677: 12595: 12229: 10073: 9935: 7856:

formed the educated class, they had a significant impact on the politics and culture of the

6511: 5481: 5227:

refers to banking and financial activities which came into existence several centuries ago.

3443:

of the Bible, one of the bedrock texts of Western Civilization. His orations, including the

2401:, gained powers that were never available to women in previous Roman or Germanic societies. 1781:. A series of Popes challenged the authority of monarchies over control of appointments, or 1282:

and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West, predating the European

27317: 27149: 27119: 27027: 27017: 26955: 26935: 26864: 26657: 26642: 26602: 26496: 26129: 26124: 25717: 25667: 25652: 25529: 25238: 25138: 25088: 25083: 25040: 25000: 24928: 24597: 24554: 24504: 24292: 24244: 24239: 24214: 24050: 24004: 23907: 23897: 23733: 23726: 23577: 23491: 23263: 23253: 23216: 22108: 22077: 21974: 21855: 21769: 21649: 21552: 21269: 21264: 21187: 21137: 21068: 21046: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20793: 20720: 20563: 20523: 20342: 20244: 20219: 20158: 19963: 19938: 19874: 17021: 15051: 15005: 12560: 11166: 8578: 7417: 7214: 6789: 6614: 6374: 6362: 6354: 6265: 6256: 6206: 5770: 5596: 5582: 5255: 5185: 4998: 4979: 4948: 4864: 4832: 4814: 4756: 4689: 4652: 4627: 4605: 4573: 4274: 4076: 3827: 3650:

educational institution that could trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the emperor

3647: 3515: 3495: 3476: 3120: 2920: 2785: 2054: 1978: 1930: 1755: 1680: 1648: 1492: 1126: 789: 664: 257: 240: 122: 117: 19079:

17e Congrès international des sciences historiques: Madrid, du 26 août au 2 septembre 1990

18984: 18192: 17867: 16683:

Bouras-Vallianatos, Petros (25 April 2015). "The Art of Healing in the Byzantine Empire".

15478: 9065: 6534:

A key role in the development of the university system in Latin America was played by the

6393: 4332:, and have always been concerned with the question of how man came to have a soul. Modern 4167:, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582. In 1789, the 3519: 2381:

For example, Church teaching heavily influenced the legal concept of marriage. During the

1237:

served as a source of authority and continuity at this critical time. In the absence of a

596:

were also founded by the church at that time. Many historians state that universities and

8: 27277: 27010: 27000: 26995: 26925: 26815: 26800: 26687: 26677: 26652: 26587: 26562: 26516: 26456: 26364: 26264: 26244: 26160: 26139: 26079: 25886: 25862: 25847: 25766: 25756: 25742: 25722: 25712: 25682: 25662: 25591: 25322: 25151: 25078: 24908: 24837: 24764: 24621: 24602: 24342: 24337: 24264: 23982: 23957: 23836: 23816: 23763: 23664: 23562: 23459: 23427: 23371: 22897: 22799: 22592: 22576: 22096: 22006: 21457: 21401: 21349: 21250: 21212: 20915: 20639: 20629: 20578: 20436: 20422: 20282: 20024: 19787: 18436:

Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.

17946:

The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton

17910:"Card. Toppo: "Education is the Churches priority mission and key to Indian development"" 16142: 15354: 14295: 13995: 13546: 13517: 13199: 13131: 12506: 12468: 12347: 12274: 11152: 11011:

The Sacredness of Human Life: Why an Ancient Biblical Vision Is Key to the World's Future

9257: 8598:

developments, and a crucial stimulus to the development of the western musical tradition.

7902: 7774: 7519: 7515: 7164: 7043: 6800: 6793: 6769: 6618: 6583: 6461: 6401: 6285: 6033: 6029: 5966: 5914: 5760: 5654: 5572: 5181: 4987: 4868: 4680: 4609: 4214: 4168: 4128: 3912: 3900: 3686: 3608: 3445: 3353: 3179: 3124: 3079: 2844: 2778: 2657: 2653: 2350: 2338: 2198: 2101: 2026: 1846: 1832: 1804: 1610: 1438: 1100: 764:

in a broad and diverse range of fields, both historically and in modern times, including

757: 750:

theologians advanced the notion of a divinely ordained female inferiority. Nevertheless,

593: 461: 197: 177: 112: 28: 26577: 18582: 18561: 17025: 16994: 15501: 15108:. When Fulgenzio Micanzio, one of Galileo's friends in Venice, sought to have Galileo's 11926: 11714:

https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=edissertations

6821:

tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated than most other religious groups.

5425:. Weber asserted that Protestant ethics and values along with the Calvinist doctrine of 4841: 3243: 3162:

In opposition to this view, some historians of science, including non-Catholics such as

2640:

are not performed or supported by the LDS Church. Latter-day Saint fathers who hold the

27159: 27092: 26940: 26900: 26820: 26682: 26662: 26617: 26607: 26597: 26557: 26486: 26461: 26431: 26411: 26406: 26374: 26276: 26074: 26059: 26054: 26049: 25981: 25971: 25952: 25761: 25707: 25618: 25608: 25399: 25314: 25263: 24873: 24569: 24319: 24249: 24166: 24154: 24131: 23927: 23701: 23542: 23486: 23476: 23278: 23062: 22917: 22734: 21592: 21584: 21327: 21028: 20995: 20927: 20704: 20473: 20397: 20365: 20184: 20153: 19990: 19978: 19839: 19777: 19478: 19135: 18395: 17984:

Standing Against the Whirlwind: Evangelical Episcopalians in Nineteenth-Century America

16909: 16817: 16476: 16122: 16114: 15914: 15778: 15747: 14937: 14003: 13999: 13428: 13362: 12682: 12410: 12316: 12308: 12251: 12205: 11375: 11367: 11329: 11269: 11265: 10444: 9830: 9119: 9041:

The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success

8572: 8300:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities c. 1815 – c. 1914

8186: 8055: 7840: 7678: 7573: 7381: 7248: 7172: 7133: 7047: 6777: 6674: 6437: 6370: 6338: 6321: 6317: 6280: 6245: 6210: 6154: 5591: 5586: 5560: 5532: 5356:

with setting the stage for the later development of capitalism in northern Europe. The

5137: 5125: 5056:, and many other authors and composers created well-known church hymns. Musicians like 5013: 5002: 4934: 4930: 4896: 4853: 4726: 4589: 4541: 4377: 4346: 4198: 4191: 4156: 3748:, particularly in architecture (e.g. the pendentive dome) and warfare technology (e.g. 3725: 3698: 3690: 3569: 3547: 3531: 3523: 3488: 3468: 3460: 3303: 3275: 3255: 3023: 2979: 2888:

worked for the alleviation of the suffering of African slaves brought to South America.

2706: 2483: 2479: 2354: 1901: 1884: 1796: 1786: 1384: 1002: 837: 825: 817: 761: 735: 707: 695: 691: 550: 522: 399: 149: 134: 23640: 20493: 18725: 18698: 13739: 12646: 9783: 9225:

Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant

7642: 6634:

was a 19th-century Australian nun who founded an educational religious institute, the

5057: 4675:, were among a multitude of innovative virtuosos sponsored by the Church. During both 3720: 1915:

The role of Christianity in politics and law from the Reformation until the Modern era

1244: 27242: 27087: 26980: 26970: 26805: 26742: 26737: 26637: 26627: 26622: 26441: 26436: 26421: 26416: 26401: 26396: 26379: 26369: 26354: 26327: 26317: 26229: 26222: 26205: 25798: 25677: 25583: 25507: 25406: 25379: 25298: 25246: 25196: 24955: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24903: 24893: 24842: 24494: 24413: 24408: 24362: 24302: 24171: 23967: 23352: 23273: 23211: 22877: 22113: 21438: 21318: 21085: 21041: 20873: 20778: 20553: 20539: 20513: 20498: 20402: 20387: 20317: 20307: 20176: 20108: 20009: 19973: 19869: 19626: 19599: 19571: 19482: 19470: 19423: 19388: 19175: 19139: 19127: 19083: 19056: 18930: 18903: 18837: 18806: 18781: 18756: 18731: 18704: 18677: 18633: 18629: 18607: 18510: 18482: 18453: 18425: 18403: 18371: 18363: 18340: 18309: 18277: 18249: 18156: 18131: 18106: 18018: 17987: 17950: 17847: 17822: 17793: 17764: 17739: 17560: 17464: 17339: 17314: 17286: 17258: 17230: 17196: 17166: 17141: 17112: 17087: 17058: 17031: 17000: 16914: 16874: 16832: 16707: 16650: 16647:

The Reformation of Charity: The Secular and the Religious in Early Modern Poor Relief

16610: 16585: 16560: 16480: 16439: 16412: 16385: 16328: 16284: 16259: 16234: 16206: 16177: 16126: 16059: 15922: 15860: 15817: 15751: 15733: 15684: 15412: 15385: 15379: 15358: 15329: 15071: 15055: 15009: 14908: 14726: 14716: 14627: 14617: 14490: 14431: 14382: 14357: 14325: 14266: 14238: 14210: 14121: 14118:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities c. 1815–c. 1914

14097: 14094:

God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science

14089: 14085: 13959: 13912: 13881: 13833: 13801: 13769: 13718: 13693: 13677: 13632: 13590: 13580: 13550: 13521: 13488: 13463: 13434: 13404: 13368: 13314: 13269: 13244: 13219: 13106: 13084: 13074: 12961: 12933: 12887: 12858: 12826: 12779: 12720: 12686: 12674: 12666: 12622: 12564: 12535: 12510: 12472: 12440: 12414: 12402: 12390: 12359: 12300: 12255: 12243: 12233: 12099: 12074: 12042: 12009: 11897: 11758: 11693: 11687: 11657: 11598: 11561: 11551: 11430: 11405: 11379: 11325: 11292: 11227: 11188: 11110: 11085: 11043: 11014: 10989: 10964: 10939: 10911: 10886: 10861: 10832: 10807: 10777: 10735: 10707: 10621: 10615: 10575: 10532: 10507: 10482: 10450: 10404: 10376: 10354: 10264: 10224: 10193: 10117:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011; pp. 214–215.

10098: 10028: 9967: 9939: 9905: 9861: 9836: 9809: 9749: 9721: 9672: 9641: 9597: 9569: 9544: 9515: 9490: 9447: 9418: 9393: 9368: 9340: 9315: 9228: 9203: 9178: 9152: 9142: 9123: 9111: 9045: 8938: 8911: 8886: 8862: 8826: 8787: 8740: 8702: 8679: 8647: 8619: 8586: 8546: 8507: 8468: 8440: 8404: 8365: 8334: 8303: 8275: 8247: 8222: 8192: 8152: 8085: 8082:

God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science

8077: 8073: 7990: 7957: 7914: 7898: 7828:. Many Palestinian Christians were also active in the formation and governing of the 7825: 7504: 7373: 7260: 7240: 6936: 6765: 6430: 6426: 6389: 6377:, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation; and Saint 6358: 6309: 5993: 5825: 5817:

in terms that rejected socialism but advocated the regulation of working conditions.

5439: 5266: 5249: 5224: 5161: 4884: 4820: 4656: 4648: 4545: 4292: 4288: 4262: 4164: 3885: 3767: 3616: 3604: 3581: 3543: 3431:

Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the 1st century AD, and from the teachings of

3299: 3239: 3227: 3223: 3171: 3027: 2817: 2797: 2718: 2637: 2518: 2306: 2157: 2062: 2058: 2010: 1986: 1982: 1981:). 16th-century Calvinists and Lutherans developed a theory of resistance called the 1907: 1604: 1330: 1307: 1187: 1134: 1130: 1071: 859: 829: 668: 628: 394: 129: 101: 51: 24357: 18899:

The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam

16904: 16189:

the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees.

15715:"Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism" 15557: 14346:

The faculty was composed exclusively of philosophers, scientists, rhetoricians, and

13829: 13347: 12465:

The Family in Late Antiquity The Rise of Christianity and the Endurance of Tradition

12320: 12039:

From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity

10502:

Repgen, K. (1987). "What is a 'Religious War'?". In Kouri, E. I.; Scott, T. (eds.).

9929: 6788:

also became a centre of learning as one of the colleges not specifically Christian.

6449: 5081: 4270: 4182: 3483:

written between the early Christian communities – in particular the

1991: 1375:("Charles the Great" in English) became king of the Franks in 768. He conquered the 1013:, letters and learning, the arts, economics, social justice, medical care and more. 27218: 27104: 27057: 27005: 26985: 26960: 26895: 26852: 26810: 26774: 26757: 26747: 26722: 26712: 26707: 26702: 26536: 26491: 26481: 26337: 26322: 26259: 26200: 26165: 26104: 26069: 26064: 25991: 25976: 25915: 25542: 25384: 25359: 24938: 24898: 24254: 24194: 23582: 23567: 23268: 23248: 23243: 23226: 23206: 22739: 22513: 22475: 22433: 22361: 22356: 22323: 22130: 22063: 22026: 22021: 22001: 21996: 21921: 21774: 21764: 21724: 21255: 21073: 21056: 20763: 20568: 20548: 20468: 20453: 20352: 20254: 20128: 19968: 19926: 19921: 19901: 19884: 19797: 19462: 19355: 19119: 16468: 16408:

Lutheranism and the Nordic Spirit of Social Democracy: A Different Protestant Ethic

16377: 16325:

Beyond Welfare State Models. Transnational Historical Perspectives on Social Policy

16106: 15737: 15729: 15607: 15432: 15405:

Gracia, Jorge J. E.; Reichberg, Gregory M.; Schumacher, Bernard N. (7 March 2003).

15136: 14689: 14658: 14609: 14463: 14453:

Anastos, M. "The History of Byzantine Science." Dumbarton Oaks papers. p. 16 (1962)

12988: 12658: 12394: 12351: 12292: 12225: 11359: 11321: 11261: 10938:. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. p. Introduction. 10067: 9438:

Stauch, Marc; Wheat, Kay (2015). "12.1.2.1:The Sanctity of human life by H.Kuhse".

9103: 8732: 8314:... Many of the scientists who contributed to these developments were Christians... 8047: 7929: 7720: 7401: 7264: 7141: 7137: 6977: 6773: 6658: 6650: 6591: 6492: 6473: 6441: 6414: 6385: 6366: 6350: 6249: 6162: 6025: 6017: 5925:

noted that nuns were trained to "see Jesus in the face of every patient" and that:

5906: 5881: 5877: 5716: 5611: 5341: 5293: 5230: 5197: 5097: 4983: 4970: 4900: 4872: 4801: 4771: 4521: 4494: 4442: 4364: 4141: 4096: 4041: 3831: 3710: 3577: 3484: 3464: 3291: 3095: 2999: 2801: 2793: 2728: 2475: 2394: 2382: 2353:, and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of 2263: 2244: 1427: 1412: 1250: 1238: 1214: 1163: 1118: 1050: 1006: 940: 793: 739: 640: 605: 597: 510: 346: 283: 21979: 16548: 14831:(Cambridge University Press, 1991), "Printing and censorship after 1550", p. 45ff. 13655: 12588:"The Collapse of Marriage by Don Browning – The Christian Century" 7742:, the Church of the vast majority of Armenians. The wealthy, Constantinople-based 7681:

due to the Greeks' higher level of education than the general Ottoman population.

6843: 3778:

were taught in Trebizond; medicine attracted the interest of almost all scholars.

3487:

which are among the earliest extant Christian documents and foundational texts of

3142:

Set of pictures for a number of notable scientists self-identified as Christians:

932:. Jesus' birth is commemorated in the festival of Christmas, his death during the 702:, are argued by some to be among the most important sources of modern notions of " 635:

remain among the most celebrated works of art ever produced. Similarly, Christian

18: 27289: 27194: 27189: 27114: 26975: 26930: 26920: 26847: 26842: 26779: 26752: 26727: 26697: 26692: 26672: 26667: 26451: 26426: 26359: 26217: 25751: 25657: 25448: 25146: 24627: 24529: 24467: 24209: 24160: 23706: 23361: 22974: 22857: 22714: 22679: 22485: 22480: 22405: 22400: 22341: 22266: 22016: 21946: 21478: 21419: 20969: 20821: 20788: 20732: 20726: 20583: 20488: 20392: 20204: 19698: 19663: 19510: 19417: 19169: 18991: 18660: 16459:

Agnew, John (12 February 2010). "Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church".

16406: 15043: 14979: 14956: 14517: 14009: 13902: 13871: 12773: 12355: 12288: 12179: 11951: 11211: 9039: 8932: 8675: 8097: 7890: 7853: 7837: 7462: 7449: 7441: 7433: 7389: 7385: 7327:, Umayyad and early Abbasid periods. Notably, eight generations of the Nestorian 7296: 7256: 7252: 7129: 6907: 6781: 6761: 6744: 6725: 6543: 6378: 6302: 6202: 6146: 6021: 5556: 5508: 5435: 5281: 5241: 5189: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5145: 5073: 4925:

is also considered immensely influential. The English statesman and philosopher,

4824: 4796: 4791: 4676: 4585: 4498: 4359: 4329: 4277: 4242: 4235: 4218: 4206: 4172: 4148: 4132: 4010: 3982: 3836: 3797: 3593: 3556: 3511: 3361: 3357: 3279: 3271: 3251: 3155: 3128: 3108: 3104: 3031: 2991: 2824: 2674: 2662: 2608: 2568:, brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children. 2470: 2437: 2310: 2066: 2046: 2042: 2014: 1937:

In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related.

1759: 1758:

occurred over differences in doctrine, splitting the Christian world between the

1721: 1712: 1660: 1175: 1054: 1040: 975: 949: 933: 845: 841: 801: 680: 644: 620: 589: 518: 331: 315: 288: 278: 235: 219: 139: 19448:"The collapse of the Palestinian-Arab middle class in 1948: The case of Qatamon" 19105:"The collapse of the Palestinian-Arab middle class in 1948: The case of Qatamon" 16370:

Sinnemäki, Kaius; Portman, Anneli; Tilli, Jouni; Nelson, Robert H, eds. (2019).

15494:"Assurances of faith: How Catholic Was Shakespeare? How Catholic Are His Plays?" 14870: 13333:

Stark, Rodney (1 July 2003). "The Truth About the Catholic Church and Slavery".

10667:

Richard M. Fraher, "IV Lateran's Revolution in Criminal Procedure: the Birth of

9594:

Women in the World of the Earliest Christians: Illuminating Ancient Ways of Life

9013: 8969:

carefully preserving ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language."

7354: 7319:. Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation of Arab culture, with the 5838: 5699: 5173: 4786: 3961: 1803:, a papal bull proclaiming the superiority of the Pope over all secular rulers. 1400:

Modern common law, persecution, and secularization began in the High Middle Ages

694:

have also strongly influenced Western philosophers and political activists. The

27301: 26990: 26915: 26910: 26880: 26859: 26784: 26717: 26541: 26521: 26084: 26001: 25747: 25647: 25443: 25332: 25278: 25211: 25191: 24950: 24791: 24631: 24617: 24592: 24587: 24378: 24352: 24282: 24097: 23999: 23994: 23977: 23917: 23811: 23758: 23587: 23507: 23356: 22892: 22821: 22669: 22604: 22390: 22380: 22366: 22351: 22031: 21926: 21810: 21789: 21323: 21202: 21177: 21149: 21080: 20884: 20709: 20503: 20478: 20442: 20382: 20375: 20370: 20360: 20214: 20199: 20138: 20014: 20004: 19760: 19591: 15955: 15897: 15269: 14890: 14510: 14258: 13681: 13311:

Why You Think the Way You Do: The Story of Western Worldviews from Rome to Home

11494: 11219: 11215: 10673:, the End of Ordeals and Innocent III's Vision of Ecclesiastical Politics", in 10446:

From Sacrament to Contract Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition

9589: 9417:. Vol. 1 (eighth ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 6–17. 7894: 7878: 7696: 7685: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7560: 7556: 7540: 7405: 7176: 7015: 6981: 6920: 6631: 6617:, Australia's first saint. Through many centuries, Catholic women have founded 6409: 5889: 5664: 5577: 5540: 5536: 5430: 5259: 5245: 5149: 5129: 5101: 5053: 5049: 4904: 4836: 4776: 4577: 4549: 4537: 4451: 4310: 4245: 4160: 4033: 4028:

Some of the scientific works that were on early editions of the Index (e.g. on

3639: 3589: 3334: 3259: 3183: 3138: 3074: 2987: 2907: 2813: 2494: 2421: 2370: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2061:

were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God. The

1995: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1767: 1704: 1692: 1442: 1392: 1315: 1263: 1114: 1104: 953: 743: 676: 569: 554: 20077: 19466: 19360:

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society

19123: 18029:

Princeton was Presbyterian, while Columbia and Pennsylvania were Episcopalian.

16472: 15837: 14972: 14749:"Good Works: Monks build multimillion-dollar business and give the money away" 14030: 12296: 11350:

Murphy, Andrew R. (1997). "Tolerance, Toleration, and the Liberal Tradition".

8928: 7987:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

7754:(Superintendent of the Gunpowder Mills and manager of industrial factories). 6740: 6570: 4978:, and in turn, Dante's creation and sacramental theology has contributed to a 3808: 1687:

Moral decline and rising political power of the church in the Late Middle Ages

1178:, but this is unlikely. In April of 390, the Emperor Theodosius I ordered the 564:

The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. Church scholars preserved

27311: 27199: 27184: 27169: 27144: 27134: 27062: 27022: 26890: 26762: 26526: 26506: 26471: 26391: 26332: 26312: 26297: 26271: 26185: 26134: 25672: 25603: 25453: 25161: 24801: 24796: 24534: 24471: 24460: 24347: 24234: 24137: 24125: 23989: 23962: 23902: 23381: 23201: 22784: 22744: 22629: 22551: 22536: 22385: 22346: 22152: 22036: 21833: 21502: 21217: 20768: 20694: 20660: 20644: 20604: 20287: 20262: 20038: 19948: 19933: 19855: 19474: 19337: 19131: 18830:

Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)

18407: 17629: 17577: 17536: 17510: 17484: 16918: 14898: 14797: 14631: 14613: 14572: 14286: 12670: 12406: 12398: 12304: 12217: 12119: 11511: 11465: 11063: 10284: 9996: 9934:(revised ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9885:; Elm, Susanna; Maas, Michael; Rapp, Claudia; Salzman, Michael, eds. (2006). 9115: 7919: 7813: 7778: 7770: 7751: 7747: 7674: 7661: 7657: 7125: 7059: 6912: 6903: 6818: 6446:

educating such notable Western scholars, intellectuals, artists and statesmen

6405: 6174: 6150: 6125:

ranked as the second most educated religious group around in the world after

5981: 5849: 5809: 5804: 5787: 5782: 5646: 5564: 5552: 5544: 5408: 5357: 5345: 5324: 5289: 5285: 5270: 5069: 5041: 5037: 5033: 4917: 4618: 4600: 4517: 4490: 4458: 4431: 4273:

stopped publishing in France and went to Sweden. According to Polish-British

4107:

of the 17th and 18th centuries. Merton explained that the connection between

4088: 4057: 4029: 3878: 3855: 3841: 3813: 3786: 3651: 3551: 3419: 3319: 3283: 3219: 3211: 3163: 3151: 2932: 2928: 2805: 2746: 2690: 2678: 2645: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2546: 2449: 2441: 2326: 2259: 2214: 2206: 2189:

From the beginning of the thirteenth century, the Church formally recognized

1938: 1676: 1616: 1568: 1509: 1488: 1467: 1376: 1140: 901: 808:

a review of Nobel prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of

773: 747: 723: 379: 273: 166: 17227:

Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions

17004: 15523: 14730: 14647:"Wine-Gauging at Damme [The evidence of a late medieval manuscript]" 14547:

TROÏANOS, S., and VELISSAROPOULOU-I. KARAKOSTA. "Histoire du droit." (1997).

14096:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 5, 12, 13088: 12898:

Christians in Africa, for instance, often practise infant male circumcision.

12662: 10802:

Davies, Brian; Nevitt, Turner (2019). Davies, Brian; Nevitt, Turner (eds.).

9931:

Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World

9156: 9092:"History of Religion Becomes Ethnology: Some Evidence from Peiresc's Africa" 8672:

Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions

8084:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 5, 12, 4111:

and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the

27164: 27109: 27097: 27082: 27052: 26965: 26905: 26511: 26195: 26175: 26170: 26119: 25485: 25433: 25364: 25354: 25035: 24967: 24832: 24728: 24559: 24489: 24367: 24176: 24147: 24014: 23711: 23454: 23413: 22759: 22694: 22624: 22614: 22541: 22441: 22410: 22186: 22135: 21903: 21845: 21742: 21513: 21430: 21386: 21381: 21371: 21182: 21109: 20878: 20753: 20609: 20573: 20312: 20234: 20078: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19802: 18302:

Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion

18217: 18059:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 69–80, 88–89, 114–117, 186–188 17163:

The Proceedings of the 21st Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2012

17035: 16231:

Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830–1930

15197:

An abstract of the acts of the process against Galileo is available at the

14934:

The Merton Thesis: Oetinger and German Pietism, a significant negative case

14708: 14662: 14585:

King, David (1995). "A forgotten Cistercian system of numerical notation".

14204: 12678: 11727:"From start to finish: the history of the Portuguese Inquisition revisited" 10936:

St. Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law Tradition: Contemporary Perspectives

10344: 9091: 8101: 7833: 7797: 7531: 7369: 7284: 7236: 7196: 7160: 7090: 7078: 7039: 7035: 6887: 6859: 6785: 6654: 6547: 6485: 6453: 6194: 6190: 6186: 5958: 5830: 5619: 5615: 5528: 5121: 5006: 4961: 4888: 4660: 4644: 4569: 4513: 4467: 4447: 4373: 4266: 4253: 4249: 3760: 3702: 3561: 3503: 3499: 3436: 3369: 3365: 3348:

have made noted contributions to science and technology fields, as well as

3215: 3199: 3147: 3143: 3132: 3011: 2995: 2986:, in response to serious military threat to Europe posed by Muslims of the 2885: 2702: 2522: 2506: 2498: 2457: 2366: 2330: 2298: 2003: 1999: 1954: 1700: 1471: 1380: 1368:

EB1911 Europe – Charlemagne's empire at its greatest extent

1279: 1230: 1183: 876: 851: 821: 809: 785: 703: 660: 636: 624: 581: 498: 341: 336: 192: 187: 23020: 19419:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

19373:

Barsoumian, Hagop (1997), "The Eastern Question and the Tanzimat Era", in

19171:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

18218:"The Origin and History of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Liturgy" 16760:"Sozialer Wohnungsbau: Wer günstig leben will, muss dreimal täglich beten" 16028: 15904:, Revised Edition, A Doubleday Anchor Book, Garden City, N.Y., pp. 348–351 15800:

The Idea of Work in Europe from Antiquity to Modern Times by Catharina Lis

15577:

J. Le Goff, Marchands et banquiers au Moyen Âge, Puf Quadrige, 2011, p. 75

15236: 14693: 13853:

McMullin, Ernan (2008). "Robert Bellarmine". In Gillispie, Charles (ed.).

12775:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations

12151:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – The sixth commandment" 9107: 8683: 7551: 6961: 5511:

and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in

5233:, such as the Catholic Church and Reformed Church, traditionally prohibit 4524:

were culturally influenced by it, without actually being part of it (the "

4405:

that most embryos from which stem cells are harvested are "leftover" from

4344:

Today, the Church's official position is a fairly non-specific example of

3135:

circles, it has lost favor among most contemporary historians of science.

2416: 1503:

Canon law, the value of debate, and natural law from medieval universities

1360:

Charlemagne transformed law and founded feudalism in the Early Middle Ages

978:, of which Saint Peter is considered the first Pope. Christians sometimes 27174: 27077: 27047: 26732: 26190: 26089: 25996: 25787: 25537: 25500: 25349: 25201: 25176: 25073: 24199: 24060: 24031: 23972: 23947: 23942: 23806: 23721: 23615: 23596: 23305: 22955: 22811: 22684: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22639: 21941: 21876: 21732: 21657: 21635: 21483: 21245: 21207: 20679: 20508: 20483: 20458: 20431: 20418: 20327: 20229: 19916: 16905:"Nuns, a 'Dying Breed', Fade From Leadership Roles at Catholic Hospitals" 16203:

Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity

15774:"The Episcopalians: An American Elite With Roots Going Back to Jamestown" 14200: 13821: 12750: 11553:

The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition and Reform

10551:

Kenneth Clarke; Civilisation, BBC, SBN 563 10279 9; first published 1969.

7985:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

7924: 7801: 7789: 7766: 7700: 7691: 7638: 7488: 7484: 7339:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the 7320: 7304: 7101: 7082: 7051: 7019: 6528: 6477: 6469: 6294: 6182: 6134: 5902: 5791:

in which the Church defined the dignity and rights of industrial workers.

5675: 5607: 5548: 5524: 5201: 5193: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5045: 4994: 4965: 4926: 4922: 4687: – often inspired by Biblical themes: from Michelangelo's 4684: 4623: 4483: 4398: 4376:

component of human origins. No infallible declarations by the Pope or an

4333: 4092: 4080: 4061: 3938: 3908: 3888:

beginning in the Early Middle Ages as centers of education, which became

3782: 3775: 3741: 3694: 3231: 3203: 3112: 2862: 2809: 2754: 2750: 2723: 2698: 2598: 2582: 2534: 2240: 2236: 2218: 2018: 1973: 1782: 1600: 1595: 1584: 1450: 1434: 1372: 1314:

540–604) who established medieval themes in the Church, in a painting by

1171: 998: 994: 929: 863: 777: 727: 672: 616: 577: 514: 18399: 16947: 12312: 11273: 9691:

Religion in the Roman Empire, Wiley-Blackwell, by James B. Rives, p. 196

8465:

Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology

8188:

The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 (Oxford History of the Christian Church)

1533:

Thomas Aquinas was a master at the University of Paris, twice, and held

1293: 1155: 1057:

approach, which recognizes only instrumental value in human life, and a

982:

during these early centuries, particularly for their refusal to join in

734:. While official Catholic Church teaching considers women and men to be 557:; and the calendar itself is measured from an estimation of the date of 26239: 26017: 25635: 25374: 25171: 24827: 24759: 24579: 24329: 24277: 24082: 23912: 23557: 23386: 23330: 23325: 22649: 22644: 22468: 22395: 22011: 21931: 21562: 20463: 20048: 18727:

Christianity in action: the international history of the Salvation Army

18602:

Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants, Raymond G. Bistline Jr., in

18465:

Boileau noted the existence of twenty-six public baths in Paris in 1272

17442:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011

17413: 16118: 14559:

Kenneth Clark; Civilisation, BBC, SBN 563 10279 9; first published 1969

13460:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990

11452:

Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction

11371: 11333: 10263:. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 273. 9882: 8059: 7857: 7762: 7666: 7452: 7445: 7429: 7393: 7365: 7361:

List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world

7233:

Eastern Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world

7149: 7145: 7074: 7027: 7011: 7003: 6973: 6690: 6678: 6241: 6237: 6218: 6142: 6122: 6114: 5989: 5954: 5885: 5861: 5853: 5626: 5455: 5443: 5426: 5384: 5212: 5113: 4944: 4845: 4761: 4734: 4668: 4664: 4631:

has remained the basis of our belief of the value of art until today".

4581: 4369: 4338: 4084: 4069: 4065: 3978: 3941:

made major contributions to culture and technology in medieval Europe:

3749: 3706: 3679: 3675: 3338: 3235: 3207: 3100: 2898: 2766: 2762: 2669: 2633: 2569: 2557: 2553: 2526: 2445: 2302: 2022: 1716: 1534: 1463: 1458: 1446: 1241:

living in Rome, even the control of military matters fell to the pope.

18337:

Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000

16256:

Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism

12006:

The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower

10190:

A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values

7716: 7543:

was one of the last generation of influential Arab Christian writers.

5407:

are a result of a person's subscription to the values espoused by the

4436: 4032:) have long been routinely taught at Catholic universities worldwide. 3895: 2948:

indigenous peoples' civil rights and culture in modern nation-states.

2901:

for their "cruelty and tyranny" in dealing with the American natives.

1833:

The political and legal power of the state through Modern Inquisitions

1611:

The invention of Holy War, chivalry, and the roots of modern tolerance

27067: 26466: 25792: 25640: 25475: 25465: 25458: 25416: 25411: 25206: 25166: 24574: 24524: 24450: 24445: 24219: 24204: 23932: 23922: 23625: 23611: 23335: 22754: 22749: 22719: 22415: 22178: 22162: 22147: 21991: 21881: 21759: 21749: 21617: 21396: 15742: 15436: 14991:

The international standard for the representation of dates and times

14347: 14048: 10213:

Koenig, Harold G.; King, Dana E.; Carson, Verna Benner, eds. (2012).

9768:

Cotten, Christopher Ryan. Ambrose and Stilicho. Diss. uga, 2007. url=

9566:

Finding the Roots of Christianity: A Spiritual and Historical Journey

9443: 7633: 7609: 7580: 7569: 7508: 7496: 7456: 7437: 7409: 7328: 7292: 7113: 6515: 6419: 6342: 6290: 6233: 6158: 5865: 5708: 5600: 5520: 5489: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5353: 5337: 5093: 4957: 4899:. Augustine profoundly influenced the coming medieval worldview. The 4781: 4733:

attended Mass every morning before beginning work. The exception was

4324: 4231: 4222: 3771: 3737: 3311: 3307: 3191: 2983: 2774: 2732: 2694: 2617: 2586: 2433: 2194: 1962: 1958: 1624: 1224: 1198: 957: 585: 546: 17761:

Imperialism as Diaspora: Race, Sexuality, and History in Anglo-India

16381: 16110: 13676: 13297:

The Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Society in Austrian Galicia.

11363: 10529:

Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity

8051: 7239:

Christians) contributed to the Arab Islamic civilization during the

4683:, Catholic artists produced many of the unsurpassed masterpieces of 3793:

influenced the formation of legal institutions in the Slavic world.

1517:

studies. Accordingly, the universities would hold what was called a

848:. They also excelled in philosophy, science, theology and medicine. 533:. In various ways it has sought to affect Western attitudes towards 27284: 25181: 25050: 24418: 24297: 23937: 23716: 23630: 23376: 23366: 23320: 23315: 23310: 22994: 22902: 22729: 21828: 21197: 20922: 20277: 20031: 20019: 19344:. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Online Edition. 18653:

History of The Salvation Army – Social Services of Greater New York

18153:

Hmong Refugees in the New World: Culture, Community and Opportunity

15667:

Negotiating the French Pox in Early Modern Germany by Claudia Stein

15444: 15440: 14992: 14172: 12822: 12702:"Roman Catholic Church ban in the Middle Ages loosened family ties" 12700:

Correspondent, Caitlin McDermott-Murphy Harvard (7 November 2019).

12647:"The Church, intensive kinship, and global psychological variation" 12041:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 4,7. 11291:(Fourth ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. ix–xvii. 11226:. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 11224:

The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World

10702:

Scribner, Robert W.; Grell, Ole Peter; Scribner, Bob, eds. (2002).

9365:

God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible

7845: 7670: 7592: 7492: 7421: 7377: 7324: 7288: 7244: 6994: 6965: 6932: 6875: 6764:

only eight years later. Seven of the first nine of what are called

6753: 6457: 6404:, the direct ancestors of the modern Western institutions. Notable 5985: 5945: 5732: 5507:

tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having more

5459: 5447: 5388: 4908: 4877: 4714: 4006: 4002: 3844:, by which old learning was re-communicated to Western Europe. The 3565: 3383:, a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65.4% of 3349: 3327: 3315: 3247: 3195: 2952: 2405: 2334: 2318: 2230: 2202: 2149: 1620: 1578: 1347: 1343: 1245:

The role of Christianity in politics and law in the Medieval period

1218: 1058: 971: 867: 833: 797: 731: 719: 565: 530: 27296: 20938: 18730:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 18276:. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. 18248:. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. 18015:

Protestant Missionaries in the Levant: Ungodly Puritans, 1820–1860

17734:

Carpenter, Joel; Glanzer, Perry L.; Lantinga, Nicholas S. (2014).

16308:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 96, 144–145, 149, 155, 157. 13715:

Dawn of Modern Science: From the Ancient Greeks to the Renaissance

13147:"New Pew survey reinforces Mormons' top goals of family, marriage" 12247: 10934:

Goyette, John; Latkovic, Mark S.; Myers, Richard S., eds. (2004).

9902:

Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire

9782: 9596:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic Publishing. p. 195. 8425:"50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God" 6705: 4695: 3892:, the springboard of many of Western Europe's later achievements. 2278:), bodily membership between Christ and between husband and wife ( 1302: 27272: 25938: 25881: 25490: 25470: 25327: 25216: 24455: 24385: 24045: 24009: 22699: 21537: 21411: 21354: 20534: 20148: 19770: 18674:

The Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy

18155:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 291. 18130:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 68. 17336:

First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration

17161:

Lucyk, Kelsey; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Stahnisch, Frank W. (2017).

16319:

Markkola, Pirjo (2011). Kettunen, Pauli; Petersen, Klaus (eds.).

16090: 16088: 16078:

Irving Lewis Allen, "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet",

15966:, 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 1136–1141 15524:"The King James Bible: The Book That Changed the World – BBC Two" 15448: 14678:"Les soi-disant chiffres grecs ou chaldéens (XIIe – XVIe siècle)" 14413:

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

13005:

Vivian C. Fox, "Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England",

12644: 9770:

https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/cotten_christopher_r_200708_ma.pdf

9014:"Nestorianism | Definition, History, & Churches | Britannica" 7873: 7805: 7646: 7536: 7397: 7340: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7192: 7105: 7070: 6999: 6985: 6954: 6946: 6940: 6610: 6539: 6328: 6138: 6130: 6005: 5400: 5329: 4867:

is writing that deals with Christian themes and incorporates the

4748: 4718: 4640: 4355: 4227: 4112: 4100: 4072: 3864:, credited Irish Monks with having "saved" Western Civilization: 3849: 3600:, as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek. 3534:. Augustine profoundly influenced the coming medieval worldview. 3480: 3326:, one of the mathematicians who laid the rigorous foundations of 3287: 3015: 2960: 2956: 2851: 2770: 2686: 2649: 2565: 2561: 2538: 2453: 2294: 2197:—an outward sign communicating a special gift of God's love. The 1416: 967: 944: 711: 632: 32: 19568:

Nostra Aetate, Non-Christian Religions, and Interfaith Relations

13543:

The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870

12912:"The Ritual of Circumcision in Africa: The Case of South Africa" 10574:(second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. 10261:

Christian Community in History Volume 1: Historical Ecclesiology

7897:

in many fields both historically and in modern times, including

6713:, is one of the most prestigious liberal arts colleges in India. 4095:

between Protestantism and the scientific values. In his theory,

2880: 2365:

Social structures before and at the dawn of Christianity in the

2185:, Cathedral of Ss. Cyrill and Methodius, Prague, Czech Republic. 1404: 920:

in the mid-1st century arising out of the life and teachings of

26249: 24697: 23471: 23391: 23258: 22852: 22157: 22142: 22086: 22053: 20700:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

20143: 20053: 19958: 18972:

The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History

18834:

Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)

16649:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. introduction,193. 16095:

Hacker, Andrew (1957). "Liberal Democracy and Social Control".

13925: 13904:

Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion

13873:

Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion

12343: 12213: 11597:. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press. p. 318. 11581: 10676:

Studia in honorem eminentissimi cardinalis Alphonsi M. Stickler

10219:(second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8612:

The Encyclicals of John Paul II: An Introduction and Commentary

7821: 7712: 7653: 7588: 7572:

became increasingly vital in the trade of this merchandise, as

7527: 7512: 7425: 7344: 7221:

known as the "heresy of the Ishmaelites", described as such in

7218: 7188: 7121: 7117: 7062:

also played a prominent role in the development of the British

7031: 6892: 6879: 6686: 6602:

in New Orleans in 1925 for the education of African Americans.

6596:

Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament for Indians and Colored People

6551: 6519: 6214: 6178: 5748: 5681:

Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers

4857: 4730: 4672: 4493:

comprises the body of Christian Greek artistic products of the

4463: 4389:

Recently, the Church has been criticized for its teaching that

4045: 3472: 3424: 3323: 3295: 3187: 3082:

established by Catholic students, faculty, monarchs, or priests

2629: 2578: 2542: 2530: 2429: 2398: 2346: 2154:"Therefore what God has joined together, let not man separate." 1628: 1487:

Eventually, this would lead to the development among the early

1234: 715: 542: 538: 19504:

Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of The Ottoman Era

19082:. Comité international des sciences historiques. p. 527. 18087:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

16634:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 155. 16373:

On the Legacy of Lutheranism in Finland: Societal Perspectives

16306:

Integrating Varieties of Capitalism and Welfare State Research

16085: 15214:. Catholic Education Resource Center. May 2005. Archived from 14904:

The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists

14351: 11883:, 3. Auflage, Band II (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 476–478 10052:(illustrated, annotated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. 7463:

Role of Christianity in medicine in the medieval Islamic world

6361:

founded in 1096, later came to rival Paris in Theology, while

6272:. Europe's universities were essentially a Catholic invention. 5777: 5466:

was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated

3018:

in the period from the 1780s to the 1840s. Despite the label "

2556:, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the 896: 25423: 24883: 24822: 24779: 24019: 22950: 22118: 22082: 19654:

Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History

19037:

The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions

16727:

Stiftungs-Administration, Fürstlich und Gräflich Fuggersche.

14742: 14740: 14644: 13066:

Together forever: Gospel perspectives for marriage and family

12958:

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

11429:. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 842. 11252:

Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1980). "Crusading As An Act Of Love".

11149:

A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Volumes 1,2,3

10126:

Black's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, pg. 771: "Jus canonicum"

10093:. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Co. p. 9640:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 19, 20. 7843:

were among the Masters and Fathers of the Arabic Renaissance

7804:

and they have had a significant impact in the culture of the

7793: 7708: 7584: 7518:

philosophers including the scholars of the Persian School of

7355:

Role of Christianity in science in the medieval Islamic world

7336: 7168: 7094: 7023: 7007: 6989: 6928: 5970: 5234: 5021: 4975: 4912: 4613: 4351: 4036:, whose works were on the Index, now has a monument in Rome, 3928: 3507: 3432: 3388: 2656:

together beyond death. In the temple, husbands and wives are

2541:

have high circumcision rates, while Christian communities in

2525:

is practiced among many Christian countries and communities;

2178: 1966: 1941:

separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (

1339: 1255: 990: 964: 921: 880: 781: 687: 588:

remain among the most iconic architectural feats produced by

558: 18076:, 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 1770 16281:

Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class

16058:. University of Philadelphia University Press. p. 744. 15658:. Artibus et Historiae, Volume 22, Edit 44, 2001. pp. 23–29. 13266:

The Rusyn-Ukrainians of Czechoslovakia: An Historical Survey

10013:

Brown, Peter. Late antiquity. Harvard University Press, 1998

7202: 6574:

Students studying outside Wolfington Hall Jesuit Residence,

6100:

Dispensaries, leprosaries, nurseries and other institutions

5032:

The arts have been strongly inspired by Protestant beliefs.

4871:. This constitutes a huge body of extremely varied writing. 4368:, and that the existence of God is required to explain both 4217:, who put the Sun at the centre of the heavens in 1543, and 3510:-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman 3278:. Even more numerous are Catholic laity involved in science: 3115:, such as the Galileo affair, that were associated with the 2262:

dealing with sexuality are extensive. Subjects include: the

2191:

marriage between a freely consenting, baptized man and woman

2102:

the transmission of social inequality to the next generation

22123: 21842: 18961:

ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language."

18958:

Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe

16498:

Earthly Mission – The Catholic Church and World Development

16369: 13958:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 213. 12772:

Riggs, Thomas (2006). "Christianity: Coptic Christianity".

12747:"Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents" 10883:

Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries

10375:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 1. 10069:

Benedictine Monachism: Studies in Benedictine Life and Rule

10025:

Provincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion

9512:

The State and the Body: Legal Regulation of Bodily Autonomy

9275:. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 1–29. 8966:

Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe

8772:. Vol. VII. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 538–542. 7868:(Syrian Protestant College until 1920) thrived in Lebanon, 7809: 7604: 7523: 7500: 7479:), dated 12th century. Captions appear in Persian language. 7348: 7316: 7280: 7153: 7097: 6867: 6126: 4124: 3514:. His writings were very influential in the development of 3019: 2682: 891: 534: 202: 25907: 14737: 14120:. Brian Stanley. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. 13982:, 8 October 2004, p. 2a. A review of James A. Connor 13940:(Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, 12884:

Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery: Solution to What Problem?

12135: 12133: 11490: 11488: 11486: 10885:. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. p. 218. 9962:

Lavan, Luke (2011). Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

9487:

In the Fray: Contesting Christian Public Ethics, 1994–2013

9044:. Random House Publishing. 26 September 2006. p. 48. 8362:

Foundations for Soul Care: A Christian Psychology Proposal

8302:. Brian Stanley. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. 8219:

The Rise of Christianity A Sociologist Reconsiders History

7279:; other centers of translation and learning functioned at 7213:

Christian influences in Islam could be traced back to the

5269:, an economist of the twentieth century, referring to the 3598:

There was a renewed interest in classical Greek philosophy

3518:

and he developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual

3427:, book cover. Ivory, end of the 10th century–11th century. 2897:, a Dominican friar, openly rebuked the Spanish rulers of 2482:. According to a study by the scholar Joseph Henrich from 1141:

Fourth century political influence and laws against pagans

20589:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

18859:"A hose: the strange device next to every Finnish toilet" 18836:] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 2013. 18532:"The Bad Old Days – Weddings and Hygiene" 15921:, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, 15404: 15349:

Hall, John R.; Battani, Marshall; Neitz, Mary Jo (2004).

13768:. Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated. pp. 1–4. 12792: 12437:

Western Civilization The Continuing Experiment · Volume 1

12073:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 10. 11755:

The Roman Inquisition on the Stage of Italy, c. 1590–1640

11538:

The papal monarchy: the Western church from 1050 to 1250

9858:

Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital

9514:. Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing Co. pp. 74, 75. 9474:. Vol. 2. London, England: Longman's, Green, and Co. 9253: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8274:(Revised ed.). Crown Publishing Group. p. 465. 7546: 7467: 7063: 7055: 6871: 6365:

was founded in Spain in 1243. According to the historian

3671: 1729: 1271: 1117:

as a new imperial city which would be the capital of the

18626:

Bogs, Baths and Basins: The Story of Domestic Sanitation

17733: 16536:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2–44, 321. 13430:

The Native Peoples of North America A History · Volume 1

12336:"The Unexpected Actuality: "Deviance" and Transgression" 11358:(4). The University of Chicago Press Journals: 593–623. 10820: 10163: 8690: 7372:

contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the

7295:, situated just south of what later became Baghdad. The 7085:

first became an established trade during the so-called "

7054:

monks played a role in the development and promotion of

4512:

states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the

3977:("List of Prohibited Books") was a list of publications 3435:

and his early followers. Jesus learned the texts of the

2940:

when forming policy or enforcing their rule. Even after

1426:

By the late 11th century, beginning with the efforts of

1125:

and Western culture took divergent routes, with a final

19261:"The End of the Silk Route | Silk Roads Programme" 16487: 14352:

Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003).

14162:

Shalev, Baruch (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes. p. 59

13859:. Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. 12503:

The Fourth Estate A History of Women in the Middle Ages

12434: 12130: 11483: 11136:. Encyclopedia.com. pp. no page numbers available. 11013:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdman's. pp. 164–213. 10826: 10613: 9893: 9718:

Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age

9472:

History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne

8977: 8975: 8492:"Religious Affiliation of the World's Greatest Artists" 7050:

encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing;

6858:

The Bible has many rituals of purification relating to

6689:

adults in this region are far less educated than their

6418:

was a key intellectual achievement in its synthesis of

6217:

adults in this region are far less educated than their

6004:, began doing missionary work in the Indian Empire. In 4572:

refer to the western Church's consistent opposition to

3820:

During the period of European history often called the

3250:

theory). Other notable priest scientists have included

2345:

sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "

862:

identity, although some progress originated elsewhere,

858:

Christianity contributed greatly to the development of

619:

brought an end to religious unity in the West, but the

24637:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

18144: 17160: 15919:

The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789

15024:"Vatican's Celestial Eye, Seeking Not Angels but Data" 14608:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 350. 14487:

The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry

14291:"Islamic Science and the Making of Renaissance Europe" 10845: 10248:. London, England: The Macmillan Company. p. 253. 9568:. Eugene, Oregon: Resource Publications. p. 104. 8895: 8531:"Wealthy 100 and the 100 Most Influential in Business" 7943: 7808:. Some of the most influential Arab nationalists were 6327:

Universities began springing up in Italian towns like

5470:

that influenced the development of capitalism and the

4103:

as having been responsible for the development of the

3463:. Many translations of the Bible exist, including the 2936:

by military and royally-appointed administrators, who

1921:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

1379:, Saxony, and northern and central Italy, and in 800, 1049:, a professor of Christian ethics distinguishes this ' 939:

Jesus learned the texts of the Hebrew Bible, with its

27261: 20620:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

19622:

A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine

19234:

A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate

19221:

A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate

18500: 18498: 18034: 17727: 17414:"المسيحيون العرب يتفوقون على يهود إسرائيل في التعليم" 16035:. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University 15771: 15767: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15267: 13241:

The Social Life of the Early Modern Protestant Clergy

13216:

The Social Life of the Early Modern Protestant Clergy

12557:

A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds

12393:

on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87.

12199: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12058: 11280: 10704:

Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation

10701: 10477:

Power, Eileen (2012). Postan, Michael Moïssey (ed.).

9887:

Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices

9273:

A Book of Evidence: The Trials and Execution of Jesus

7893:

have significantly influenced and contributed to the

7104:

had become virtually industrialized, with sources in

6145:

were also found to have the second highest number of

5454:

created that greatly enhanced the development of the

5442:

assert that the Protestant work ethic did not create

4951:

was one of the great scholars of the Medieval period.

4362:

are not in conflict, though humans are regarded as a

3803: 3526:), distinct from the material Earthly City. His book 2315:

penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women

1762:, centered in Rome and dominant in the West, and the 1294:

The Rule of Benedict as a legal base in the Dark Ages

1016: 19322:

Encyclopædia Britannica, The Phanariots, 2008, O.Ed.

19033:

The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22:2

18617: 18098: 16969:

Withrow, W. H. (1894). "Medical Missions in China".

16726: 16700:

Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals

16357:

NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State Research

15408:

The Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader's Guide

15311:

Classical Heritage in Byzantine and Near Eastern Art

15212:"How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization" 14424:

Marina Loukaki: "Université. Domaine byzantin", in:

14060:, The Biologos Foundation, p. 4, archived from 12842: 11725:

Marcocci, Giuseppe (2013). Paiva, José Pedro (ed.).

11427:

Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia

11187:(Third ed.). New York: Rowman and Littlefield. 11178: 11176: 10933: 9295: 8984:"Assyrian Contributions to the Islamic Civilization" 8972: 8331:

Faithful to Science: The Role of Science in Religion

7905:, music, theatre and cinema, medicine, and science. 6193:

regions are highly educated since many of the world

5744:

according to historian of hospitals, Guenter Risse.

5627:

Social justice, care-giving, and the hospital system

2537:, the Philippines, the Middle East, South Korea and 1754:

In 1054, after centuries of strained relations, the

1691:

During the "calamitous" fourteenth century with its

816:

in its various forms as their religious preference.

730:(female infants were more likely to be killed), and 19076:Ruano, Eloy Benito; Burgos, Manuel Espadas (1992). 18383: 18330: 18328: 16676: 16623: 16258:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. 16176:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 176. 15859:. Translated by Parsons, Talcott. New York: Dover. 14418: 14411:Aleksandr Petrovich Kazhdan, Annabel Jane Wharton, 14228: 14226: 13195:"Religion and Living Arrangements Around the World" 11556:. Downer's Grove, In.: InterVarsity Press. p. 10963:. Zürich: Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. p. 31. 9694: 9415:

The Human Record: To 1500 Sources of Global History

8811:"Religion of History's 100 Most Influential People" 8009:"Parisian Scholars in the Early Fourteenth Century" 7761:A 1920 photograph of four prominent members of The 7128:concepts, such as Christianity, respectability and 6531:some of whom were notorious for brutal conditions. 6289:, which became a blueprint for the organization of 3333:Most contemporary historians of science agree that 2233:Communion—creating divisions in that denomination. 19693: 18495: 18274:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective 18246:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective 18085:McKinney, William. "Mainline Protestantism 2000." 18008: 18006: 17752: 17154: 17125: 16816: 16682: 16638: 16598: 16555:. London, England: William Isbister Ltd. pp. 16141: 15946:, 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 934 15758: 15624:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 14907:, Malden, Massachusetts Oxford: Blackwell, p. 13, 14377:"The Formation of the Hellenic Christian Mind" by 14158: 14156: 14154: 14152: 14150: 13401:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 13302: 12619:Mental Health Social Work: Evidence-Based Practice 12190: 12174: 12172: 12055: 11840:, 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210 11757:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 11140: 11133:Inquisition, The: The Inquisition In The Old World 10072:. New York: Longmans, Green and Company. pp. 10061: 10059: 9308:The Routledge Companion to Early Christian Thought 9168: 9166: 8644:Recent Catholic Philosophy: The Nineteenth Century 7950:Brooke, John H.; Numbers, Ronald L., eds. (2011). 7684:Given the Ottoman tradition of generally ignoring 7507:, most of whom were Christians. Under the rule of 7483:A hospital and medical training center existed at 6935:and monasteries since the early Middle Ages. Pope 6923:facilities that were separate for both sexes near 5415:. The phrase was initially coined in 1904–1905 by 4482:. Biblical subjects have been a constant theme of 4221:, who experimented with the new technology of the 4179:began making observation in Arizona, US, in 1995. 3945:is considered one of the most beautiful styles of 3785:'s reforms had a clear effect on the evolution of 2577:in Elizabethan England put responsibility on each 1777:was one of the most significant conflicts between 1462:legitimized persecution based on new attitudes of 1225:The political and legal impact of the fall of Rome 1021:The world's first civilizations were Mesopotamian 19295:(Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009), p. 6 17806: 17071: 16584:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 13. 16573: 15857:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 14237:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 291. 13737: 13625:Science & Religion: A Historical Introduction 13313:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 44. 12977: 12594:. 7 February 2006. pp. 24–28. Archived from 11894:Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War 11214:(2001). "The Historiography of the crusades". In 11173: 11167:"Thomas Madden: The Real History of the Crusades" 10986:The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights 10620:. Mountain View, California: MayfieldPublishing. 10394: 10392: 9664:The Reason for God Belief in an age of skepticism 9465: 9463: 8265: 8263: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8168: 7956:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 71. 7695:, Greek and Hellenized families mostly native to 7077:were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the 6586:enabled the Catholic clergy of Maryland to found 5422:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 5403:which emphasizes that hard work, discipline, and 5317:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 3014:were a group of social reformers associated with 2969:Population history of American indigenous peoples 1095: 27309: 20690:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 19380:The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times 19246: 19244: 19242: 19049:Bonner, Bonner; Ener, Mine; Singer, Amy (2003). 19048: 18325: 17981: 17596:"Mother Katharine Drexel to be canonized Oct. 1" 17132:Frykenberg, Robert Eric; Low, Alaine M. (2003). 16940:"Nation must respond to looming dementia crisis" 16860: 16858: 16540: 16525: 16327:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing: 102–118. 15813:Worldly Saints: The Puritans As They Really Were 15706: 15348: 15237:Imprimatur Robert H. Brom, Bishop of San Diego. 14886: 14884: 14713:Mathemata : Festschrift für Helmuth Gericke 14223: 13764:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2014). "Introduction". 13157: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12269: 12267: 12265: 11418: 11402:A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages 11109:. Pittsburgh: University of Pennsylvania Press. 10929: 10927: 10829:Natural Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy 10531:. Berkeley: The University of California Press. 10212: 9880: 9832:Ambrose of Milan: Political Letters and Speeches 9828: 9709: 9406: 8813:. Archived from the original on 28 November 1999 8533:. Archived from the original on 19 November 2005 8525: 8523: 8494:. Archived from the original on 11 December 2005 8391:. Archived from the original on 19 November 2005 7499:province of the Persian empire in what is today 7010:maintained their baths in their residences, and 5992:began arriving in India in 1783 and established 5100:. World literature was enriched by the works of 4721:frequently went into retreats and practised the 3607:played an important role in the transmission of 3238:friar who was one of the early advocates of the 1579:Revival of Roman law in the Medieval Inquisition 1537:. Aquinas interpreted Aristotle on natural law. 19612: 19016:Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors, 18803:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications 18778:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications 18293: 18003: 17777: 16809: 16167: 16165: 16163: 16161: 16159: 15187:Valeur des Decisions Doctrinales du Saint Siege 14829:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy 14606:Numerical notation : a comparative history 14415:, University of California Press, 1985, p. 122. 14147: 14084: 13766:The Trial of Galileo : Essential Documents 13609:Wolffe, John/ "Clapham Sect (act. 1792–1815)", 13299:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press pg. 444 13119: 12169: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12022: 11247: 11245: 11243: 10984:Tumber, Howard; Waisbord, Silvio, eds. (2017). 10952: 10910:. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter. pp. 13–17. 10797: 10795: 10793: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10252: 10192:. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60. 10080: 10056: 9629: 9528: 9503: 9478: 9413:Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2016). 9412: 9163: 8849:. Archived from the original on 18 January 2000 8072: 7006:functioning in eighth and ninth centuries. The 6735: 6039:The number of Catholic institutions as of 2000 5957:who introduced Western medical techniques into 4903:, written 1265–1274, is the best-known work of 4747:classical music, and its many derivatives. The 4540:, as well as some non-Orthodox states like the 4384: 4263:Tribunal of the Roman and Universal Inquisition 4151:had fallen out of sync with the sky. Since the 3728:, which shows a set of seven famous physicians 3701:, the Greek mathematician and architect of the 3666:). The Pandidakterion was refounded in 1046 by 2497:to enter children into the faith. Some form of 2428:Christian culture puts notable emphasis on the 2209:" as well as any spiritual purpose. During the 1961:) in his representative church government. The 1545: 1449:to express their piety and pray at the site of 62: 19530:محطات مارونية من تاريخ لبنان، مرجع سابق، ص.185 19515: 19411: 19409: 19407: 19405: 19403: 19052:Poverty and charity in Middle Eastern contexts 18671: 18169: 18119: 17463:(Reprint ed.). Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 17190: 17165:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 237. 16806:Felictity O'Brien, Pius XII, London 2000, p.13 16233:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. 15676: 15545: 15039: 15037: 14555: 14553: 13238: 11586: 11458: 10983: 10977: 10874: 10706:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 10609: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10389: 10181: 9797: 9489:. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books. p. 109. 9460: 9264: 8775: 8641: 8260: 8165: 8121:"Christianity and the rise of western science" 7730:was made up of three religious denominations: 6697:during the colonial era for fellow believers. 6225:during the colonial era for fellow believers. 5005:. This honour is given rarely, and only after 4968:' intellectual systems by Aquinas, called the 3956: 3457:Let he who is without sin cast the first stone 1274:and legal principles made and enforced by the 1180:punitive massacre of thousands of the citizens 1147:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 873:Christians have made significant contributions 824:Christians) have also contributed to the Arab 584:as the unifying force in Europe. The medieval 25923: 25597:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 25296: 24713: 23036: 20954: 19679: 19656:, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 200. 19441: 19439: 19239: 18805:. University of Michigan Press. p. 613. 18128:How Colonialism Preempted Modernity in Africa 18079: 17758: 17193:Global Catholicism Portrait of a World Church 17186: 17184: 17182: 17131: 17078:Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). 16855: 15201:, which reproduces part of it on its website. 14881: 14791: 14789: 14285: 13791: 13263: 12881: 12699: 12458: 12456: 12421: 12262: 12153:. Vatican.va. 29 October 1951. Archived from 12087: 11731:História da Inquisição Portuguesa (1536–1821) 11501:, BBC, SBN 563 10279 9; first published 1969. 11002: 10924: 10725: 10723: 10679:, ed. Rosalius Josephus Castillo Lara. Rome: 10364: 10086: 9700: 9617:Macy, Gary (2013). "Get the facts in order". 9284: 9282: 8958: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8520: 8355: 8353: 7949: 7818:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 6173:(57%). According to the study, Christians in 4850:Genealogies Recorded in the Sacred Scriptures 4563:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 4051: 3222:(pioneer in the study of genetics), the monk 2505:and voluntarily accepts the religion. Ritual 2501:ritual occurs when the child has reached the 1065: 479: 19598:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 19596:Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 18929:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 18922: 18696: 18676:. Ohio State University Press. p. 190. 18479:The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History 18447: 18178:"Is the Church of Ethiopia a Judaic Church?" 17846:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 231. 17812: 17452: 17450: 17448: 17383: 17381: 17379: 17377: 17375: 17338:. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 103. 17280: 17077: 16452: 16438:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 112–133. 16200: 16156: 16053: 16026: 15881:"Weber, Calvinism and the Spirit of Modern…" 15697: 15554:"Is it sinful to charge interest on a loan?" 15328:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1‒3. 15145: 15091: 14917: 14597: 14489:. University of Chicago Press. p. 395. 14134: 13852: 13622: 13582:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes 13574: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13422: 13420: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13386: 13384: 13360: 13327: 13268:. University of Michigan Press. p. 17. 13189: 13187: 13185: 13139: 13009:, January 1996, Vol. 23 Issue 3, pp. 286–306 12496: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12203: 12019: 11779:Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums 11692:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 11647: 11645: 11443: 11240: 11036:A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition 10801: 10790: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10732:Crossing Boundaries at Medieval Universities 10697: 10695: 10463: 9557: 9249: 9247: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8937:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 8458: 8456: 8114: 8112: 7656:ascendancy can be traced to the need of the 7503:. A large percentage of the population were 3467:, which is one of the most admired texts in 2616:is the world's largest library dedicated to 1217:to the Roman Senate and then fought against 866:began with the curiosity and passion of the 58: 23050: 19400: 19366: 19362:, vol. I, New York: Holmes & Meier 19236:, (Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 3. 19223:, (Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 7. 19210:, (University of California, Irvine), p. 7. 19096: 19075: 17835: 17738:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 103. 17373: 17371: 17369: 17367: 17365: 17363: 17361: 17359: 17357: 17355: 17209: 16996:Christian missions in China (PH. D. Thesis) 16607:Giving: Charity and Philanthropy in History 16228: 16171: 15459:(New York: Fordham University Press, 1970). 15457:The Love of Learning and the Desire for God 15149: 15034: 14995:uses the Gregorian calendar. Section 3.2.1. 14926: 14715:(in French). Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag. 14603: 14550: 13989: 13820: 13763: 13623:Russel, C.A. (2002). Ferngren, G.B. (ed.). 13069:, Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, p. 12851:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World 12765: 12534:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. 12372: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11286: 11251: 10767: 10765: 10684: 10674: 10668: 10588: 10237: 9582: 9437: 9431: 9259:BBC—Religion & Ethics—566, Christianity 8875: 8786:. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 174. 8784:Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set 8781: 8609: 8603: 8427:. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 8269: 8096:It would be indefensible to maintain, with 5921:in hospitals through American history, the 2938:seldom stopped to consider church teachings 2626:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2229:, the quadrennial meeting of the worldwide 2138: 1853:Consejo de la Suprema y General Inquisición 25930: 25916: 24720: 24706: 23043: 23029: 22883:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 20961: 20947: 20705:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 20655:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 19686: 19672: 19618: 19436: 19372: 19354: 18902:. Princeton University Press. p. 41. 18886:, Westminster John Knox Press, 1983, p. 66 18753:Oxford Manual of Major Incident Management 18339:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. 18265: 17644:"Beginnings | Blessed Mary MacKillop" 17333: 17252: 17224: 17179: 15680:Quaker Lloyds in the Industrial Revolution 15601: 15156: 15124: 15123:, and was later shown a copy of the order 15113: 15095: 14786: 13487:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 13476: 13457: 13451: 12985:"Circumcision protest brought to Florence" 12960:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 12955: 12932:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 228. 12886:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 12848: 12453: 11540:, (Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 271. 11345: 11343: 11075: 11073: 10899: 10720: 10614:Matthews, Roy T.; F. DeWitt Platt (1992). 10504:Politics and Society in Reformation Europe 10438: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10403:. Harvard University Press. Introduction. 10087:Matthews, Roy T.; Platt, F.DeWitt (1992). 10041: 9964:The Archaeology of Late Antique "paganism" 9889:. University of California, Santa Barbara. 9739: 9737: 9654: 9440:Text, Cases & Materials on Medical Law 9392:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 1. 9339:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 9301: 9279: 9136: 8669: 8635: 8570: 8559: 8359: 8350: 8151:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 1. 6252:grew many of Europe's modern universities. 5674:is the largest non-government provider of 3937:TV series, called "Faith in Numbers". The 2301:have historically affirmed and endorsed a 2053:(1628) practised democratic self-rule and 1086: 501:has been intricately intertwined with the 486: 472: 19541:"Pope to Arab Christians: Keep the Faith" 19332: 19330: 19328: 18334: 18299: 18045:. The University of Wooster. p. 130. 17949:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 23. 17783: 17445: 17389:"Religion and Education Around the World" 17257:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. 17048: 16632:St.Basil the Great A Study in Monasticism 16341: 15741: 15551: 15500:. Morley Publishing Group. Archived from 15477:. Morley Publishing Group. Archived from 15371: 15323: 15308: 15087: 14675: 14430:, Vol. 2, Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 1997, 14318:"Byzantine Medicine – Vienna Dioscurides" 13712: 13563: 13534: 13505: 13417: 13381: 13361:Stearns, Peter N.; Mason, George (2000). 13213: 13182: 12616: 12523: 12485: 12439:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 230. 12210:The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative 12068: 11679: 11642: 11305: 11210: 11206: 11204: 10988:. New York: Routledge. pp. 412–414. 10748: 10729: 10692: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10301:Flechner, "Pope Gregory and the British" 9923: 9921: 9367:. Oxford University Press. p. XXVI. 9334: 9304:"1:Christianity in the Greco-Roman world" 9244: 9001: 8725:Pinn, Anthony B, ed. (9 September 2021). 8663: 8462: 8453: 8389:"100 Scientists Who Shaped World History" 8324: 8322: 8293: 8291: 8109: 7209:Christian influences on the Islamic world 7203:Christian influences on the Islamic world 6381:, a pioneer of biological field research 6037: 5237:as a sin against the eighth commandment. 4634: 4478:An 18th century Italian depiction of the 3636:University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura 2601:generally held a critical perspective of 2593:—as well as leading Protestant reformers 2282:) and honor versus dishonor of adultery ( 1671:According to political science professor 19565: 18895: 18856: 18800: 18775: 18755:. Oxford University Press. p. 116. 18623: 18450:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe 18389: 18175: 18074:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 18057:History of Religion in the United States 17819:Ramakrishna Mission Institute of culture 17786:The Future of Christian Mission in India 17759:Crane, Ralph; Mohanram, Radhika (2013). 17438: 17436: 17434: 17352: 17308: 17106: 17080:The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies 17051:The Future of Christian Mission in India 16975:. Toronto: William Briggs. p. 230. 16864: 16553:The Social Results of Early Christianity 16549:"Chapter Five: The Poor and Unfortunate" 16513:. Catholic News Agency. 10 February 2010 16435:The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945 16347: 16318: 16303: 16278: 16205:. Cornell University Press. p. 45. 16139: 16015:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 15998:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 15964:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 15712: 15586: 15530: 15468: 15342: 15293: 15012:' instituting Gregorian calendar reform. 14746: 14466:American Mathematical Society, May 2005. 14447: 14427:Dictionnaire encyclopédique du Moyen Âge 14324:. University of Virginia. Archived from 14109: 13953: 13485:A History of the Church in Latin America 13426: 13354: 13308: 13218:. University of Wales Press. p. 3. 13094: 12882:Creighton, Sarah; Liao, Lih-Mei (2019). 12532:Women in early medieval Europe, 400–1100 12004:Allen Weinstein and David Rubel (2002), 11981:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 11914:History of Religion in the United States 11881:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 11851:History of Religion in the United States 11808:History of Religion in the United States 11783:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 11741: 11724: 11685: 11651: 11386: 11311: 10906:Kim, David; Kaul, Susanne, eds. (2015). 10762: 10652: 10318:"St. Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome" 9957: 9955: 9780: 9720:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 9362: 8701:. University of Minnesota. p. 179. 8272:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 8235: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8184: 8118: 7756: 7603: 7550: 7491:was founded in 271 by the Sassanid king 7466: 7267:, and the renowned hospital and medical 7175:where water is considered essential for 6992:allocated to the Romans bathing through 6960: 6945: 6898:Christianity has always placed a strong 6842: 6739: 6704: 6645: 6636:Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart 6609: 6594:inherited a fortune and established the 6569: 6502: 6255: 6232: 5944: 5776: 5764: 5754: 5698: 5640: 5480: 5314:Cover of the original German edition of 5309: 5299: 5211: 4943: 4840: 4473: 4457: 4435: 4197: 4181: 4123: 3960: 3894: 3848:led by Irish and Scottish monks like St 3807: 3744:. The Byzantines are also credited with 3719: 3555: 3418: 3190:, have been among the leading lights in 3137: 3073: 3066:List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics 2879: 2722: 2607: 2521:infant males as belonging to the faith. 2432:, and according to the work of scholars 2415: 2177: 2148: 1924: 1403: 1363: 1301: 1154: 963:The early followers of Jesus, including 924:. The life of Jesus is recounted in the 895: 892:From early persecution to state religion 553:has been adopted internationally as the 503:history and formation of Western society 17: 24461:Fostering of early experimental science 19590: 18750: 18723: 18504: 18362: 17986:. Oxford University Press. p. 22. 17942: 17907: 17763:. Oxford University Press. p. 86. 17394:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011 17100: 16999:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. 16968: 16604: 16546: 16534:Christian Charity in the Ancient Church 16283:. Transaction Publishers. p. 236. 16253: 16033:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 15772:B. Drummond Ayres Jr. (28 April 1981). 15021: 14768: 14706: 14279: 14257: 13900: 13869: 13611:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 13100: 13062: 12816: 12273: 12093: 12008:, DK Publishing, Inc., New York, N.Y., 11656:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. 11530: 11399: 11340: 11123: 11107:Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe 11098: 11070: 10905: 10854:The Changing Profile of the Natural Law 10827:Passerin d'Entreves, Alexander (2017). 10771: 10520: 10495: 10417: 10370: 10246:A Text-book in the History of Education 10022: 10016: 9808:. New York: Routledge. pp. 46–48. 9743: 9734: 9715: 9563: 9534: 9337:Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry 9197: 9175:Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East 8737:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001 8037: 6621:dedicated to the education of the poor. 5207: 4428:List of Roman Catholic Church musicians 3455:and his declaration against hypocrisy " 3041: 2293:and its traditional interpretations in 2104:scripted the terms of sexual morality." 760:have made a myriad of contributions to 27310: 24565:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 21342: 19415: 19325: 19316: 19167: 19028: 19026: 18703:. University of North Carolina Press. 18604:Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry 18476: 18237: 18099:James Davison Hunter (31 March 2010). 18040: 18012: 17841: 17456: 17191:Froehle, Bryan; Gautier, Mary (2009). 17138:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 17111:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 400. 17020: 16898: 16896: 16894: 16825:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 16729:"Unparalleled worldwide for 500 years" 16673:. University of Chicago Press. p. 349. 16644: 16629: 16579: 16531: 16431: 16404: 16094: 15541:. Maclachlan and Stewart. p. 180. 15377: 15296:An Aesthetic Approach to Byzantine Art 14532: 14232: 14199: 14115: 13901:Numbers, Ronald L. (8 November 2010). 13870:Numbers, Ronald L. (8 November 2010). 13540: 13482: 12554: 12500: 12462: 12036: 11785:, 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937 11592: 11543: 11424: 11349: 11201: 11182: 11129: 11104: 11027: 11008: 10880: 10804:Thomas Aquinas's Quodlibetal Questions 10643: 10634: 10572:The Formation of a Persecuting Society 10554: 10501: 10258: 10243: 10065: 10027:. UK: British Archaeological Reports. 10007: 9918: 9855: 9849: 9660: 9635: 9588: 9484: 9387: 9222: 9172: 9089: 8927: 8328: 8319: 8297: 8288: 8241: 8146: 8006: 7612:quarter, the historical centre of the 7547:Christian merchants and the silk trade 7307:institute, and academy established in 6768:were founded by Christians, including 6627:Catholic education system in Australia 6092:Homes for the elderly and handicapped 5801:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 5521:wealthy and affluent American families 4717:spent much of his mornings in prayer; 1749: 1730:Political power of Women rose and fell 910:Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381 25911: 24701: 23024: 20942: 19667: 19619:Prioreschi, Plinio (1 January 2001). 19445: 19307: 19298: 19102: 18419: 18392:Observations on baths and wash-houses 18271: 18243: 18176:Pedersen, Kirsten Stoffregen (1999). 18125: 17963:from the original on January 24, 2016 17844:A Short World History of Christianity 17431: 16989: 16697: 16458: 16000:, 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 1377–1382 15854: 15842:Believe: Religious Information Source 15809: 15591:. Catholic Education Resource Center. 15141:Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences 14484: 14265:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 42–49. 14235:The Spirit of Early Christian Thought 13794:Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited 13578: 13511: 13398: 12927: 12771: 12529: 12378: 12333: 12230:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.39 11983:, 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), col. 384 11752: 11611: 11549: 11404:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. 11079: 11033: 10858:Springer Science & Business Media 10851: 10569: 10526: 10476: 10442: 10398: 9980: 9961: 9952: 9927: 9899: 9874: 9509: 9469: 9270: 8768:Löffler, Klemens (1910). "Humanism". 8696: 8216: 8205: 8000: 7953:Science and Religion Around the World 7785:Scholars and intellectuals including 6121:around the world in 2016, found that 4177:Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope 3713:that such works are known today (see 3632:Imperial University of Constantinople 3568:in Constantinople designed 537 CE by 3058:List of Christian thinkers in science 2735:with his family (three generations), 1573:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1433:Men of a scholarly bent usually took 27225: 26826:Role of Christianity in civilization 19422:. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. 19174:. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. 19149:from the original on 18 October 2017 18896:Griffith, Sidney H. (4 April 2010). 18876: 18452:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. 18150: 17860: 17626:"About Australia: Religious Freedom" 17559:, Cambridge University Press, 1996, 17537:"The Jesuits (The Society of Jesus)" 17283:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 17109:T&T Clark Companion to Methodism 16902: 16757: 16321:"The Lutheran Nordic Welfare States" 16020: 15491: 14795: 14584: 14464:"Book Review, Archimedes Manuscript" 14165: 13738:Pope John Paul II (September 1998). 13295:, cited in Jean-Paul Himka. (1986). 13103:Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction 12098:. New York: Routledge. p. 106. 12096:Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z 11689:Public Religions in the Modern World 11617: 11084:. Boston: Harvard University Press. 11064:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Inquisition" 10958: 10350:Gregorian Chant and the Carolingians 10187: 9822: 9616: 9390:The Bible: A Very Short Introduction 8724: 8149:The Bible: A Very Short Introduction 7989:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 7750:(Chief Imperial Architects) and the 7495:. It was one of the major cities in 7002:baths, or even a myriad of monastic 6554:and the curriculum. The (temporary) 6320:operated the famous and influential 5738: 5492:; it has been seen as embodying the 4203:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition 4190:celebrating the introduction of the 4038:erected over the Church's objections 3759:(notably in the construction of the 3705:, produced the first compilation of 2745:Clerical marriage is admitted among 2712: 1785:, of church officials. The Court of 1160:Saint Ambrose and Emperor Theodosius 27237: 20968: 20559:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 19023: 18422:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions 17868:"Catholic schools in India protest" 17255:Encyclopedia of Christian Education 16891: 16865:Teasdale, Mark R. (17 March 2014). 16779: 16758:Keil, Lars-Broder (24 March 2014). 16609:. New York: Routledge. p. 14. 16500:; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p. 40 16056:Encyclopedia of Religion in America 16017:, 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 664–667 15536: 14511:Mathematics Through the Middle Ages 14356:. Hackett Publishing. p. 189. 14193: 12909: 12617:Pritchard, Colin Pritchard (2006). 11737:. Lisboa: Esfera dos Livros: 01–07. 11449: 11185:The Concise History of the Crusades 11146: 11040:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 10310: 9803: 9667:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 8616:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 8126:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7323:school being prominent in the late 7034:. Catholic religious orders of the 7022:in larger towns and cities such as 6625:From 19th-century foundations, the 5606:Some academics have theorized that 3826:which followed the collapse of the 3537: 2757:. Some Protestant clergy and their 2411: 2270:), sexual immorality, divine love ( 2225:. This unanimity was broken at the 1779:Church and state in medieval Europe 1770:, capital of the Byzantine Empire. 1491:of the conviction that concepts of 886: 549:are marked as public holidays; the 13: 20114:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 19188:from the original on 10 March 2021 18481:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 18223:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 16411:. Bristol: ISD. pp. 21, 121. 16148:. New York, Random House. p. 15677:Humphrey Lloyd (5 November 2013). 15453:The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas 14798:"Cistercians in the British Isles" 14400:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium 13856:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 13686:When Science and Christianity Meet 12806:. Columbia University Press. 2011. 11266:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1980.tb01939.x 11034:Deane, Jennifer Kolpacoff (2011). 10161: 10048:Ermatinger, James William (2004). 10047: 9860:. University of California Press. 9806:The Routledge History of Terrorism 9703:Christianity Through The Centuries 9200:Cultural Politics and Asian Values 8981: 8364:. InterVarsity Press. p. 63. 8242:Kreeft, Peter (21 February 2011). 7448:of the Abbasid Caliphs were often 7277:Imperial Library of Constantinople 6902:, Despite the denunciation of the 6884:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 6562:were reopened only decades later. 6498: 6412:worked at these universities, his 6408:theologians such as the Dominican 5216:Statue of Francisco de Vitoria at 4099:focused on English Puritanism and 3804:Preservation of Classical learning 3746:several technological advancements 3619:, and also in the transmission of 3459:" have been deeply influential in 2636:activity is considered sinful and 2474:were the basic family unit in the 2388: 1355:the centre of the Christian world. 1017:Human value as a foundation to law 623:produced by Catholic artists like 541:in diverse fields. Festivals like 14: 27354: 19020:Vol.1, A – K, Index, 2006, p. 451 19007:Indianapolis, 3rd edition, p. 216 18529: 17229:. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. 16671:The Beginnings of Western Science 16582:A Short History of Medical Ethics 16098:American Political Science Review 15994:Naturwissenschaft und Christentum 15469:Boffetti, Jason (November 2001). 14587:Citeaux Commentarii Cistercienses 12910:Nga, Armelle (30 December 2019). 11927:"Plymouth Colony Legal Structure" 11896:, Penguin Group, New York, N.Y., 9705:. Mumbai: St. Paul's. p. 32. 9290:A Very Short History of the World 7599: 5833:, on 15 May 1931, 40 years after 5686: 5474:. This idea is also known as the 4328:literalism of the account in the 4305:Evolution and the Catholic Church 4015:Epitome astronomiae Copernicianae 3592:remained the leading city of the 3346:Christian Scholars and Scientists 3062:List of Christian Nobel laureates 2946:a number of movements to reassert 2761:have played an essential role in 1983:doctrine of the lesser magistrate 1850:queen established a council, the 752:women have played prominent roles 580:, the Church rose to replace the 385:List of Christian Nobel laureates 24:Disputation of the Holy Sacrament 27295: 27283: 27271: 27236: 27224: 27213: 27212: 25947: 25892: 25891: 25880: 25008:State church of the Roman Empire 24727: 23005: 23004: 22993: 22961:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 22509:Criticism of the Catholic Church 20921: 20909: 20240:Fourth Council of Constantinople 20195:Second Council of Constantinople 19646: 19584: 19570:. Springer Nature. p. 172. 19559: 19533: 19524: 19496: 19348: 19285: 19276: 19267: 19253: 19226: 19213: 19200: 19161: 19069: 19042: 19010: 18997: 18977: 18964: 18950: 18916: 18889: 18850: 18822: 18794: 18780:. University of Michigan Press. 18769: 18744: 18717: 18690: 18665: 18646: 18596: 18575: 18554: 18523: 18470: 18441: 18413: 18356: 18210: 18092: 18062: 18049: 17982:Hochstedt Butler, Diana (1995). 17975: 17936: 17927: 17901: 17886: 17707: 17701: 17688: 17662: 17636: 17618: 17588: 17570: 17547: 17529: 17503: 17477: 17406: 17327: 17302: 17274: 17246: 17218: 17042: 17014: 16983: 16962: 16932: 16800: 16773: 16751: 16720: 16691: 16663: 16503: 16425: 16398: 16363: 16312: 16297: 16272: 16247: 16222: 16194: 16133: 16072: 16047: 16003: 15986: 15969: 15949: 15932: 15907: 15891: 15873: 15848: 15830: 15816:. Harper Collins. pp. 51–. 15803: 15794: 15734:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01367.x 15670: 15661: 15648: 15614: 15595: 15587:de Torre, Fr. Joseph M. (1997). 15580: 15571: 15516: 15485: 15471:"Tolkien's Catholic Imagination" 15462: 15425: 15398: 15317: 15302: 15287: 15261: 15230: 15204: 15191: 15179: 15081: 15064: 15022:Johnson, George (23 June 2009). 15015: 15008:of the (Latin) 1582 papal bull ' 14998: 14985: 14966: 14943: 14863: 14843: 14834: 14818: 14777: 14700: 14669: 14638: 14578: 14562: 14541: 14523: 14503: 14478: 14469: 14456: 14405: 14402:, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p. xxx. 14392: 14371: 14340: 14310: 14251: 14078: 14047: 14041: 14023: 13972: 13947: 13894: 13863: 13846: 13814: 13785: 13757: 13731: 13713:Goldstein, Thomas (April 1995). 13706: 13670: 13648: 13616: 13603: 13427:Johansen, Bruce Elliott (2005). 13340: 13285: 13257: 13232: 13207: 13056: 13034: 13012: 12999: 12949: 12921: 12903: 12875: 12810: 12749:. 19 August 1999. Archived from 12739: 12693: 12638: 12610: 12580: 12548: 12327: 12143: 12112: 11998: 11986: 11969: 11944: 11919: 11906: 11886: 11869: 11864:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte 11856: 11843: 11826: 11821:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte 11813: 11800: 11788: 11771: 11718: 11706: 11670: 11574: 11504: 11326:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00385.x 11159: 11130:Monter, William (7 April 2020). 11056: 10661: 10545: 10352:(Princeton University Press 1998 9793:. Vol. 1. pp. 383–388. 9781:Loughlin, James Francis (1907). 9619:U.S. Catholic Faith in Real Life 9537:Women in Roman Law & Society 8847:"Religion of Great Philosophers" 8670:Hyman, J.; Walsh, J. J. (1967). 8007:Verger, Jacques (13 July 2009). 7247:periods by translating works of 6939:urged his followers on value of 6927:and pilgrimage sites; also, the 6847:Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian of the 6565: 5705:Santa Maria della Scala Hospital 5589:; and the Episcopal Church. The 4588:styles of art and architecture. 4159:is the internationally accepted 3985:. While the promulgation of the 3861:How the Irish Saved Civilization 3022:", most members remained in the 2875: 2072: 1260:canon law of the Catholic Church 1152:fourth century: church history. 904:(centre) and the bishops of the 836:periods by translating works of 574:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 27038:Culture and positive psychology 25948: 24991:First seven ecumenical councils 21128:First seven ecumenical councils 20210:Third Council of Constantinople 20134:First Council of Constantinople 19625:. Horatius Press. p. 223. 18272:Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006). 18244:Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006). 18151:Vang, Christopher Thao (2016). 17813:Bhaṭṭācāryya, Haridāsa (1969). 16698:Risse, Guenter B (April 1999). 15443:, and through the influence of 15294:Michelis, Panayotis A. (1946). 14961:United States Naval Observatory 14747:Baedeker, Rob (24 March 2008). 13462:. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 13101:Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008). 12071:Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome 11994:Plymouth Colony Legal Structure 11314:International Studies Quarterly 10852:Crowe, Michael Bertram (2013). 10449:. Westminster John Knox Press. 10338: 10295: 10277: 10216:Handbook of Religion and Health 10206: 10155: 10142: 10129: 10120: 10111: 9989: 9774: 9762: 9748:. US: Oxford University Press. 9685: 9638:A Short History of Christianity 9610: 9381: 9356: 9328: 9310:. New York: Routledge. p. 9306:. In D. Jeffrey Bingham (ed.). 9216: 9191: 9130: 9096:Journal of the History of Ideas 9083: 9058: 9032: 8921: 8910:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. 8908:Islamic Science and Engineering 8839: 8803: 8762: 8753: 8728:The Oxford Handbook of Humanism 8718: 8484: 8417: 8381: 7832:since 1992. The suicide bomber 7728:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 7673:to the Ottoman government (the 7559:. The Armenians moved into the 6556:dissolution of the Jesuit order 6316:. During the High Middle Ages, 5637:Catholic Church and health care 5595:were often associated with the 4556: 4395:experimentation on human beings 3670:who created the Departments of 3381:100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005) 2360: 2096:says that for a period of time 1818:Papacy had its court at Avignon 1679:that pioneering the concept of 1062:concerning end of life issues. 26477:High- and low-context cultures 25858:Relations with other religions 25264:Church of the East (Nestorian) 25259:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 24424:Separation of church and state 24093:Formal and material principles 24078:Separation of church and state 21703:Separation of church and state 20449:Dissolution of the monasteries 19715:History of the Catholic Church 18923:Brague, Rémi (15 April 2009). 18884:Islam, a Christian perspective 18368:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 18185:Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne 18041:Barker, John Marshall (1894). 17815:The Cultural Heritage of India 17602:. 2 April 2000. Archived from 17460:Medieval Civilization 400–1500 17225:Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). 17195:. The University of Michigan. 17107:Yrigoyen, Charles Jr. (2014). 16903:Sack, Kevin (20 August 2011). 15006:Wikisource English translation 14774:Gimpel, p. 67. Cited by Woods. 13629:Johns Hopkins University Press 13613:2005; online edn, October 2016 13239:Schorn-Schütte, Luise (2003). 12819:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment 12280:Journal of Religion and Health 11287:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2009). 10776:. Princeton University Press. 10681:Salesian Pontifical University 10506:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10481:. Cambridge University Press. 9835:. Liverpool University Press. 9302:van Kooten, George H. (2010). 8646:. Marquette University Press. 8467:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 8221:. Princeton University Press. 8140: 8119:Harrison, Peter (8 May 2012). 8066: 8040:The American Historical Review 8031: 7979: 7970: 7830:Palestinian National Authority 7526:) (also called the Academy of 7136:has adopted the deployment of 6824: 6711:St. Xavier's College in Mumbai 6657:(top), win the battle against 6605: 6600:Xavier University of Louisiana 6508:National University of Córdoba 6060:Primary and secondary schools 5953:; an American physician and a 3931:in the fourth of his ten-part 3697:. In the field of engineering 3596:in size, wealth, and culture. 3498:was starting to disintegrate, 3302:, pioneers in electricity and 3090:One view, first propounded by 2249:Thou shalt not commit adultery 2243:and ties it with breaking the 1497:separation of church and state 1096:Legal status under Constantine 1: 24088:Hymnody of continental Europe 23239:Apostles in the New Testament 20323:Fourth Council of the Lateran 20298:Second Council of the Lateran 19907:Apostles in the New Testament 19208:The Physicians of Gundeshapur 19018:Medieval Islamic Civilization 19005:Philosophy in the Middle Ages 18926:The Legend of the Middle Ages 18672:Ruth Deardorff, Neva (2018). 18655:, retrieved 30 January 2007. 18448:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005). 17842:Mullin, Robert Bruce (2014). 17784:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). 17334:GA. Dawson, Patricia (2015). 17281:B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). 17049:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). 14940:(Springer) 7 (4), pp. 642–660 14851:"Index Librorum Prohibitorum" 14682:Revue d'histoire des sciences 14604:Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). 13514:Colonization A Global History 13020:"Children of the Reformation" 12928:Bakos, Gergely Tibor (2011). 9804:Law, Randall D., ed. (2015). 9701:Padinjarekutt, Isaac (2005). 8934:The Legend of the Middle Ages 8782:Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2016). 8642:Roy Vincelette, Alan (2009). 8610:A. Spinello, Richard (2012). 8574:Christianity: An Introduction 7935: 7866:American University of Beirut 7333:Christians in the Middle East 6931:situated baths within church 5667:, hospitals and health care. 5599:and the Episcopal Church and 5496:culture in the United States. 5027: 4974:, influenced the writings of 4808: 4480:Parable of the Good Samaritan 4319:in 1859, the position of the 3674:(Διδασκαλεῖον τῶν Νόμων) and 2814:tightly-knit hereditary caste 2736: 2646:name and bless their children 2628:puts notable emphasis on the 2549:have low circumcision rates. 1659:sprang from the same roots." 1539:Alexander Passerin d'Entreves 1213:the restoration of the pagan 700:Parable of the Good Samaritan 450:Christian influences in Islam 27043:Culture and social cognition 26028:Cross-cultural communication 20437:Catholic Counter-Reformation 20303:Third Council of the Lateran 20293:First Council of the Lateran 19749:Catholic ecumenical councils 18700:Hallelujah lads & lasses 18191:(2): 203–216. Archived from 18055:Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), 16782:"Fuggerei: Leben im Denkmal" 16630:Clarke, W.K.Lowther (1913). 16201:B. Rosenbaum, Julia (2006). 16144:The Protestant Establishment 16054:W. Williamls, Peter (2010). 16009:C. Graf von Klinckowstroem, 15983:, 3. Auflage, col. 1029–1033 15630:National Review Book Service 15604:History of Economic Analysis 15552:Considine, Kevin P. (2016). 15313:. London: Variorum Reprints. 15166:). Return to other article: 15110:Discourse on Floating Bodies 14982:by L. E. Doggett. Section 2. 14963:. Retrieved 15 January 2009. 13063:Brinley, Douglas E. (1998), 12956:J. Sharkey, Heather (2017). 12356:10.5040/9781474210683.ch-003 11892:Nathaniel Philbrick (2006), 11582:https://www.encyclopedia.com 11105:Peters, Edward, ed. (1980). 8571:E. McGrath, Alister (2006). 8270:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2007). 8019:(2). Cambridge Core: 268–269 7669:made up the majority of the 7179:, and in some traditionally 6886:prescribes several kinds of 6736:Protestant role in education 6011: 5519:. Large numbers of the most 5494:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant 4982:influencing writers such as 4829:American Catholic literature 4639:Renaissance artists such as 4417: 4391:embryonic stem cell research 4385:Embryonic stem cell research 4298: 4248:in 1633 for his work on the 4119: 3644:Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας 3414: 2515:Ethiopian Orthodox Christian 2239:equates premarital sex with 1943:doctrine of the two kingdoms 1933:, the main church in Geneva. 1546:Natural law and human rights 1526:) about literally anything ( 525:; and an influential player 428:Christianity in Civilization 375:List of Christian scientists 269:American Catholic literature 7: 27125:Intercultural communication 25937: 25565:Views on poverty and wealth 23536:Eastern Orthodox opposition 18624:Eveleigh, David J. (2002). 18370:, Oxford University Press, 17893:Catholic education in India 17600:tribunedigital-baltimoresun 17285:. Routledge. p. 1369. 16645:Safley, Thomas Max (2003). 16605:Bremner, Robert H. (2017). 16279:Baltzell, E. Digby (2011). 16229:C. Holloran, Peter (1989). 16172:W. Williams, Peter (2016). 15981:Evangelisches Soziallexikon 15944:Evangelisches Soziallexikon 15940:Soziallehre des Calvinismus 15602:Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). 15492:Voss, Paul J. (July 2002). 15268:Warren Kurt VonRoeschlaub. 13956:Galileo: Decisive Innovator 13937:Polski słownik biograficzny 13690:University of Chicago Press 13309:Sunshine, Glenn S. (2009). 13214:Tjerngren, Beverly (2021). 13169:www.churchofjesuschrist.org 13105:. Oxford University Press. 12334:Sauer, Michelle M. (2015). 12069:Langlands, Rebecca (2006). 11838:Evangelisches Soziallexikon 11147:Lea, Henry Charles (1887). 10806:. Oxford University Press. 9904:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 9363:Burnside, Jonathan (2011). 8731:. Oxford University Press. 8463:S. Kroger, William (2016). 8333:. OUP Oxford. p. 179. 7908: 7171:is common in predominantly 7069:Contrary to popular belief 6641: 6491:According to the historian 6197:were built by the historic 5858:international organizations 5078:Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 4412: 3975:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3967:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3957:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3877:According to art historian 3133:atheistic and antireligious 3070:List of Catholic scientists 3052:Catholic Church and science 2838:Catholic Church and slavery 2790:Assyrian Church of the East 2552:During the early period of 1947:priesthood of all believers 1744:devotion to the Virgin Mary 812:Laureates, have identified 804:and business. According to 390:Catholic Church and science 10: 27359: 26568:Cross cultural sensitivity 26235:Resistance through culture 25810:World Evangelical Alliance 25772:Traditionalist Catholicism 23553:Art patronage of Julius II 23000:Catholic Church portal 19783:History of the Roman Curia 19055:. SUNY Press. p. 97. 18507:Water: A Spiritual History 17736:Christian Higher Education 17670:"Catholic Schools – Today" 16405:Nelson, Robert H. (2017). 16027:Kim, Sung Ho (Fall 2008). 15683:. Routledge. p. 106. 15239:"Adam, Eve, and Evolution" 15135:When the Dutch publishers 14233:Wilken, Robert L. (2003). 13980:National Catholic Reporter 13954:Sharratt, Michael (1994). 13942:Polish Academy of Sciences 13399:Woods, Thomas Jr. (2012). 13264:W. Braumüller, W. (2006). 12849:N. Stearns, Peter (2008). 12621:. Routledge. p. 111. 12501:Shahar, Shulamith (2003). 12382:Biblical Theology Bulletin 12340:Gender in Medieval Culture 11877:England. Kirchengeschichte 11183:Madden, Thomas F. (2014). 11080:Moore, Robert Ian (2012). 10324:Orthodox Church in America 9716:Bardill, Jonathan (2012). 9335:G. Koenig, Harold (2009). 9177:. Routledge. p. 173. 8697:Brown, J. (24 July 2014). 7860:. Christian colleges like 7630:Conquest of Constantinople 7358: 7206: 6828: 6661:invaders. Painted 1965–75. 6422:thought and Christianity. 6398:consecrated religious life 6268:, bearing the Latin motto 6015: 6002:Baptist Missionary Society 5938: 5911:Little Sisters of the Poor 5758: 5630: 5303: 5248:(appeared in 1462) or the 4818: 4812: 4699:sculptures, to Da Vinci's 4560: 4421: 4302: 4075:on the one hand and early 4052:Protestant role in science 4040:at the place where he was 4005:books or works containing 3925:Barbegal aqueduct and mill 3871:Mission of the Irish Monks 3663: 3541: 3246:(the first to propose the 3123:led some scholars such as 3092:Enlightenment philosophers 3055: 3045: 2966: 2835: 2831: 2716: 2681:households. Christians in 2223:sacramentality of marriage 2142: 1918: 1582: 1144: 1066:Early legal views of women 948:the Roman Governor of the 879:since the introduction of 774:fine arts and architecture 679:is among the most admired 27208: 27180:Transformation of culture 26873: 26793: 26613:Cultural environmentalism 26550: 26290: 26153: 26043:Cross-cultural psychology 26038:Cross-cultural psychiatry 26033:Cross-cultural leadership 26010: 25959: 25945: 25875: 25825: 25805:World Council of Churches 25780: 25698: 25582: 25573: 25528: 25313: 25297: 25292:Latter Day Saint movement 25277: 25237: 25137: 25118: 25064: 25021: 24966: 24872: 24851: 24810: 24778: 24735: 24645: 24480: 24399: 24328: 24263: 24185: 24116: 24056:Calvinist–Arminian debate 24030: 23797: 23680: 23516: 23407: 23289: 23187: 23076: 23058: 22988: 22926:Aid to the Church in Need 22916: 22773: 22586: 22547:Vatican Television Center 22522: 22432: 22322: 22192:Eastern Catholic Churches 22173: 22062: 21955: 21902: 21827: 21798: 21723: 21648: 21583: 21528: 21447: 21317: 21231: 21163: 21108: 21027: 21004: 20976: 20904: 20804: 20670: 20597: 20532: 20519:European wars of religion 20416: 20351: 20253: 20175: 20066: 19989: 19849: 19838: 19830:Eastern Catholic Churches 19705: 19467:10.1080/00263200701568352 19124:10.1080/00263200701568352 18985:Libraries of Ancient Merv 18509:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 18390:Ashpitel, Arthur (1851), 18335:Squatriti, Paolo (2002). 18105:. Oxford UP. p. 85. 18017:. Routledge. p. 31. 17790:Wipf and Stock Publishers 17313:. Springer. p. 302. 17309:Gavroglu, Kostas (2015). 17253:A. Lamport, Mark (2015). 17055:Wipf and Stock Publishers 16871:Wipf and Stock Publishers 16547:Schmidt, Charles (1889). 16473:10.1080/14650040903420388 16448:– via Google Books. 16421:– via Google Books. 16337:– via Google Books. 16304:Schröder, Martin (2013). 15975:Hans Fritz Schwenkhagen, 15324:Kitzinger, Ernst (1977). 14950:Introduction to Calendars 14871:"Code of Canon Law: text" 14485:Cohen, H. Floris (1994). 14142:100 Years of Nobel Prizes 14116:Gilley, Sheridan (2006). 13165:"The Family Proclamation" 12463:Nathan, Geoffrey (2002). 11931:www.histarch.illinois.edu 11425:Schaus, Margaret (2006). 11151:. Vol. 1. New York: 10685: 10259:Haight, Roger D. (2004). 10066:Butler, Cuthbert (1919). 10023:Bayliss, Richard (2004). 9636:Blaney, Geoffrey (2014). 9535:Gardner, Jane F. (1991). 9510:Wicks, Elizabeth (2016). 9485:Gushee, David P. (2014). 9202:. Routledge. p. 81. 9198:D. Barr, Michael (2012). 9141:. New York: W.W. Norton. 9090:Miller, Peter N. (2006). 8883:100 Years of Nobel Prizes 8867:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8831:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8770:The Catholic Encyclopedia 8551:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8512:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8445:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8409:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8360:L. Johnson, Eric (2009). 8298:Gilley, Sheridan (2006). 8185:Hastings, Adrian (1996). 7887:Middle Eastern Christians 7705:Greek War of Independence 7455:such as the long serving 7271:; libraries included the 6849:Armenian Apostolic Church 6700: 6518:; founded in 1613 by the 6334:Schola Medica Salernitana 6322:Chartres Cathedral School 6248:. From Medieval Europe's 6228: 5998:London Missionary Society 5941:Medical missions in China 5895:Catholic Health Australia 5807:published the encyclical 5707:, one of Europe's oldest 4929:, wrote the seminal work 4852:(1611), bound into first 4612:) and the epic poetry of 4592:'s repeated reference to 4309:Since the publication of 4188:tomb of Pope Gregory XIII 4042:burned alive at the stake 3668:Constantine IX Monomachos 3643: 3560:Interior panorama of the 2973: 2317:within the boundaries of 2145:Catholic Church and women 1475:inquisitions, which were 1137:Christianity in 1054 AD. 902:Roman Emperor Constantine 806:100 Years of Nobel Prizes 294:Christian science fiction 27333:Christianity and society 27140:Living things in culture 27130:Intercultural competence 27033:Culture and menstruation 26532:Trans-cultural diffusion 25833:Anti-Christian sentiment 25013:Christian biblical canon 24545:Christian existentialism 22868:Communion and Liberation 22332:Eastern Catholic liturgy 21497:Mystici Corporis Christi 21425:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 20650:Mary of the Divine Heart 20273:Clash against the empire 20225:Second Council of Nicaea 20119:Old St. Peter's Basilica 19035:Mehmet Mahfuz Söylemez, 18857:Santiago (8 July 2014). 18477:Hembry, Phyllis (1990). 18424:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. 18306:Rowman & Littlefield 18300:Thurlkill, Mary (2016). 17943:Karabel, Jerome (2006). 17457:LeGoff, Jacques (2000). 16669:Lindberg, David. (1992) 16532:Ulhorn, Gerhard (1883). 16348:Kettunen, Pauli (2010). 16254:J. Harp, Gillis (2003). 15309:Weitzmann, Kurt (1981). 15274:The Talk Origins Archive 14614:10.1017/CBO9780511676062 14092:(1986), "Introduction", 13909:Harvard University Press 13878:Harvard University Press 13658:. London Review of Books 13483:Dussel, Enrique (1981). 13348:"IN SUPREMO APOSTOLATUS" 13243:. Springer. p. 62. 13007:Journal of Psychohistory 12399:10.1177/0146107915577097 11652:Rawlings, Helen (2006). 11550:Olson, Roger E. (1999). 11400:Ullmann, Walter (2005). 10959:Abba, Joe Barth (2017). 10856:(illustrated ed.). 10831:. Routledge. p. 1. 10443:Witte, John Jr. (1997). 10399:Fried, Johannes (2016). 10188:Dunn, Dennis J. (2016). 10164:"Canonlaw.info Homepage" 9856:McLynn, Neil B. (1994). 9541:Indiana University Press 9271:Kuehl, Nancy L. (2013). 9227:. Springer. p. 11. 9223:Curtis, Michael (2018). 9173:Curtis, Michael (2017). 8988:www.christiansofiraq.com 8080:(1986), "Introduction", 7511:, refuge was granted to 7392:. They also excelled in 7380:by translating works of 6919:. The Church also built 6906:style of Roman pools by 6839:Cantharus (Christianity) 6831:Ablution in Christianity 6758:Massachusetts Bay Colony 5976:Missionaries from other 5848:The social teachings of 5815:Catholic social teaching 5645:Historian of hospitals, 5633:Catholic social teaching 5476:"Protestant ethic thesis 5086:Hans Holbein the Younger 4741: 4462:Byzantine mosaic of the 4450:from the ceiling of the 4424:Art in Roman Catholicism 4316:On the Origin of Species 4171:opened. It was moved to 3846:Hiberno-Scottish mission 3724:The frontispiece of the 3580:was one of the peaks in 3048:Christianity and science 2462:Roman Catholic canon law 2420:Christian family saying 2321:over all other forms of 2313:, favouring exclusively 2139:Marriage and family life 2051:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1276:hierarchical authorities 621:Renaissance masterpieces 443:Eastern Orthodox history 27328:Christianity in culture 26951:Cultural homogenization 26181:Individualistic culture 26115:Popular culture studies 26100:Intercultural relations 25887:Christianity portal 25046:Investiture Controversy 23052:History of Christianity 21683:Philosophy of canon law 21613:Mariology of the saints 21193:Investiture Controversy 20916:Vatican City portal 20268:Investiture Controversy 20124:First Council of Nicaea 19566:C. Ellis, Kail (2004). 19416:Pacini, Andrea (1998). 19342:Encyclopædia Britannica 19168:Pacini, Andrea (1998). 18983:Yazberdiyev, Dr. Almaz 18801:E. Clark, Mary (2006). 18776:E. Clark, Mary (2006). 18724:Gariepy, Henry (2009). 18420:Black, Winston (2019). 18126:Táíwò, Olúfémi (2010). 17578:"Georgetown University" 17084:Oxford University Press 17030:. London: John Murray. 16704:Oxford University Press 16580:Jonsen, Albert (2000). 15199:Vatican Secret Archives 14955:19 October 2011 at the 14932:Becker, George (1992), 14856:Encyclopædia Britannica 14754:San Francisco Chronicle 14676:Beaujouan, Guy (1950). 14209:. New York: MJF Books. 13986:, Harper San Francisco. 13744:(Faith and Reason), IV" 13364:Gender in world history 12855:Oxford University Press 12817:DeMello, Margo (2007). 12663:10.1126/science.aau5141 12297:10.1023/A:1023621612061 12222:Oxford University Press 12120:"Sacrament of Marriage" 11794:Original German title: 11686:Casanova, José (1994). 11654:The Spanish Inquisition 11593:Peters, Edward (1989). 11289:What Were the Crusades? 10881:Gönenç, Levent (2002). 10772:Downing, Brian (1993). 10371:Collins, Roger (1998). 10285:"St. Gregory the Great" 9746:The Last Pagans of Rome 8329:Steane, Andrew (2014). 7862:Saint Joseph University 7444:etc.) and the personal 7060:Protestant Christianity 7018:was common in medieval 6835:Hygiene in Christianity 6165:(67%), followed by the 5978:Christian denominations 5934: 5813:, which set in context 5344:) and the Netherlands ( 5142:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 5066:George Frederick Handel 4767:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 4213:The famous astronomers 3943:Cistercian architecture 3835:isolated outposts like 3634:sometimes known as the 3625:Eastern Orthodox Church 3524:a book of the same name 2491:Christian denominations 2393:According to historian 2274:), mutual self-giving ( 2227:1930 Lambeth Conference 2039:constitutional monarchy 1775:Investiture Controversy 1764:Eastern Orthodox Church 1123:history of Christianity 1110:First Council of Nicaea 1087:Laws affecting children 984:worshiping the emperors 906:First Council of Nicaea 299:Spiritual autobiography 26886:Archaeological culture 26633:Cultural globalization 26502:Organizational culture 26350:Cultural communication 26308:Cultural appropriation 26095:Intercultural learning 26023:Cross-cultural studies 25838:Christian universalism 25229:Western Rite Orthodoxy 25074:Protestant Reformation 24613:Fourth Great Awakening 24500:Second Great Awakening 23739:Fall of Constantinople 23531:Development of primacy 22936:Catholic Charities USA 22570:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 22558:Vatican Polyglot Press 21608:Mariology of the popes 21246:Protestant Reformation 20928:Catholicism portal 20739:Second Vatican Council 20625:Our Lady of La Salette 20432:Protestant Reformation 20419:Protestant Reformation 20338:Second Council of Lyon 19727:Ecclesiastical history 19455:Middle Eastern Studies 19446:Radai, Itamar (2008). 19375:Hovannisian, Richard G 19313:Mamboury (1953), p. 99 19304:Mamboury (1953), p. 98 19112:Middle Eastern Studies 19103:Radai, Itamar (2008). 18659:7 January 2007 at the 18013:Khalaf, Samir (2012). 16011:Technik. Geschichtlich 15810:Ryken, Leland (2010). 15411:. Wiley. p. 165. 15384:. Brockhampton Press. 15381:Dictionary of the Arts 15378:Murray, Chris (1997). 15092:Sharratt (1994, p.184) 14663:10.3406/hism.1999.1501 14444: 14379:Demetrios Constantelos 13792:Jules Speller (2008). 13433:. Praeger Publishers. 13403:. Regnery Publishing. 12555:Rawson, Beryl (2010). 12094:Younger, John (2005). 11832:Quoted in Jan Weerda, 11618:Pick, Bernard (1897). 11009:Gushee, David (2013). 10908:Imagining Human Rights 10689:, 7), 1992, pp. 97–111 10675: 10669: 10617:The Western Humanities 10527:Cohen, Jeremy (1999). 10303:Histoires de Bretagnes 10090:The Western Humanities 9744:Cameron, Alan (2011). 9564:Painter, Luke (2017). 9470:Lecky, W.E.H. (1920). 8217:Stark, Rodney (2020). 7901:, politics, business, 7782: 7765:(from left to right): 7628:Immediately after the 7625: 7564: 7480: 7269:academy of Jundishapur 7229:Saint John of Damascus 6969: 6958: 6855: 6748: 6714: 6695:Christian missionaries 6683:religion and education 6662: 6622: 6579: 6523: 6466:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 6273: 6253: 6223:Christian missionaries 6119:religion and education 6052:Parishes and missions 5962: 5932: 5792: 5774: 5712: 5650: 5497: 5320: 5240:The activities of the 5220: 5218:San Esteban, Salamanca 5154:Conrad Ferdinand Meyer 5134:Johann Wolfgang Goethe 4952: 4861: 4739: 4705:and Raphael's various 4635:Painting and sculpture 4599:British art historian 4526:Byzantine commonwealth 4516:states of the eastern 4503:Fall of Constantinople 4487: 4471: 4455: 4407:in vitro fertilization 4341:) for the human race. 4286: 4210: 4195: 4136: 3996: 3970: 3904: 3875: 3817: 3770:. During this period, 3729: 3586:Christian civilization 3573: 3428: 3242:), and Belgian priest 3159: 3083: 3080:mediaeval universities 3005:In supremo apostolatus 2917:Bartolomé de Las Casas 2889: 2873: 2858:In supremo apostolatus 2742: 2621: 2614:Family History Library 2466:Protestant Reformation 2425: 2211:Protestant Reformation 2186: 2171: 2112: 2031:English Bill of Rights 1934: 1880:Portuguese Inquisition 1830: 1641: 1485: 1437:and frequently joined 1423: 1369: 1357: 1319: 1267: 1167: 1033: 918:began as a Jewish sect 913: 766:science and technology 683:in the Western canon. 90: 36: 27155:Participatory culture 26946:Cultural evolutionism 26770:Multiracial democracy 26648:Cultural intelligence 26593:Cultural conservatism 26583:Cultural backwardness 26573:Cultural assimilation 26447:Cultural reproduction 26303:Cultural appreciation 26255:Far-right subcultures 26145:Transcultural nursing 26110:Philosophy of culture 25987:Cultural neuroscience 25967:Cultural anthropology 25496:Anointing of the Sick 24608:Reformed epistemology 24550:Third Great Awakening 24520:Seventh-day Adventist 24441:First Great Awakening 24314:Book of Common Prayer 24108:Protestant work ethic 23651:Independent Catholics 23602:Monastery dissolution 22690:Good Shepherd Sisters 22532:Holy See Press Office 21770:Doctors of the Church 21603:Immaculate Conception 21558:Anointing of the Sick 21093:History of the papacy 20635:First Vatican Council 20333:First Council of Lyon 20097:Constantine the Great 19793:Christian monasticism 18751:Greaves, Ian (2017). 18697:Lillian Taiz (2001). 18583:"Middle Ages Hygiene" 18505:Bradley, Ian (2012). 17582:Catholic Encyclopedia 17541:Catholic Encyclopedia 17515:Catholic Encyclopedia 17511:"St. Albertus Magnus" 17489:Catholic Encyclopedia 17022:Parker, Edward Harper 17009:Charles Sumner Estes. 16991:Estes, Charles Sumner 16786:Augsburger Allgemeine 16432:Hilson, Mary (2008). 15713:McKinnon, AM (2010). 15431:Particularly through 15146:Sharratt, 1994, p.184 15052:Angus & Robertson 14803:Catholic Encyclopedia 14694:10.3406/rhs.1950.2795 14651:Histoire & Mesure 14439: 14178:World Digital Library 13587:Yale University Press 13579:Duffy, Eamon (1997). 13541:Thomas, Hugh (2013). 12804:Columbia Encyclopedia 12561:John Wiley & Sons 12124:Catholic Encyclopedia 12037:Harper, Kyle (2013). 11992:Christopher Fennell, 11912:Clifton E. Olmstead, 11849:Clifton E. Olmstead, 11823:, 11. Auflage, p. 325 11806:Clifton E. Olmstead, 11753:Mayer, T. F. (2014). 11516:Catholic Encyclopedia 11470:Catholic Encyclopedia 10570:Moore, R. I. (2007). 10289:Catholic Encyclopedia 10244:Monroe, Paul (1909). 10001:Catholic Encyclopedia 9928:Brown, Peter (1997). 9900:Brown, Peter (1992). 9881:Drake, Harold Allen; 9790:Catholic Encyclopedia 9388:Riches, John (2000). 9292:; Penguin Books, 2004 9108:10.1353/jhi.2006.0035 8579:John Wiley & Sons 8147:Riches, John (2000). 7760: 7607: 7554: 7470: 7273:Library of Alexandria 6964: 6949: 6917:Clement of Alexandria 6872:unusual bodily fluids 6846: 6743: 6722:St. Stephen's College 6718:Christ Church College 6708: 6649: 6613: 6588:Georgetown University 6576:Georgetown University 6573: 6506: 6384:In the 13th century, 6314:medieval universities 6259: 6236: 6171:Christians of Georgia 6155:Christian communities 5948: 5927: 5797:Industrial Revolution 5780: 5768: 5759:Further information: 5755:Industrial Revolution 5702: 5672:Roman Catholic Church 5644: 5484: 5472:Industrial Revolution 5464:Protestant work ethic 5373:Protestant work ethic 5313: 5306:Protestant work ethic 5300:Protestant work ethic 5215: 5062:Johann Sebastian Bach 4947: 4844: 4819:Further information: 4711: 4501:and lasted until the 4477: 4461: 4439: 4282: 4201: 4185: 4175:in the 1930s and the 4127: 4109:religious affiliation 4105:scientific revolution 4060:there was a positive 3991: 3964: 3951:hydraulic engineering 3947:medieval architecture 3917:Industrial Revolution 3899:Numbers written with 3898: 3890:medieval universities 3866: 3811: 3796:In the 10th century, 3781:In the field of law, 3776:mathematical sciences 3734:Byzantine Renaissance 3723: 3715:Archimedes Palimpsest 3559: 3422: 3385:Nobel Prize Laureates 3374:Scientific Revolution 3268:Giambattista Riccioli 3141: 3117:Scientific Revolution 3077: 2895:Antonio de Montesinos 2883: 2868: 2726: 2618:genealogical research 2611: 2535:Anglosphere countries 2527:Christian communities 2419: 2323:human sexual activity 2280:1 Corinthians 6:15–20 2181: 2168:Rogier van der Weyden 2152: 2098: 1928: 1826: 1637: 1601:Medieval Inquisitions 1481: 1477:a new legal procedure 1419:1077, as depicted by 1407: 1389:Christian Renaissance 1367: 1352: 1305: 1158: 1028: 899: 744:Fathers of the Church 610:Scientific Revolution 594:Europe's universities 89: 21: 27150:Oppositional culture 27120:Emotions and culture 27028:Cultural sensibility 27018:Cultural translation 26956:Cultural institution 26936:Cultural determinism 26658:Cultural nationalism 26643:Cultural imperialism 26603:Cultural deprivation 26497:Non-material culture 26130:Sociology of culture 26125:Semiotics of culture 25817:Nondenominationalism 25690:Role in civilization 25157:Independent Catholic 25099:Relations with Islam 25079:Catholic Reformation 24431:Edicts of toleration 24240:Three Forms of Unity 24005:Bohemian Reformation 23578:Catholic Reformation 23435:Roman state religion 23254:Council of Jerusalem 22563:L'Osservatore Romano 22501:Role in civilisation 22227:Croatian and Serbian 21975:Episcopal conference 21937:St. Peter's Basilica 21295:Sexual abuse scandal 21251:Catholic Reformation 20812:Sexual abuse scandal 20721:Mit brennender Sorge 20564:Age of Enlightenment 20343:Bernard of Clairvaux 20220:Byzantine Iconoclasm 20159:Council of Chalcedon 19939:Council of Jerusalem 19808:Role in civilization 19788:Religious institutes 19720:By country or region 19521:Lattouf, 2004, p. 70 19291:Cigdem Kafescioglu, 19206:Gail Marlow Taylor, 17698:(Syracuse UP, 2013). 17694:Heather J. Sharkey, 17485:"Robert Grosseteste" 17215:Gardner, p. 148 16972:China and its People 15855:Weber, Max (2003) . 15626:by Thomas Woods, Jr" 15537:Cox, Robert (1853). 15355:Taylor & Francis 15351:Sociology On Culture 15139:published Galileo's 14978:1 April 2004 at the 14824:Charles B. Schmitt, 14354:Byzantine Philosophy 14035:St. Marylebow Church 13547:Simon & Schuster 13518:Taylor & Francis 13512:Ferro, Marc (2005). 13127:"Mormons in America" 12598:on 30 September 2007 12530:Bitel, Lisa (2002). 12507:Taylor & Francis 12469:Taylor & Francis 12224:. pp. 456–465. 11038:. Lanham, Maryland: 9661:Keller, Tim (2008). 7787:Palestinian-American 7418:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 7231:, a Syriac scholar. 7215:Eastern Christianity 7195:respectively, where 7185:Protestant countries 7144:products, such as a 6801:mainline Protestants 6790:Princeton University 6653:forces, assisted by 6619:religious institutes 6615:Saint Mary MacKillop 6538:, especially by the 6375:University of Oxford 6363:Salamanca University 6355:Notre Dame Cathedral 6270:The Lord is my Light 6266:University of Oxford 6207:Protestant Reformers 6167:Christians of Israel 5771:Battle of Gravelotte 5703:Panorama of Siena's 5657:and stories such as 5597:American upper class 5583:American upper class 5377:Calvinist work ethic 5350:Gülcher & Mulder 5256:Francisco de Vitoria 5208:Economic development 5186:Thomas Stearns Eliot 4999:Doctor of the Church 4980:Catholic imagination 4949:Saint Thomas Aquinas 4869:Christian world view 4865:Christian literature 4833:Mennonite literature 4815:Christian literature 4757:Ludwig van Beethoven 4606:St Francis of Assisi 4574:Byzantine iconoclasm 4275:historian of science 4077:experimental science 4064:between the rise of 3828:Western Roman Empire 3516:Western Christianity 3496:Western Roman Empire 3477:Acts of the Apostles 3423:David dictating the 3318:, founder of modern 3310:, "father of modern 3121:Age of Enlightenment 3042:Letters and learning 2921:Francisco de Vitoria 2163:The Seven Sacraments 2055:separation of powers 1979:separation of powers 1931:St. Pierre Cathedral 1681:religious toleration 1493:religious toleration 1439:religious institutes 1383:crowned Charlemagne 1119:Eastern Roman Empire 877:Islamic civilization 826:Islamic Civilization 590:Western civilization 123:Western Christianity 118:Eastern Christianity 27001:Culture speculation 26996:Cultural relativism 26926:Cultural competence 26816:Cultural Christians 26688:Cultural Revolution 26678:Cultural radicalism 26653:Cultural liberalism 26588:Cultural Bolshevism 26563:Consumer capitalism 26517:Relational mobility 26457:Cultural technology 26365:Cultural dissonance 26282:Culture by location 26245:Alternative culture 26161:Constructed culture 26140:Theology of culture 26080:Cultural psychology 26060:Cultural entomology 25863:Unlimited atonement 25848:Cultural Christians 25287:Jehovah's Witnesses 24909:Sermon on the Mount 24838:Christian tradition 24765:Lists of Christians 24603:Liberation theology 24510:Jehovah's Witnesses 24343:Radical Reformation 24071:Resistance theories 23958:Christian mysticism 23953:Early Scholasticism 23665:Ecclesial community 23563:Counter-Reformation 23428:Constantinian shift 22898:Neocatechumenal Way 22863:Charismatic Renewal 22577:Annuario Pontificio 22175:Particular churches 21851:Ecumenical councils 21623:Perpetual virginity 21458:Communitas perfecta 21402:Sermon on the Mount 20640:Papal infallibility 20630:Our Lady of Lourdes 20579:Shimabara Rebellion 20423:Counter-Reformation 19502:Adnan A. Musallam, 18882:Michael Nazir-Ali. 18628:. Stroud, England: 18536:About.com Education 18070:Kongregationalismus 18043:Colleges in America 17606:on 22 December 2015 17057:. pp. 117–19. 16950:on 5 September 2017 15722:Sociological Theory 15504:on 22 February 2011 15270:"God and Evolution" 15088:Drake (1978, p.367) 14796:Thurston, Herbert. 14516:13 May 2008 at the 14296:Library of Congress 14031:"The Boyle Lecture" 14005:The Galileo Project 13998: – 13996:Richard S. Westfall 13203:. 12 December 2019. 13200:Pew Research Center 13132:Pew Research Center 12592:Religion-online.org 12348:Bloomsbury Academic 12180:"The no-sex 'myth'" 11956:history.hanover.edu 11777:Heinrich Bornkamm, 11153:Harper and Brothers 10137:Manual of Canon Law 9784:"St. Ambrose" 9137:Jack Zipes (2001). 9066:"Europe: A History" 8191:. Clarendon Press. 7870:Al-Hikma University 7796:. The top poets in 7775:Abd al-Masih Haddad 7736:Armenian Protestant 7645:, with citizens of 7516:Nestorian Christian 7414:Patriarch Eutychius 7165:Christian countries 7140:, and by providing 7044:ritual purification 6900:emphasis on hygiene 6770:Columbia University 6584:American Revolution 6560:Jesuit universities 6462:Pierre de Coubertin 6040: 6034:Medieval university 6030:Catholic university 5915:Sisters of St. Mary 5761:Liberation theology 5655:Sermon on the Mount 5592:Old Philadelphianss 5573:Mainline Protestant 5204:, and many others. 5182:Nathaniel Hawthorne 5018:English translation 4988:William Shakespeare 4939:Spiritual Exercises 4723:Spiritual Exercises 4681:Counter-Reformation 4610:Canticle of the Sun 4528:"). These included 4356:scientific findings 4258:suppressed de facto 4215:Nicholas Copernicus 4169:Vatican Observatory 4129:Vatican Observatory 3911:order used its own 3901:Cistercian numerals 3858:, in his 1995 book 3687:Classical antiquity 3609:classical knowledge 3446:Sermon on the Mount 3125:John William Draper 2810:Eastern Christendom 2779:Early Modern Europe 2199:Council of Florence 2027:Glorious Revolution 1929:Calvin preached at 1847:Spanish Inquisition 1799:(1294–1303) issued 1750:The political Popes 1270:) is the system of 1101:Emperor Constantine 1053:' doctrine from "a 900:Icon depicting the 604:setting, born from 462:Christianity portal 198:Church architecture 178:Christian symbolism 113:Christian tradition 29:Italian Renaissance 27160:Permission culture 27093:Disability culture 27073:Children's culture 26941:Cultural diversity 26901:Circuit of culture 26683:Cultural retention 26663:Cultural pessimism 26618:Cultural exception 26608:Cultural diplomacy 26598:Cultural contracts 26558:Colonial mentality 26487:Manuscript culture 26462:Cultural universal 26432:Cultural pluralism 26412:Cultural landscape 26407:Cultural invention 26375:Cultural framework 26277:Vernacular culture 26075:Cultural mediation 26055:Cultural economics 26050:Cultural analytics 25982:Cultural geography 25972:Cultural astronomy 25708:Crusading movement 24976:Ante-Nicene period 24677:Oriental Orthodoxy 24320:King James Version 24132:Ninety-five Theses 23928:Apostolic Brethren 23702:Church of the East 23697:Oriental Orthodoxy 23543:Crusading movement 23063:Early Christianity 22735:Premonstratensians 21118:Ante-Nicene period 20996:Lists of Catholics 20685:Our Lady of Fátima 20474:Ignatius of Loyola 20398:Catherine of Siena 20366:Pope Boniface VIII 20185:Benedict of Nursia 20154:Council of Ephesus 19991:Ante-Nicene period 19944:Split with Judaism 19778:Crusading movement 19509:2011-07-19 at the 18990:2016-03-04 at the 18542:on 30 January 2017 18364:Kazhdan, Alexander 17896:The New York Times 17567:, pp. 256–284 17027:China and Religion 16910:The New York Times 15915:Robert Middlekauff 15838:"Protestant Ethic" 15779:The New York Times 15481:on 21 August 2006. 15174:; Two New Sciences 15028:The New York Times 14938:Sociological Forum 14895:Robert King Merton 14140:Baruch A. Shalev, 14090:Numbers, Ronald L. 14086:Lindberg, David C. 14000:Indiana University 13911:. pp. 80–81. 13800:. pp. 55–56. 13682:Numbers, Ronald L. 13678:Lindberg, David C. 13350:. 3 December 1839. 13335:Christianity Today 13153:. 12 January 2012. 12731:has generic name ( 12350:. pp. 74–78. 11518:. 1 September 1909 11220:Mottahedeh, Roy P. 11216:Laiou, Angeliki E. 11155:. p. Preface. 10162:Peters, Edward N. 10150:Law and Revolution 10148:Berman, Harold J. 9288:Geoffrey Blainey; 9018:www.britannica.com 8881:Baruch A. Shalev, 8246:. Ignatius Press. 8078:Numbers, Ronald L. 8074:Lindberg, David C. 7841:Maronite Christian 7783: 7740:Armenian Apostolic 7626: 7565: 7481: 7473:Manafi' al-Hayawan 7388:and afterwards to 7382:Greek philosophers 7255:and afterwards to 7249:Greek philosophers 7173:Catholic countries 7134:The Salvation Army 7048:Benedict of Nursia 7046:, and inspired by 7042:' rules contained 6970: 6959: 6943:as a bodily need. 6868:nocturnal emission 6856: 6799:A large number of 6778:Rutgers University 6749: 6715: 6663: 6623: 6580: 6524: 6438:St Ignatius Loyola 6371:Robert Grosseteste 6339:Bologna University 6318:Chartres Cathedral 6274: 6254: 6246:Chartres Cathedral 6211:education of women 6199:Christian Churches 6038: 5963: 5793: 5775: 5713: 5660:The Good Samaritan 5651: 5587:Harvard University 5498: 5381:Puritan work ethic 5321: 5231:Christian Churches 5221: 5138:Friedrich Schiller 5126:William Wordsworth 5014:King James Version 5003:ecumenical council 4953: 4935:St Ignatius Loyola 4897:Western Literature 4862: 4628:Abbey of St. Denis 4608:(expressed in the 4542:Republic of Venice 4488: 4472: 4456: 4378:Ecumenical Council 4347:theistic evolution 4211: 4196: 4192:Gregorian Calendar 4157:Gregorian calendar 4137: 3971: 3905: 3818: 3730: 3726:Vienna Dioscurides 3699:Isidore of Miletus 3691:ancient philosophy 3574: 3570:Isidore of Miletus 3564:, the patriarchal 3548:Byzantine medicine 3532:Western Literature 3489:Christian theology 3469:English literature 3461:Western literature 3452:The Good Samaritan 3429: 3304:telecommunications 3276:Athanasius Kircher 3264:Francesco Grimaldi 3256:Robert Grosseteste 3160: 3084: 2890: 2743: 2707:Sub-Saharan Africa 2673:in household with 2638:same-sex marriages 2622: 2484:Harvard University 2426: 2355:Sodom and Gomorrah 2258:Scriptures in the 2187: 2172: 2119:mistresses called 2059:Congregationalists 1935: 1885:Limpieza de sangre 1797:Pope Boniface VIII 1787:Holy Roman Emperor 1668:crusading period. 1424: 1385:Holy Roman Emperor 1370: 1320: 1168: 950:province of Judaea 914: 908:(325) holding the 844:and afterwards to 838:Greek philosophers 818:Eastern Christians 708:marital infidelity 696:teachings of Jesus 692:Christian theology 639:by composers like 602:Medieval Christian 551:Gregorian Calendar 400:Quakers in science 150:Cultural Christian 135:Protestant culture 91: 37: 27323:Christian culture 27259: 27258: 27088:Death and culture 26981:Cultural movement 26971:Cultural literacy 26831:Eastern Orthodoxy 26743:Dominator culture 26738:Deculturalization 26638:Cultural hegemony 26628:Cultural genocide 26623:Cultural feminism 26442:Cultural property 26437:Cultural practice 26422:Cultural leveling 26417:Cultural learning 26402:Cultural industry 26397:Cultural identity 26380:Cultural heritage 26370:Cultural emphasis 26355:Cultural conflict 26328:Cultural behavior 26318:Cultural artifact 26230:Primitive culture 26206:Political culture 25905: 25904: 25871: 25870: 25799:Charta Oecumenica 25309: 25308: 25299:Iglesia ni Cristo 25114: 25113: 25094:French Revolution 25084:Thirty Years' War 24956:Apostolic fathers 24924:Great Commandment 24695: 24694: 24672:Eastern Orthodoxy 24540:Finnish Awakening 24495:Holiness movement 24436:Congregationalism 24395: 24394: 24255:Metrical psalters 23692:Eastern Orthodoxy 23636:Neo-Scholasticism 23343:Canon development 23244:Jewish Christians 23018: 23017: 22428: 22427: 21821: 21644: 21643: 21336: 21313: 21312: 21305:COVID-19 pandemic 21275:French Revolution 21265:Thirty Years' War 21173:Islamic conquests 21086:Apostolic fathers 21021: 20936: 20935: 20896:COVID-19 pandemic 20874:Pope Benedict XVI 20779:Pope John Paul II 20554:Pope Benedict XIV 20540:French Revolution 20524:Thirty Years' War 20514:Robert Bellarmine 20499:John of the Cross 20403:Pope Alexander VI 20388:Council of Vienne 20318:Francis of Assisi 20308:Pope Innocent III 20177:Early Middle Ages 20171: 20170: 20167: 20166: 20109:Arian controversy 20062: 20061: 20010:Apostolic Fathers 19605:978-0-521-27423-4 19429:978-0-19-829388-0 19356:Barsoumian, Hagop 19181:978-0-19-829388-0 19089:978-84-600-8154-8 19062:978-0-7914-5737-5 18909:978-0-691-14628-7 18737:978-0-8028-4841-3 18710:978-0-8078-2621-8 18630:Sutton Publishing 18377:978-0-19-504652-6 18308:. pp. 6–11. 18162:978-1-4766-6216-9 18137:978-0-253-35374-0 16616:978-1-56000-884-2 16418:978-87-7184-416-0 16140:Baltzell (1964). 16105:(4): 1009–1026 . 15927:978-0-19-516247-9 15823:978-0-310-87428-7 15690:978-1-136-60575-8 15636:on 22 August 2006 15608:Allen & Unwin 15418:978-0-631-23611-5 15298:. Athens: Pyrsoú. 15076:978-88-09-20881-0 15048:The Ascent of Man 15010:Inter gravissimas 14623:978-0-511-67683-3 14462:Alexander Jones, 14289:(27 April 2006). 14272:978-1-4051-9833-2 14103:978-0-520-05538-4 13839:978-0-7459-5371-7 13807:978-3-631-56229-1 13775:978-1-62466-132-7 13717:. Da Capo Press. 13320:978-0-310-29230-2 12991:. 30 March 2008. 12785:978-0-7876-6612-5 12753:on 19 August 1999 12391:SAGE Publications 12365:978-1-4411-2160-8 12275:Leeming, David A. 12186:. 3 October 2002. 12157:on 13 August 2013 12105:978-0-415-24252-3 12080:978-0-521-85943-1 12048:978-0-674-07277-0 11764:978-0-8122-4573-8 11567:978-0-8308-1505-0 11436:978-0-415-96944-4 11298:978-1-58617-360-9 11194:978-1-4422-1574-0 11082:The War on Heresy 11049:978-0-7425-5575-4 11020:978-0-8028-4420-0 10995:978-1-138-66554-5 10970:978-3-643-90909-1 10917:978-3-11-037619-7 10581:978-1-4051-2964-0 10230:978-0-19-533595-8 10199:978-3-319-32566-8 9815:978-0-415-53577-9 9727:978-0-521-76423-0 9678:978-0-52595-049-3 9647:978-1-4422-2589-3 9603:978-0-8010-3172-4 9575:978-1-5326-1031-8 9521:978-1-84946-779-7 9496:978-1-62564-044-4 9453:978-1-138-02402-1 9424:978-1-285-87023-6 9321:978-0-415-44225-1 8931:(15 April 2009). 8746:978-0-19-092154-5 8091:978-0-520-05538-4 7963:978-0-195-32819-6 7915:Christian culture 7826:Constantin Zureiq 7816:, founder of the 7812:Christians, like 7732:Armenian Catholic 7261:School of Nisibis 7224:Concerning Heresy 6978:Byzantine centers 6937:Gregory the Great 6880:animal sacrifices 6766:colonial colleges 6431:Cracow University 6427:Prague University 6394:Dominic de Guzmán 6390:Francis of Assisi 6359:Oxford University 6310:Cathedral schools 6250:Cathedral Schools 6209:in promoting the 6107: 6106: 5873:on subsidiarity. 5826:Quadragesimo anno 5440:Hugh Trevor-Roper 5267:Joseph Schumpeter 5250:Apostolic Chamber 5225:Christian finance 5162:Washington Irving 5020:of the Christian 4885:Papal Encyclicals 4821:Christian library 4649:Leonardo da Vinci 4546:Kingdom of Sicily 4337:(commonly called 4323:on the theory of 4293:John Henry Newman 4289:Pope John Paul II 4165:Pope Gregory XIII 4056:According to the 3886:Cathedral schools 3768:Renaissance Italy 3617:Renaissance Italy 3605:Byzantine science 3582:Christian history 3544:Byzantine science 3433:Jesus of Nazareth 3407:and 49.5% of all 3240:scientific method 3224:William of Ockham 3028:Church of England 2931:in the 1537 bull 2818:Eastern Christian 2798:Oriental Orthodox 2749:, including both 2719:Clerical marriage 2713:Clerical marriage 2675:extended families 2612:The LDS church's 2519:Eritrean Orthodox 2471:extended families 2468:". Historically, 2309:approach towards 2245:sixth commandment 2160:19:6) Matrimony, 2158:Gospel of Matthew 2077:Classics scholar 2063:Mayflower Compact 2035:Act of Settlement 2011:English Civil War 1908:Roman Inquisition 1906:writes that "the 1889:Giuseppe Marcocci 1605:Papal Inquisition 1331:Gregory the Great 1308:Gregory the Great 1188:Wolf Liebeschuetz 1072:Pliny the Younger 980:faced persecution 922:Jesus of Nazareth 860:European cultural 742:and those of the 629:Leonardo da Vinci 606:Cathedral schools 598:cathedral schools 496: 495: 433:Christian history 395:Parson-naturalist 130:Byzantine culture 102:Christian culture 52:Christian culture 27350: 27300: 27299: 27288: 27287: 27276: 27275: 27267: 27240: 27239: 27228: 27227: 27216: 27215: 27105:Drinking culture 27058:Culture industry 27006:Cultural tourism 26986:Cultural mulatto 26961:Cultural jet lag 26896:Cannabis culture 26853:Cultural Muslims 26775:Pluriculturalism 26758:Multiculturalism 26748:Interculturalism 26723:Culture minister 26713:Cultural Zionism 26708:Cultural subsidy 26703:Cultural silence 26578:Cultural attaché 26537:Transculturation 26492:Material culture 26482:Interculturality 26338:Cultural capital 26323:Cultural baggage 26260:Youth subculture 26201:Official culture 26166:Dominant culture 26105:Internet culture 26070:Cultural mapping 26065:Cultural history 25992:Cultural studies 25977:Cultural ecology 25951: 25950: 25932: 25925: 25918: 25909: 25908: 25895: 25894: 25885: 25884: 25728:Environmentalism 25678:Church buildings 25580: 25579: 25395:Eastern Orthodox 25390:Eastern Catholic 25302: 25301: 25269:Eastern Catholic 25247:Eastern Orthodox 25135: 25134: 25056:Age of Discovery 25041:East–West Schism 24939:Great Commission 24870: 24869: 24722: 24715: 24708: 24699: 24698: 24114: 24113: 23501:Non-Chalcedonian 23482:Constantinople I 23274:General epistles 23269:Pauline epistles 23249:Paul the Apostle 23227:Great Commission 23045: 23038: 23031: 23022: 23021: 23008: 23007: 22998: 22997: 22740:Redemptoristines 22588:Religious orders 22514:Anti-Catholicism 22464:Church buildings 22324:Catholic liturgy 22064:Consecrated life 21922:Apostolic Palace 21889:Synod of Bishops 21825: 21824: 21801: 21407:Ten Commandments 21340: 21339: 21322: 21223:Age of Discovery 21057:Great Commission 21025: 21024: 21009: 20963: 20956: 20949: 20940: 20939: 20926: 20925: 20914: 20913: 20912: 20891:Patriarch Kirill 20764:Pope John Paul I 20569:Anti-clericalism 20549:Pope Innocent XI 20469:Society of Jesus 20454:Council of Trent 20408:Age of Discovery 20353:Late Middle Ages 20255:High Middle Ages 20245:East–West Schism 20129:Pope Sylvester I 20075: 20074: 20064: 20063: 19974:General epistles 19969:Pauline epistles 19902:John the Baptist 19885:Great Commission 19847: 19846: 19798:Catholic culture 19688: 19681: 19674: 19665: 19664: 19657: 19652:Ira M. Lapidus, 19650: 19644: 19643: 19641: 19639: 19616: 19610: 19609: 19588: 19582: 19581: 19563: 19557: 19556: 19554: 19552: 19537: 19531: 19528: 19522: 19519: 19513: 19500: 19494: 19493: 19491: 19489: 19452: 19443: 19434: 19433: 19413: 19398: 19397: 19370: 19364: 19363: 19352: 19346: 19345: 19334: 19323: 19320: 19314: 19311: 19305: 19302: 19296: 19289: 19283: 19280: 19274: 19273:Savory; p. 195-8 19271: 19265: 19264: 19257: 19251: 19248: 19237: 19230: 19224: 19217: 19211: 19204: 19198: 19197: 19195: 19193: 19165: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19154: 19148: 19109: 19100: 19094: 19093: 19073: 19067: 19066: 19046: 19040: 19030: 19021: 19014: 19008: 19003:Hyman and Walsh 19001: 18995: 18981: 18975: 18968: 18962: 18956:Ferguson, Kitty 18954: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18943: 18920: 18914: 18913: 18893: 18887: 18880: 18874: 18873: 18871: 18869: 18854: 18848: 18847: 18826: 18820: 18819: 18798: 18792: 18791: 18773: 18767: 18766: 18748: 18742: 18741: 18721: 18715: 18714: 18694: 18688: 18687: 18669: 18663: 18650: 18644: 18643: 18621: 18615: 18600: 18594: 18593: 18591: 18589: 18579: 18573: 18572: 18570: 18568: 18558: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18547: 18538:. Archived from 18530:Snell, Melissa. 18527: 18521: 18520: 18502: 18493: 18492: 18474: 18468: 18467: 18445: 18439: 18438: 18417: 18411: 18410: 18387: 18381: 18380: 18360: 18354: 18353: 18332: 18323: 18322: 18297: 18291: 18290: 18269: 18263: 18262: 18241: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18230: 18214: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18203: 18197: 18182: 18173: 18167: 18166: 18148: 18142: 18141: 18123: 18117: 18116: 18096: 18090: 18083: 18077: 18066: 18060: 18053: 18047: 18046: 18038: 18032: 18031: 18010: 18001: 18000: 17979: 17973: 17972: 17970: 17968: 17940: 17934: 17931: 17925: 17924: 17922: 17920: 17905: 17899: 17890: 17884: 17883: 17881: 17879: 17874:. 29 August 2008 17864: 17858: 17857: 17839: 17833: 17832: 17810: 17804: 17803: 17781: 17775: 17774: 17756: 17750: 17749: 17731: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17720: 17705: 17699: 17692: 17686: 17685: 17683: 17681: 17672:. Archived from 17666: 17660: 17659: 17657: 17655: 17650:on 23 March 2010 17646:. Archived from 17640: 17634: 17633: 17628:. 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Archived from 15618: 15612: 15611: 15599: 15593: 15592: 15584: 15578: 15575: 15569: 15568: 15566: 15564: 15549: 15543: 15542: 15534: 15528: 15527: 15520: 15514: 15513: 15511: 15509: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15466: 15460: 15433:Pseudo-Dionysius 15429: 15423: 15422: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15375: 15369: 15368: 15346: 15340: 15339: 15321: 15315: 15314: 15306: 15300: 15299: 15291: 15285: 15284: 15282: 15280: 15265: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15254: 15249:on 29 March 2008 15245:. Archived from 15243:Catholic Answers 15234: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15208: 15202: 15195: 15189: 15183: 15177: 15165: 15134: 15122: 15107: 15085: 15079: 15068: 15062: 15041: 15032: 15031: 15019: 15013: 15002: 14996: 14989: 14983: 14970: 14964: 14947: 14941: 14930: 14924: 14921: 14915: 14888: 14879: 14878: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14847: 14841: 14838: 14832: 14822: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14811: 14793: 14784: 14781: 14775: 14772: 14766: 14765: 14763: 14761: 14744: 14735: 14734: 14704: 14698: 14697: 14673: 14667: 14666: 14642: 14636: 14635: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14582: 14576: 14566: 14560: 14557: 14548: 14545: 14539: 14536: 14530: 14527: 14521: 14507: 14501: 14500: 14482: 14476: 14473: 14467: 14460: 14454: 14451: 14445: 14438:, p. 1553: 14422: 14416: 14409: 14403: 14398:John H. Rosser, 14396: 14390: 14375: 14369: 14367: 14344: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14333: 14322:Antiqua Medicina 14314: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14283: 14277: 14276: 14255: 14249: 14248: 14230: 14221: 14220: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14169: 14163: 14160: 14145: 14138: 14132: 14131: 14113: 14107: 14106: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14067:on 22 March 2015 14066: 14059: 14045: 14039: 14038: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14016: 13993: 13987: 13976: 13970: 13969: 13951: 13945: 13929: 13923: 13922: 13898: 13892: 13891: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13850: 13844: 13843: 13826:God's Undertaker 13818: 13812: 13811: 13789: 13783: 13782: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13735: 13729: 13728: 13710: 13704: 13703: 13684:(October 2003). 13674: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13663: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13620: 13614: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13576: 13561: 13560: 13538: 13532: 13531: 13509: 13503: 13502: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13455: 13449: 13448: 13424: 13415: 13414: 13396: 13379: 13378: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13344: 13338: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13306: 13300: 13289: 13283: 13282: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13211: 13205: 13204: 13191: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13175: 13161: 13155: 13154: 13143: 13137: 13136: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13060: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13049: 13038: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13027: 13016: 13010: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12989:Associated Press 12981: 12975: 12974: 12953: 12947: 12946: 12925: 12919: 12918: 12907: 12901: 12900: 12879: 12873: 12872: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12778:. Thomson Gale. 12769: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12730: 12726: 12724: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12697: 12691: 12690: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12614: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12498: 12483: 12482: 12460: 12451: 12450: 12432: 12419: 12418: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12271: 12260: 12259: 12206:Fewell, Danna N. 12201: 12188: 12187: 12176: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12147: 12141: 12137: 12128: 12127: 12116: 12110: 12109: 12091: 12085: 12084: 12066: 12053: 12052: 12034: 12017: 12002: 11996: 11990: 11984: 11973: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11923: 11917: 11910: 11904: 11890: 11884: 11875:Cf. M. Schmidt, 11873: 11867: 11860: 11854: 11847: 11841: 11830: 11824: 11817: 11811: 11804: 11798: 11792: 11786: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11750: 11739: 11738: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11683: 11677: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11590: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11547: 11541: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11508: 11502: 11492: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11422: 11416: 11415: 11397: 11384: 11383: 11347: 11338: 11337: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11260:(214): 177–192. 11249: 11238: 11237: 11212:Constable, Giles 11208: 11199: 11198: 11180: 11171: 11170: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11077: 11068: 11067: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10931: 10922: 10921: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10824: 10818: 10817: 10799: 10788: 10787: 10769: 10760: 10757: 10746: 10745: 10727: 10718: 10717: 10699: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10678: 10672: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10650: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10611: 10586: 10585: 10567: 10552: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10474: 10461: 10460: 10440: 10415: 10414: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10368: 10362: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10314: 10308: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10159: 10153: 10146: 10140: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10063: 10054: 10053: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10005: 10004: 9993: 9987: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9959: 9950: 9949: 9925: 9916: 9915: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9786: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9741: 9732: 9731: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9698: 9692: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9539:. 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R. R. Tolkien 4971:Summa Theologiae 4901:Summa Theologica 4873:Christian poetry 4854:King James Bible 4772:Ave Verum Corpus 4522:Byzantine Empire 4510:Eastern Orthodox 4466:, 13th century, 4443:Creation of Adam 4403:have pointed out 4365:special creation 4142:trial of Galileo 4097:Robert K. Merton 3913:numbering system 3832:Byzantine Empire 3789:, and Leo III's 3711:Leo the Geometer 3685:The writings of 3682:" in the world. 3665: 3645: 3578:Byzantine Empire 3538:Byzantine Empire 3485:Pauline epistles 3465:King James Bible 3244:Georges Lemaître 3113:Christian Europe 3096:Communist states 3000:Pope Gregory XVI 2978:Slavery and the 2802:Eastern Catholic 2794:Eastern Orthodox 2786:Eastern Churches 2741: 2738: 2729:Eastern Orthodox 2575:Poor Relief Acts 2511:Coptic Christian 2509:is used to mark 2476:Catholic culture 2412:Family relations 2395:Shulamith Shahar 2383:Gregorian Reform 2343:non-heterosexual 2272:1 Corinthians 13 2264:Apostolic Decree 2183:Orthodox wedding 2110: 2095: 1905: 1870: 1673:Andrew R. Murphy 1499:were essential. 1428:Pope Gregory VII 1413:Pope Gregory VII 1318:, c. 1610, Rome. 1251:Geoffrey Blainey 1239:magister militum 1215:Altar of Victory 1164:Anthony van Dyck 1051:sanctity of life 1011:toilet etiquette 1007:personal hygiene 941:Ten Commandments 887:Politics and law 507:its long history 488: 481: 474: 438:Catholic history 347:Liturgical music 284:Christian poetry 61: 39: 38: 27358: 27357: 27353: 27352: 27351: 27349: 27348: 27347: 27343:Western culture 27338:Cultural impact 27308: 27307: 27306: 27294: 27282: 27270: 27262: 27260: 27255: 27204: 27195:Western culture 27190:Welfare culture 27115:Eastern culture 26976:Cultural mosaic 26931:Cultural critic 26921:Cultural center 26869: 26843:Cultural Hindus 26789: 26780:Polyculturalism 26753:Monoculturalism 26728:Culture of fear 26698:Cultural safety 26693:Cultural rights 26673:Cultural racism 26668:Cultural policy 26546: 26452:Cultural system 26427:Cultural memory 26360:Cultural cringe 26286: 26218:Popular culture 26149: 26085:Cultural values 26006: 25955: 25941: 25936: 25906: 25901: 25879: 25867: 25821: 25776: 25694: 25575: 25569: 25524: 25449:One true church 25305: 25273: 25233: 25122: 25110: 25060: 25017: 24962: 24889:in Christianity 24875: 24861: 24855: 24847: 24806: 24782: 24774: 24731: 24726: 24696: 24691: 24641: 24628:Christian right 24530:Oxford Movement 24505:Restorationists 24476: 24391: 24324: 24259: 24210:Presbyterianism 24181: 24161:Book of Concord 24112: 24036: 24034: 24026: 23793: 23683: 23676: 23512: 23411: 23403: 23362:Clement of Rome 23292: 23285: 23189: 23183: 23072: 23054: 23049: 23019: 23014: 22992: 22984: 22963: 22946:Relief Services 22912: 22858:Catholic Action 22848:Military orders 22785:Confraternities 22777:of the faithful 22776: 22769: 22591: 22582: 22518: 22424: 22318: 22177: 22169: 22102:Prior, Prioress 22058: 21951: 21947:Vatican Museums 21898: 21831: 21817: 21813: 21809: 21805: 21800: 21794: 21719: 21673:Social teaching 21640: 21579: 21524: 21479:One true church 21443: 21420:Sixtine Vulgate 21416:Official Bible 21330: 21326: 21321: 21309: 21227: 21159: 21104: 21074:Petrine primacy 21017: 21013: 21008: 21000: 20972: 20970:Catholic Church 20967: 20937: 20932: 20920: 20910: 20908: 20900: 20822:World Youth Day 20800: 20789:World Youth Day 20733:Pacem in terris 20727:Pope John XXIII 20666: 20593: 20584:Edict of Nantes 20542: 20538: 20528: 20494:Teresa of Ávila 20489:Tridentine Mass 20425: 20421: 20412: 20393:Knights Templar 20347: 20249: 20205:Gregorian chant 20163: 20089: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20070: 20058: 19985: 19854: 19842: 19834: 19701: 19699:Catholic Church 19692: 19662: 19661: 19660: 19651: 19647: 19637: 19635: 19633: 19617: 19613: 19606: 19592:Hourani, Albert 19589: 19585: 19578: 19564: 19560: 19550: 19548: 19539: 19538: 19534: 19529: 19525: 19520: 19516: 19511:Wayback Machine 19501: 19497: 19487: 19485: 19450: 19444: 19437: 19430: 19414: 19401: 19395: 19371: 19367: 19353: 19349: 19336: 19335: 19326: 19321: 19317: 19312: 19308: 19303: 19299: 19290: 19286: 19282:Savory; p. 202. 19281: 19277: 19272: 19268: 19259: 19258: 19254: 19249: 19240: 19231: 19227: 19218: 19214: 19205: 19201: 19191: 19189: 19182: 19166: 19162: 19152: 19150: 19146: 19107: 19101: 19097: 19090: 19074: 19070: 19063: 19047: 19043: 19031: 19024: 19015: 19011: 19002: 18998: 18992:Wayback Machine 18982: 18978: 18969: 18965: 18955: 18951: 18941: 18939: 18937: 18921: 18917: 18910: 18894: 18890: 18881: 18877: 18867: 18865: 18855: 18851: 18844: 18828: 18827: 18823: 18813: 18799: 18795: 18788: 18774: 18770: 18763: 18749: 18745: 18738: 18722: 18718: 18711: 18695: 18691: 18684: 18670: 18666: 18661:Wayback Machine 18651: 18647: 18640: 18622: 18618: 18601: 18597: 18587: 18585: 18581: 18580: 18576: 18566: 18564: 18560: 18559: 18555: 18545: 18543: 18528: 18524: 18517: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18475: 18471: 18460: 18446: 18442: 18432: 18418: 18414: 18388: 18384: 18378: 18361: 18357: 18347: 18333: 18326: 18316: 18298: 18294: 18284: 18270: 18266: 18256: 18242: 18238: 18228: 18226: 18216: 18215: 18211: 18201: 18199: 18198:on 4 March 2016 18195: 18180: 18174: 18170: 18163: 18149: 18145: 18138: 18124: 18120: 18113: 18097: 18093: 18084: 18080: 18067: 18063: 18054: 18050: 18039: 18035: 18025: 18011: 18004: 17994: 17980: 17976: 17966: 17964: 17957: 17941: 17937: 17932: 17928: 17918: 17916: 17914:www.asianews.it 17906: 17902: 17891: 17887: 17877: 17875: 17866: 17865: 17861: 17854: 17840: 17836: 17829: 17811: 17807: 17800: 17792:. p. 120. 17782: 17778: 17771: 17757: 17753: 17746: 17732: 17728: 17718: 17716: 17706: 17702: 17693: 17689: 17679: 17677: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17653: 17651: 17642: 17641: 17637: 17632:on 5 July 2008. 17624: 17623: 17619: 17609: 17607: 17594: 17593: 17589: 17576: 17575: 17571: 17552: 17548: 17535: 17534: 17530: 17520: 17518: 17509: 17508: 17504: 17494: 17492: 17483: 17482: 17478: 17471: 17455: 17446: 17441: 17432: 17422: 17420: 17412: 17411: 17407: 17397: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17386: 17353: 17346: 17332: 17328: 17321: 17307: 17303: 17293: 17279: 17275: 17265: 17251: 17247: 17237: 17223: 17219: 17214: 17210: 17203: 17189: 17180: 17173: 17159: 17155: 17148: 17140:. p. 127. 17130: 17126: 17119: 17105: 17101: 17094: 17076: 17072: 17065: 17047: 17043: 17019: 17015: 16988: 16984: 16967: 16963: 16953: 16951: 16938: 16937: 16933: 16923: 16921: 16901: 16892: 16881: 16873:. p. 203. 16863: 16856: 16843: 16841: 16839: 16815: 16814: 16810: 16805: 16801: 16791: 16789: 16778: 16774: 16764: 16762: 16756: 16752: 16742: 16740: 16725: 16721: 16714: 16696: 16692: 16681: 16677: 16668: 16664: 16657: 16643: 16639: 16628: 16624: 16617: 16603: 16599: 16592: 16578: 16574: 16567: 16545: 16541: 16530: 16526: 16516: 16514: 16509: 16508: 16504: 16492: 16488: 16457: 16453: 16446: 16430: 16426: 16419: 16403: 16399: 16392: 16382:10.21435/sfh.25 16368: 16364: 16352: 16346: 16342: 16335: 16317: 16313: 16302: 16298: 16291: 16277: 16273: 16266: 16252: 16248: 16241: 16227: 16223: 16213: 16199: 16195: 16184: 16170: 16157: 16138: 16134: 16111:10.2307/1952449 16093: 16086: 16077: 16073: 16066: 16052: 16048: 16038: 16036: 16025: 16021: 16008: 16004: 15992:Georg Süßmann, 15991: 15987: 15974: 15970: 15954: 15950: 15937: 15933: 15912: 15908: 15896: 15892: 15879: 15878: 15874: 15867: 15853: 15849: 15836: 15835: 15831: 15824: 15808: 15804: 15799: 15795: 15785: 15783: 15770: 15759: 15717: 15711: 15707: 15702: 15698: 15691: 15675: 15671: 15666: 15662: 15654:Crum, Roger J. 15653: 15649: 15639: 15637: 15620: 15619: 15615: 15600: 15596: 15585: 15581: 15576: 15572: 15562: 15560: 15550: 15546: 15535: 15531: 15522: 15521: 15517: 15507: 15505: 15498:Crisis Magazine 15490: 15486: 15475:Crisis Magazine 15467: 15463: 15430: 15426: 15419: 15403: 15399: 15392: 15376: 15372: 15365: 15347: 15343: 15336: 15322: 15318: 15307: 15303: 15292: 15288: 15278: 15276: 15266: 15262: 15252: 15250: 15235: 15231: 15221: 15219: 15218:on 12 July 2017 15210: 15209: 15205: 15196: 15192: 15184: 15180: 15168:Galileo Galilei 15163: 15132: 15120: 15105: 15086: 15082: 15069: 15065: 15044:Jacob Bronowski 15042: 15035: 15020: 15016: 15003: 14999: 14990: 14986: 14980:Wayback Machine 14971: 14967: 14957:Wayback Machine 14948: 14944: 14931: 14927: 14922: 14918: 14891:Sztompka, Piotr 14889: 14882: 14869: 14868: 14864: 14849: 14848: 14844: 14839: 14835: 14823: 14819: 14809: 14807: 14806:. NewAdvent.org 14794: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14773: 14769: 14759: 14757: 14745: 14738: 14723: 14705: 14701: 14674: 14670: 14643: 14639: 14624: 14602: 14598: 14593:(3–4): 183–217. 14583: 14579: 14567: 14563: 14558: 14551: 14546: 14542: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14524: 14518:Wayback Machine 14508: 14504: 14497: 14483: 14479: 14474: 14470: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14448: 14423: 14419: 14410: 14406: 14397: 14393: 14376: 14372: 14364: 14345: 14341: 14331: 14329: 14328:on 2 April 2020 14316: 14315: 14311: 14301: 14299: 14284: 14280: 14273: 14259:Cameron, Averil 14256: 14252: 14245: 14231: 14224: 14217: 14198: 14194: 14184: 14182: 14173:"Bona, Algeria" 14171: 14170: 14166: 14161: 14148: 14139: 14135: 14128: 14114: 14110: 14104: 14083: 14079: 14070: 14068: 14064: 14057: 14046: 14042: 14029: 14028: 14024: 14014: 14012: 14010:Rice University 14002: 13994: 13990: 13977: 13973: 13966: 13952: 13948: 13930: 13926: 13919: 13899: 13895: 13888: 13868: 13864: 13851: 13847: 13840: 13819: 13815: 13808: 13790: 13786: 13776: 13762: 13758: 13748: 13746: 13736: 13732: 13725: 13711: 13707: 13700: 13675: 13671: 13661: 13659: 13656:"J.L. Heilbron" 13654: 13653: 13649: 13639: 13621: 13617: 13608: 13604: 13597: 13577: 13564: 13557: 13539: 13535: 13528: 13510: 13506: 13495: 13481: 13477: 13470: 13456: 13452: 13441: 13425: 13418: 13411: 13397: 13382: 13375: 13359: 13355: 13346: 13345: 13341: 13332: 13328: 13321: 13307: 13303: 13290: 13286: 13276: 13262: 13258: 13251: 13237: 13233: 13226: 13212: 13208: 13193: 13192: 13183: 13173: 13171: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13145: 13144: 13140: 13135:. January 2012. 13125: 13124: 13120: 13113: 13099: 13095: 13081: 13061: 13057: 13047: 13045: 13040: 13039: 13035: 13025: 13023: 13018: 13017: 13013: 13004: 13000: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12968: 12954: 12950: 12940: 12926: 12922: 12908: 12904: 12894: 12880: 12876: 12865: 12857:. p. 179. 12847: 12843: 12833: 12815: 12811: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12786: 12770: 12766: 12756: 12754: 12745: 12744: 12740: 12728: 12727: 12718: 12717: 12710: 12708: 12706:Harvard Gazette 12698: 12694: 12643: 12639: 12629: 12615: 12611: 12601: 12599: 12586: 12585: 12581: 12571: 12563:. p. 111. 12553: 12549: 12542: 12528: 12524: 12517: 12499: 12486: 12479: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12433: 12422: 12377: 12373: 12366: 12332: 12328: 12289:Springer Verlag 12272: 12263: 12240: 12202: 12191: 12178: 12177: 12170: 12160: 12158: 12149: 12148: 12144: 12138: 12131: 12118: 12117: 12113: 12106: 12092: 12088: 12081: 12067: 12056: 12049: 12035: 12020: 12003: 11999: 11991: 11987: 11974: 11970: 11960: 11958: 11950: 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11925: 11924: 11920: 11911: 11907: 11891: 11887: 11874: 11870: 11861: 11857: 11848: 11844: 11831: 11827: 11818: 11814: 11805: 11801: 11793: 11789: 11776: 11772: 11765: 11751: 11742: 11723: 11719: 11711: 11707: 11700: 11684: 11680: 11675: 11671: 11664: 11650: 11643: 11633: 11631: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11591: 11587: 11579: 11575: 11568: 11548: 11544: 11536:Morris, Colin, 11535: 11531: 11521: 11519: 11510: 11509: 11505: 11493: 11484: 11474: 11472: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11448: 11444: 11437: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11398: 11387: 11364:10.2307/3235269 11348: 11341: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11285: 11281: 11250: 11241: 11234: 11209: 11202: 11195: 11181: 11174: 11165: 11164: 11160: 11145: 11141: 11128: 11124: 11117: 11103: 11099: 11092: 11078: 11071: 11062: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11032: 11028: 11021: 11007: 11003: 10996: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10957: 10953: 10946: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10860:. p. 177. 10850: 10846: 10839: 10825: 10821: 10814: 10800: 10791: 10784: 10770: 10763: 10758: 10749: 10742: 10728: 10721: 10714: 10700: 10693: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10644: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10612: 10589: 10582: 10568: 10555: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10525: 10521: 10514: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10475: 10464: 10457: 10441: 10418: 10411: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10369: 10365: 10343: 10339: 10329: 10327: 10316: 10315: 10311: 10300: 10296: 10283: 10282: 10278: 10271: 10257: 10253: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10186: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10160: 10156: 10147: 10143: 10134: 10130: 10125: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10085: 10081: 10064: 10057: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10008: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9898: 9894: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9854: 9850: 9843: 9827: 9823: 9816: 9802: 9798: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9714: 9710: 9699: 9695: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9634: 9630: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9483: 9479: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9411: 9407: 9400: 9386: 9382: 9375: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9333: 9329: 9322: 9300: 9296: 9287: 9280: 9269: 9265: 9252: 9245: 9235: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9171: 9164: 9149: 9135: 9131: 9088: 9084: 9074: 9072: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9020:. 18 April 2023 9012: 9011: 9002: 8992: 8990: 8980: 8973: 8963: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8926: 8922: 8905: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8860: 8859: 8852: 8850: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8824: 8823: 8816: 8814: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8780: 8776: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8695: 8691: 8668: 8664: 8654: 8640: 8636: 8626: 8618:. p. 147. 8608: 8604: 8593: 8569: 8560: 8544: 8543: 8536: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8521: 8505: 8504: 8497: 8495: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8461: 8454: 8438: 8437: 8430: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8402: 8401: 8394: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8358: 8351: 8341: 8327: 8320: 8310: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8215: 8206: 8199: 8183: 8166: 8159: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8117: 8110: 8092: 8071: 8067: 8052:10.2307/1832500 8036: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8013:European Review 8005: 8001: 7984: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7911: 7891:Arab Christians 7854:Arab Christians 7614:Greek community 7602: 7549: 7465: 7442:Toma bar Yacoub 7434:Babai the Great 7363: 7357: 7297:House of Wisdom 7211: 7205: 7130:social progress 6968:Byzantine bath. 6908:early Christian 6841: 6829:Main articles: 6827: 6782:Yale University 6762:Harvard College 6745:Harvard College 6738: 6703: 6675:Heather Sharkey 6644: 6608: 6568: 6542:, but also the 6536:Catholic orders 6501: 6231: 6203:gender equality 6169:(63%), and the 6036: 6022:Catholic school 6014: 5943: 5937: 5871:papal teachings 5763: 5757: 5741: 5739:Medieval period 5689: 5639: 5629: 5578:Boston Brahmins 5436:Fernand Braudel 5411:, particularly 5366:banking dynasty 5360:is an American 5308: 5302: 5282:House of Medici 5246:Mounts of Piety 5242:Knights Templar 5210: 5190:John Galsworthy 5178:Charles Dickens 5170:Emily Dickinson 5166:Robert Browning 5158:Theodor Fontane 5146:Edgar Allan Poe 5074:Johannes Brahms 5058:Heinrich Schütz 5030: 4839: 4825:Christian drama 4817: 4811: 4797:Antonio Vivaldi 4792:Panis angelicus 4744: 4677:The Renaissance 4637: 4565: 4559: 4499:decline of Rome 4434: 4422:Main articles: 4420: 4415: 4387: 4360:human evolution 4350:, stating that 4330:Book of Genesis 4321:Catholic Church 4307: 4301: 4278:Jacob Bronowski 4243:Galileo Galilei 4236:Pope Urban VIII 4219:Galileo Galilei 4207:Cristiano Banti 4173:Castel Gandolfo 4149:Julian calendar 4133:Castel Gandolfo 4122: 4054: 4011:Johannes Kepler 3983:Catholic Church 3959: 3837:Skellig Michael 3806: 3798:Leo VI the Wise 3621:Islamic science 3594:Christian world 3554: 3540: 3512:Africa Province 3417: 3282:who discovered 3280:Henri Becquerel 3272:Roger Boscovich 3252:Albertus Magnus 3156:Johannes Kepler 3129:conflict thesis 3127:to postulate a 3109:Johannes Kepler 3105:Galileo Galilei 3072: 3054: 3046:Main articles: 3044: 3032:Anglican Church 3026:(and dominant) 2992:Pope Nicholas V 2976: 2971: 2878: 2840: 2834: 2825:Catholic Church 2739: 2721: 2715: 2663:law of chastity 2438:Alan Macfarlane 2414: 2391: 2389:Medieval period 2363: 2339:non-penetrative 2311:human sexuality 2307:heteronormative 2276:1 Corinthians 7 2147: 2141: 2111: 2108: 2081: 2075: 2067:social contract 2047:Pilgrim Fathers 2043:Plymouth Colony 2015:Oliver Cromwell 1965:added regional 1923: 1917: 1899: 1856: 1835: 1760:Catholic Church 1752: 1732: 1722:Devotio Moderna 1689: 1683:was necessary. 1655:vita apostolica 1623:to re-take the 1613: 1587: 1581: 1548: 1505: 1421:Carlo Emanuelle 1402: 1362: 1296: 1247: 1227: 1195:Daniel Washburn 1176:Bishop of Milan 1149: 1143: 1098: 1089: 1068: 1055:quality of life 1041:David P. Gushee 1019: 976:Catholic Church 934:Paschal Triduum 894: 889: 681:classical music 492: 456: 455: 454: 422: 421: 406: 405: 404: 369: 368: 353: 352: 351: 332:Christmas music 321: 320: 305: 304: 303: 289:Christian novel 279:Christian drama 263: 262: 247: 246: 245: 225: 224: 209: 208: 207: 172: 171: 156: 155: 154: 107: 106: 88: 59: 12: 11: 5: 27356: 27346: 27345: 27340: 27335: 27330: 27325: 27320: 27305: 27304: 27292: 27280: 27257: 27256: 27254: 27253: 27246: 27234: 27222: 27209: 27206: 27205: 27203: 27202: 27197: 27192: 27187: 27182: 27177: 27172: 27167: 27162: 27157: 27152: 27147: 27142: 27137: 27132: 27127: 27122: 27117: 27112: 27107: 27102: 27101: 27100: 27090: 27085: 27080: 27075: 27070: 27065: 27060: 27055: 27050: 27045: 27040: 27035: 27030: 27025: 27020: 27015: 27014: 27013: 27003: 26998: 26993: 26991:Cultural probe 26988: 26983: 26978: 26973: 26968: 26963: 26958: 26953: 26948: 26943: 26938: 26933: 26928: 26923: 26918: 26916:Cross-cultural 26913: 26911:Coffee culture 26908: 26903: 26898: 26893: 26888: 26883: 26881:Animal culture 26877: 26875: 26871: 26870: 26868: 26867: 26862: 26857: 26856: 26855: 26845: 26840: 26839: 26838: 26833: 26828: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26803: 26797: 26795: 26791: 26790: 26788: 26787: 26785:Transculturism 26782: 26777: 26772: 26767: 26766: 26765: 26755: 26750: 26745: 26740: 26735: 26730: 26725: 26720: 26718:Culture change 26715: 26710: 26705: 26700: 26695: 26690: 26685: 26680: 26675: 26670: 26665: 26660: 26655: 26650: 26645: 26640: 26635: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26600: 26595: 26590: 26585: 26580: 26575: 26570: 26565: 26560: 26554: 26552: 26548: 26547: 26545: 26544: 26542:Visual culture 26539: 26534: 26529: 26524: 26522:Safety culture 26519: 26514: 26509: 26504: 26499: 26494: 26489: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26469: 26464: 26459: 26454: 26449: 26444: 26439: 26434: 26429: 26424: 26419: 26414: 26409: 26404: 26399: 26394: 26389: 26388: 26387: 26377: 26372: 26367: 26362: 26357: 26352: 26347: 26346: 26345: 26343:Cross-cultural 26335: 26330: 26325: 26320: 26315: 26310: 26305: 26300: 26294: 26292: 26288: 26287: 26285: 26284: 26279: 26274: 26269: 26268: 26267: 26262: 26257: 26252: 26247: 26237: 26232: 26227: 26226: 26225: 26215: 26214: 26213: 26203: 26198: 26193: 26188: 26183: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26163: 26157: 26155: 26151: 26150: 26148: 26147: 26142: 26137: 26132: 26127: 26122: 26117: 26112: 26107: 26102: 26097: 26092: 26087: 26082: 26077: 26072: 26067: 26062: 26057: 26052: 26047: 26046: 26045: 26040: 26035: 26030: 26020: 26014: 26012: 26008: 26007: 26005: 26004: 26002:Culture theory 25999: 25994: 25989: 25984: 25979: 25974: 25969: 25963: 25961: 25957: 25956: 25946: 25943: 25942: 25935: 25934: 25927: 25920: 25912: 25903: 25902: 25900: 25899: 25889: 25876: 25873: 25872: 25869: 25868: 25866: 25865: 25860: 25855: 25850: 25845: 25840: 25835: 25829: 25827: 25823: 25822: 25820: 25819: 25814: 25813: 25812: 25807: 25802: 25790: 25784: 25782: 25778: 25777: 25775: 25774: 25769: 25764: 25759: 25754: 25745: 25740: 25738:Fundamentalism 25735: 25733:Existentialism 25730: 25725: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25704: 25702: 25696: 25695: 25693: 25692: 25687: 25686: 25685: 25675: 25670: 25665: 25660: 25655: 25650: 25645: 25644: 25643: 25633: 25632: 25631: 25626: 25624:God the Father 25621: 25616: 25611: 25601: 25600: 25599: 25588: 25586: 25577: 25571: 25570: 25568: 25567: 25562: 25557: 25556: 25555: 25545: 25540: 25534: 25532: 25526: 25525: 25523: 25522: 25521: 25520: 25510: 25505: 25504: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25488: 25483: 25478: 25473: 25463: 25462: 25461: 25456: 25451: 25446: 25444:Body of Christ 25441: 25431: 25426: 25421: 25420: 25419: 25409: 25404: 25403: 25402: 25397: 25392: 25387: 25377: 25372: 25367: 25362: 25357: 25352: 25347: 25346: 25345: 25340: 25335: 25330: 25319: 25317: 25311: 25310: 25307: 25306: 25304: 25303: 25294: 25289: 25283: 25281: 25279:Restorationist 25275: 25274: 25272: 25271: 25266: 25261: 25256: 25255: 25254: 25243: 25241: 25235: 25234: 25232: 25231: 25226: 25225: 25224: 25219: 25214: 25209: 25204: 25199: 25194: 25189: 25184: 25179: 25174: 25169: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25143: 25141: 25132: 25116: 25115: 25112: 25111: 25109: 25108: 25107: 25106: 25096: 25091: 25086: 25081: 25076: 25070: 25068: 25062: 25061: 25059: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25027: 25025: 25019: 25018: 25016: 25015: 25010: 25005: 25004: 25003: 24998: 24988: 24983: 24981:Late antiquity 24978: 24972: 24970: 24964: 24963: 24961: 24960: 24959: 24958: 24951:Church fathers 24948: 24943: 24942: 24941: 24936: 24931: 24926: 24921: 24916: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24880: 24878: 24867: 24849: 24848: 24846: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24825: 24820: 24814: 24812: 24808: 24807: 24805: 24804: 24799: 24794: 24788: 24786: 24776: 24775: 24773: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24757: 24752: 24747: 24742: 24736: 24733: 24732: 24725: 24724: 24717: 24710: 24702: 24693: 24692: 24690: 24689: 24684: 24679: 24674: 24669: 24664: 24663: 24662: 24657: 24646: 24643: 24642: 24640: 24639: 24634: 24625: 24615: 24610: 24605: 24600: 24595: 24593:Pentecostalism 24590: 24588:Jesus movement 24585: 24577: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24552: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24532: 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24486: 24484: 24478: 24477: 24475: 24474: 24465: 24464: 24463: 24453: 24448: 24443: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24427: 24426: 24416: 24411: 24405: 24403: 24397: 24396: 24393: 24392: 24390: 24389: 24382: 24379:Martyrs Mirror 24375: 24370: 24365: 24363:Martyrs' Synod 24360: 24355: 24353:Swiss Brethren 24350: 24345: 24340: 24334: 24332: 24326: 24325: 24323: 24322: 24317: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24295: 24290: 24285: 24280: 24275: 24269: 24267: 24261: 24260: 24258: 24257: 24252: 24247: 24242: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24197: 24191: 24189: 24183: 24182: 24180: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24157: 24152: 24151: 24150: 24145: 24140: 24135: 24122: 24120: 24111: 24110: 24105: 24100: 24098:Law and Gospel 24095: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24074: 24073: 24063: 24058: 24053: 24048: 24042: 24040: 24028: 24027: 24025: 24024: 24023: 24022: 24012: 24007: 24002: 23997: 23992: 23987: 23986: 23985: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23925: 23920: 23915: 23910: 23905: 23900: 23895: 23890: 23889: 23888: 23883: 23878: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23853: 23852: 23851: 23850: 23849: 23839: 23834: 23829: 23819: 23814: 23809: 23803: 23801: 23795: 23794: 23792: 23791: 23786: 23781: 23779:Ottoman Empire 23776: 23771: 23766: 23761: 23756: 23751: 23746: 23741: 23736: 23731: 23730: 23729: 23724: 23714: 23709: 23704: 23699: 23694: 23688: 23686: 23678: 23677: 23675: 23674: 23669: 23668: 23667: 23653: 23648: 23643: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23623: 23618: 23609: 23604: 23599: 23594: 23593: 23592: 23591: 23590: 23580: 23575: 23570: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23539: 23538: 23533: 23522: 23520: 23514: 23513: 23511: 23510: 23508:Biblical canon 23505: 23504: 23503: 23489: 23484: 23479: 23474: 23469: 23464: 23463: 23462: 23457: 23447: 23442: 23437: 23432: 23431: 23430: 23419: 23417: 23409:Late antiquity 23405: 23404: 23402: 23401: 23396: 23395: 23394: 23389: 23384: 23379: 23374: 23369: 23364: 23357:Church Fathers 23350: 23345: 23340: 23339: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23323: 23318: 23313: 23308: 23297: 23295: 23287: 23286: 23284: 23283: 23282: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23261: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23230: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23214: 23209: 23199: 23193: 23191: 23185: 23184: 23182: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23080: 23078: 23074: 23073: 23071: 23070: 23065: 23059: 23056: 23055: 23048: 23047: 23040: 23033: 23025: 23016: 23015: 23013: 23012: 23002: 22989: 22986: 22985: 22983: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22964: 22958: 22953: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22928: 22922: 22920: 22914: 22913: 22911: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22893:Legion of Mary 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22865: 22860: 22855: 22850: 22845: 22844: 22843: 22842: 22841: 22831: 22830: 22829: 22822:Lay Carmelites 22819: 22809: 22808: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22781: 22779: 22771: 22770: 22768: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22670:Conceptionists 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22607: 22605:Assumptionists 22601: 22599: 22584: 22583: 22581: 22580: 22573: 22566: 22559: 22556: 22555: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22534: 22528: 22526: 22520: 22519: 22517: 22516: 22511: 22506: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22472: 22471: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22450: 22449: 22438: 22436: 22430: 22429: 22426: 22425: 22423: 22422: 22421: 22420: 22419: 22418: 22413: 22408: 22403: 22393: 22388: 22383: 22373: 22372: 22371: 22370: 22369: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22328: 22326: 22320: 22319: 22317: 22316: 22315: 22314: 22309: 22307:Syro-Malankara 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22257:Italo-Albanian 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22224: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22189: 22183: 22181: 22171: 22170: 22168: 22167: 22166: 22165: 22160: 22155: 22145: 22140: 22139: 22138: 22128: 22127: 22126: 22121: 22111: 22106: 22105: 22104: 22099: 22094: 22089: 22075: 22068: 22066: 22060: 22059: 22057: 22056: 22051: 22046: 22041: 22040: 22039: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22009: 22004: 21999: 21994: 21984: 21983: 21982: 21977: 21966: 21964: 21953: 21952: 21950: 21949: 21944: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21927:Lateran Treaty 21924: 21919: 21914: 21908: 21906: 21900: 21899: 21897: 21896: 21891: 21886: 21885: 21884: 21874: 21873: 21872: 21867: 21853: 21848: 21839: 21837: 21822: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21746: 21745: 21740: 21729: 21727: 21721: 21720: 21718: 21717: 21716: 21715: 21710: 21700: 21699: 21698: 21688: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21663:Moral theology 21660: 21654: 21652: 21646: 21645: 21642: 21641: 21639: 21638: 21633: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21589: 21587: 21581: 21580: 21578: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21566: 21565: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21534: 21532: 21526: 21525: 21523: 21522: 21517: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21493: 21488: 21487: 21486: 21481: 21471: 21466: 21461: 21453: 21451: 21445: 21444: 21442: 21441: 21436: 21435: 21434: 21427: 21422: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21363: 21362: 21357: 21346: 21344: 21337: 21315: 21314: 21311: 21310: 21308: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21261: 21260: 21259: 21258: 21248: 21237: 21235: 21229: 21228: 21226: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21178:Pope Gregory I 21175: 21169: 21167: 21161: 21160: 21158: 21157: 21152: 21150:Biblical canon 21147: 21145:Late antiquity 21142: 21141: 21140: 21135: 21125: 21120: 21114: 21112: 21106: 21105: 21103: 21102: 21101: 21100: 21090: 21089: 21088: 21081:Church fathers 21078: 21077: 21076: 21071: 21061: 21060: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21033: 21031: 21022: 21015:Ecclesiastical 21002: 21001: 20999: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20977: 20974: 20973: 20966: 20965: 20958: 20951: 20943: 20934: 20933: 20931: 20930: 20918: 20905: 20902: 20901: 20899: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20870: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20819: 20814: 20808: 20806: 20802: 20801: 20799: 20798: 20797: 20796: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20729: 20724: 20717: 20712: 20710:Lateran Treaty 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20676: 20674: 20668: 20667: 20665: 20664: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20601: 20599: 20595: 20594: 20592: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20545: 20543: 20535:Baroque period 20533: 20530: 20529: 20527: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20504:Peter Canisius 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20479:Francis Xavier 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20443:Exsurge Domine 20439: 20434: 20428: 20426: 20417: 20414: 20413: 20411: 20410: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20383:Pope Clement V 20380: 20379: 20378: 20376:Avignon Papacy 20371:Western Schism 20368: 20363: 20361:Thomas Aquinas 20357: 20355: 20349: 20348: 20346: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20330: 20325: 20320: 20315: 20310: 20305: 20300: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20259: 20257: 20251: 20250: 20248: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20215:Saint Boniface 20212: 20207: 20202: 20200:Pope Gregory I 20197: 20192: 20187: 20181: 20179: 20173: 20172: 20169: 20168: 20165: 20164: 20162: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20139:Biblical canon 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20105: 20104: 20093: 20091: 20072: 20068:Late antiquity 20060: 20059: 20057: 20056: 20051: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20035: 20034: 20029: 20028: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20015:Pope Clement I 20005:Church Fathers 20002: 19996: 19994: 19987: 19986: 19984: 19983: 19982: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19930: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19888: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19861: 19859: 19844: 19836: 19835: 19833: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19811: 19810: 19805: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19774: 19773: 19768: 19766:Biblical canon 19761:Catholic Bible 19758: 19757: 19756: 19746: 19745: 19744: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19723: 19722: 19711: 19709: 19703: 19702: 19691: 19690: 19683: 19676: 19668: 19659: 19658: 19645: 19631: 19611: 19604: 19583: 19576: 19558: 19547:. 15 June 2009 19532: 19523: 19514: 19495: 19461:(6): 961–982. 19435: 19428: 19399: 19393: 19365: 19347: 19324: 19315: 19306: 19297: 19284: 19275: 19266: 19252: 19238: 19232:Cyril Elgood, 19225: 19219:Cyril Elgood, 19212: 19199: 19180: 19160: 19118:(6): 961–982. 19095: 19088: 19068: 19061: 19041: 19022: 19009: 18996: 18976: 18963: 18949: 18935: 18915: 18908: 18888: 18875: 18863:Big In Finland 18849: 18843:978-8866490395 18842: 18821: 18811: 18793: 18786: 18768: 18761: 18743: 18736: 18716: 18709: 18689: 18682: 18664: 18645: 18638: 18616: 18595: 18574: 18553: 18522: 18515: 18494: 18487: 18469: 18458: 18440: 18430: 18412: 18382: 18376: 18366:, ed. (1991), 18355: 18345: 18324: 18315:978-0739174531 18314: 18292: 18282: 18264: 18254: 18236: 18209: 18168: 18161: 18143: 18136: 18118: 18111: 18091: 18078: 18061: 18048: 18033: 18023: 18002: 17992: 17974: 17955: 17935: 17926: 17900: 17898:, 6 June 1887. 17885: 17859: 17853:978-1611645514 17852: 17834: 17828:978-0802849007 17827: 17821:. p. 60. 17805: 17799:978-1630874858 17798: 17776: 17770:978-1781385630 17769: 17751: 17745:978-1467440394 17744: 17726: 17708:Khan, Taimur. 17700: 17687: 17676:on 26 May 2010 17661: 17635: 17617: 17587: 17569: 17546: 17528: 17517:. 1 March 1907 17502: 17476: 17470:978-0760716526 17469: 17444: 17430: 17405: 17351: 17344: 17326: 17319: 17301: 17291: 17273: 17263: 17245: 17235: 17217: 17208: 17202:978-1570753756 17201: 17178: 17172:978-1443869287 17171: 17153: 17147:978-0802839565 17146: 17124: 17118:978-0567662460 17117: 17099: 17093:978-0191607431 17092: 17086:. p. 93. 17070: 17064:978-1620323151 17063: 17041: 17013: 16982: 16961: 16944:www.cha.org.au 16931: 16890: 16879: 16854: 16837: 16808: 16799: 16772: 16750: 16719: 16712: 16706:. p. 59. 16690: 16675: 16662: 16655: 16637: 16622: 16615: 16597: 16590: 16572: 16565: 16539: 16524: 16502: 16486: 16451: 16444: 16424: 16417: 16397: 16390: 16362: 16340: 16333: 16311: 16296: 16289: 16271: 16264: 16246: 16239: 16221: 16211: 16193: 16182: 16155: 16132: 16084: 16071: 16064: 16046: 16019: 16002: 15985: 15968: 15956:Eduard Heimann 15948: 15931: 15906: 15898:Gerhard Lenski 15890: 15872: 15865: 15847: 15829: 15822: 15802: 15793: 15757: 15728:(1): 108–126. 15705: 15696: 15689: 15669: 15660: 15647: 15613: 15594: 15579: 15570: 15544: 15529: 15515: 15484: 15461: 15424: 15417: 15397: 15390: 15370: 15363: 15341: 15335:978-0571111541 15334: 15316: 15301: 15286: 15260: 15229: 15203: 15190: 15178: 15080: 15063: 15033: 15014: 14997: 14984: 14965: 14942: 14925: 14916: 14899:Ritzer, George 14880: 14862: 14859:. 8 June 2023. 14842: 14833: 14817: 14785: 14776: 14767: 14736: 14721: 14699: 14688:(2): 170–174. 14668: 14637: 14622: 14596: 14577: 14561: 14549: 14540: 14531: 14522: 14502: 14495: 14477: 14468: 14455: 14446: 14417: 14404: 14391: 14370: 14362: 14339: 14309: 14278: 14271: 14263:The Byzantines 14250: 14243: 14222: 14215: 14192: 14164: 14146: 14133: 14126: 14108: 14102: 14077: 14040: 14022: 13988: 13971: 13964: 13946: 13944:, 1969, p. 11. 13924: 13917: 13893: 13886: 13880:. p. 80. 13862: 13845: 13838: 13832:. p. 26. 13813: 13806: 13784: 13774: 13756: 13742:Fides et Ratio 13730: 13723: 13705: 13698: 13669: 13647: 13637: 13615: 13602: 13595: 13562: 13555: 13533: 13526: 13504: 13493: 13475: 13468: 13450: 13440:978-0275987206 13439: 13416: 13409: 13380: 13373: 13353: 13339: 13326: 13319: 13301: 13284: 13274: 13256: 13249: 13231: 13224: 13206: 13181: 13156: 13138: 13118: 13111: 13093: 13079: 13055: 13033: 13011: 12998: 12976: 12966: 12948: 12938: 12920: 12914:. Africanews. 12902: 12892: 12874: 12863: 12841: 12831: 12825:. p. 66. 12809: 12800:"Circumcision" 12791: 12784: 12764: 12738: 12692: 12637: 12627: 12609: 12579: 12569: 12547: 12540: 12522: 12515: 12484: 12477: 12452: 12445: 12420: 12371: 12364: 12326: 12261: 12238: 12189: 12168: 12142: 12129: 12111: 12104: 12086: 12079: 12054: 12047: 12018: 11997: 11985: 11968: 11943: 11918: 11905: 11885: 11868: 11855: 11842: 11825: 11812: 11799: 11787: 11770: 11763: 11740: 11717: 11705: 11698: 11678: 11669: 11662: 11641: 11624:The Open Court 11610: 11603: 11585: 11573: 11566: 11542: 11529: 11512:"Frederick II" 11503: 11495:Kenneth Clarke 11482: 11457: 11450:Swenson, Don. 11442: 11435: 11417: 11410: 11385: 11339: 11320:(4): 715–737. 11304: 11297: 11279: 11239: 11232: 11200: 11193: 11172: 11158: 11139: 11122: 11115: 11097: 11090: 11069: 11055: 11048: 11026: 11019: 11001: 10994: 10976: 10969: 10951: 10944: 10923: 10916: 10898: 10891: 10873: 10866: 10844: 10837: 10819: 10812: 10789: 10782: 10761: 10747: 10740: 10719: 10712: 10691: 10660: 10651: 10642: 10633: 10626: 10587: 10580: 10553: 10544: 10537: 10519: 10512: 10494: 10487: 10479:Medieval Women 10462: 10455: 10416: 10409: 10388: 10381: 10363: 10337: 10309: 10294: 10276: 10269: 10251: 10236: 10229: 10205: 10198: 10180: 10154: 10141: 10128: 10119: 10110: 10103: 10079: 10055: 10040: 10034:978-1841716343 10033: 10015: 10006: 9997:"Theodosius I" 9988: 9979: 9972: 9951: 9944: 9917: 9910: 9892: 9873: 9866: 9848: 9841: 9821: 9814: 9796: 9773: 9761: 9754: 9733: 9726: 9708: 9693: 9684: 9677: 9653: 9646: 9628: 9609: 9602: 9581: 9574: 9556: 9549: 9543:. p. 67. 9527: 9520: 9502: 9495: 9477: 9459: 9452: 9430: 9423: 9405: 9399:978-0192853431 9398: 9380: 9373: 9355: 9345: 9327: 9320: 9294: 9278: 9263: 9243: 9233: 9215: 9208: 9190: 9183: 9162: 9147: 9129: 9102:(4): 675–696. 9082: 9057: 9050: 9031: 9000: 8982:Brague, Remi. 8971: 8957: 8943: 8920: 8906:Hill, Donald. 8894: 8891:978-0935047370 8874: 8838: 8802: 8793:978-1787203044 8792: 8774: 8761: 8759:Davies, p. 477 8752: 8745: 8717: 8708:978-0191025136 8707: 8689: 8662: 8653:978-0874627565 8652: 8634: 8625:978-1442219427 8624: 8602: 8591: 8558: 8519: 8483: 8474:978-1787203044 8473: 8452: 8416: 8380: 8371:978-0830875276 8370: 8349: 8340:978-0191025136 8339: 8318: 8308: 8287: 8280: 8259: 8252: 8234: 8227: 8204: 8198:978-0198263999 8197: 8164: 8158:978-0192853431 8157: 8139: 8108: 8090: 8065: 8046:(2): 203–229. 8030: 7999: 7978: 7969: 7962: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7907: 7895:Arabic culture 7697:Constantinople 7677:) and foreign 7618:Constantinople 7601: 7600:Ottoman Empire 7598: 7561:Jolfa district 7557:Vank Cathedral 7548: 7545: 7541:Daud al-Antaki 7487:. The city of 7464: 7461: 7406:Qusta ibn Luqa 7356: 7353: 7235:(particularly 7207:Main article: 7204: 7201: 7177:anal cleansing 7016:Public bathing 6982:Constantinople 6976:were built in 6951:Bagno del Papa 6921:public bathing 6862:, childbirth, 6826: 6823: 6811: 6810: 6737: 6734: 6702: 6699: 6643: 6640: 6632:Mary MacKillop 6607: 6604: 6567: 6564: 6500: 6497: 6450:René Descartes 6410:Thomas Aquinas 6396:which brought 6303:Cluniac reform 6281:Saint Benedict 6240:on one of the 6230: 6227: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6013: 6010: 5936: 5933: 5923:New York Times 5829:was issued by 5756: 5753: 5740: 5737: 5688: 5687:Fourth century 5685: 5665:social justice 5628: 5625: 5614:there and the 5575:families. The 5486:Trinity Church 5431:predestination 5346:Hope & Co. 5304:Main article: 5301: 5298: 5260:Thomas Aquinas 5223:The notion of 5209: 5206: 5150:Matthew Arnold 5130:Jonathan Swift 5102:Edmund Spenser 5082:Albrecht Dürer 5054:William Cowper 5050:Charles Wesley 5029: 5026: 4905:Thomas Aquinas 4837:Mormon fiction 4813:Main article: 4810: 4807: 4777:Franz Schubert 4743: 4740: 4727:Saint Ignatius 4636: 4633: 4561:Main article: 4558: 4555: 4550:Ottoman Empire 4452:Sistine Chapel 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4386: 4383: 4311:Charles Darwin 4303:Main article: 4300: 4297: 4271:René Descartes 4186:Detail of the 4161:civil calendar 4153:Spring equinox 4121: 4118: 4101:German Pietism 4053: 4050: 4034:Giordano Bruno 3969:(Venice 1564). 3965:Title page of 3958: 3955: 3805: 3802: 3664:Πανδιδακτήριον 3660:Medieval Greek 3656:Pandidakterion 3590:Constantinople 3539: 3536: 3502:was Bishop of 3416: 3413: 3335:Galileo affair 3260:Nicholas Steno 3228:Ockham's Razor 3226:who developed 3184:Thomas Aquinas 3172:David Lindberg 3043: 3040: 2988:Ottoman Empire 2975: 2972: 2908:Laws of Burgos 2903:King Ferdinand 2877: 2874: 2836:Main article: 2833: 2830: 2806:parish priests 2717:Main article: 2714: 2711: 2495:infant baptism 2424:before eating. 2413: 2410: 2390: 2387: 2362: 2359: 2140: 2137: 2106: 2074: 2071: 1996:Baruch Spinoza 1992:René Descartes 1916: 1913: 1873:José Cassanova 1843:Helen Rawlings 1834: 1831: 1810:George Garnett 1768:Constantinople 1766:, centered in 1751: 1748: 1731: 1728: 1705:Walter Ullmann 1688: 1685: 1612: 1609: 1591:Jennifer Deane 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1547: 1544: 1504: 1501: 1468:stigmatization 1443:Abbey of Cluny 1401: 1398: 1393:Johannes Fried 1361: 1358: 1316:Carlo Saraceni 1295: 1292: 1249:The historian 1246: 1243: 1226: 1223: 1142: 1139: 1115:Constantinople 1105:Edict of Milan 1097: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1067: 1064: 1018: 1015: 954:Pontius Pilate 893: 890: 888: 885: 820:(particularly 762:human progress 698:, such as the 572:following the 570:Western Europe 555:civil calendar 494: 493: 491: 490: 483: 476: 468: 465: 464: 458: 457: 453: 452: 447: 446: 445: 440: 430: 424: 423: 420: 419: 413: 412: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 371: 370: 367: 366: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 323: 322: 319: 318: 312: 311: 310: 307: 306: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 265: 264: 261: 260: 254: 253: 252: 249: 248: 244: 243: 238: 233: 227: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 214: 211: 210: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 173: 170: 169: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 153: 152: 147: 145:Mormon culture 142: 137: 132: 127: 126: 125: 120: 109: 108: 105: 104: 98: 97: 96: 93: 92: 55: 54: 48: 47: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27355: 27344: 27341: 27339: 27336: 27334: 27331: 27329: 27326: 27324: 27321: 27319: 27316: 27315: 27313: 27303: 27298: 27293: 27291: 27286: 27281: 27279: 27274: 27269: 27268: 27265: 27252: 27251: 27247: 27245: 27244: 27235: 27233: 27232: 27223: 27221: 27220: 27211: 27210: 27207: 27201: 27200:Youth culture 27198: 27196: 27193: 27191: 27188: 27186: 27185:Urban culture 27183: 27181: 27178: 27176: 27173: 27171: 27170:Remix culture 27168: 27166: 27163: 27161: 27158: 27156: 27153: 27151: 27148: 27146: 27145:Media culture 27143: 27141: 27138: 27136: 27135:Languaculture 27133: 27131: 27128: 27126: 27123: 27121: 27118: 27116: 27113: 27111: 27108: 27106: 27103: 27099: 27096: 27095: 27094: 27091: 27089: 27086: 27084: 27081: 27079: 27076: 27074: 27071: 27069: 27066: 27064: 27063:Culture shock 27061: 27059: 27056: 27054: 27051: 27049: 27046: 27044: 27041: 27039: 27036: 27034: 27031: 27029: 27026: 27024: 27023:Cultural turn 27021: 27019: 27016: 27012: 27009: 27008: 27007: 27004: 27002: 26999: 26997: 26994: 26992: 26989: 26987: 26984: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26972: 26969: 26967: 26964: 26962: 26959: 26957: 26954: 26952: 26949: 26947: 26944: 26942: 26939: 26937: 26934: 26932: 26929: 26927: 26924: 26922: 26919: 26917: 26914: 26912: 26909: 26907: 26904: 26902: 26899: 26897: 26894: 26892: 26891:Bennett scale 26889: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26879: 26878: 26876: 26872: 26866: 26863: 26861: 26858: 26854: 26851: 26850: 26849: 26846: 26844: 26841: 26837: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26821:Protestantism 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26808: 26807: 26804: 26802: 26799: 26798: 26796: 26792: 26786: 26783: 26781: 26778: 26776: 26773: 26771: 26768: 26764: 26763:Biculturalism 26761: 26760: 26759: 26756: 26754: 26751: 26749: 26746: 26744: 26741: 26739: 26736: 26734: 26731: 26729: 26726: 26724: 26721: 26719: 26716: 26714: 26711: 26709: 26706: 26704: 26701: 26699: 26696: 26694: 26691: 26689: 26686: 26684: 26681: 26679: 26676: 26674: 26671: 26669: 26666: 26664: 26661: 26659: 26656: 26654: 26651: 26649: 26646: 26644: 26641: 26639: 26636: 26634: 26631: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26619: 26616: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26596: 26594: 26591: 26589: 26586: 26584: 26581: 26579: 26576: 26574: 26571: 26569: 26566: 26564: 26561: 26559: 26556: 26555: 26553: 26549: 26543: 26540: 26538: 26535: 26533: 26530: 26528: 26527:Technoculture 26525: 26523: 26520: 26518: 26515: 26513: 26510: 26508: 26507:Print culture 26505: 26503: 26500: 26498: 26495: 26493: 26490: 26488: 26485: 26483: 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26472:Enculturation 26470: 26468: 26465: 26463: 26460: 26458: 26455: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26445: 26443: 26440: 26438: 26435: 26433: 26430: 26428: 26425: 26423: 26420: 26418: 26415: 26413: 26410: 26408: 26405: 26403: 26400: 26398: 26395: 26393: 26392:Cultural icon 26390: 26386: 26383: 26382: 26381: 26378: 26376: 26373: 26371: 26368: 26366: 26363: 26361: 26358: 26356: 26353: 26351: 26348: 26344: 26341: 26340: 26339: 26336: 26334: 26333:Cultural bias 26331: 26329: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26319: 26316: 26314: 26313:Cultural area 26311: 26309: 26306: 26304: 26301: 26299: 26298:Acculturation 26296: 26295: 26293: 26289: 26283: 26280: 26278: 26275: 26273: 26272:Super culture 26270: 26266: 26263: 26261: 26258: 26256: 26253: 26251: 26248: 26246: 26243: 26242: 26241: 26238: 26236: 26233: 26231: 26228: 26224: 26221: 26220: 26219: 26216: 26212: 26209: 26208: 26207: 26204: 26202: 26199: 26197: 26194: 26192: 26189: 26187: 26186:Legal culture 26184: 26182: 26179: 26177: 26174: 26172: 26169: 26167: 26164: 26162: 26159: 26158: 26156: 26152: 26146: 26143: 26141: 26138: 26136: 26135:Sound culture 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26113: 26111: 26108: 26106: 26103: 26101: 26098: 26096: 26093: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26081: 26078: 26076: 26073: 26071: 26068: 26066: 26063: 26061: 26058: 26056: 26053: 26051: 26048: 26044: 26041: 26039: 26036: 26034: 26031: 26029: 26026: 26025: 26024: 26021: 26019: 26016: 26015: 26013: 26009: 26003: 26000: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25988: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25978: 25975: 25973: 25970: 25968: 25965: 25964: 25962: 25958: 25954: 25944: 25940: 25933: 25928: 25926: 25921: 25919: 25914: 25913: 25910: 25898: 25890: 25888: 25883: 25878: 25877: 25874: 25864: 25861: 25859: 25856: 25854: 25851: 25849: 25846: 25844: 25841: 25839: 25836: 25834: 25831: 25830: 25828: 25824: 25818: 25815: 25811: 25808: 25806: 25803: 25801: 25800: 25796: 25795: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25785: 25783: 25779: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25749: 25746: 25744: 25741: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25716: 25714: 25711: 25709: 25706: 25705: 25703: 25701: 25697: 25691: 25688: 25684: 25681: 25680: 25679: 25676: 25674: 25673:Popular piety 25671: 25669: 25666: 25664: 25661: 25659: 25656: 25654: 25651: 25649: 25646: 25642: 25639: 25638: 25637: 25634: 25630: 25627: 25625: 25622: 25620: 25617: 25615: 25612: 25610: 25607: 25606: 25605: 25602: 25598: 25595: 25594: 25593: 25590: 25589: 25587: 25585: 25581: 25578: 25572: 25566: 25563: 25561: 25558: 25554: 25551: 25550: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25541: 25539: 25536: 25535: 25533: 25531: 25527: 25519: 25516: 25515: 25514: 25511: 25509: 25506: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25482: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25469: 25468: 25467: 25464: 25460: 25457: 25455: 25454:People of God 25452: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25440: 25437: 25436: 25435: 25432: 25430: 25427: 25425: 25422: 25418: 25415: 25414: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25401: 25398: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25382: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25366: 25363: 25361: 25358: 25356: 25353: 25351: 25348: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25325: 25324: 25321: 25320: 25318: 25316: 25312: 25300: 25295: 25293: 25290: 25288: 25285: 25284: 25282: 25280: 25276: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25257: 25253: 25250: 25249: 25248: 25245: 25244: 25242: 25240: 25236: 25230: 25227: 25223: 25220: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25164: 25163: 25160: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25144: 25142: 25140: 25136: 25133: 25130: 25126: 25121: 25120:Denominations 25117: 25105: 25102: 25101: 25100: 25097: 25095: 25092: 25090: 25089:Enlightenment 25087: 25085: 25082: 25080: 25077: 25075: 25072: 25071: 25069: 25067: 25063: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25028: 25026: 25024: 25020: 25014: 25011: 25009: 25006: 25002: 24999: 24997: 24994: 24993: 24992: 24989: 24987: 24984: 24982: 24979: 24977: 24974: 24973: 24971: 24969: 24965: 24957: 24954: 24953: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24940: 24937: 24935: 24932: 24930: 24927: 24925: 24922: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24886: 24885: 24882: 24881: 24879: 24877: 24871: 24868: 24865: 24859: 24854: 24850: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24815: 24813: 24809: 24803: 24802:New Testament 24800: 24798: 24797:Old Testament 24795: 24793: 24790: 24789: 24787: 24785: 24781: 24777: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24761: 24758: 24756: 24753: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24741: 24738: 24737: 24734: 24730: 24723: 24718: 24716: 24711: 24709: 24704: 24703: 24700: 24688: 24685: 24683: 24682:Protestantism 24680: 24678: 24675: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24661: 24658: 24656: 24653: 24652: 24651: 24648: 24647: 24644: 24638: 24635: 24633: 24629: 24626: 24623: 24619: 24616: 24614: 24611: 24609: 24606: 24604: 24601: 24599: 24596: 24594: 24591: 24589: 24586: 24584: 24583: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24555:Azusa Revival 24553: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24536: 24535:Laestadianism 24533: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24487: 24485: 24483: 24479: 24473: 24472:Old Lutherans 24469: 24466: 24462: 24459: 24458: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24444: 24442: 24439: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24425: 24422: 24421: 24420: 24417: 24415: 24412: 24410: 24407: 24406: 24404: 24402: 24398: 24388: 24387: 24383: 24381: 24380: 24376: 24374: 24371: 24369: 24366: 24364: 24361: 24359: 24356: 24354: 24351: 24349: 24346: 24344: 24341: 24339: 24336: 24335: 24333: 24331: 24327: 24321: 24318: 24316: 24315: 24311: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24276: 24274: 24271: 24270: 24268: 24266: 24262: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24241: 24238: 24236: 24233: 24231: 24228: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24196: 24193: 24192: 24190: 24188: 24184: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24162: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24149: 24146: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24138:Diet of Worms 24136: 24134: 24133: 24129: 24128: 24127: 24124: 24123: 24121: 24119: 24115: 24109: 24106: 24104: 24101: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24072: 24069: 24068: 24067: 24064: 24062: 24059: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24043: 24041: 24039: 24038:Protestantism 24033: 24029: 24021: 24018: 24017: 24016: 24013: 24011: 24008: 24006: 24003: 24001: 23998: 23996: 23993: 23991: 23988: 23984: 23981: 23980: 23979: 23976: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23919: 23916: 23914: 23911: 23909: 23906: 23904: 23901: 23899: 23896: 23894: 23891: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23858: 23857: 23854: 23848: 23845: 23844: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23835: 23833: 23830: 23828: 23825: 23824: 23823: 23820: 23818: 23815: 23813: 23810: 23808: 23805: 23804: 23802: 23800: 23796: 23790: 23789:North America 23787: 23785: 23782: 23780: 23777: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23765: 23762: 23760: 23757: 23755: 23752: 23750: 23747: 23745: 23742: 23740: 23737: 23735: 23732: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23719: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23689: 23687: 23685: 23679: 23673: 23670: 23666: 23663: 23662: 23661: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23632: 23629: 23627: 23624: 23622: 23619: 23617: 23613: 23610: 23608: 23605: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23595: 23589: 23586: 23585: 23584: 23581: 23579: 23576: 23574: 23571: 23569: 23566: 23565: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23537: 23534: 23532: 23529: 23528: 23527: 23524: 23523: 23521: 23519: 23515: 23509: 23506: 23502: 23498: 23495: 23494: 23493: 23490: 23488: 23485: 23483: 23480: 23478: 23475: 23473: 23470: 23468: 23465: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23452: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23443: 23441: 23438: 23436: 23433: 23429: 23426: 23425: 23424: 23421: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23410: 23406: 23400: 23399:Early African 23397: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23385: 23383: 23382:Justin Martyr 23380: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23368: 23365: 23363: 23360: 23359: 23358: 23354: 23351: 23349: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23319: 23317: 23314: 23312: 23309: 23307: 23304: 23303: 23302: 23299: 23298: 23296: 23294: 23288: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23256: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23213: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23204: 23203: 23202:Life of Jesus 23200: 23198: 23195: 23194: 23192: 23190:Apostolic Age 23186: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23081: 23079: 23075: 23069: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23060: 23057: 23053: 23046: 23041: 23039: 23034: 23032: 23027: 23026: 23023: 23011: 23003: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22990: 22987: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22965: 22962: 22959: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22941:Home Missions 22939: 22937: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22927: 22924: 22923: 22921: 22919: 22915: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22840: 22837: 22836: 22835: 22834:Saint Francis 22832: 22828: 22825: 22824: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22817:Saint Dominic 22815: 22814: 22813: 22810: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22788: 22787: 22786: 22783: 22782: 22780: 22778: 22772: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22630:Bethlehemites 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22602: 22600: 22598: 22594: 22589: 22585: 22579: 22578: 22574: 22572: 22571: 22567: 22565: 22564: 22560: 22557: 22553: 22552:Vatican Radio 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22539: 22538: 22537:Vatican Media 22535: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22527: 22525: 22521: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22470: 22467: 22466: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22448: 22445: 22444: 22443: 22440: 22439: 22437: 22435: 22431: 22417: 22414: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22398: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22382: 22379: 22378: 22377: 22374: 22368: 22365: 22364: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22334: 22333: 22330: 22329: 22327: 22325: 22321: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22194: 22193: 22190: 22188: 22185: 22184: 22182: 22180: 22176: 22172: 22164: 22161: 22159: 22156: 22154: 22151: 22150: 22149: 22146: 22144: 22141: 22137: 22134: 22133: 22132: 22129: 22125: 22122: 22120: 22117: 22116: 22115: 22112: 22110: 22107: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22093: 22090: 22088: 22084: 22081: 22080: 22079: 22076: 22073: 22070: 22069: 22067: 22065: 22061: 22055: 22052: 22050: 22047: 22045: 22042: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21989: 21988: 21985: 21981: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21972: 21971: 21968: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21958: 21954: 21948: 21945: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21909: 21907: 21905: 21901: 21895: 21892: 21890: 21887: 21883: 21880: 21879: 21878: 21875: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21862: 21861: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21841: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21834:List of popes 21830: 21826: 21823: 21820: 21816: 21812: 21808: 21804: 21797: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21735: 21734: 21731: 21730: 21728: 21726: 21722: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21705: 21704: 21701: 21697: 21694: 21693: 21692: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21655: 21653: 21651: 21647: 21637: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21618:Mother of God 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21590: 21588: 21586: 21582: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21564: 21561: 21560: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21535: 21533: 21531: 21527: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21515: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21503:People of God 21501: 21499: 21498: 21494: 21492: 21491:Infallibility 21489: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21477: 21476: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21459: 21455: 21454: 21452: 21450: 21446: 21440: 21437: 21433: 21432: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21417: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21367:Body and soul 21365: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21352: 21351: 21348: 21347: 21345: 21341: 21338: 21335: 21334: 21329: 21325: 21320: 21316: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21270:Enlightenment 21268: 21266: 21263: 21257: 21254: 21253: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21243: 21242: 21241:Protestantism 21239: 21238: 21236: 21234: 21230: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21218:Scholasticism 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21203:Schism (1378) 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21188:Schism (1054) 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21170: 21168: 21166: 21162: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21130: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21115: 21113: 21111: 21107: 21099: 21096: 21095: 21094: 21091: 21087: 21084: 21083: 21082: 21079: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21066: 21065: 21062: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21039: 21038: 21035: 21034: 21032: 21030: 21026: 21023: 21020: 21016: 21012: 21007: 21003: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20978: 20975: 20971: 20964: 20959: 20957: 20952: 20950: 20945: 20944: 20941: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20917: 20907: 20906: 20903: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20886: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20824: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20809: 20807: 20803: 20795: 20792: 20791: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20769:Mother Teresa 20767: 20765: 20762: 20759: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20734: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20722: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20695:Pope Pius XII 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20677: 20675: 20673: 20669: 20663: 20662: 20661:Rerum novarum 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20645:Pope Leo XIII 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20615:United States 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20605:Pope Pius VII 20603: 20602: 20600: 20596: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20444: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20420: 20415: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20377: 20374: 20373: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20358: 20356: 20354: 20350: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20296: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20288:Scholasticism 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20263:Pope Urban II 20261: 20260: 20258: 20256: 20252: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20182: 20180: 20178: 20174: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20103: 20100: 20099: 20098: 20095: 20094: 20092: 20088: 20080: 20076: 20073: 20069: 20065: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20039:Justin Martyr 20037: 20033: 20030: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20012: 20011: 20008: 20007: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19988: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19951: 19950: 19949:New Testament 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19912:Commissioning 19910: 19909: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19867: 19866: 19863: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19856:Apostolic Age 19852: 19848: 19845: 19841: 19837: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19800: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19763: 19762: 19759: 19755: 19752: 19751: 19750: 19747: 19743: 19742:Papal primacy 19740: 19739: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19721: 19718: 19717: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19710: 19708: 19704: 19700: 19696: 19689: 19684: 19682: 19677: 19675: 19670: 19669: 19666: 19655: 19649: 19634: 19632:9781888456042 19628: 19624: 19623: 19615: 19607: 19601: 19597: 19593: 19587: 19579: 19577:9783030540081 19573: 19569: 19562: 19546: 19542: 19536: 19527: 19518: 19512: 19508: 19505: 19499: 19484: 19480: 19476: 19472: 19468: 19464: 19460: 19456: 19449: 19442: 19440: 19431: 19425: 19421: 19420: 19412: 19410: 19408: 19406: 19404: 19396: 19394:0-312-10168-6 19390: 19386: 19382: 19381: 19376: 19369: 19361: 19357: 19351: 19343: 19339: 19333: 19331: 19329: 19319: 19310: 19301: 19294: 19288: 19279: 19270: 19262: 19256: 19250:Blow; p. 213. 19247: 19245: 19243: 19235: 19229: 19222: 19216: 19209: 19203: 19187: 19183: 19177: 19173: 19172: 19164: 19145: 19141: 19137: 19133: 19129: 19125: 19121: 19117: 19113: 19106: 19099: 19091: 19085: 19081: 19080: 19072: 19064: 19058: 19054: 19053: 19045: 19038: 19034: 19029: 19027: 19019: 19013: 19006: 19000: 18993: 18989: 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B17 15781: 15780: 15775: 15768: 15766: 15764: 15762: 15753: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15700: 15692: 15686: 15682: 15681: 15673: 15664: 15657: 15651: 15635: 15631: 15627: 15625: 15617: 15609: 15605: 15598: 15590: 15583: 15574: 15559: 15558:U.S. Catholic 15555: 15548: 15540: 15533: 15525: 15519: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15488: 15480: 15476: 15472: 15465: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15428: 15420: 15414: 15410: 15409: 15401: 15393: 15391:9781860195020 15387: 15383: 15382: 15374: 15366: 15364:9781134452378 15360: 15356: 15352: 15345: 15337: 15331: 15327: 15320: 15312: 15305: 15297: 15290: 15275: 15271: 15264: 15248: 15244: 15240: 15233: 15217: 15213: 15207: 15200: 15194: 15188: 15182: 15175: 15172: 15169: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15151: 15150:Galilei, 1954 15147: 15142: 15138: 15130: 15129:1905, 16:230) 15126: 15119: 15118:1905, 16:209) 15115: 15111: 15104: 15100: 15099:(1905, 16:209 15097: 15093: 15089: 15084: 15077: 15073: 15067: 15061: 15060:0-563-17064-6 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15040: 15038: 15029: 15025: 15018: 15011: 15007: 15001: 14994: 14988: 14981: 14977: 14974: 14969: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14951: 14946: 14939: 14935: 14929: 14920: 14914: 14913:9781405105958 14910: 14906: 14905: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14887: 14885: 14876: 14872: 14866: 14858: 14857: 14852: 14846: 14837: 14830: 14827: 14821: 14805: 14804: 14799: 14792: 14790: 14780: 14771: 14756: 14755: 14750: 14743: 14741: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14722:3-515-04324-1 14718: 14714: 14710: 14709:Lindgren, Uta 14703: 14695: 14691: 14687: 14684:(in French). 14683: 14679: 14672: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14641: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14600: 14592: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14573:Thomas Cahill 14570: 14565: 14556: 14554: 14544: 14535: 14526: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14506: 14498: 14492: 14488: 14481: 14472: 14465: 14459: 14450: 14443: 14437: 14436:2-204-05866-1 14433: 14429: 14428: 14421: 14414: 14408: 14401: 14395: 14388: 14387:0-89241-588-6 14384: 14380: 14374: 14365: 14363:0-87220-563-0 14359: 14355: 14349: 14343: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14313: 14298: 14297: 14292: 14288: 14287:George Saliba 14282: 14274: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14254: 14246: 14244:0-300-10598-3 14240: 14236: 14229: 14227: 14218: 14216:1-56731-014-1 14212: 14208: 14207: 14202: 14196: 14180: 14179: 14174: 14168: 14159: 14157: 14155: 14153: 14151: 14143: 14137: 14129: 14123: 14119: 14112: 14105: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14081: 14063: 14056: 14055: 14050: 14044: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14011: 14007: 14006: 14001: 13997: 13992: 13985: 13981: 13975: 13967: 13965:0-521-56671-1 13961: 13957: 13950: 13943: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13920: 13918:9780674057418 13914: 13910: 13906: 13905: 13897: 13889: 13887:9780674057418 13883: 13879: 13875: 13874: 13866: 13858: 13857: 13849: 13841: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13817: 13809: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13760: 13745: 13743: 13734: 13726: 13724:0-306-80637-1 13720: 13716: 13709: 13701: 13699:0-226-48214-6 13695: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13673: 13657: 13651: 13644: 13640: 13638:0-8018-7038-0 13634: 13631:. p. 7. 13630: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13606: 13598: 13596:9780300073324 13592: 13588: 13584: 13583: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13558: 13556:9781476737454 13552: 13548: 13544: 13537: 13529: 13527:9781134826537 13523: 13519: 13515: 13508: 13501: 13496: 13494:9780802821317 13490: 13486: 13479: 13471: 13469:9780802828897 13465: 13461: 13454: 13447: 13442: 13436: 13432: 13431: 13423: 13421: 13412: 13410:9781596983281 13406: 13402: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13376: 13374:9780415223119 13370: 13367:. Routledge. 13366: 13365: 13357: 13349: 13343: 13336: 13330: 13322: 13316: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13294: 13288: 13281: 13277: 13275:9783700303121 13271: 13267: 13260: 13252: 13250:9780230518872 13246: 13242: 13235: 13227: 13225:9781786837158 13221: 13217: 13210: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13170: 13166: 13160: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13134: 13133: 13128: 13122: 13114: 13112:9780199718696 13108: 13104: 13097: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13080:1-57008-540-4 13076: 13072: 13068: 13067: 13059: 13043: 13042:"Onan's Onus" 13037: 13021: 13015: 13008: 13002: 12995: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12973: 12969: 12967:9780521769372 12963: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12941: 12939:9781606083420 12935: 12931: 12924: 12917: 12913: 12906: 12899: 12895: 12893:9781108435529 12889: 12885: 12878: 12871: 12866: 12864:9780195176322 12860: 12856: 12852: 12845: 12838: 12834: 12832:9780313336959 12828: 12824: 12820: 12813: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12787: 12781: 12777: 12776: 12768: 12752: 12748: 12742: 12734: 12722: 12707: 12703: 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7823: 7819: 7815: 7814:George Habash 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7780: 7779:Mikhail Naimy 7776: 7772: 7771:Kahlil Gibran 7768: 7764: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7652:The roots of 7650: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7635: 7631: 7623: 7622:Ottoman times 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7477:منافع الحيوان 7474: 7469: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7197:bidet showers 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6998:, or private 6997: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6913:Church Father 6909: 6905: 6904:mixed bathing 6901: 6896: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6878:, death, and 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6819:Presbyterians 6816: 6815:Episcopalians 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6709:The Catholic 6707: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6673:According to 6671: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6566:North America 6563: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499:Latin America 6496: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6482:Robert Hughes 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6436:The Spaniard 6434: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6286:monastic Rule 6282: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6175:North America 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6151:post-graduate 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068:Universities 6067: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6044:Institutions 6043: 6042: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5982:British India 5979: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5850:Pope Pius XII 5846: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835:Rerum novarum 5832: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5819:Rerum Novarum 5816: 5812: 5811: 5810:Rerum novarum 5806: 5805:Pope Leo XIII 5802: 5798: 5790: 5789: 5788:Rerum novarum 5784: 5783:Pope Leo XIII 5779: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5745: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5729:Gary Ferngren 5726: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5648: 5647:Guenter Risse 5643: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505:Presbyterians 5502: 5501:Episcopalians 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358:Morgan family 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5325:Protestantism 5319: 5318: 5312: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5290:Fugger family 5287: 5286:Welser family 5283: 5279: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090:Lucas Cranach 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5070:Henry Purcell 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5042:George Wither 5039: 5038:Paul Gerhardt 5035: 5034:Martin Luther 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4918:Divine Comedy 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4619:Divine Comedy 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4601:Kenneth Clark 4597: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4518:Mediterranean 4515: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4495:Eastern Roman 4492: 4491:Byzantine art 4485: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4433: 4432:Byzantine art 4429: 4425: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393:is a form of 4392: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4252:model of the 4251: 4247: 4246:was denounced 4244: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4131:Telescope in 4130: 4126: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4089:Royal Society 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058:Merton Thesis 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030:heliocentrism 4026: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3907:The Catholic 3902: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3879:Kenneth Clark 3874: 3872: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3856:Thomas Cahill 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842:Book of Kells 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3815: 3814:Book of Kells 3810: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3787:jurisprudence 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652:Theodosius II 3649: 3648:Eastern Roman 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613:Islamic world 3610: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3552:Byzantine law 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3471:. The poetic 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3441:New Testament 3438: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379:According to 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:human anatomy 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284:radioactivity 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220:Gregor Mendel 3217: 3213: 3212:solar physics 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164:J.L. Heilbron 3157: 3153: 3152:Francis Bacon 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2933:Sublimis Deus 2930: 2929:Pope Paul III 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2882: 2876:Latin America 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2839: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2820:communities. 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:Latin America 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679:single parent 2676: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2603:birth control 2600: 2596: 2595:Martin Luther 2592: 2591:Protestantism 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560:countries of 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2547:South America 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:age of reason 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:Peter Laslett 2447: 2443: 2442:Steven Ozment 2439: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2418: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:autoeroticism 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:New Testament 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:Martin Luther 2212: 2208: 2207:concupiscence 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2073:Sexual morals 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1972:Politically, 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:church elders 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:Martin Luther 1932: 1927: 1922: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1633:Hugh S. Pyper 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619:called for a 1618: 1617:Pope Urban II 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1589:According to 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1569:Charles Malik 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1510:Brian Downing 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:Low Countries 1374: 1366: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:jus canonicum 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1023:sacred states 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 926:New Testament 923: 919: 911: 907: 903: 898: 884: 882: 878: 874: 869: 865: 861: 856: 853: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736:complementary 733: 729: 725: 724:birth control 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576:. 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Throughout 504: 500: 489: 484: 482: 477: 475: 470: 469: 467: 466: 463: 460: 459: 451: 448: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 418: 415: 414: 410: 409: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380:Merton thesis 378: 376: 373: 372: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 317: 314: 313: 309: 308: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274:Bible fiction 272: 270: 267: 266: 259: 256: 255: 251: 250: 242: 239: 237: 236:Radio formats 234: 232: 231:Film industry 229: 228: 221: 218: 217: 213: 212: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 168: 165: 164: 160: 159: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 103: 100: 99: 95: 94: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 34: 30: 26: 25: 20: 16: 27278:Christianity 27248: 27241: 27229: 27217: 27165:Rape culture 27110:Drug culture 27098:Deaf culture 27083:Cyberculture 27053:Culture hero 26966:Cultural lag 26906:Civilization 26825: 26806:Christianity 26512:Protoculture 26196:Microculture 26176:High culture 26171:Folk culture 26120:Postcritique 25797: 25689: 25592:Architecture 25486:Confirmation 25434:Ecclesiology 25365:Original sin 25355:Nicene Creed 25152:Old Catholic 25036:Papal States 24968:Great Church 24934:Resurrection 24876:Christianity 24833:New Covenant 24784:(Scriptures) 24729:Christianity 24598:Charismatics 24581: 24560:Gospel music 24490:Camp meeting 24482:1789–present 24414:Missionaries 24384: 24377: 24368:Menno Simons 24312: 24308:Church music 24159: 24130: 24015:Conciliarism 24000:Papal Schism 23842:Scandinavian 23734:Great Schism 23712:Nestorianism 23684:Christianity 23616:priest holes 23497:Chalcedonian 23460:Christianity 23414:Great Church 23222:Resurrection 22980:Universities 22812:Third orders 22775:Associations 22765:Visitandines 22760:Trinitarians 22710:Mercedarians 22695:Hieronymites 22640:Camaldoleses 22625:Benedictines 22615:Augustinians 22575: 22568: 22561: 22542:Vatican News 22500: 22496:Distinctions 22302:Syro-Malabar 22187:Latin Church 22109:Grand master 22007:Metropolitan 21904:Vatican City 21799:Organisation 21678:Philosophers 21543:Confirmation 21520:In canon law 21514:Subsistit in 21512: 21508:Three states 21495: 21456: 21449:Ecclesiology 21431:Nova Vulgata 21429: 21387:Original sin 21382:Nicene Creed 21372:Divine grace 21331: 21213:Universities 21183:Papal States 21110:Great Church 21052:Resurrection 21029:Early Church 20883: 20879:Pope Francis 20805:21st century 20754:Pope Paul VI 20731: 20719: 20672:20th century 20659: 20610:Pope Pius IX 20598:19th century 20574:Pope Pius VI 20441: 20313:Latin Empire 20283:Universities 20235:Pope Leo III 20102:Christianity 20087:state church 20079:Great Church 19880:Resurrection 19843:(30–325/476) 19840:Early Church 19825:Latin Church 19820:Papal States 19815:Vatican City 19807: 19653: 19648: 19636:. 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He was a 3395:, 65.3% in 3391:, 72.5% in 3232:Roger Bacon 3216:Augustinian 3204:meteorology 3024:established 2980:slave trade 2863:Gregory XVI 2816:among some 2747:Protestants 2740: 1893 2699:Middle East 2599:John Calvin 2583:Catholicism 2303:patriarchal 2241:fornication 2237:Catholicism 2221:denied the 2219:John Calvin 2170:, ca. 1445. 2082: [ 2079:Kyle Harper 2019:John Milton 1974:John Calvin 1900: [ 1897:T. F. Mayer 1857: [ 1845:says, "the 1822:Roger Olson 1677:Protestants 1649:Riley-Smith 1596:Inquisition 1585:Inquisition 1528:de quolibet 1489:Protestants 1451:holy relics 1447:pilgrimages 1435:Holy Orders 1373:Charlemagne 1203:Peter Brown 1172:St. Ambrose 1129:separating 1036:W.E.H.Lecky 995:Western law 930:Western art 864:Romanticism 828:during the 778:literatures 728:infanticide 669:Mendelssohn 617:Reformation 578:Middle Ages 527:in politics 241:Video games 35:, 1509–1510 27312:Categories 26240:Subculture 26018:Bioculture 25767:Prosperity 25743:Liberation 25683:Cathedrals 25668:Pilgrimage 25653:Literature 25530:Philosophy 25466:Sacraments 25439:Four marks 25400:Protestant 25375:Born again 25172:Anabaptist 25162:Protestant 25104:Influences 25066:Modern era 24770:By country 24409:Revivalism 24330:Anabaptism 24278:Henry VIII 24103:Literature 23727:Iconoclasm 23707:Chrysostom 23660:Vatican II 23626:Jansenists 23612:Mass rocks 23548:Lateran IV 23467:Athanasius 23387:Tertullian 23331:Marcionism 23326:Gnosticism 23279:Revelation 23197:Background 22725:Oratorians 22680:Dominicans 22650:Carmelites 22645:Camillians 22593:institutes 22406:Tridentine 22342:Antiochian 22262:Macedonian 22207:Belarusian 22097:Provincial 22012:Archbishop 21932:Roman Rota 21894:Properties 21819:By country 21815:Precedence 21780:Confessors 21760:Archangels 21750:Patriarchs 21650:Philosophy 21628:Veneration 21593:Assumption 21563:Last rites 21530:Sacraments 21474:Four marks 21285:Vatican II 21233:Modern era 21069:Succession 20758:coronation 20464:Pope Leo X 20049:Tertullian 19979:Revelation 19954:Background 19192:21 October 16924:5 November 16844:18 October 15606:. London: 15508:4 February 15279:10 October 15253:10 October 15222:4 February 15171:; Dialogue 15161:1898, 8:43 14496:0226112799 14127:0521814561 14071:14 January 14049:Noll, Mark 13830:Lion Books 13798:Peter Lang 13291:Tarnavky, 13026:11 January 12870:countries. 12248:2015033360 11961:5 November 11936:5 November 11810:, pp. 4–10 11475:1 November 10670:inquisitio 8592:1405108991 8581:. p. 8309:0521814561 7936:References 7903:philosophy 7899:literature 7858:Arab World 7763:Pen League 7667:Phanariots 7643:after 1461 7624:, ca. 1900 7568:Christian 7453:Christians 7446:physicians 7430:Bar Daisan 7420:etc.) and 7394:philosophy 7366:Christians 7359:See also: 7150:toothpaste 7146:toothbrush 7083:Soapmaking 7075:sanitation 7028:Regensburg 6988:, and the 6974:bathhouses 6679:Pew Center 6655:St. George 6544:Dominicans 6406:scholastic 6295:scriptoria 6283:wrote his 6242:archivolts 6238:Pythagoras 6143:Christians 6123:Christians 6115:Pew Center 6076:Hospitals 6016:See also: 5990:Methodists 5955:missionary 5939:See also: 5862:psychology 5839:solidarity 5803:, in 1891 5670:Today the 5631:See also: 5456:humanities 5444:capitalism 5427:asceticism 5385:work ethic 5342:Berenbergs 5114:John Donne 5028:Protestant 4846:John Speed 4809:Literature 4762:Ode to Joy 4735:Caravaggio 4669:Caravaggio 4665:Tintoretto 4657:Botticelli 4578:Romanesque 4536:, and the 4401:position, 4370:monogenism 4358:regarding 4339:monogenism 4085:demography 4070:protestant 4066:puritanism 3979:prohibited 3909:Cistercian 3774:and other 3750:Greek fire 3707:Archimedes 3680:university 3676:Philosophy 3646:), was an 3542:See also: 3409:Literature 3354:Copernicus 3236:Franciscan 3208:seismology 3101:Copernicus 3056:See also: 2967:See also: 2913:Valladolid 2899:Hispaniola 2767:philosophy 2763:literature 2670:Pew Center 2644:typically 2642:priesthood 2634:homosexual 2570:Puritanism 2558:Protestant 2554:capitalism 2446:Jack Goody 2251:") in its 2143:See also: 2033:, and the 2023:John Locke 1987:absolutism 1959:presbyters 1919:See also: 1895:Historian 1841:Historian 1717:Franciscan 1524:a quolibet 1459:R.I. Moore 1284:common law 1145:See also: 1059:vitalistic 1047:John Keown 790:philosophy 758:Christians 748:Scholastic 592:. Many of 586:cathedrals 561:'s birth. 523:philosophy 258:Literature 27068:Culturgen 26836:Mormonism 26794:Religions 26467:Cultureme 26385:Destroyed 26011:Subfields 25843:Criticism 25793:Ecumenism 25757:Mysticism 25723:Democracy 25713:Anarchism 25700:Movements 25663:Mythology 25641:Catechism 25636:Education 25553:Evolution 25476:Eucharist 25459:Canon law 25417:Theotokos 25412:Mariology 25370:Salvation 25360:Tradition 25207:Methodist 25167:Adventist 25001:Chalcedon 24575:Ecumenism 24525:Adventism 24515:Mormonism 24451:Millerism 24446:Methodism 24401:1640–1789 24303:Civil War 24250:Orthodoxy 24205:Huguenots 24187:Calvinism 24172:Eucharist 24167:Orthodoxy 24051:Eucharist 23983:Five Ways 23933:Dulcinian 23886:Pomerania 23812:Gregory I 23656:Vatican I 23646:Modernism 23631:Molinists 23621:Guadalupe 23492:Chalcedon 23487:Ephesus I 23477:Augustine 23353:Apostolic 23336:Montanism 23301:Diversity 23077:Centuries 22966:See also: 22918:Charities 22827:Discalced 22755:Trappists 22750:Theatines 22720:Olivetans 22665:Clarisses 22635:Blue nuns 22620:Basilians 22597:societies 22505:See also: 22391:Mozarabic 22381:Ambrosian 22367:Malankara 22352:Byzantine 22312:Ukrainian 22287:Ruthenian 22252:Hungarian 22237:Ethiopian 22212:Bulgarian 22179:sui iuris 22163:Postulant 22072:Religious 22027:Auxiliary 22022:Coadjutor 21992:Patriarch 21860:Cardinals 21807:Canon law 21803:Hierarchy 21785:Disciples 21708:Relations 21696:Evolution 21687:See also: 21632:See also: 21585:Mariology 21575:Matrimony 21548:Eucharist 21469:Ecumenism 21397:Salvation 21333:Catechism 21328:Tradition 21290:Communism 21138:Chalcedon 20774:Communism 20744:Ecumenism 20090:(380–451) 20082:(180–451) 20071:(313–476) 19993:(100–325) 19594:(1983) . 19488:15 August 19483:143649224 19475:0026-3206 19153:15 August 19140:143649224 19132:0026-3206 18408:501833155 16919:0362-4331 16517:17 August 16481:144793259 16127:146933599 16080:Ethnicity 16039:21 August 15786:17 August 15752:144579790 15743:2164/3035 15437:Augustine 15185:Choupin, 14973:Calendars 14875:IntraText 14632:630115876 14509:Dickson, 13932:Pro forma 12687:207943472 12671:0036-8075 12415:170127256 12407:1945-7596 12305:1573-6571 12256:146505567 11380:155764374 10734:. 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4232:Aristotle 4223:telescope 4120:Astronomy 3823:Dark Ages 3772:astronomy 3738:astronomy 3415:Antiquity 3405:Economics 3403:, 54% in 3399:, 62% in 3393:Chemistry 3312:chemistry 3308:Lavoisier 3192:astronomy 2984:New World 2775:education 2755:Lutherans 2751:Anglicans 2733:Jerusalem 2705:, and in 2695:Caribbean 2587:Orthodoxy 2493:practice 2480:countries 2434:Max Weber 2253:Catechism 2195:sacrament 1963:Huguenots 1805:Philip IV 1795:In 1302, 1713:Dominican 1661:Constable 1625:Holy Land 1615:In 1095, 1470:and even 1348:Donatists 1288:civil law 1199:Theodoret 958:crucified 822:Nestorian 665:Beethoven 641:Pachelbel 547:Christmas 183:Early art 27290:Religion 27219:Category 26801:Buddhism 26551:Politics 25960:Sciences 25897:Category 25762:Pacifism 25576:features 25560:Politics 25513:Ablution 25481:Marriage 25385:Catholic 25315:Theology 25222:Reformed 25202:Lutheran 25197:Holiness 25177:Anglican 25147:Catholic 25051:Crusades 24996:Nicaea I 24946:Apostles 24919:Miracles 24914:Parables 24904:Ministry 24894:Nativity 24858:timeline 24755:Prophets 24750:Glossary 24667:Theology 24655:Missions 24650:Timeline 24622:Mainline 24570:Pacifism 24419:Baptists 24338:Theology 24298:Puritans 24273:Timeline 24215:Scotland 24143:Theology 23990:Wycliffe 23938:Crusades 23913:Bogomils 23866:Bulgaria 23822:Germanic 23774:Ethiopia 23672:Timeline 23450:Nicaea I 23445:Councils 23377:Irenaeus 23372:Ignatius 23367:Polycarp 23321:Donatism 23316:Docetism 23311:Arianism 23212:Ministry 23010:Category 22903:Opus Dei 22888:Scouting 22878:Focolare 22745:Servites 22730:Piarists 22675:Crosiers 22411:Anglican 22347:Armenian 22277:Romanian 22267:Maronite 22242:Georgian 22232:Eritrean 22217:Chaldean 22202:Armenian 22197:Albanian 22078:Superior 22037:Emeritus 22017:Diocesan 21870:Advisers 21829:Holy See 21755:Prophets 21713:Politics 21484:Catholic 21464:Councils 21319:Theology 21198:Crusades 21133:Nicaea I 21064:Apostles 21042:Ministry 21011:Timeline 20991:Glossary 20784:HIV/AIDS 20278:Crusades 20032:Irenaeus 20025:Ignatius 20020:Polycarp 19870:Ministry 19858:(30–100) 19732:Timeline 19545:HuffPost 19507:Archived 19186:Archived 19144:Archived 18988:Archived 18657:Archived 18588:29 April 18567:29 April 18546:29 April 18400:60239734 18229:29 April 17961:Archived 17872:BBC News 17024:(1905). 17005:10128918 16993:(1895). 16359:: 16–45. 15917:(2005), 15900:(1963), 15445:Plotinus 15441:Boethius 14993:ISO 8601 14976:Archived 14953:Archived 14893:(2003), 14760:7 August 14731:12644728 14711:(eds.). 14514:Archived 14261:(2006). 14203:(1992). 13824:(2009). 13089:40185703 13048:20 March 12994:passage. 12823:ABC-Clio 12721:cite web 12679:31699908 12657:(6466). 12321:38974409 12313:27511667 12218:New York 12184:BBC News 12161:2 August 11466:"Abbess" 11274:24419031 11222:(eds.). 10330:20 April 9592:(2009). 9157:44133076 9075:30 March 8863:cite web 8853:29 April 8827:cite web 8817:29 April 8547:cite web 8537:29 April 8508:cite web 8498:29 April 8441:cite web 8431:29 April 8405:cite web 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BBC. 15439:, and 15415: 15388: 15361: 15332: 15157:Favaro 15153:p.xvii 15096:Favaro 15074: 15058: 14911: 14826:et al. 14729: 14719: 14630: 14620: 14493: 14434: 14385: 14360: 14332:27 May 14269: 14241: 14213: 14181:. 1899 14124: 14100: 14015:5 July 13962: 13915: 13884: 13836: 13804: 13772: 13721: 13696: 13635: 13593: 13553: 13524: 13491: 13466: 13437: 13407: 13371: 13317: 13272: 13247: 13222: 13174:19 May 13109: 13087: 13077: 12964: 12936: 12890: 12861: 12829: 12782: 12757:19 May 12711:19 May 12685: 12677: 12669: 12625: 12567: 12538: 12513: 12475: 12443: 12413: 12405: 12362: 12344:London 12319: 12311: 12303: 12254: 12246: 12236: 12214:Oxford 12102: 12077: 12045: 12012: 11900: 11834:Calvin 11761: 11696: 11660: 11601: 11564: 11433: 11408: 11378: 11370: 11352:Polity 11332: 11295: 11272: 11230: 11191: 11113: 11088: 11046: 11017: 10992: 10967: 10942: 10914: 10889: 10864: 10835: 10810: 10780: 10738: 10710: 10624: 10578: 10535: 10510: 10485: 10453: 10407: 10379: 10357: 10267: 10227: 10196: 10173:18 May 10101: 10031: 9970: 9942: 9908: 9864: 9839: 9812: 9752: 9724: 9675: 9644: 9600: 9572: 9547: 9518: 9493: 9450: 9421: 9396: 9371: 9343: 9318: 9231: 9206: 9181: 9155: 9145: 9122: 9114: 9048: 9024:18 May 8993:18 May 8941: 8918:, p. 4 8914: 8889: 8790: 8743: 8705: 8684:370638 8682: 8650: 8622: 8589: 8471: 8368: 8337: 8306: 8278: 8250: 8225: 8195: 8155: 8088: 8058: 8023:8 July 7993: 7960: 7885:Today 7822:Syrian 7820:, and 7777:, and 7738:, and 7717:Aivali 7713:Smyrna 7589:Aleppo 7528:Athens 7520:Edessa 7426:Tatian 7390:Arabic 7386:Syriac 7347:, and 7345:Turkey 7299:was a 7257:Arabic 7253:Syriac 7219:heresy 7189:Greece 7152:, and 7122:Venice 7118:Naples 7091:Romans 7038:' and 7032:Naples 6972:Great 6893:menses 6882:. 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