Role-playing video game

7399:, p. "The First Console RPG" "A devoted gamer could make a decent case for either of these Atari titles founding the RPG genre; nevertheless, there's no denying that Dragon Quest was the primary catalyst for the Japanese console RPG industry. And Japan is where the vast majority of console RPGs come from, to this day. Influenced by the popular PC RPGs of the day (most notably Ultima), both Excalibur and Dragon Quest "stripped down" the statistics while keeping features that can be found even in today's most technologically advanced titles. An RPG just wouldn't be complete, in many gamers' eyes, without a medieval setting, hit points, random enemy encounters, and endless supplies of gold. (...) The rise of the Japanese RPG as a dominant gaming genre and Nintendo's NES as the dominant console platform were closely intertwined." 591:(such as clothing, weapons, and armor) throughout the game world and collect it. Players can trade items for currency and better equipment. Trade takes place while interacting with certain friendly non-player characters, such as shopkeepers, and often uses a specialized trading screen. Purchased items go into the player's inventory. Some games turn inventory management into a logistical challenge by limiting the size of the player's inventory, thus forcing the player to decide what they must carry at the time. This can be done by limiting the maximum weight that a player can carry, by employing a system of arranging items in a virtual space, or by simply limiting the number of items that can be held. 4231: 3034:" scattered around the country, where patrons are able to pay to play multiplayer video games—possibly due to historical bans on Japanese imports, as well as a culture that traditionally sees video games as "frivolous toys" and computers as educational. As a result, some have wondered whether the stand-alone, single-player RPG is still viable commercially—especially on the personal computer—when there are competing pressures such as big-name publishers' marketing needs, video game piracy, a change in culture, and the competitive price-point-to-processing-power ratio (at least initially) of modern console systems. 1747:

featured intricately related characters who had distinctive personalities and traits, with players assuming the roles of people who cared about each other, fell in love or even had families. Romance in particular was a theme that was common in most console RPGs at the time but absent from most computer RPGs. During the 1990s, console RPGs had become increasingly dominant, exerting a greater influence on computer RPGs than the other way around. Console RPGs had eclipsed computer RPGs for some time, though computer RPGs began making a comeback towards the end of the decade with interactive choice-filled adventures.

3692:. Both genres also feature highly detailed characters, and a great deal of exploration. However, adventure games usually have a well-defined character, whereas while RPGs may do so, many allow the player to design their characters. Adventure games usually focus on one character, whereas RPGs often feature an entire party. RPGs also feature a combat system, which adventure games usually lack. Whereas both adventure games and RPGs may focus on the personal or psychological growth of characters, RPGs tend to emphasize a complex eternal economy where characters are defined by increasing numerical attributes. 12295: 466:(or GM for short) who can dynamically create the story, setting, and rules, and react to a player's choices. In role-playing video games, the computer performs the function of the gamemaster. This offers the player a smaller set of possible actions, since computers can't engage in imaginative acting comparable to a skilled human gamemaster. In exchange, the typical role-playing video game may have storyline branches, user interfaces, and stylized cutscenes and gameplay to offer a more direct storytelling mechanism. Characterization of non-player characters in video games is often handled using a 3992: 641:

spellcasters, thieves with stealth abilities, and clerics with healing abilities, or a mixed class, such as a fighter who can cast simple spells. Characters will also have a range of physical attributes such as dexterity and strength, which affect a player's performance in combat. Mental attributes such as intelligence may affect a player's ability to perform and learn spells, while social attributes such as charisma may limit the player's choices while conversing with non-player characters. These attribute systems often strongly resemble the

455:. While most games advance the plot when the player defeats an enemy or completes a level, role-playing games often progress the plot based on other important decisions. For example, a player may make the decision to join a guild, thus triggering a progression in the storyline that is usually irreversible. New elements in the story may also be triggered by mere arrival in an area, rather than completing a specific challenge. The plot is usually divided so that each game location is an opportunity to reveal a new chapter in the story. 486: 44: 652:, or equivalents such as psychic powers or advanced technology. These abilities are confined to specific characters such as mages, spellcasters, or magic-users. In games where the player controls multiple characters, these magic-users usually complement the physical strength of other classes. Magic can be used to attack, defend, or temporarily change an enemy or ally's attributes. While some games allow players to gradually consume a spell, as ammunition is consumed by a gun, most games offer players a finite amount of 74: 600: 8174:, pp. 255–257 "Thousands of players have gathered online in massively multiplayer worlds, but that meant that thousands of people might be vying for the status of hero. Too many heroes mean that nobody, or only the few, can be special. Fighting even the most dangerous of monsters gives less of an epic thrill when it is clear that it will simply regenerate after you have killed it, and when 13 parties of adventurers are waiting behind you in line for their turn. There is only one Frodo in the 932: 670: 799: 415: 2834: 3364: 555: 946: 2571:(2000) which offered multiple solutions to problems using intricately layered story options and individually constructed environments. Instead of simply bashing their way through levels, players were challenged to act in character by choosing dialog options appropriately, and by using the surrounding environment intelligently. This produced an experience that was unique and tailored to each situation as opposed to one that repeated itself endlessly. 3807: 1630: 2703: 1927:. As a result, Japanese console RPGs differentiated themselves with a stronger focus on scripted narratives and character drama, alongside streamlined gameplay. In recent years, these trends have in turn been adopted by WRPGs, which have begun moving more towards tightly structured narratives, in addition to moving away from "numbers and rules" in favor of streamlined combat systems similar to action games. In addition, a large number of Western 3517:(2003–2005) series. According to a few developers, it became increasingly difficult during the 2000s to develop games of this type for the PC in the West (though several had been developed in Eastern Europe with mixed results); and even some Japanese console RPG developers began to complain about a bias against turn-based systems. Reasons cited include Western publishers' focus on developing real-time and action-oriented games instead. 3389:, which were mainly tactical in their original form. The format of a tactical CRPG is also like a traditional RPG in its appearance, pacing and rule structure. Like standard RPGs, the player controls a finite party and battles a similar number of enemies. And like other RPGs, death is usually temporary, albeit some have permanent death of party members. But this genre incorporates strategic gameplay such as tactical movement on an 3649:(1995–2006) series, which combined tactical military combat with RPG-derived unit advancement. As a group, hybrid games have been both praised and criticized; being referred to by one critic as the "poor man's" RPG for omitting the dialogue choices and story-driven character development of major AAA titles; and by another critic as "promising" for shedding the conventions of more established franchises in an attempt to innovate. 3049: 701:, and accumulating a certain amount of experience will cause the character's level to go up. This is called "levelling up", and gives the player an opportunity to raise their character(s)'s attributes. Many RPGs allow players to choose how to improve their character, by allocating a finite number of points to the attributes of their choice. Gaining experience will also unlock new magic spells for characters that use magic. 6524:, p. 43: "Action-oriented RPGs were far more plentiful on consoles than computers. Brenesal’s comment brings us to an important point regarding computer and console games: modern computers are far more likely to have mice and keyboards than game pads, a factor with serious implications for gameplay. Game pads are designed with arcade-like gameplay in mind; keyboards and mice are primarily intended for productivity." 2286:, Brittany Vincent of RPGFan.com felt that "developers have mired the modern JRPG in unoriginality", citing Square Enix CEO Yoichi Wada who stated that "they're strictly catering to a particular audience", the article noting the difference in game sales between Japan and North America before going on to suggest JRPGs may need to "move forward". This criticism has also occurred in the wider media with an advertisement for 2467: 9328:(...) Modern computer RPGs tend to be a bit more complex than this. (...) Hybrid RPG can emphasize some other element of gameplay that are FAR less development-intensive than pure roleplaying games. Thus they are cheaper and easier to make. Does this make them the "poor-man's RPG?" Meaning a poor / inexpensive substitution for the real thing? (...) Maybe. 690:

difficult challenges, and gain even more power. This is part of the appeal of the genre, where players experience growing from an ordinary person into a superhero with amazing powers. Whereas other games give the player these powers immediately, the player in a role-playing game will choose their powers and skills as they gain experience.

747:. Once a certain amount of experience is gained, the character advances a level. In some games, level-up occurs automatically when the required amount of experience is reached; in others, the player can choose when and where to advance a level. Likewise, abilities and attributes may increase automatically or manually. 1869:(JRPGs) remained, rooted in the earlier distinctions. Though sharing fundamental premises, WRPGs tend to feature darker graphics, older characters, and a greater focus on roaming freedom, realism, and the underlying game mechanics (e.g. "rules-based" or "system-based"); whereas JRPGs tend to feature brighter, 3580:

A steadily increasing number of other non-RP video games have adopted aspects traditionally seen in RPGs, such as experience point systems, equipment management, and choices in dialogue, as developers push to fill the demand for role-playing elements in non-RPGs. The blending of these elements with a

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is a minority religion in Japan and depictions of Christian symbolism and themes in Japanese media are fraught with potential controversy. This tends to be problematic when JRPGs are exported to Western countries such as the United States where the topics of religion and blasphemy remain sensitive. A

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is not even really an RPG; criticisms regarding seemingly nebulous justifications by some Japanese designers for newly changed (or, alternately, newly un-changed) features of recent titles; calls among some gaming journalists to "fix" JRPGs' problems; as well as claims that some recent titles such as

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represented the state of the art in role-playing games. In Japan, home computers had yet to take as great a hold as they had in the West due to their cost; there was little market for Western-developed games and there were a few Japanese-developed games for personal computers during this time such as

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Role-playing games may have the player focus only on a single character throughout the game; the character may be joined by computer-controlled allies outside of the player's control. Other games feature a party that the player can create at the start or gather from non-player characters in the game,

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Many role-playing games allow players to play as an evil character. Although robbing and murdering indiscriminately may make it easier to get money, there are usually consequences in that other characters will become uncooperative or even hostile towards the player. Thus, these games allow players to

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The player typically must complete a linear sequence of certain quests in order to reach the end of the game's story. Many RPGs also often allow the player to seek out optional side-quests and character interactions. Quests of this sort can be found by talking to a non-player character, and there may

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Back in late 2001 we got our first look at an impressive game called Oblivion Lost, then a squad-based action game from GSC Game World. In 2007 the title that we now know as S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl finally released, plunging players into a survival-FPS-RPG hybrid and the post-apocalyptic

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series, with a large number of interactable NPCs, large amount of content and typically some of the largest worlds to explore and longest play-times of all RPGs due to an impressive amount of secondary content not critical to the game's main storyline. Sandbox RPGs often attempt to emulate an entire

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serve only one purpose, be it to buy or sell items or upgrade the player's abilities, or issue them with combat-centric quests. Problems players face also often have an action-based solution, such as breaking a wooden door open with an axe rather than finding the key needed to unlock it, though some

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throws into high relief the sheer artificiality of the gaming community's obsession over the differences between" Western and Japanese RPGs, pointing out that it "does things that don't really fit into either genre. Gamers do love their boundaries and barriers and neat little rules, I know, but just

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The premise of many role-playing games tasks the player with saving the world, or whichever level of society is threatened. There are often twists and turns as the story progresses, such as the surprise appearance of estranged relatives, or enemies who become friends or vice versa. The game world is

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The world of Paradise Cracked was largely influenced by such movies as Matrix, Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell, as well as novels of Philip K. Dick and various other cyberpunk writers. It actually has one of the most interesting plots ever—but I won't give it away just yet. The game's genre can

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Lastly, while in recent years Western RPGs have consistently been released on consoles such as the Xbox and Xbox 360, these systems have not shown as much market dominance in Eastern markets such as Japan, and only a few Western RPG titles have been localized to Japanese. Further, RPGs were not the

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states that, in contrast to JRPGs, WRPGs' greater control over the development and customization of playable characters has come at the expense of plot and gameplay, resulting in what he felt was generic dialogue, lack of character development within the narrative and weaker battle systems. He also

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outcomes. Japanese RPGs are also sometimes criticized for having relatively simple battle systems in which players are able to win by repetitively mashing buttons. As a result, Japanese-style role-playing games are held in disdain by some Western gamers, leading to the term "JRPG" being held in the

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system, only one character may act at a time; all other characters remain still, with a few exceptions that may involve the use of special abilities. The order in which the characters act is usually dependent on their attributes, such as speed or agility. This system rewards strategic planning more

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The game's story is often mapped onto exploration, where each chapter of the story is mapped onto a different location. RPGs usually allow players to return to previously visited locations. Usually, there is nothing left to do there, although some locations change throughout the story and offer the

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Role-playing video games typically rely on a highly developed story and setting, which is divided into a number of quests. Players control one or several characters by issuing commands, which are performed by the character at an effectiveness determined by that character's numeric attributes. Often

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For Japan, the Famicom's Fire Emblem: Ankoku Ryu to Hikari is the archetype for the whole genre. Over the years, franchises like Tactics Ogre and Final Fantasy Tactics have offered unique twists and refinements, but the basic conceits have remained the same, with square-based grid being one of the

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Japanese publishers have been singing the "I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)" song from The Jungle Book for the past few years and it's no longer flattering. Instead of borrowing elements and making them their own, the publishers have opted to assimilate and attempt to hide within the Western

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requires you not only to control your character's every move in combat, but also his dodging of enemy blows, whether he kicks or stabs, etc. The two forms of play: "arcade" and "role-playing" seem to be mixing more and more in computer and cartridge games. We'll see how far this trend goes, but I

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Last year also saw the coattail effect of traditional bestselling CRPGs being ported over onto dedicated game machines as the new market of machines blossomed into money trees. Games like Ultima, Shadowgate, and Defender of the Crown appeared to mixed reviews. These stalwarts of computer fame were

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As Japanese console RPGs became increasingly more dominant in the 1990s, and became known for being more heavily story and character-based, American computer RPGs began to face criticism for having characters devoid of personality or background, due to representing avatars which the player uses to

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graphics, younger characters, turn-based or faster-paced action gameplay, and a greater focus on tightly-orchestrated, linear storylines with intricate plots (e.g. "action-based" or "story-based"). Further, WRPGs are more likely to allow players to create and customize characters from scratch, and

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in the game world, not an end in itself. A turn-based system makes it possible, for example, to run within range of an opponent and kill them before they get a chance to act, or duck out from behind hard cover, fire, and retreat back without an opponent being able to fire, which are of course both

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The core elements of a computer roleplaying game are pretty simple and straightforward. You basically have a task resolution system for an individual unit based on its statistics. Mix this with the ability to modify those stats through circumstances, equipment, spells, level increase or whatever.

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One of the absolute essentials from that era was X-COM: UFO Defense, which defined western tactical RPGs every bit as much as Fire Emblem did for strategy RPGs in the east. ... The crux of the game is efficiently defeating the aliens in turn-based combat, building up various bases, and outfitting

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Many tactical RPGs can be both extremely time-consuming and extremely difficult. Hence, the appeal of most tactical RPGs is to the hardcore, not casual, computer and video game player. Traditionally, tactical RPGs have been quite popular in Japan but have not enjoyed the same degree of success in

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Most of the actions in an RPG are performed indirectly, with the player selecting an action and the character performing it by their own accord. Success at that action depends on the character's numeric attributes. Role-playing video games often simulate dice-rolling mechanics from non-electronic

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Tactical RPGs have been gaining popularity in the United States since a PS1 game called Final Fantasy Tactics introduced a legion of gamers to its detail-oriented strategy. ... Although FFT is often praised for giving birth to the tactical RPG genre, that PS1 masterpiece would never have existed

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It wasn't too long ago that I mentioned how difficult it is to get into tactical RPGs. It's an intimidating genre, what with all the grids and customization and names like Tactics Ogre. People are worried that they won't understand what's going on. That it'll be hard. That it'll be boring. So if

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One common challenge in developing action RPGs is including content beyond that of killing enemies. With the sheer number of items, locations and monsters found in many such games, it can be difficult to create the needed depth to offer players a unique experience tailored to his or her beliefs,

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Western RPGs have also received criticism in recent years. They remain less popular in Japan, where, until recently, Western games in general had a negative reputation. In Japan, where the vast majority of early console role-playing video games originate, Western RPGs remain largely unknown. The

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Console RPGs distinguished themselves from computer RPGs to a greater degree in the early 1990s. As console RPGs became more heavily story-based than their computer counterparts, one of the major differences that emerged during this time was in the portrayal of the characters. Console RPGs often

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Role-playing games require the player to manage a large amount of information and frequently make use of a windowed interface. For example, spell-casting characters will often have a menu of spells they can use. On the PC, players typically use the mouse to click on icons and menu options, while

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or reaching the conclusion of a central storyline. Players explore a game world, while solving puzzles and engaging in combat. A key feature of the genre is that characters grow in power and abilities, and characters are typically designed by the player. RPGs rarely challenge a player's physical

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Lastly, there exist markets such as Korea and China that, while saturated with MMORPGs, have so far proved relatively unreceptive to single-player RPGs. For instance, Internet-connected personal computers are relatively common in Korea when compared to other regions—particularly in the numerous

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Further, MMORPGs have been criticized for diluting the "epic" feeling of single-player RPGs and related media among thousands of concurrent adventurers. Stated simply: every player wants to be "The Hero", slay "The Monster", rescue "The Princess", or obtain "The Magic Sword". But when there are

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How do you beat your own record? How do you out-do a one-of-a-kind FPS/RPG hybrid that met substantial critical acclaim and garnered praise from gamers across the board? Perhaps this is one question that Ion Storm shouldn't have asked, for while Deus Ex: Invisible war is a functional, and even

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Publishers run a mile from anything with turn-based mechanics—it is regarded as too niche. RTS games pretty much killed off turn-based strategy games in the mid-90s—but now even RTS games are regarded as niche. (...) Thanks to 'Advance Wars', 'Fire Emblem' and 'Final Fantasy Tactics' it seems

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The interesting wrinkle here is that when outside of battle, it's possible to explore the world in the same manner as any other RPG, and that's where Dragon Age Journeys has something in common with western tactical RPGs. The X-Coms of the world have always a great deal more freedom than even

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introduced a character progression system allowing the player to change the party's character classes during the course of the game. Another "major innovation was the introduction of day/night cycles; certain items, characters, and quests are only accessible at certain times of day." In 1989,

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of the game's avatar will develop through storytelling, characters may also become more functionally powerful by gaining new skills, weapons, and magic. This creates a positive-feedback cycle that is central to most role-playing games: The player grows in power, allowing them to overcome more

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have imported real-time choices without emphasizing coordination or reflexes. Other systems combine real-time combat with the ability to pause the game and issue orders to all characters under his/her control; when the game is unpaused, all characters follow the orders they were given. This

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More recently, with more powerful home computers and gaming systems, new variations of roguelikes incorporating other gameplay genres, thematic elements and graphical styles have become popular, typically retaining the notion of procedural generation. These titles are sometimes labeled as

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trilogy (of which only two games were released); the first game contains 888 "textlets" (usually much longer than a single paragraph) spread across 13 booklets, while the second contains 50,000 paragraphs spread across 14 booklets. Most of the games from this era are turn-based, although

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impossibilities. However, tactical possibilities have been created by this unreality that did not exist before; the player determines whether the loss of immersion in the reality of the game is worth the satisfaction gained from the development of the tactic and its successful execution.

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screen. This allows players to choose their character's sex, their race or species, and their character class. Although many of these traits are cosmetic, there are functional aspects as well. Character classes will have different abilities and strengths. Common classes include fighters,

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has some features of the classic arcade game: combat is direct. Each push of the button results in one swing of the sword, which if it connects, harms or kills an enemy. In standard computer roleplaying games, at least until recently, combat is more abstract. But all that is changing.

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origins, MOBA is a fusion of role-playing games, real-time strategy games, and action games, with RPG elements built in its core gameplay. A key features, such as control over one character in a party, growth in power over the course of match, learning new thematic abilities, using of

2407:), noting that both these Western and Japanese titles share a similar emphasis on linear storytelling, pre-defined characters and "bright-colored" graphics. The developer Hironobu Sakaguchi also noted there are many games from both that don't fit such categorizations, such as his own 9491:

SpellForce is making the future of hybrid genre games look very positive indeed. (...) However, I do have a penchant for armies of minions doing my bidding and I do enjoy RPG elements in a game, which is why I was quite interested in the release of Phenomic's SpellForce, an RPG/RTS

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elements commonly found in Japanese console RPGs at the time. In the early 1990s, American computer RPGs also began facing criticism for their plots, where "the party sticks together through thick and thin" and always "act together as a group" rather than as individuals, and where

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make moral choices, but force players to live with the consequences of their actions. Games often let the player control an entire party of characters. However, if winning is contingent upon the survival of a single character, then that character effectively becomes the player's

1380:" of computer RPGs, is the use of numbered "paragraphs" printed in the manual or adjunct booklets, containing the game's lengthier texts; the player can be directed to read a certain paragraph, instead of being shown the text on screen. The ultimate exemplar of this approach is 8682:

you've made it past all those fears and you're ready to take the plunge, congratulations. You're a lot stronger than I was while contemplating Final Fantasy Tactics a decade ago. But people like you have also been asking me the same question, time and time again—where to start?

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monsters in key positions, and automatically trigger battles with them when the PCs enter these locations or perform certain actions. Combat options typically involve positioning characters, selecting which enemy to attack, and exercising special skills such as casting spells.

2473: 2471: 2468: 1953:, or "cuteness", in Japanese culture, and different approaches with respect to character aesthetics. WRPGs tend to maintain a serious and gritty tone, whereas JRPG protagonists tend to be designed with an emphasis on aesthetic beauty, and even male characters are often young, 5602: 2769:

feature, forcing players to draw their own maps in order to keep track of their progress. Environmental and spatial puzzles are common, meaning players may need to, for instance, move a stone in one part of the level in order to open a gate in another part of the level.

2472: 3671:, RPGs are often about a small group of individual characters. Wargames tend to have large groups of identical units, as well as non-humanoid units such as tanks and airplanes. Role-playing games do not normally allow the player to produce more units. However, the 1781:

video seamlessly blended into the gameplay, effectively integrated throughout the game. The game was soon ported to the PC and gained much success there, as did several other originally console RPGs, blurring the line between the console and computer platforms.

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RPGs, allow the player a great amount of freedom and usually feature a more open free-roaming world (meaning the player is not confined to a single path restricted by rocks or fences etc.). Sandbox RPGs possess similarities to other sandbox games, such as the

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Typically action RPGs feature each player directly controlling a single character in real time, and feature a strong focus on combat and action with plot and character interaction kept to a minimum. Early action RPGs tended to follow the template set by 1980s

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Older games often separated combat into its own mode of gameplay, distinct from exploring the game world. More recent games tend to maintain a consistent perspective for exploration and combat. Some games, especially earlier video games, generate battles from

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When choosing a team to develop a project of this type and scale, it was obvious that we needed Russian developers, the same people that created games with similarities to Jagged Alliance 2, both in genre and the time setting. I'm referring to releases like

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Although superficially similar to single-player RPGs, MMORPGs lend their appeal more to the socializing influences of being online with hundreds or even thousands of other players at a time, and trace their origins more from MUDs than from CRPGs like

2447:, respectively; negative depictions of organized religions; and "characters banding together and killing God." Nintendo has made efforts in the past to remove references such as these prior to introducing their games into the North American market. 8745:

The tactical RPG genre may not be a chart-topper in the West, but hardcore followers of Japanese RPG specialists Nippon Ichi will be delighted to hear that the studio is bringing the latest instalment to its critically acclaimed series to PS3 next

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where the player controls the actions of a character (or several party members) immersed in some well-defined world, usually involving some form of character development by way of recording statistics. Many role-playing video games have origins in

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offered players the option to play in either turn-based or RTwP mode via a configuration setting. The latter also offered a "fast turn-based" mode, though all three of the game's modes were criticized for being poorly balanced and oversimplified.

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noted that "users like to categorise" WRPGs as "a sort of different style, born from first person shooters." In recent years, some have also criticized WRPGs for becoming less RPG-like, instead with further emphasis on action. Christian Nutt of

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development team that the label "JRPG" is most commonly used to refer to RPGs "whose presentation mimics the design sensibilities" of anime and manga, that it's "typically the presentation and character archetypes" that signal "this is a JRPG."

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for being the fastest selling computer game ever sold, with more than 1 million units sold in the first two weeks of availability; though this number has been surpassed several times since. A number of RPGs are also being exhibited in the

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games featured timed turns: they were strictly turn-based, but if the player waited more than a second or so to issue a command, the game would automatically issue a pass command, allowing the monsters to take a turn while the PCs did nothing.

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graphics. These games were popularized among college students and computer programmers of the 1980s and 1990s, leading to a large number of variants but adhering to these common gameplay elements. Some of the more well-known variants include

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RPGs seldom test a player's physical skill. Combat is typically a tactical challenge rather than a physical one, and games involve other non-action gameplay such as choosing dialog options, inventory management, or buying and selling items.

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Model 1, is just 16K long and includes a limited word parser command line, character generation, a store to purchase equipment, combat, traps to solve, and a dungeon to explore. Other contemporaneous CRPGs (Computer Role Playing Games) were

883:. Other names for "real-time with pause" include "active pause" and "semi real-time". Tactical RPG maker Apeiron named their system Smart Pause Mode (SPM) because it would automatically pause based on a number of user-configurable settings. 2946:. Rather than focusing on the "old school" considerations of memorizing huge numbers of stats and esoterica and battling it out in complex, tactical environments, players instead spend much of their time forming and maintaining guilds and 1776:

and much higher production values. The latter includes innovations such as the use of 3D characters on pre-rendered backgrounds, battles viewed from multiple different angles rather than a single angle, and for the first time full-motion

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version as of March 31, 2009. Among these titles, none were PC-exclusives, three were North American multi-platform titles released for consoles like the Xbox and Xbox 360, and three were Japanese titles released for consoles like the

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The story often provides much of the entertainment in the game. Because these games have strong storylines, they can often make effective use of recorded dialog and voiceover narration. Players of these games tend to appreciate long

1969:. The stylistic differences are often due to differing target audiences: Western RPGs are usually geared primarily towards teenage to adult males, whereas Japanese RPGs are usually intended for a much larger demographic, including 470:. Saying the right things to the right non-player characters will elicit useful information for the player, and may even result in other rewards such as items or experience, as well as opening up possible storyline branches. 8978:

subgenres most recognizable traits. Western SRPGs, however, have generally allowed for a bit more freedom of movement, with some like Freedom Force (and Dawn of War II, if you're willing to call it an SRPG) going real-time.

2247:" offered by Japanese console RPGs, which instead emphasized character interactions. In response, North American computer RPGs began making a comeback towards the end of the 1990s with interactive choice-filled adventures. 2536:, and an attack button that animates a sword swing or projectile attack on the screen. The game was largely responsible for the surge of action-oriented RPGs released since the late 1980s, both in Japan and North America. 1827:(1986) was the first such attempt to recreate a role-playing game for a console, and requires several simplifications to fit within the more limited memory and capabilities of the Famicom compared to computers; players in 2971:... You can go to shops and get food, but when you get on the boat for the pirate ride, you're in your own version of reality. Once the ride starts, you are blissfully unaware of the boats in front of you and behind you. 1831:

controlled only a single character, the amount of control over this character limited due to the simplicity of the Famicom controller, and a less-realistic art style was chosen to better visualize the characters within a

10374: 4468:. However, it has been speculated that the spike in funded projects at around this time was the result of a "Kickstarter bubble", and that a subsequent slump in project funding was due to "Kickstarter fatigue". 3426:

in Japan) refers to the distinct subgenre that was born in Japan; as the early origins of tactical RPGs are difficult to trace from the American side of the Pacific, where much of the early RPG genre developed.

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At one time, action RPGs were much more common on consoles than on computers. Though there had been attempts at creating action-oriented computer RPGs during the late 1980s and early 1990s, often in the vein of

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Some journalists and video game designers have questioned this cultural classification, arguing that the differences between Eastern and Western games have been exaggerated. In an interview held at the American

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Cutumisu, Maria; Szafron, Duane; Schaeffer, Jonathan; McNaughton, Matthew; Roy, Thomas; Onuczko, Curtis; Carbonaro, Mike (September–October 2006). "Generating Ambient Behaviors in Computer Role-Playing Games".

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series randomize the structure of individual levels, increasing the game's variety and replay value. Role-playing games where players complete quests by exploring randomly generated dungeons and which include

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Final Fantasy Tactics did much the same thing for tactical RPGs that Final Fantasy VII did for the genre as a whole—made it more popular, more accessible, and more visible to the rest of the gaming world.

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readers' poll is dominated by RPGs, with nearly a dozen titles appearing in the top twenty; while most were Japanese, a few Western titles also made a showing. The highest-ranking games on the list were

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which can be spent on any spell. Mana is restored by resting or by consuming potions. Characters can also gain other non-magical skills, which stay with the character for as long as the character lives.

3488:, giving games a new lease on life and exposure to new audiences. Japanese video games such as these are as a result no longer nearly as rare a commodity in North America as they were during the 1990s. 5327: 2243:

interact with the world, in contrast to Japanese console RPGs which depicted characters with distinctive personalities. American computer RPGs were thus criticized for lacking "more of the traditional

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Developers had long considered writing a graphical MUD. the last major 2D virtual environment in the West marked the true beginning of the fifth age of MUDs: Origin Systems' 1997 Ultima Online (UO).

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Not long ago, I received a letter from a Dragon Magazine reader. This particular woman attacked the whole concept of cartridge-based role-playing games very vigorously, claiming that games such as

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Role-playing video games also typically attempt to offer more complex and dynamic character interaction than what is found in other video game genres. This usually involves additional focus on the

2591:'s effect on the market was significant: it had many imitators and its style of combat went on to be used by many games that came after. For many years afterwards, games that closely mimicked the 697:

and character levels. Experience is usually earned by defeating enemies in combat, with some games offering experience for completing certain quests or conversations. Experience becomes a form of

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Earlier role-playing video games used a two-dimensional top-down view or tile-based first-person view. Early action-based role-playing games often used a side-scrolling view. Most notably since

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In this Gamasutra analysis piece, Tom Cross looks at GSC Game World's S.T.A.L.K.E.R: Clear Sky and its odd combination of FPS, RPG and tower defense game, examining the art of gameplay hybrids.

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Due to the cultural differences between Western and Japanese variations of role-playing games, both have often been compared and critiqued by those within the video games industry and press.

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series. Likewise, Rowan Kaiser of Joystiq points out that linear WRPGs were common in the 1990s, and argues that many of the often mentioned differences between Eastern and Western games are

2091:, stated that "I don't know when exactly people started using the term 'JRPG,' but if this game makes people rethink the meaning of this term, I'll be satisfied." The writer Jeremy Parish of 7305: 3004:, where groups of players would compete and sometimes harass each other in order to get monsters in the same dungeon to drop valuable items, leading to several undesirable behaviors such as 2469: 1210:

graphics where the setting, monsters and items were represented by letters and a deep system of gameplay, it inspired a whole genre of similar clones on mainframe and home computers called "

10972: 11414: 9505: 3159:"roguelike-like", "rogue-lite", or "procedural death labyrinths" to reflect the variation from titles which mimic the gameplay of traditional roguelikes more faithfully. Other games, like 969:(1992), role-playing games started implementing true three-dimensional (3D) graphics, where players typically navigate the game world from a first or third-person perspective. However, an 3705:, uses resource statistics (abbreviated as "stats") to define a wide range of attributes including stamina, weapon proficiency, driving, lung capacity, and muscle tone, and uses numerous 2149:

were ported to consoles, they received mixed reviews from console gamers, as they were "not perceived, by many of the players, to be as exciting as the Japanese imports", and lacked the

1892:, and often do not allow the option to create or choose one's own playable characters or make decisions that alter the plot. In the early 1990s, JRPGs were seen as being much closer to 1376:. These games feature a first-person display for movement, combined with an overhead tactical display for combat. One common feature of RPGs from this era, which Matt Barton calls the " 477:

role-playing games can offer an exception to this contrast by allowing human interaction among multiple players and in some cases enabling a player to perform the role of a gamemaster.

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would continue to exert an influence on the transition of both console and computer RPGs from stat-heavy, turn-based combat towards real-time action combat in the following decades.

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player new things to do in response. Players must acquire enough power to overcome a major challenge in order to progress to the next area, and this structure can be compared to the

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Lastly, there are a number of "full-fledged" CRPGs which could be described as having "tactical combat". Examples from the classic era of CRPGs include parts of the aforementioned

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in appearance. JRPGs often have cute characters, juxtaposed with more mature themes and situations; and many modern JRPGs feature characters designed in the same style as those in

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has text on the right indicating what events have transpired, and gives the players options (bottom) based on their character's abilities. At left is the character's current stats.

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Although some single-player role-playing games give the player an avatar that is largely predefined for the sake of telling a specific story, many role-playing games make use of a

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Valkyria Chronicles, and Dragon Age takes that one step further by offering actual dungeons to explore, rather than asking players to take on simple missions like 'kill everyone.'

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The ancestors of MMORPGS were text-based multiuser domains (MUDs) Indeed, MUDs generate perhaps the one historical connection between game-based VR and the traditional program

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series (as well as many of the spin-off games) have sold over a million copies each, with some games selling more than four million copies. Square Enix's best-selling title is

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magazine's "100 Greatest Games of All Time" list as the highest-ranking RPG, at #2 on the list. On IGN's "Top 100 Games Of All Time" list in 2007, the highest ranking RPG is

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for the NES introduced side-view battles, with the player characters on the right and the enemies on the left, which soon became the norm for numerous console RPGs. In 1988,

923:. Representations of the player characters and monsters would move around an arena modeled after the surrounding terrain, attacking any enemies that are sufficiently close. 1660:

In 1987, the genre came into its own with the release of several highly influential console RPGs distinguishing themselves from computer RPGs, including the genre-defining

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have generally allowed greater freedom of movement when interacting with the surrounding environment than their Eastern counterparts. Other similar examples include the

10382: 8514: 3767:, turn-based RPGs have been unfairly criticized as being outdated, and action-based RPGs can frustrate players who are unable to keep up with the battles. According to 1861:

By the early 2000s, the distinction between platforms became less pronounced as the same games appeared on both console and computer, but stylistic differences between

10054: 8004: 7562: 3788: 10009: 766:, which emphasized developing the character's skills by using them—meaning that if a character wields a sword for some time, he or she will become proficient with it. 9795: 3955:, including "Best Selling Role Playing Game on the Super Famicom", "Fastest Selling Game in Japan", and "First Video Game Series to Inspire a Ballet". Likewise, the 9392:

enjoyable title on its own, it is a far cry from its predecessor, and bears several serious flaws that keep it from being anything other than a mediocre experience.

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Deus Ex, often considered one of the best PC games ever made, is a FPS/RPG hybrid about uncovering an international conspiracy in a near-future, cyber-punk setting.

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Gameplay elements strongly associated with this genre, such as statistical character development, have been widely adapted to other video game genres. For example,

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felt that JRPGs "are all the same" and "too linear", to which he responded that "or the most part, it's true" but noted there are also non-linear JRPGs such as the

11972: 11120: 825:; more modern RPGs are more likely to have persistent wandering monsters that move about the game world independently of the player. Most RPGs also use stationary 10271: 8614:

The roots of tactical RPGs go back to tabletop role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons and old-school wargames; in other words, the roots of gaming itself.

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Tactical role-playing games often involve moving troops turn by turn across a map to defeat foes or capture territory, as depicted similarly in this illustration.

1768:, which is considered one of the most influential games of all time. With a record-breaking production budget of around $ 45 million, the ambitious scope of 12042: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 6535: 4538:

can stem piracy to some degree, and MMO and single-player RPGs may to some degree attract different audiences—and thus not interfere with each other financially.

328:. Other major similarities with pen-and-paper games include developed story-telling and narrative elements, player character development, complexity, as well as 228: 11301: 1227: 9306: 8879:

Final Fantasy Tactics is being given a new lease of life on Game Boy Advance, and Capcom has plans to release an Onimusha Tactics title in the near future too.

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pejorative. Some observers have also speculated that JRPGs are stagnating or declining in both quality and popularity, including remarks by BioWare co-founder

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crowd. Herein lies the problem with Front Mission Evolved: It wants to be so much more than it has been in the past and ends up stalling at the starting line.

5157: 2322:, to the effect that JRPGs were never as popular in the West to begin with, and that Western reviewers are biased against turn-based systems. Jeff Fleming of 4977: 4525:

Though some argue this has not been the case outside of tactical RPGs, while others argue that combat systems in JRPGs are too complex or lack accessibility.

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noted that, among computer gamers, there was criticism against cartridge-based console JRPGs being "not role-playing at all" due to popular examples such as

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Ryan, John (August 1989). "Games Gallery: From Board Game to Mainframe to Personal Computer, Here's a Look at the Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games".

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as a means of reducing competition over limited resources, as well as preserving the gaming experience—though this mechanic has its own set of detractors.

619:

role-playing games to determine success or failure. As a character's attributes improve, their chances of succeeding at a particular action will increase.

10749: 10332: 9119:, Night Watch, Brigade E5 and others. Such projects have not been created in western countries for a long time, which can make development more difficult. 5660: 2746:

series. Games of this type are sometimes called "blobbers", since the player moves the entire party around the playing field as a single unit, or "blob".

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s list of its 200 best games of all time list, in 8th place; and is also one of the eight games to get a cover for the magazine's 200th issue. The 2006

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games, have also been criticized for lacking in "narrative strength" or "mechanical intricacy" due to the open-ended, sandbox structure of their games.

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Computer-driven role-playing games had their start in Western markets, with games generally geared to be played on home computers. By 1985, series like

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As the Tactical RPG genre has grown in recognition and popularity, it was inevitable that a few would manage to make their way to the handheld systems.

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or aerial top-down perspective is common in party-based RPGs, in order to give the player a clear view of their entire party and their surroundings.

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game is often cited as the first true role-playing video game for consoles. Further, despite being released later, Western audiences often consider

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choices or actions. This is doubly true if a game makes use of randomization, as is common. One notable example of a game which went beyond this is

915:, monsters and the party are arrayed into ranks, and can only attack enemies in the front rank with melee weapons. Other games, such as most of the 8231:

Spawn camp affords an absolute position, controlling the game not by strategic action but through immobility—to the extent that popular games like

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with $ 4,188,927 raised via Kickstarter. Kickstarted games have been released for the personal computer, video game console, and mobile platforms.

3422:(1983), considered a pioneer in the strategy/simulation RPG genre, according to Nintendo. Conventionally, however, the term tactical RPG (known as 2794:

Though many of the original RPGs for the PLATO mainframe system in the late 1970s also supported multiple, simultaneous players, the popularity of

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series, with over 110 million units and over 64 million units sold as of March 31, 2014, respectively. Nearly all the games in the main

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on all three platforms as of November 2008, also only a few months after publication; 3 million units for both the Xbox and PC versions of

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Diveky, Marko; Bielikova, Maria (29 September – 2 October 2009). "Generating Educational Interactive Stories in Computer Role-Playing Games".

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game, features heroes that can complete quests, obtain new equipment, and "learn" new abilities as they advance in level. A community-created

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states that WRPGs tend to focus more on the underlying rules governing the battle system rather than on the experience itself. Tom Battey of

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Although the RPG has gained popularity in the US, its tactical offshoot, the strategy-RPG, has had a harder time gaining similar popularity.

7704: 5691: 5629: 5565: 10849: 10708: 3752:, leveling and accumulation of experience points, equipment and inventory management, completing quests, and fighting with the stationary 10218: 7079: 6660:

Adams, Roe R. (November 1990), "Westward Ho! (Toward Japan, That Is): An Overview of the Evolution of CRPGs on Dedicated Game Machines",

2037:) emphasized that RPGs should not be classified by country-of-origin, but rather described simply for what they are: role-playing games. 1517: 1223: 990: 986: 175: 165: 10310: 9435: 8828: 8759: 6211: 5900: 12080: 9661: 8991: 7923: 7603: 6848: 3838: 3792: 3375:

as an alternative to traditional role-playing game (RPG) systems. Tactical RPGs are descendants of traditional strategy games, such as

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multiplayer mode that allowed up to four players to enter the same world and fight monsters, trade items, or fight against each other.

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was the 19th best-selling PC game of 2008—a full seven years after the game's initial release; and 11 million users still played

1311:, for example, uses both perspectives). Most of the key features of RPGs were developed in this early period, prior to the release of 12034: 11964: 10624: 9029: 6571: 6105: 5956: 3945: 3904:

has sold the largest amount, with the most recently cited number being over 4 million copies as of 2001. However, copies of the

2950:. The distinction between CRPGs and MMORPGs and MUDs can as a result be very sharp, likenable to the difference between "attending a 2631:—the last of which was developed by a team headed by former Blizzard employees, some of whom had participated in the creation of the 1468: 891: 783:" for completing quests, which then can be directly used to buy skills and attributes without having to wait until the next level up. 708:, which can be used to unlock a new skill or improve an existing one. This may sometimes be implemented as a skill tree. As with the 248: 11331: 6745: 6474: 6447: 6136: 5450: 4550:

was also released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 3, 2013, as well as the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on August 19, 2014.

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text characters to represent objects in the game world. The position of the main character in this image is indicated by the symbol

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styles have created a myriad of hybrid game categories formed by mixing popular gameplay elements featured in other genres such as

775: 17: 11089: 7253: 7110: 6942: 5832: 2714:

clone. All four members of the players' party move around the game world as a single unit, or "blob", in first-person perspective.

2203:

battle systems associated with computer RPGs. In response, he pointed out that not all console RPGs are action-based, pointing to

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suspect there will always be a place for a game which is totally cerebral in combat, instead of relying on reflexes. For every

5534: 5290: 5034: 4176: 3572:—all released in 2014. Partly due to the release of these games 2014 has been called "the first year of the CRPG renaissance". 317: 267: 10516: 8340: 3431:

North America and elsewhere. However, the audience for Japanese tactical RPGs has grown substantially since the mid-90s, with

11759: 11672: 11644: 11616: 11532: 11511: 11441: 10573: 10479: 10347: 8793: 8524: 8224: 8148: 8117: 7839: 7806: 7768: 7554: 6996: 6782: 6002: 4898: 4838: 4736: 885: 11749: 10911: 10881: 9405: 9013:

be called tactical RPG, drawing some of its best features from such games as X-Com, Jagged Alliance, Incubation and Fallout.

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noted that the problems often cited against JRPGs also often apply to many WRPGs as well as games outside of the RPG genre.

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Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time

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Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time

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Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time

7276: 7050: 12047: 8956: 8892: 8593: 6600: 4086: 3613: 11128: 10650: 10062: 9215: 3779:, turn-based RPGs allow the player time to make decisions without feeling rushed or worry about real-life distractions. 2861:(1991). Soon, driven by the mainstream adoption of the Internet, these parallel trends merged in the popularization of 2104:

criticizes the claim that JRPGs are "too linear", pointing out that non-linear JRPGs are not uncommon—for instance, the

10279: 9341: 9135: 8437: 5480: 2658:

Also included within this subgenre are role-playing shooters—games that incorporate elements of role-playing games and

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about the rapid character growth. To a lesser extent, settings closer to the present day or near future are possible.

13160: 12967: 11309: 10941: 6969: 5815: 5766: 4729:

Learning in the Synergy of Multiple Disciplines: 4th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, Proceedings

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gameplay, offering two-player and three-player action once the main character had acquired his party members. Later,

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One reason given for these differences is that many early Japanese console RPGs can be seen as forms of interactive

11851: 9478: 8919: 7643: 5165: 5008: 3796: 3625: 3213: 2761: 1692: 1614: 994: 719:

Three different systems of rewarding the player characters for solving the tasks in the game can be set apart: the

243: 9634: 8311:"PC-Bang (Room) Culture: A Study of Korean College Students' Private and Public Use of Computers and the Internet" 4985: 3473:

for the PS1 is often considered the breakthrough title outside Japan.) Older TRPGs are also being re-released via

2415:

games, noting there have been many other such Japanese role-playing games that never released in Western markets.

2364:

games have been criticized for "lack of innovation, repetitive structure and lack of real choice." WRPGs, such as

13099: 12697: 12622: 12342: 6079: 4328: 3985: 3977: 3740: 3400:

A number of early Western role-playing video games used a highly tactical form of combat, including parts of the

2877: 2051:, noted that, while "users like to categorise" JRPGs as "turn-based, traditional styles" and WRPGs as "born from 1674: 1261: 9314: 6875: 6301: 1422:

Later, in the middle to late 1990s, isometric, sprite-based RPGs became commonplace, with video game publishers

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series topped several "RPGs of the Decade" lists. RPGFan's "Top 20 RPGs of the Past Decade" list was topped by

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games of the late '80s and early '90s, many of which were later ported to Japanese video game systems; and the

2296:) in Japan openly mocked Japanese RPGs' traditional characteristics in favor of their own title. Nick Doerr of 1850:. Because of these differences, the role-playing genre began to be classified into two fairly distinct styles: 1773: 839: 678: 200: 4811: 3843: 2959:

Single-player games are great, and I love them. They have a great feature. Your life is very special. You are

12895: 12617: 12392: 11219: 11185: 9882: 9720: 4962: 3984:" exhibit (starting in 2012); and video game developers are now finally able to apply for grants from the US 3697: 3619: 2020: 1818: 1583: 1555: 1504: 1484: 743:" (often abbreviated "XP" or "EXP") by winning battles, performing class-specific activities, and completing 629: 145: 10771: 8051: 6634: 6496: 3219: 2722:, typically through a dungeon or labyrinth in a grid-based environment. Examples include the aforementioned 2255: 2011:

were far more common among Japanese console RPGs than Western computer RPGs up until the late 1990s, due to

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This subgenre of turn-based role-playing games principally refers to games which incorporate elements from

633:, where if the character created by the player dies, the game ends and a previous save needs to be loaded. 11585: 11564: 11543: 10412: 3677:

series crosses these genres by combining individual heroes with large numbers of troops in large battles.

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would go on to be ported to many other platforms and influence the development of later titles, as would

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also states that Japanese RPGs on home consoles are generally showing signs of staleness, but notes that

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Character information and inventory screen in a typical computer role-playing game. Pictured here is the

11067: 10139: 7375: 6412: 6246: 4056:

version. Sales numbers for these six aforementioned titles are 10 million units sold worldwide for

739:, by far the most common, was inherited from pen-and-paper role-playing games and emphasizes receiving " 13165: 12919: 12719: 12559: 12484: 10244: 10165: 9378: 8676: 5129: 4559:

Review aggregation sites like GameRankings and Metacritic omit reviews from many older print magazines.

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games place greater emphasis on character attributes such as a "lockpicking" skill and puzzle-solving.

2440: 1862: 1778: 1661: 1567: 1304: 371: 361: 313: 129: 11522: 11388: 10715: 9539: 9273: 4617: 4574:, which is the only Western RPG to have been awarded a near-perfect score by Japanese gaming magazine 13089: 12995: 12934: 12100: 12066: 10457: 9833: 9166: 6740: 6576: 6040: 4460: 4239: 3673: 3658: 3306: 2524:(1986), which set the template used by many subsequent action RPGs, including innovations such as an 1823: 1588: 1432: 953:, real-time first- and third-person polygonal graphics also became common in CRPGs. Pictured here is 864: 11252: 5891:"Yuji Horii Remembers the Difficult Road to Liberating RPGs from Costly Computers With Dragon Quest" 5067: 4767: 4076:

as of November 2004; and more than 2.65 million units for the SNES and PlayStation versions of

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in terms of their rich storylines, in contrast to genres that do not rely upon storytelling such as

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Western video games have utilized similar mechanics for years, as well, and were largely defined by

12979: 12549: 12440: 12422: 12275: 11690: 5401: 4751: 4378: 3507: 3018: 2986: 2805: 2798:

modes in mainstream RPGs did not begin to rise sharply until the early to mid-1990s. For instance,

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rather than via menus, though learned spells can also be assigned to hotkeys. In many action RPGs,

2461: 2008: 1708: 1683: 1575: 1474: 1267: 1121: 1113: 909:

There is a further subdivision by the structure of the battle system; in many early games, such as

860: 391:, and a character's level goes up each time the player accumulates a certain amount of experience. 380: 90: 8465: 7023: 6341: 1840:

was highly successful in Japan, leading to further entries in the series and other titles such as

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consoles. The implications for RPGs were enormous—longer, more involved quests, better audio, and

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and is regarded as the template for future Japanese role-playing video games released since then.

562:. This practice was common among players of early role-playing games, such as early titles in the 12914: 12604: 10192:"Diablo II: Lord of Destruction Shatters Sales Records Worldwide With Over 1 Million Copies Sold" 9980:"Pokémon Black Version and Pokémon White Version for Nintendo DS coming to Europe in Spring 2011" 8519: 8136: 7712: 7310: 7217: 5699: 5637: 5575: 5187:

Johansen Quijano-Cruz (2009), "Chopin's Dream as Reality: A Critical Reading of Eternal Sonata",

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that are generally not true, noting various similarities between several Western titles (such as

1423: 1031: 1017:. Several other sources of inspiration for early role-playing video games also included tabletop 579:

be no penalty for abandoning or ignoring these quests other than a missed opportunity or reward.

440: 395: 195: 8371: 7976: 3848: 1621:, while not generally considered an RPG itself did inspire many aspects of future action-RPGs. 12962: 12957: 12873: 12751: 12526: 12337: 12311: 12294: 12265: 11586:"The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part III: The Platinum and Modern Ages (1994–2004)" 10859: 10408: 10195: 10169: 8074: 7467: 7140: 6144: 5458: 4828: 4762: 4420: 4120: 3981: 3951: 3568: 3394: 3229: 3193: 3107: 2813: 2795: 2488: 2293: 1988: 1405: 1354: 1117: 716:, learning a particular skill in the tree will unlock more powerful skills deeper in the tree. 502:

Exploring the world is an important aspect of many RPGs. Players will walk through, talking to

494: 471: 9190:"Wasteland 2 trailer shows off first gameplay footage, including tactical battles, giant bugs" 7087: 1706:

was another early action RPG for the NES, released as a side-story to the computer action RPG

12909: 12878: 12868: 12644: 12494: 12372: 12303: 11775: 11006: 9443: 8836: 8767: 8552: 6662: 5840: 5485: 4289: 4090: 3702: 3668: 3562: 3485: 3441: 3266: 3068: 2652: 2515: 2435: 2327: 2276: 2154: 2145: 1970: 1941: 1833: 1687: 1438: 1338: 1329: 1166:

The role-playing video game genre began in the mid-1970s, as an offshoot of early university

1013: 366: 11415:"The giants hiding a growing problem – Video games on Kickstarter on the first half of 2015" 8999: 8109: 8103: 7611: 2250:

Several writers have criticized JRPGs as not being "true" RPGs, for heavy usage of scripted

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genre, or "simulation RPG" genre as it is known in Japan. It was also an early example of a

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series, employed duplicates of the miniatures combat system traditionally used in the early

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Dungeon Hacks: How NetHack, Angband, and Other Roguelikes Changed the Course of Video Games

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because you cram something into a little box doesn't mean it belongs there." Nick Doerr of

2052: 1456: 1193: 1180: 1142: 1062: 845: 744: 503: 403: 375: 341: 214: 180: 9037: 8862: 8728: 6113: 2375:

argued that many of the often mentioned differences between Eastern and Western games are

1920:

or anime wrapped around Western rule systems at the time, in addition to the influence of

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than quickness. It also points to the fact that realism in games is a means to the end of

370:. Players control a central game character, or multiple game characters, usually called a 8: 12729: 12679: 12634: 12467: 12347: 11339: 4414: 4034:

with an average rating of 95.70% for the Xbox 360 version and 94.24% for the PC version;

3753: 3598: 3372: 3161: 3009: 2947: 2818: 2615: 2577: 2548: 2537: 2520: 2387: 2191: 2122: 1884: 1450: 1317:, one of the prime influences on both computer and console RPG development. For example, 1132: 826: 713: 611: 544: 514: 428: 190: 107: 7896: 6381: 3820:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2599:

clones". Three of the four titles in the series were still sold together as part of the

1643:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

13130: 13072: 12734: 12702: 12577: 12554: 12410: 12380: 12215: 12185: 12013: 11796: 11097: 10191: 7981: 7735: 7118: 5206: 4780: 4263: 4164: 3995: 3726: 3722: 3602: 3532: 3493: 3408: 3297: 3085: 2846: 2785: 2755: 2678: 2552:(1996), where the majority of commands—such as moving and attacking—are executed using 2529: 2365: 2347: 2301: 2288: 2269: 2236: 2038: 1975: 1743:, dramatic, character-driven storyline dealing with serious themes and subject matter. 1724: 1525: 1313: 1202: 1167: 1105: 1004: 756: 674: 637: 624: 535: 238: 150: 112: 49: 11198:

Ever since its 2002 release, Microsoft's Xbox has been a colossal sales flop in Japan.

11180: 8287: 5730: 13135: 13048: 13043: 12714: 12660: 12569: 12402: 12362: 12165: 11755: 11668: 11640: 11612: 11528: 11507: 11469:"Torment: Tides of Numenera makes final stretch goal, player strongholds now secured" 10854: 10110: 10031: 9902: 9876: 9770: 9666: 9662:"MOBA, DOTA, ARTS: A brief introduction to gaming's biggest, most impenetrable genre" 9165:. The Student Publication Board, Multimedia University, Melaka campus. Archived from 9101: 9070: 8649: 8433: 8220: 8144: 8113: 8099: 7835: 7802: 7764: 7533: 7191: 6922: 6778: 6686: 6276: 5998: 5811: 5762: 5263: 5210: 4956: 4834: 4732: 4448: 4408: 4306: 4202: 3894: 3689: 3630: 3544: 3526: 3285: 2968: 2930: 2853:

in 1978 was undergoing a tremendous expansion phase due to the release and spread of

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and its imitators have real-time combat. Other classic titles from this era include

485: 13125: 13036: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12796: 12791: 12746: 12587: 12352: 12253: 12192: 12132: 12089: 10303:"E3 2010: Starcraft II by end of 2009, Call of Duty expanding to new genres – News" 10084: 9957: 9695:"How Warcraft 3's modding community paved the way for League of Legends and Dota 2" 8348: 7760: 6902: 6774: 5994: 5807: 5758: 5196: 4784: 4772: 4271: 4126: 4003: 3959:

series received eight records, including "Most Successful RPG Series of All Time".

3607: 3453: 3447: 3385: 3315: 3311: 3270: 3186: 3023: 2981: 2977: 2951: 2911: 2690: 2627: 2503: 2222: 2175: 1889: 1731: 1669: 1364: 1362:

and in-game scrolls providing hints and background information. They also released

1344: 1285: 1255: 1189: 1148: 1040: 822: 740: 694: 686: 439:), which allows players to do things they cannot do in real life and helps players 388: 353: 321: 308: 185: 81: 43: 31: 10483: 8801: 6106:"Square Enix Devs Discuss Secret AAA Title and What They've Learned From the West" 5035:"Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura (PC) Reviews. PC Games Reviews by CNET" 2280:

are beginning to attempt—and failing to—imitate Western titles. In an article for

2126:

that were more narrative-focused than the typical Western-style RPGs of the time.

2067:

games. He further noted that there have been "other games similar to the style of

13094: 12784: 12639: 12260: 12220: 12170: 11662: 11634: 11606: 11501: 10919: 10889: 9281: 8556: 7825: 7792: 7754: 6768: 6669:

not perceived, by many of the players, to be as exciting as the Japanese imports.

5988: 5801: 5752: 4863: 4454: 4384: 4345: 4154: 3969: 3481: 3463:

enjoying a surprising measure of popularity, as well as hand-held war games like

3402: 3143: 3097: 3076: 2924: 2906: 2553: 2511: 2444: 2339: 2139: 2114:

that are generally "not true" and "never was", pointing to classic examples like

1903:

series). At the same time, WRPGs started becoming more novelistic in style (e.g.

1798: 1444: 1411: 1323: 1273: 1070: 955: 901: 880: 709: 436: 337: 205: 30:"CRPG" redirects here. For the sub-component of the Canadian Forces reserve, see 12856: 11544:"The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 1: The Early Years (1980–1983)" 9246: 4615: 3898:

with 11.5 million subscribers as of May 2010. Among single player PC RPGs,

3892:

Among the best-selling PC RPGs overall is the massively multiplayer online game

2718:

This subgenre consists of RPGs where the player leads a party of adventurers in

2334:

have had more original and experimental Japanese RPGs released in recent years.

599: 12739: 12445: 12329: 12241: 12236: 12127: 11565:"The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 2: The Golden Age (1985–1993)" 11034:"Japan chooses its all-time top 100 list of games; Western games feel left out" 10501: 9746:"What you need to know about the experience in Dota 2 written by Artem Uarabei" 6681: 6271: 4513: 4340: 4334: 4053: 4042: 3749: 3681: 3645: 3290: 3261: 2800: 2499: 2185: 2180: 2106: 2057: 2047: 2033: 2024: 2004: 1924: 1805: 1594: 1571: 1427: 1241: 1126: 1026: 852: 813: 806: 649: 604: 357: 325: 73: 10375:"Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition Lands PlayStation 4, Xbox One Release Date" 8964: 8929: 8900: 8601: 7651: 7306:"News : Dragon Quest Creator: Western Reviewers Dislike Turn-Based Games" 6608: 4068:

as of March 2010, just three months after release; 4.7 million units for

1508:(1998) and several later games. By the 2000s, 3D engines had become dominant. 977:

console games have the player navigate through menus using a game controller.

931: 13154: 12883: 12724: 12665: 12516: 12457: 12248: 12207: 12150: 10654: 9597: 9223: 9065: 7873: 6332: 4279: 4170: 4140: 4064:

sold in Japan as of December 2010; 1.6 million units sold worldwide for

4022: 3908:

continued to be sold in retail stores, with the compilation appearing on the

3867: 3847:, which has sold over 300 million units, with over 30 million sales for 3594: 3436: 3418: 3336: 3326: 3319: 3245: 3239: 3005: 2883: 2862: 2609: 2403: 2315: 2306: 2217: 2205: 2116: 2063: 2015:

usually being better suited to real-time action than the keyboard and mouse.

1842: 1718: 1665: 1542: 1532: 1479: 1233: 1197: 1088: 1044: 937: 802: 669: 653: 155: 102: 9745: 7171: 5490: 4829:

Egenfeldt-Nielsen, Simon; Smith, Jonas Heide; Tosca, Susana Pajares (2008).

2996:

thousands of players all playing the same game, clearly not everyone can be

1888:). On the other hand, JRPGs tend to limit players to developing pre-defined 798: 13120: 13082: 12924: 12774: 12692: 12357: 12319: 12280: 12180: 12160: 12142: 12018: 9116: 8487: 6696:

are not role-playing at all. Presumably, she thinks they are arcade games.

6337: 4616:

McNaughton, M.; Schaeffer, J.; Szafron, D.; Parker, D.; Redford J. (2004).

4369: 4315: 4215: 4027: 3873: 3760: 3550: 3513: 3346: 3255: 3203: 3198: 3167: 3080: 2833: 2659: 2483: 2427:

JRPG can exhibit elements that would be controversial in the West, such as

2423: 2346:, and let you do whatever you like difficult to tell a compelling story." 2260: 2244: 1921: 1874: 1762:. This was first clearly demonstrated in 1997 by the phenomenal success of 1751: 1740: 1736: 1559: 1082: 698: 681:, select a deity, and choose a portrait and profession for their character. 414: 329: 233: 11743:. Vol. 6, no. 8. CW Communications/Peterborough. pp. 55–57. 11636:

Dungeons and Dreamers: The Rise of Computer Game Culture from Geek to Chic

10949: 10823: 10797: 10219:"Activision Blizzard Q2 financials: Net revenue comes in at $ 967 million" 4118:"Best Game Ever" audience polls in 2004 and 2005. It was also selected in 3363: 1136:. With the advent of the Internet, multiplayer games have grown to become 554: 13031: 13005: 12828: 12801: 12779: 12582: 12531: 12175: 12110: 8005:"CRPG History Abridged – 21 RPGs that brought something new to the table" 7831: 7798: 6770:

Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role playing games

5990:

Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role-playing games

5803:

Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role-playing games

5754:

Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role-playing games

5423: 5237: 4396: 4373: 4219: 4081: 3862: 3776: 3685: 3582: 3556: 3465: 3432: 2871: 2823: 2672: 2587:

being one of the more successful exceptions in North America. On the PC,

2494: 2477:

Video showing typical gameplay of an isometric point-and-click action RPG

2331: 2310:

series. Such criticisms have produced responses such as ones by Japanese

2150: 1954: 1928: 1909: 1879: 1821:

overseas), a new opportunity arose to bring role-playing games to Japan.

1052: 1022: 856: 780: 705: 588: 559: 548: 474: 467: 452: 9247:"Divinity: Original Sin is an odd mix of old- and new-school RPG design" 4776: 1958: 1750:

The next major revolution came in the late 1990s, which saw the rise of

945: 13077: 13053: 13000: 12888: 12592: 12511: 12119: 7529: 4390: 4323: 4311: 4255: 4247: 4130:

at 9th place; and in both the 2006 and 2008 IGN Readers' Choice polls,

4012: 3932: 3768: 3341: 3250: 3191:

region of their setting. Popular examples of this subgenre include the

3180: 2917: 2621: 2583: 2533: 2525: 2393: 2376: 2343: 2319: 2200: 2111: 2000: 1907:), but by the late 2000s had also adopted a more cinematic style (e.g. 1537: 1377: 950: 834: 526: 463: 333: 160: 10434:

Clodfelter, Tim (17 April 2008). "Record Book Focused on the Gamers".

9145:

turn-based games are not totally dead—at least for Nintendo handhelds.

3861:

alone. The second and third best-selling RPG franchises worldwide are

3067:

Roguelike is a subgenre of role-playing video games, characterized by

2702: 12851: 12769: 12472: 12450: 11791: 11779: 9933: 9907: 9136:"Comment by Julian Gollop, developer of X-COM and other genre titles" 4402: 4376:. Role-playing games that have been successfully crowdfunded include 4300: 4294: 4188: 4036: 3922: 3909: 3900: 3380: 3280: 3043: 2901: 2895: 2429: 2323: 1937: 1817:

format. With the release of the low-cost Famicom console (called the

1466:. This era also saw a move toward 3D game engines with such games as 1462: 1386: 1333:

features real-time combat which takes place on the main dungeon map.

1279: 1211: 1018: 530: 489: 336:

and increases combat resolution speed. RPGs have evolved from simple

124: 95: 12058: 9857:"Heroes of the Storm: How to Fully Utilize Boss and Mercenary Camps" 6970:"FFXIII is "not an RPG", but an "adventure game", says SWTOR writer" 5201: 4354:

series) were cited as "Japanese Game Developers You Should Know" by

2765:

series are played in real-time. Early games in this genre lacked an

1299:, the most successful of the early CRPGs) were loose adaptations of 1289:) were based on their mainframe counterparts, while others (such as 13115: 13067: 13013: 12939: 12929: 12808: 12521: 11608:

Dungeons & Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games

11473: 10709:"Results Briefing Session for the Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2009" 10166:"World of Warcraft® Subscriber Base Reaches 11.5 Million Worldwide" 9457:

wasteland surrounding the Chernobyl power plant after its meltdown.

7756:

Dungeons & Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games

5609:. Nintendo. Iwata Asks Dragon Quest IX Video 4, As a Turn-based RPG 5570: 4465: 4284: 4115: 4017: 4016:, as of May 2011, the highest-rated video game by reviewers is the 3889:, which has sold over 10 million copies worldwide as of 2010. 3764: 3706: 3605:

games. Examples include first-person shooters such as parts of the

3586: 3538: 3474: 3224: 3208: 3148: 2827: 2742: 2546:

A different variation of the action RPG formula was popularized by

2371:

Despite the criticisms leveled at both variations, Rowan Kaiser of

2251: 2232: 2227: 2137:

In the late 1980s, when traditional American computer RPGs such as

1792: 1702: 1579: 1547: 1498:

license to several different developers, and eventually gave it to

1381: 1369: 1295: 1076: 911: 677:

in an RPG. In this particular game, players can assign points into

661:

coming into partial or full control of the player during the game.

448: 11275:"Exclusive: Platform-Specific Q1 U.S. Sales Reveal Notable Trends" 3048: 1061:

which followed the same basic structure of setting off in various

12415: 8924: 7869: 7555:"How One Man Stopped Square-Enix From Letting Gamers Kill Yahweh" 7524:

Kohler, Chris (2005). "Lost in transration: This game are sick".

6572:"The Last Story Hironobu Sakaguchi interview – remaking the JRPG" 5895: 5134: 4618:"Code Generation for AI Scripting in Computer Role-Playing Games" 4576: 4356: 4319: 4147: 4105: 3459: 3113: 3031: 2858: 2766: 2372: 2361: 2297: 2163: 2101: 2092: 2012: 1899:, but by the late 1990s had become more cinematic in style (e.g. 1893: 1499: 1359: 1112:, respectively. Finally, while the first RPGs offered strictly a 1036: 876: 571: 508: 432: 332:

and immersion. The electronic medium removes the necessity for a

5957:"East Is West: How Two Classic RPGs Prove the Stereotypes False" 4040:

with an average rating of 95.40% for the PlayStation 3 version;

10824:"Fall 2005: 10-Year Anniversary Contest—The 10 Best Games Ever" 9216:"Shadowrun: Dragonfall Director's Cut Dated and Video Released" 7558: 7526:

Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life

5566:"The History of Console RPGs – Zelda II: The Adventure of Link" 4708: 2055:," there "are titles that don't fit the category," pointing to 1949: 1249: 1185: 1171: 10348:"Diablo 3 coming to Xbox 360 as well, dated worldwide Sept. 3" 10272:"Analysts bullish on Starcraft II sales – PC News at GameSpot" 9371:"Deus Ex: Invisible War – We Wanted Orange, We Got Lemon-Lime" 6448:"A Closer Look At Final Fantasy XIII-2′s Performance In Japan" 4599: 4597: 4464:) 2014 was called "the first year of the CRPG renaissance" by 4192:, while RPGamer's "Top RPGs of the Decade" list was topped by 2342:

criticized Western RPGs, stating that they "dump you in a big

1092:, the role-playing genre eventually diverged into two styles, 13060: 12901: 10625:"Bethesda Softworks Announces Successful Launch of Fallout 3" 6974: 5323: 4726: 4218:, although their presence among handheld systems such as the 3912:'s top 10 PC games sales, list as recently as 2010. Further, 3376: 3056: 2854: 2607:'s release. Other examples of action RPGs for the PC include 2211: 2166: 1966: 1962: 1947:

Another oft-cited difference is the prominence or absence of

1917: 1896: 1870: 1245: 1207: 1048: 506:, picking up objects, and avoiding traps. Some games such as 11155:"Niitsuma: Xbox 360's low Japanese sales "a cultural thing"" 11148: 11146: 10912:"Readers' Choice Top 100 Games of All Time – Chrono Trigger" 10087:[Dragon Quest IX ships over 5.3 million worldwide]. 7674:"15 Most Influential Games of All Time: The Legend of Zelda" 7086:. Future Publishing Limited. 24 January 2010. Archived from 4114:'s 2000 "Reader's Choice Game of the Century" poll, and the 3617:(starting in 2007) series; real-time strategy games such as 2749:

Most "blobbers" are turn-based, but some titles such as the

2162:

are "one-dimensional characters", in comparison to the more

1878:

since the late 1990s have had a stronger focus on extensive

11338:. IGN Entertainment Games. 16 December 2009. Archived from 7213:"News : Japanese Fallout: New Vegas Ads Hate On JRPGs" 6943:"BioWare co-founder: JRPGs suffer from 'lack of evolution'" 4594: 4026:, with an average metascore of 96 out of 100. According to 3930:

series has sold over 20 million copies, not including

3497:(1994) in much the same way as Eastern video games were by 2850: 2514:, rather than using menus. This formula was refined by the 2282: 2007:

combat. In the past, the reverse was often true: real-time

1327:

features tactical combat on a special "combat screen", and

1175: 812:. The fireball being cast by the wizard in the image is an 760:

system works. The first notable video game to use this was

352:

Role-playing video games use much of the same terminology,

10682:. Square Enix. 9 February 2004. p. 27. Archived from 10333:"DIABLO III LAUNCHING MAY 15 – DIGITAL PRE-SALES NOW OPEN" 9615: 8428:

Craddock, David L (5 August 2015). Magrath, Andrew (ed.).

8105:

Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games

7411:"Final Fantasy XIV director is not worried about Bethesda" 6766: 5986: 4446:(as well as some more traditionally funded titles such as 4030:, the four top-rated video game RPGs, as of May 2010, are 3789:

List of best-selling Japanese role-playing game franchises

2506:'s movements and actions are controlled directly, using a 2239:(such as knights, clerics, or thieves) were blank slates. 11251:. Future Publishing Limited. 27 July 2007. Archived from 11143: 10517:"US government now funds video games... if they're "art"" 7341:"Interview: Yuji Horii and a Lifetime of Dragon Questing" 5506:"Gems In The Rough: Yesterday's Concepts Mined For Today" 5268:

Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies

4512:

This often gives an impression that JRPGs are similar to

4111: 4094: 3478: 3083:

narrative setting. Roguelikes descend from the 1980 game

2221:

games in the late 1980s, was the frequent use of defined

1983: 1618: 1551: 1307:

displays and overhead views, sometimes in the same game (

849:

has been cited as being a good example of such a system.

11007:"Famitsu Reveals Top 100 Reader-Voted Games Of All-Time" 10574:"Here's How Xenoblade And Metroid: Other M Did In Japan" 9898:"How successful is Pokémon? Take a look at the numbers!" 8957:"Strategery: Valkyria Chronicles and X-Com: UFO Defense" 8143:. Vol. 3. Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 474. 7852: 7850: 6137:"The Oblivion of Western RPGs: Is the PC RPG Dead? from" 4503:

as it was more commercially successful in those markets.

1846:

that followed the same simplifications made in RPGs for

1739:

established many conventions of the genre, including an

693:

Role-playing games usually measure progress by counting

387:

these attributes increase each time a character gains a

36:

History of Eastern role-playing video games § China

12687: 11239: 11237: 9526:

Standalone expansion continues solid mix of RPG and RTS

9406:"Analysis: S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Defense – The Hybrid Results" 7950:"Analysis: Mass Effect 2's Surprising Genre Experiment" 7924:"By the Numbers: The Lost Art of Procedural Generation" 5661:"The History of Final Fantasy – Final Fantasy (Part 2)" 5158:"A complete history of role-playing videogames: Part 1" 2003:

battles; while modern WRPGs are more likely to feature

1104:, though roughly mirroring the platform divide between 570:

series. Later on, games of this type started featuring

11112: 10714:. Square Enix. 25 May 2009. p. 28. Archived from 8594:"Active Time Babble XXI: Tactical RPGs & Ys Seven" 8575: 8573: 8451: 8449: 5234:"Kawaisa!: A Naive Glance at Western and Eastern RPGs" 4943:. ActionTrip. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008 3943:

series was awarded with six world records in the 2008

3406:

series, which introduced party-based, tiled combat in

3000:

hero. This problem became obvious to some in the game

1120:

modes rose sharply during the early to mid-1990s with

1068:

After the success of role-playing video games such as

816:(AoE) attack, and damages multiple characters at once. 704:

Some role-playing games also give the player specific

11841: 11751:

The CRPG Book: A Guide to Computer Role Playing Games

11000: 10998: 10133: 10131: 9972: 9796:"The 5 Most Important Heroes of the Storm Objectives" 7847: 7049:

Brudvig, Erik; Goldstein, Hilary (25 November 2008).

6997:"Final Fantasy XIII not a JRPG, despite being a JRPG" 6328:"Extra Credits: Western & Japanese RPGs (Part 1)" 5186: 4831:

Understanding Video Games: the Essential Introduction

2899:(1999), and leading to more modern phenomena such as 2071:," but that "it's probably because the games weren't 875:) has been particularly popular in games designed by 863:

game genre. But other RPG battle systems such as the

379:

coordination or reaction time, with the exception of

11442:"'Big indie' Kickstarters are killing actual indies" 11234: 8141:

Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction

7862: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7390: 7368:"Opinion: 2009 – The Last Days of the Japanese RPG?" 7051:"The Gameplay Mechanic: Fixing Square's RPG Machine" 6736:"5 WAYS JAPANESE GAMING STILL RULES: ATELIER TOTORI" 5060:"Gamespot Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura" 4623:. American Association for Artificial Intelligence. 4080:

as of March 2003, along with 790,000 copies for the

3756:

monsters, have resemblance with role-playing games.

2439:

featuring antagonists that bear similarities to the

1973:, who, for example, accounted for nearly a third of 11212:"Xbox 360 dominance in Japan will come 'over time'" 10942:"IGN Readers' Choice 2006 – The Top 100 Games Ever" 10882:"IGN Top 100 Games 2007 – 9 Final Fantasy III (US)" 10046: 9300: 9298: 8751: 8570: 8446: 8023: 7437:"Final Fantasy XIII boss responds to review scores" 7246:"News: Japanese RPGs 'were never popular' – Mikami" 7074: 7072: 6815:"Spy/Counterspy Case File 07: RPGs – East vs. West" 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6212:"How Mass Effect challenged my definition of 'RPG'" 6099: 6097: 5927: 5915: 3963:was recognized in the 2000 standard edition of the 3554:pen-and-paper system. More recent examples include 3155:, also fall within the concept of roguelike games. 2837:Multiple people chat and play online in the MMORPG 10995: 10600:"Videogame Maker Electronic Arts Swings to Profit" 10236: 10128: 10077: 9567:"Puzzle Quest 2 Releases For DS, XBLA Next Spring" 9497: 9462: 9304: 8660: 7277:"Mikami: Japanese RPGs were never really popular'" 6813:Turner, Benjamin; Nutt, Christian (29 July 2003). 6565: 6563: 6561: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5723:"The Greatest Games of All Time: Phantasy Star II" 5621: 5597: 5595: 5593: 4978:"Dungeon of the Endless: Not Your Usual Roguelike" 4890: 3079:of the player-character, and typically based on a 3016:. In response—for instance by Richard Garriott in 2812:, was one of the first commercial RPGs to feature 1931:are modelled after JRPGs, especially those of the 1482:, dissatisfied with SSI's later products, such as 1232:One of the earliest role-playing video games on a 594: 10263: 10210: 9540:"iPhone/iPad Games Guide: What to Buy This Month" 9506:"Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II – Chaos Rising" 9129: 9127: 8820: 8701:. CBS Interactive. 3 January 2000. Archived from 7626: 7204: 7022:Brudvig, Erik; Clements, Ryan (11 January 2010). 6842: 6840: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 5264:"The Development of MMORPG Culture and The Guild" 3936:which was released for Windows and OS X in 2012. 1772:raised the possibilities for the genre, with its 727:(also known as the "skill-based" system) and the 13152: 10701: 10543:"Highest and Lowest Scoring Games at metacritic" 9941: 9598:"The RPG Experience: Conventions and Not Beyond" 9295: 8948: 8906:soldiers with the latest and greatest equipment. 8129: 7069: 7048: 6967: 6490: 6488: 6356: 6094: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5603:"Iwata Asks video interview for Dragon Quest IX" 5123: 5121: 4899:"Baldur's Gate: Tales of the Sword Coast Review" 4250:for creating the first role-playing video game, 2697: 12043:Massively multiplayer online role-playing games 11503:Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on game design 9929:"'Pokemon' titles sell 1 million on launch day" 9863:. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 9397: 9362: 8760:"Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones – Staff Review" 8619: 8334: 8332: 8167: 8165: 8163: 7823: 7790: 7644:"Hack and Slash: What Makes a Good Action RPG?" 7299: 7297: 7021: 6680: 6558: 6166: 6164: 6162: 5771: 5692:"The History of Console RPGs: Dragon Quest III" 5590: 5308: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4471:The highest crowdfunded CRPG as of May 2017 is 3652: 3643:(2007); and turn-based strategy games like the 2867:massively multiplayer online role-playing games 2581:, very few saw any success, with the 1992 game 1352:produced many series of CRPGs. Their 1985 game 1138:massively multiplayer online role-playing games 794:Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems in games 374:, and attain victory by completing a series of 47:A party of characters approaching a monster in 11389:"2014: the first year of the CRPG renaissance" 10535: 10184: 10103: 10055:"Final Fantasy Series Hits 100M Units Shipped" 9889: 9274:"2014: the first year of the CRPG renaissance" 9124: 9023: 9021: 8983: 8785: 8687: 7696: 6867: 6837: 6797: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6274:(November 1993). "Reviews: Final Fantasy II". 6270: 6266: 6264: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 5094: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 2780:Massively multiplayer online role-playing game 2397:) and several classic Eastern titles (such as 2215:. Another early criticism, dating back to the 723:(also known as the "level-based" system), the 12074: 11827: 11520: 11499: 11354: 11025: 10739: 10669: 10024: 9621: 9589: 9531: 9427: 9150: 8815:without this classic pair of Super NES ports. 7819: 7817: 7335: 7333: 6628: 6626: 6485: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6128: 6072:"Japanese and Western RPGs – The Differences" 5975: 5630:"The History of Console RPGs: Other NES RPGs" 5529: 5527: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5127: 5118: 4934: 4932: 4714: 4703: 4603: 4288:series. Other notable RPG developers include 3926:over Battle.net in 2010. As a franchise, the 2790:History of massively multiplayer online games 1602:), which drew inspiration from computer RPGs 980: 949:Starting in the mid-1990s with the advent of 779:for example) the character is rewarded with " 268: 11332:"5 Japanese Game Developers You Should Know" 11203: 11121:"The Best Xbox 360 RPGs Available Right Now" 10597: 10091:. KADOKAWA DWANGO CORPORATION. 16 March 2011 10032:"Businesses – Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd" 9333: 9052: 8884: 8631: 8329: 8302: 8160: 8092: 8035: 7359: 7294: 7015: 6894: 6188: 6186: 6159: 6103: 5860: 5858: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5386: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5361: 5359: 5291:"Interview with the creators of dnd (PLATO)" 4803: 3075:, turn-based gameplay, tile-based graphics, 3037: 1540:in 1982. Another early RPG on a console was 1430:playing a lead role with such titles as the 1080:, which in turn served as the blueprint for 805:magical combat in the party-based graphical 11466: 11172: 10764: 10653:. BioWare. 10 November 2004. Archived from 9921: 9721:"Mana – Less Heroes in the ARTS MOBA Genre" 9442:. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from 9018: 8854: 8585: 8308: 8066: 7585:"Xenogears, FFT, and Religious Controversy" 7552: 7443:. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from 7252:. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from 7196:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7163: 7133: 6927:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6846: 6284: 6261: 6236: 6017: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5189:Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture 4642: 3667:Although RPGs share some combat rules with 3379:, and table-top role-playing and strategic 1518:History of Eastern role-playing video games 1224:History of Western role-playing video games 991:History of Eastern role-playing video games 987:History of Western role-playing video games 12081: 12067: 11834: 11820: 11776:The History of Computer Role-Playing Games 10480:"Blizzard Entertainment – Company Profile" 10450:"Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade" 10433: 9635:"The Monstrous Timelessness of Warcraft 3" 9538:Dietz, Jason; Doyle, Marc (30 July 2010). 9537: 8720: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8399:"COLUMN: @Play: The Berlin Interpretation" 8135: 7814: 7330: 6968:Nunneley-Jackson, Stephany (13 May 2010). 6849:"The Zeboyd Games Approach to JRPG Design" 6812: 6767:Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), 6623: 6592: 6536:"Editorial: Where culture fits into games" 6527: 6198: 6065: 6063: 6061: 5987:Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), 5870: 5833:"Final Fantasy VII: The Old Order Passeth" 5800:Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), 5751:Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), 5535:"The GameSpy Hall of Fame: Dragon Warrior" 5524: 5416: 5216: 4929: 4210:dominant genre on the most popular of the 3793:List of best-selling video game franchises 3739:served as significant inspiration for the 1700:. Most RPGs at this time were turn-based. 558:Example of a dungeon map drawn by hand on 275: 261: 10442: 10002:"50 Most Popular Video Games of All Time" 9718: 9503: 9085: 8963:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 8928:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 8899:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 8800:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 8675:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 8642: 8600:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 8494:. Salon Media Group, Inc. 27 January 2000 8372:"Rise Of The Roguelikes: A Genre Evolves" 8347:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 8187: 8098: 7650:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 7610:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 7492: 6733: 6607:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 6497:"A Japanese RPG Primer: The Essential 20" 6380:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 6183: 6143:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 6112:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 6041:"A Visual Guide To The Role-Playing Game" 5855: 5839:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 5820: 5457:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 5370: 5356: 5200: 5155: 5052: 5027: 4862:. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from 4847: 4766: 4110:"26 Best RPGs of All Time" list in 2008, 4052:with an average rating of 94.18% for the 3775:series and Ryutaro Ichimura, producer of 1550:computer in 1983 and later ported to the 1469:Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven 1277:. Some early microcomputer RPGs (such as 1248:(1980). This early game, published for a 1101: 926: 892:Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura 480: 11521:Adams, Ernest; Rollings, Andrew (2006). 11500:Adams, Ernest; Rollings, Andrew (2003). 11439: 11360: 11090:"RPGs of the Decade – 2000 to 2009 – #1" 10500:. Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from 10482:. Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from 10339: 10335:. Blizzard Entertainment. 15 March 2012. 10300: 10216: 10085:"『ドラゴンクエストIX 星空の守り人』の全世界累計出荷本数が530万本を突破" 9692: 9436:"The Making of S.T.A.L.K.E.R., part one" 9100:. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from 9069:. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from 9027: 8911: 8860: 8427: 8369: 8271: 8108:. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 7733: 7727: 7601: 7274: 7243: 5939: 5503: 5448: 5314: 4229: 3990: 3976:" exhibition (starting in 2002) and the 3362: 3047: 2832: 2701: 2465: 2075:and didn't reach the Western audience." 1999:Modern JRPGs are more likely to feature 1566:. The game laid the foundations for the 944: 930: 797: 668: 664: 598: 553: 484: 413: 340:console-window games into visually rich 42: 11386: 11299: 11178: 11004: 10269: 10137: 9950:"Pokemon Report: World Records Edition" 9947: 9854: 9307:"Are Hybrid RPGs Just Poor-Man's RPGs?" 9271: 8726: 8539: 8338: 8277: 8178:, one Avatar in the land of Brittania." 7974: 7921: 7895:Donlan, Christian (14 September 2009). 7746: 7495:"Why I Hate Big-Name, Open Ended WRPGs" 7365: 7210: 7169: 6900: 6734:Patterson, Eric L. (27 December 2011). 6569: 6533: 6299: 6239:"An RPG is not an RPG When it's a JRPG" 6104:Winterhalter, Ryan (6 September 2010). 6069: 6058: 5270:(25). University of New England: 97–112 5156:Hendricks, Fayyaad (19 December 2011). 4975: 4938: 4809: 4731:. Nice, France: Springer. p. 495. 3640:Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords 3548:(1992–1996) series based on the German 1785: 608:S.C.O.U.R.G.E.: Heroes of Lesser Renown 14: 13153: 11680: 11661:Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), 11412: 11363:"Is Kickstarter for video games dead?" 11152: 10973:"Game Informer's 200th Issue Revealed" 10858:. Bauer Consumer Media. Archived from 10752:from the original on 29 September 2011 10571: 10498:"Blizzard Entertainment – Media Alert" 10372: 9982:(Press release). Nintendo. 31 May 2010 9595: 9564: 9471:"SpellForce: The Order of Dawn Review" 9468: 9433: 9339: 9305:The Rampant Coyote (23 October 2006). 9244: 9133: 9091: 9058: 8954: 8920:"Strategery: The Dragon Age Appetizer" 8917: 8890: 8666: 8512: 8455: 8396: 8214: 8072: 7894: 7870:"Flagship Studios Opens with a Splash" 7824:Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), 7791:Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), 7752: 7641: 7523: 7434: 7396: 6873: 6635:"Bethesda is sticking to RPGs for now" 6601:"What Xenoblade Chronicles Gets Right" 6598: 6494: 6445: 6405:"GamersGate Holding Indie 'JRPG' Sale" 6402: 6371: 6209: 6170: 5954: 5933: 5921: 5888: 5689: 5658: 5627: 5563: 5231: 4177:Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga 4074:Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic 4049:Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic 4046:with an average rating of 95.10%; and 2869:or MMORPGs, beginning with games like 1511: 1448:series, as well as the dialogue-heavy 1415:(1986–2014) series and the continuing 1161: 582: 462:typically involve a player called the 34:. For Chinese role-playing games, see 12088: 12062: 11815: 11705: 11633:King, Brad; Borland, John M. (2003). 11604: 11302:"The RPGs of 2008: Handhelds leading" 11210:Gasse, Nicholas (21 September 2010). 11209: 11118: 10772:"Reader's Choice Game of the Century" 10677:"February 2, 2004 – February 4, 2004" 10549:. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from 10514: 10345: 10309:. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from 10278:. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from 10242: 9674:from the original on 5 September 2013 9403: 9342:"Spector tried to buy Deus Ex rights" 9187: 8863:"Dynasty Tactics – First Impressions" 8669:"Strategery: Your First Tactical RPG" 8579: 8250: 8029: 7565:from the original on 22 December 2015 7465: 7408: 6684:(August 1994). "Eye of the Monitor". 6659: 6632: 6472: 6433: 6134: 6038: 5652: 5257: 5255: 5112: 5009:"Brigade E5: New Jagged Union Review" 4368:Since 2009 there has been a trend of 4246:Notable early RPG developers include 4225: 4134:is the top ranked RPG, in 2nd place. 3881:series and all the games in the main 2254:and dialogue, and a frequent lack of 1374:Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules 1217: 886:Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel 879:. The most famous RTwP engine is the 614:in the top left portion of the image. 11747: 11714:. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from 11689:. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from 11179:Rusling, Matthew (10 January 2006). 11031: 10970: 10598:Iwatane Kane, Yukari (11 May 2010). 10217:Nunneley, Stephany (5 August 2010). 10158: 10052: 9895: 9855:Rendina, Brandon (27 October 2017). 9659: 8513:Murphy, Stephen (26 December 2012). 8341:"Chasing D&D: A History of RPGs" 8217:Camps: A Guide to 21st Century Space 8073:Thomas, Lucas M. (13 October 2008). 8002: 7975:Cobbett, Richard (5 December 2016). 7947: 7876:: Flagship Studios. 22 November 2003 7705:"Hardcore Gaming 101: Dragon Slayer" 7680:. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from 7303: 6070:English, Sherrin (January 7, 2008). 5889:Parish, Jeremy (26 September 2018). 5729:. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from 5006: 4896: 4833:. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. 3800: 3393:. Tactical RPGs tend not to feature 3171:, took inspiration from roguelikes. 1623: 776:Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines 731:(also known as "level-free" system) 648:Some role-playing games make use of 409: 11387:Thorman, Peter (31 December 2014). 11245:"JAPAN: Oblivion and Face Training" 10454:Official U. S. Playstation Magazine 9653: 9272:Thorman, Peter (31 December 2014). 9156: 8829:"Final Fantasy Tactics – Retroview" 8826: 8757: 8041: 6570:Jenkins, David (23 February 2012). 6237:Frederiksen, Eric (8 August 2010). 5720: 5451:"Dru Hill: The Chronicle of Druaga" 5288: 5261: 4372:video games using services such as 4282:for writing and design work on the 4037:Fallout 3: Game of the Year Edition 3022:(2007)—developers began turning to 2954:and reading a good fantasy novel". 2865:, which would soon become known as 2267:that JRPGs are stagnating—and that 2195:using "direct" arcade-style action 547:characters at the end of levels in 24: 11748:Pepe, Felipe, ed. (August 2023) . 11732: 11706:Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). 11681:Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). 10888:. Ziff Davis. 2007. Archived from 10742:"The 26 Best RPGs of the All Time" 9802:. 21 November 2018. Archived from 8791: 8591: 8550: 8278:McQuaid, Brad (29 November 2005). 8253:"Onlife #32: Good game ninja loot" 7922:Johnson, Andy (29 December 2009). 7702: 7493:St. Clair, Pride (18 April 2012). 7366:Fleming, Jeff (30 December 2009). 6374:"The Future of Single-Player RPGs" 6372:Wilson, Jason (30 December 2009). 5955:Kaiser, Rowan (16 February 2012). 5690:Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). 5659:Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). 5628:Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). 5564:Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). 5252: 5128:Justin Leeper (17 December 2004). 4976:Davison, Pete (18 December 2013). 4856:"The Essential 50 Part 12 – Rogue" 4853: 2845:Also during this time period, the 2061:(which he also worked on) and the 1530:The earliest RPG on a console was 533:, named after the 1980 video game 347: 25: 13177: 11795:. Blue Flame Labs. Archived from 11769: 11563:Barton, Matt (23 February 2007). 11542:Barton, Matt (23 February 2007). 10740:GamePro Staff (5 November 2008). 10301:Sinclair, Brendan (31 May 2009). 9948:DeVries, Jack (16 January 2009). 9832:. 17 October 2018. Archived from 9719:Jacobacci, Kara (22 April 2016). 9565:Caoili, Eric (30 November 2009). 9504:Biessener, Adam (11 March 2010). 9368: 9134:Gollop, Julian (14 August 2010). 8861:Bramwell, Tom (21 October 2002). 8458:"The Gateway Guide to Roguelikes" 8397:Harris, John (18 December 2009). 8370:Hatfield, Tom (29 January 2013). 8251:Lopez, Miguel (9 November 2005). 8215:Hailey, Charlie (30 April 2009). 7466:Snell, Dave (27 September 2010). 7108: 7080:"What's really wrong with JRPGs?" 6534:Glasser, AJ (24 September 2010). 5449:Barnholt, Ray (25 October 2004). 5333:from the original on 11 July 2011 5236:. Armchair Arcade. Archived from 4412:and its sequels (2012–2015), the 4060:as of May 2010; 161,161 units of 2179:. However in 1994, game designer 1696:with the statistical elements of 627:. An example of this would be in 12293: 11660: 11583: 11562: 11541: 11460: 11433: 11406: 11380: 11361:Purchese, Robert (15 May 2016). 11324: 11293: 11267: 11082: 11060:"Top 20 RPGs of the Past Decade" 11052: 10964: 10934: 10904: 10874: 10842: 10816: 10790: 10733: 10643: 10617: 10591: 10565: 10508: 10490: 10472: 10427: 10397: 10366: 10325: 10294: 10243:Thang, Jimmy (15 January 2009). 10140:"Masterpiece: Final Fantasy VII" 10012:from the original on 21 May 2018 9994: 9848: 9818: 9788: 9763: 9738: 9712: 9693:Atkinson, Ryan (27 March 2018). 9686: 9627: 9558: 9265: 9238: 9222:. 30 August 2014. Archived from 9208: 9181: 9157:Tie, Sing Chie (1 August 2000). 8955:Bailey, Kat (4 September 2009). 8695:"Vandal Hearts II (PlayStation)" 8667:Bailey, Kat (19 February 2009). 8625: 8523:. Defy Media LLC. Archived from 8506: 8480: 8421: 8390: 8363: 8244: 8208: 8181: 8042:Lee, Justin (15 February 2004). 7996: 7968: 7941: 7915: 7888: 7856: 7784: 7666: 7595: 7577: 7546: 7517: 7486: 7459: 7435:Ingham, Tim (16 February 2010). 7428: 7402: 7314:. Defy Media LLC. Archived from 7221:. Defy Media LLC. Archived from 7111:"Can the Japanese RPG Be Fixed?" 6666:, no. 76, pp. 83–84 , 6633:Doerr, Nick (20 February 2007). 6521: 6192: 6135:Joynt, Patrick (29 March 2006). 5876: 5864: 5788: 5504:Barnholt, Ray (6 January 2011). 5381: 5365: 5351: 5100: 5007:Todd, Brett (29 November 2006). 4630:from the original on 4 June 2011 4562: 4553: 4541: 4528: 3805: 3797:List of best-selling video games 3626:Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II 3575: 3352: 2023:, Japanese video game developer 1628: 995:List of role-playing video games 855:combat can import features from 72: 11785:Roschin, Oleg (26 March 2006). 11440:Chironis, Katie (19 May 2015). 11413:Bidaux, Thomas (29 July 2015). 11005:Carless, Simon (3 March 2006). 10971:Cork, Jeff (16 November 2009). 10798:"Spring 2004: Best. Game. Ever" 10245:"Best-selling PC Games of 2008" 9896:Lien, Tracey (18 August 2014). 9660:Funk, John (2 September 2013). 9477:. Mad Catz, Inc. Archived from 9434:Bishop, Stuart (16 June 2007). 9404:Cross, Tom (1 September 2010). 9340:Martin, Joe (3 November 2009). 9028:Thompson, Mike (22 June 2006). 8918:Bailey, Kat (23 October 2009). 8515:"A Game 20 Years In the Making" 8464:. Gamer Network. Archived from 8456:Parish, Jeremy (6 April 2015). 7948:Remo, Chris (29 January 2010). 7275:Sterling, Jim (16 March 2006). 7268: 7244:Robinson, Andy (10 June 2010). 7237: 7102: 7042: 6989: 6961: 6935: 6847:Robert Boyd (13 January 2011). 6760: 6744:. EGM Media LLC. Archived from 6727: 6674: 6653: 6599:Parish, Jeremy (5 April 2012). 6580:. Associated Newspapers Limited 6542:. GamePro Media. Archived from 6515: 6466: 6439: 6427: 6396: 6320: 6230: 5936:, p. "Other Game Boy RPGs" 5882: 5794: 5745: 5714: 5683: 5557: 5497: 5473: 5442: 5345: 5282: 5180: 5149: 5106: 5082: 5000: 4984:. Gamer Network. Archived from 4969: 4917: 4878: 4519: 4506: 4485: 4363: 3741:multiplayer online battle arena 3174: 3055:and other roguelikes often use 2878:Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds 2849:genre that had been spawned by 2670:). Recent examples include the 2199:instead of the more "abstract" 1675:Zelda II: The Adventure of Link 1522:Early 21st century Western RPGs 1368:in 1988, the first of several " 1262:Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure 871:"real-time with pause" system ( 595:Character actions and abilities 420:Tales of Trolls & Treasures 11754:(2nd ed.). Bitmap Books. 11708:"The History of Final Fantasy" 11632: 11584:Barton, Matt (11 April 2007). 11153:Romano, Sal (16 August 2010). 10515:Lasar, Matthew (17 May 2001). 10409:Guinness Book of World Records 10373:Reiner, Andrew (12 May 2014). 10138:Webster, Andrew (7 May 2010). 9596:Luther, Jeff (20 April 2001). 9469:Dorsey, Mark (24 March 2004). 9245:Kaiser, Rowan (16 July 2014). 9188:Sykes, Tom (9 February 2013). 8989: 8637: 8309:Stewart, K.; Choi, HP (2003). 8171: 7734:Kalata, Kurt; Greene, Robert. 7409:North, Dale (19 August 2010). 7211:Goldman, Tom (4 August 2010). 7141:"Front Mission Evolved review" 7117:. Bitmob Media. Archived from 6495:Kalata, Kurt (19 March 2008). 6300:English, Fox (25 March 2011). 6210:Kaiser, Rowan (1 March 2012). 6171:Doucet, Lars (12 April 2011). 4822: 4791: 4745: 4720: 4609: 4571:The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion 4430:(2017). Due to the release of 4138:is also the top ranked RPG in 3986:National Endowment of the Arts 3965:Guinness Book of World Records 3952:Guinness Book of World Records 2822:(1997) would combine CRPG and 2455: 2418: 1546:, originally released for the 1116:experience, the popularity of 1065:in order to accomplish goals. 13: 1: 11784: 11683:"The History of Console RPGs" 11218:. Ferrago Ltd. Archived from 11186:The Christian Science Monitor 11181:"No clamor for Xbox in Japan" 10778:. Ziff Davis. 12 January 2000 10631:. Ziff Davis. 6 November 2008 10405:"Weird and Wonderful Records" 10270:Magrino, Tom (28 July 2010). 9573:. UBM TechWeb. Archived from 9094:"Jagged Alliance 3 Interview" 8893:"X-COM: Distilling a Classic" 8891:Bailey, Kat (14 April 2010). 8727:Parfitt, Ben (17 July 2007). 8405:. UBM TechWeb. Archived from 8280:"Instancing in Online Gaming" 8219:. The MIT Press. p. 74. 8188:MacLellan, Jon (1 May 2001). 8003:Pepe, Felipe (25 June 2015). 7553:Cohen, Drew (22 April 2011). 7374:. UBM TechWeb. Archived from 6874:Doucet, Lars (9 March 2011). 6473:Brown, Peter (24 June 2015). 6411:. UBM TechWeb. Archived from 6403:Caoili, Eric (5 April 2011). 5394:"The History of Console RPGs" 5232:Barton, Matt (21 June 2010). 4941:"Combat Systems in RPG Games" 4587: 3782: 3698:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 3620:SpellForce: The Order of Dawn 2963:hero and you get to save the 2698:First-person party-based RPGs 2595:formula were referred to as " 2129: 2021:Electronic Entertainment Expo 1819:Nintendo Entertainment System 1690:framework of its predecessor 1485:Dark Sun: Wake of the Ravager 1321:features menu-driven combat, 935:The graphical roguelike-like 146:Social interaction in MMORPGs 10948:. Ziff Davis. Archived from 10346:Kubba, Sinan (6 June 2013). 8553:"Lord of the Rings: Tactics" 8488:"The best game ever – Linux" 8190:"Please? Maybe a Thank You?" 7468:"Why I'm bored with Bioware" 6340:. March 2012. Archived from 5315:Trefonas, Peter (May 1980). 4478: 4338:. Finally, Ryozo Tsujimoto ( 3718:Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos 3653:Relationship to other genres 2450: 1039:writings by authors such as 1007:, inspired by pen-and-paper 999:The role-playing video game 451:more than players of faster 7: 12048:Tabletop role-playing games 11965:Tactical role-playing games 11524:Fundamentals of Game Design 11300:DakotaG (8 December 2008). 10111:"Japan Platinum Game Chart" 9311:Tales of the Rampant Coyote 7642:Bailey, Kat (18 May 2010). 7304:Funk, John (13 July 2010). 6777:, pp. xxiv & xxv, 6522:Loguidice & Barton 2009 6446:Ishaan (22 December 2011). 6193:Loguidice & Barton 2009 6039:Fahey, Mike (25 May 2010). 5877:Loguidice & Barton 2009 5865:Loguidice & Barton 2009 4939:Babovic, Branislav (2000). 4168:. For the past decade, the 1986:noted in an interview with 1867:Japanese role-playing games 1697: 1598:in North America until the 1358:is notable for introducing 362:tabletop role-playing games 314:tabletop role-playing games 10: 13182: 12291: 11738: 11492: 11467:Phil Savage (1 May 2013). 11032:Choi, Dan (3 March 2006). 10572:Ishaan (23 January 2011). 10061:. UBM Tech. Archived from 10053:Rose, Mike (7 June 2011). 9092:Jonric (16 October 2007). 8729:"Disgaea 3 heading to PS3" 7347:. Ziff Davis. 10 July 2010 7024:"Top 10 Ways to Fix JRPGs" 5088: 4923: 4884: 4797: 4473:Torment: Tides of Numenera 4427:Torment: Tides of Numenera 4236:Game Developers Conference 4234:Hironobu Sakaguchi at the 3786: 3656: 3359:Tactical role-playing game 3356: 3220:Pokémon Scarlet and Violet 3120:Ancient Domains of Mystery 3041: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2459: 1863:Western role-playing games 1834:tile-based graphics system 1809:(1984) which followed the 1568:tactical role-playing game 1515: 1221: 1206:, was released. Featuring 1178:-based computers, such as 1098:Western role-playing games 1094:Eastern role-playing games 1003:began in the mid-1970s on 984: 981:History and classification 791: 754:is similar to the way the 418:A party of adventurers in 301:computer role-playing game 29: 13108: 13024: 12988: 12950: 12844: 12837: 12762: 12678: 12653: 12603: 12568: 12540: 12502: 12493: 12431: 12401: 12371: 12328: 12302: 12229: 12206: 12141: 12118: 12109: 12101:List of video game genres 12096: 12027: 12006: 11963: 11850: 11787:"The World of Asian RPGs" 11506:. New Riders Publishing. 9881:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9622:Adams & Rollings 2006 9440:ComputerAndVideoGames.com 9059:Jonric (15 August 2002). 8992:"Paradise Cracked Review" 8235:have come to be known as 7441:ComputerAndVideoGames.com 7250:ComputerAndVideoGames.com 7170:PSM3 UK (16 March 2010). 6901:PSM3 UK (16 March 2010). 6741:Electronic Gaming Monthly 5924:, p. "Final Fantasy" 4961:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4715:Adams & Rollings 2003 4704:Adams & Rollings 2006 4604:Adams & Rollings 2003 4461:The Dark Eye: Blackguards 4240:San Francisco, California 4222:is considerably greater. 4214:video game consoles, the 3814:This section needs to be 3771:, creator of the popular 3743:(MOBA) genre. Due to its 3674:Heroes of Might and Magic 3659:List of video game genres 3141:. The Japanese series of 3089:, particularly mirroring 3038:Roguelikes and roguelites 2655:to generate game levels. 2235:games where the player's 2009:action role-playing games 1684:action role-playing games 1637:This article needs to be 1409:(1988), the start of the 1303:. They also include both 1122:action role-playing games 787: 381:action role-playing games 316:and use much of the same 13161:Role-playing video games 12393:Digital collectible card 11852:Role-playing video games 11844:role-playing video games 9061:"Silent Storm Interview" 8378:. IGN Entertainment, Inc 8259:. IGN Entertainment, Inc 8196:. IGN Entertainment, Inc 8137:Bainbridge, William Sims 7897:"Torchlight PC Hands On" 7763:pp. 182 & 212. 5262:Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2010). 4755:IEEE Intelligent Systems 4418:series (2015–2018), the 4379:Serpent in the Staglands 2806:action role-playing game 2720:first-person perspective 2462:Action role-playing game 1709:Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu 1682:was one of the earliest 1576:action role-playing game 1475:The Elder Scrolls: Arena 1268:Akalabeth: World of Doom 951:3D graphics accelerators 66:Role-playing video games 18:Role-playing video games 12478:Roguelike deck-building 12386:Roguelike deck-building 11639:. McGraw-Hill/Osborne. 10604:The Wall Street Journal 8638:King & Borland 2003 8315:Trends in Communication 8172:King & Borland 2003 8075:"Secret of Mana Review" 4810:Scorpia (August 1994). 4424:series (2014–2017) and 3839:best-selling RPG series 3735:Defense of the Ancients 3611:(starting in 2000) and 3302:Interplay Entertainment 3235:Interplay Entertainment 2980:, regarding the use of 2814:cooperative multiplayer 2734:series; as well as the 1424:Interplay Entertainment 1032:Colossal Cave Adventure 441:suspend their disbelief 402:of computer-controlled 396:artificial intelligence 289:role-playing video game 176:History of Western RPGs 166:History of Eastern RPGs 12036:Dungeons & Dragons 10918:. 2008. Archived from 10850:"2: Final FAntasy VII" 10411:. 2008. Archived from 10196:Blizzard Entertainment 10170:Blizzard Entertainment 8339:Crigger, Lara (2008). 7604:"Cultural Differences" 6481:. CBS Interactive Inc. 5806:, pp. xxiv & xxv, 5317:"Dungeons and Dragons" 4499:"more important" than 4436:Divinity: Original Sin 4421:Divinity: Original Sin 4243: 4007: 3982:The Art of Video Games 3763:, former president of 3713:to advance the story. 3569:Divinity: Original Sin 3486:handheld game consoles 3368: 3064: 2973: 2967:world. (...) is like 2842: 2715: 2498:series, which feature 2478: 2294:Obsidian Entertainment 1989:Xenoblade Chronicles X 1942:game development tools 1336:Starting in 1984 with 1228:Japanese computer RPGs 1014:Dungeons & Dragons 960: 942: 927:Interface and graphics 817: 810:Dungeon Monkey Eternal 682: 643:Dungeons & Dragons 615: 575: 499: 495:The Battle for Wesnoth 481:Exploration and quests 423: 367:Dungeons & Dragons 54: 12720:Tactical role-playing 12485:Tactical role-playing 11605:Barton, Matt (2008). 10830:. CBS Interactive Inc 10804:. CBS Interactive Inc 10436:Winston-Salem Journal 9826:"Roshan Dota 2 Guide" 9546:. CBS Interactive Inc 8794:"PlayStation Tactics" 8758:Neufeld, Anna Marie. 8679:on 22 December 2015. 8432:. Press Start Press. 7753:Barton, Matt (2008). 6663:Computer Gaming World 5430:. CBS Interactive Inc 5015:. CBS Interactive Inc 4905:. CBS Interactive Inc 4816:Computer Gaming World 4290:Bethesda Game Studios 4233: 3994: 3703:action-adventure game 3591:first-person shooters 3563:Shadowrun: Dragonfall 3471:Final Fantasy Tactics 3442:Final Fantasy Tactics 3366: 3267:Looking Glass Studios 3069:procedural generation 3051: 2957: 2836: 2784:Further information: 2705: 2653:procedural generation 2558:non-player characters 2516:action-adventure game 2476: 2436:Final Fantasy Tactics 2312:video game developers 2277:Front Mission Evolved 2263:and writing director 2225:, in contrast to the 2173:console RPGs such as 2160:non-player characters 2146:Defender of the Crown 2053:first-person shooters 1982:playerbase. In 2015, 1688:action-adventure game 1617:was released for the 1372:" CRPGs based on the 1330:Dungeons of Daggorath 985:Further information: 948: 934: 801: 792:Further information: 672: 665:Experience and levels 602: 557: 504:non-player characters 488: 417: 404:non-player characters 46: 13100:Vertically scrolling 11255:on 25 September 2011 11222:on 29 September 2010 11100:on November 10, 2014 10922:on February 17, 2009 10282:on 10 September 2011 9836:on 25 September 2019 9806:on 25 September 2019 9034:Game Helper Magazine 8409:on 20 September 2015 7532:. pp. 206–207. 6748:on 29 September 2018 6546:on 29 September 2010 6082:on February 24, 2014 5903:on 26 September 2018 5089:Adams, Rollings 2003 4924:Adams, Rollings 2003 4885:Adams, Rollings 2003 4812:"Scorpia The Avatar" 4798:Adams, Rollings 2003 4536:downloadable content 4388:series (2015–2018), 4183:Digital Devil Saga 2 4062:Xenoblade Chronicles 3970:Barbican Art Gallery 3914:Diablo: Battle Chest 3906:Diablo: Battle Chest 3581:number of different 3332:Xenoblade Chronicles 2603:over a decade after 2088:Xenoblade Chronicles 1935:, partly due to the 1786:Cultural differences 1419:(1981–1999) series. 1140:(MMORPG), including 1102:cultural differences 859:, creating a hybrid 714:strategy video games 181:Non-player character 12730:Turn-based strategy 12635:Submarine simulator 12441:Action role-playing 12348:Interactive fiction 11611:. A K Peters, Ltd. 11342:on 22 December 2015 10657:on 4 September 2010 10504:on 1 December 2008. 9960:on 28 February 2009 9577:on 9 September 2011 9226:on 22 December 2015 9169:on 18 December 2007 9040:on 28 December 2007 8527:on 17 November 2015 8351:on 22 December 2015 7740:Hardcore Gaming 101 7709:Hardcore Gaming 101 7447:on 10 February 2011 7378:on 9 September 2011 7318:on 11 November 2017 7178:. Future Publishing 6876:"Rebooting the RPG" 6475:"What's in a name?" 6384:on 22 December 2015 6302:"The RPG Conundrum" 6280:(199): 56 & 58. 4988:on 22 December 2015 4814:. Scorpia's Sting. 4777:10.1109/MIS.2006.92 4534:Though things like 4415:Pillars of Eternity 3214:The Legend of Zelda 2762:Eye of the Beholder 2601:Diablo Battle Chest 2539:The Legend of Zelda 2521:The Legend of Zelda 2486:titles such as the 2388:Betrayal at Krondor 2192:The Legend of Zelda 2123:Betrayal at Krondor 1905:Planescape: Torment 1885:Planescape: Torment 1774:dozens of minigames 1693:The Legend of Zelda 1680:Famicom Disk System 1664:, released for the 1615:The Legend of Zelda 1512:Video game consoles 1451:Planescape: Torment 1442:and the action-RPG 1271:, the precursor to 1170:text-based RPGs on 1162:Mainframe computers 1005:mainframe computers 583:Items and inventory 429:speculative fiction 60:Part of a series on 13131:Video game modding 13073:Nonlinear gameplay 12735:Turn-based tactics 12703:Real-time strategy 11693:on 22 October 2003 10721:on 8 November 2012 10689:on 20 January 2013 10553:on 4 December 2017 10460:on 18 October 2007 10172:. 23 December 2008 9317:on 9 November 2006 9104:on 18 October 2007 9002:on 7 November 2007 8827:Beckett, Michael. 8654:www.nintendo.co.jp 8054:on 25 January 2005 7982:Rock Paper Shotgun 7977:"The RPGs of 2017" 7928:TheGameReviews.com 7614:on 24 January 2013 6949:. 18 December 2009 6173:"RPGs and Suckage" 5702:on 3 February 2013 5640:on 3 February 2013 5578:on 3 February 2013 5493:on 1 January 2014. 5461:on 19 January 2005 5295:www.rpgfanatic.net 5130:"Pathway to Glory" 5070:on 12 October 2011 4717:, p. 347-348. 4264:Hironobu Sakaguchi 4244: 4226:Notable developers 4212:seventh generation 4165:Dragon Warrior III 4008: 3996:Bethesda Softworks 3723:real-time strategy 3635:Castlevania Puzzle 3631:puzzle video games 3603:real-time strategy 3533:The Eternal Dagger 3494:X-COM: UFO Defense 3475:software emulation 3409:Ultima III: Exodus 3369: 3298:Bethesda Softworks 3065: 2843: 2786:Multi-user dungeon 2756:Legend of Grimrock 2716: 2679:Fallout: New Vegas 2530:nonlinear gameplay 2479: 2348:Hironobu Sakaguchi 2289:Fallout: New Vegas 2270:Final Fantasy XIII 2085:, in reference to 2039:Hironobu Sakaguchi 1976:Final Fantasy XIII 1725:Dragon Warrior III 1526:Video game console 1494:, transferred the 1454:and cult classics 1314:Ultima III: Exodus 1218:Personal computers 1009:role-playing games 961: 943: 921:role-playing games 818: 771:skill-point system 757:Basic Role-Playing 729:skill-point system 683: 675:character creation 638:character creation 616: 576: 500: 460:role-playing games 424: 171:History of MMORPGs 151:Character creation 55: 50:Legend of Grimrock 13166:Video game genres 13148: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13136:Video game remake 13044:Emergent gameplay 12715:Real-time tactics 12674: 12673: 12613:Flight simulation 12343:Graphic adventure 12289: 12288: 12090:Video game genres 12056: 12055: 11799:on 16 August 2012 11761:978-1-8384585-7-7 11674:978-0-240-81146-8 11646:978-0-07-222888-5 11618:978-1-56881-411-7 11534:978-0-321-64337-7 11527:. Prentice Hall. 11513:978-1-59273-001-8 11312:on 14 August 2008 11119:Donaldson, Alex. 11070:on 7 October 2014 10952:on April 25, 2015 10486:on 11 March 2008. 10385:on 24 August 2014 10194:(Press release). 10168:(Press release). 10065:on 19 August 2011 9861:team-dignitas.net 9775:League of Legends 9073:on 6 October 2002 8932:on 1 January 2013 8903:on 10 July 2012. 8839:on March 14, 2012 8226:978-0-262-51287-9 8176:Lord of the Rings 8150:978-0-9743091-2-5 8119:978-0-226-09627-8 8100:Castronva, Edward 7841:978-0-240-81146-8 7808:978-0-240-81146-8 7770:978-1-56881-411-7 7256:on 14 August 2010 7172:"Are JRPGs dead?" 6903:"Are JRPGs dead?" 6784:978-0-7615-3299-6 6249:on 19 August 2010 6004:978-0-7615-3299-6 5240:on 5 January 2012 4866:on 2 January 2016 4840:978-0-415-97721-0 4818:. pp. 29–33. 4738:978-3-642-04635-3 4449:Might and Magic X 4409:Shadowrun Returns 4307:The Elder Scrolls 4274:for creating the 4266:for creating the 4258:for creating the 4203:World of Warcraft 4160:Final Fantasy VII 4101:Final Fantasy VII 4058:Final Fantasy VII 3895:World of Warcraft 3887:Final Fantasy VII 3835: 3834: 3545:Realms of Arkania 3501:. Titles such as 3286:The Elder Scrolls 3179:Sandbox RPGs, or 3138:Tales of Maj'Eyal 3024:instance dungeons 2931:World of Warcraft 2826:elements with an 2804:(1993), an early 2708:Damnation of Gods 2532:, battery backup 2502:combat where the 2474: 2328:handheld consoles 2223:player characters 2083:Tetsuya Takahashi 1890:player characters 1770:Final Fantasy VII 1765:Final Fantasy VII 1760:full-motion video 1658: 1657: 1564:New Bokosuka Wars 1502:, who used it in 1244:and published by 1238:Dungeon n Dragons 1196:, a very popular 1155:World of Warcraft 1058:Epic of Gilgamesh 1023:sports simulation 966:Ultima Underworld 823:random encounters 741:experience points 737:experience system 721:experience system 695:experience points 587:Players can find 410:Story and setting 400:scripted behavior 293:role-playing game 285: 284: 16:(Redirected from 13173: 13126:Video game clone 12842: 12841: 12838:Related concepts 12645:Vehicular combat 12500: 12499: 12373:Digital tabletop 12353:Interactive film 12313:Grand Theft Auto 12304:Action-adventure 12297: 12254:Platform fighter 12133:Platform fighter 12116: 12115: 12083: 12076: 12069: 12060: 12059: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11813: 11812: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11765: 11744: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11677: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11538: 11517: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11308:. 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Archived from 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4854:Parish, Jeremy. 4851: 4845: 4844: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4770: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4701: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4489: 4272:Richard Garriott 4136:Final Fantasy VI 4127:Final Fantasy VI 4004:Games Convention 3830: 3827: 3821: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3511:(1994–2013) and 3477:—such as on the 3454:Vanguard Bandits 3448:Suikoden Tactics 3316:Playground Games 3312:Lionhead Studios 3271:Irrational Games 3187:Grand Theft Auto 3095: 3062: 2991: 2978:Richard Garriott 2952:renaissance fair 2912:Final Fantasy XI 2691:The 3rd Birthday 2649:Hellgate: London 2628:Hellgate: London 2504:player character 2475: 2176:Final Fantasy IV 2155:action-adventure 2081:series director 1994: 1981: 1971:female audiences 1756:fifth generation 1732:Phantasy Star II 1686:, combining the 1670:Shigeru Miyamoto 1653: 1650: 1644: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1558:in 1985 and the 1365:Pool of Radiance 1345:50 Mission Crush 1286:Sword of Fargoal 1256:Temple of Apshai 1149:Final Fantasy XI 1041:J. R. R. Tolkien 769:Finally, in the 710:technology trees 687:characterization 427:often rooted in 309:video game genre 277: 270: 263: 186:Player character 76: 57: 56: 32:Canadian Rangers 27:Video game genre 21: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13151: 13150: 13149: 13140: 13104: 13095:Twitch gameplay 13020: 12984: 12946: 12833: 12785:Survival horror 12758: 12708:Time management 12670: 12649: 12640:Train simulator 12599: 12564: 12536: 12489: 12427: 12397: 12367: 12324: 12298: 12285: 12225: 12221:Survival horror 12202: 12137: 12105: 12092: 12087: 12057: 12052: 12023: 12007:Other subgenres 12002: 11959: 11846: 11840: 11802: 11800: 11772: 11762: 11735: 11733:Further reading 11730: 11721: 11719: 11696: 11694: 11675: 11667:, Focal Press, 11651: 11649: 11647: 11623: 11621: 11619: 11595: 11593: 11574: 11572: 11553: 11551: 11535: 11514: 11495: 11490: 11489: 11479: 11477: 11465: 11461: 11451: 11449: 11438: 11434: 11424: 11422: 11411: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11385: 11381: 11371: 11369: 11359: 11355: 11345: 11343: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11298: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11273: 11272: 11268: 11258: 11256: 11243: 11242: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11208: 11204: 11191: 11189: 11177: 11173: 11163: 11161: 11151: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11117: 11113: 11103: 11101: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11073: 11071: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11043: 11041: 11030: 11026: 11016: 11014: 11003: 10996: 10986: 10984: 10983:on 11 July 2011 10969: 10965: 10955: 10953: 10940: 10939: 10935: 10925: 10923: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10892:on May 12, 2014 10880: 10879: 10875: 10865: 10863: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10781: 10779: 10770: 10769: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10738: 10734: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10702: 10692: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10660: 10658: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10634: 10632: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10570: 10566: 10556: 10554: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10526: 10524: 10513: 10509: 10496: 10495: 10491: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10448: 10447: 10443: 10432: 10428: 10418: 10416: 10403: 10402: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10371: 10367: 10357: 10355: 10344: 10340: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10268: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10215: 10211: 10201: 10199: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10175: 10173: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10149: 10147: 10136: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10109: 10108: 10104: 10094: 10092: 10083: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10051: 10047: 10037: 10035: 10030: 10029: 10025: 10015: 10013: 10000: 9999: 9995: 9985: 9983: 9978: 9977: 9973: 9963: 9961: 9946: 9942: 9937:. 9 March 2011. 9927: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9894: 9890: 9874: 9873: 9866: 9864: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9809: 9807: 9800:EsportsTalk.com 9794: 9793: 9789: 9779: 9777: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9725:Esports Edition 9717: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9691: 9687: 9677: 9675: 9658: 9654: 9644: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9606: 9604: 9594: 9590: 9580: 9578: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9536: 9532: 9519: 9517: 9502: 9498: 9484: 9482: 9467: 9463: 9449: 9447: 9446:on 25 June 2007 9432: 9428: 9415: 9413: 9402: 9398: 9384: 9382: 9367: 9363: 9350: 9348: 9338: 9334: 9320: 9318: 9303: 9296: 9286: 9284: 9282:Future US, Inc. 9270: 9266: 9256: 9254: 9243: 9239: 9229: 9227: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9186: 9182: 9172: 9170: 9155: 9151: 9132: 9125: 9107: 9105: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9026: 9019: 9005: 9003: 8988: 8984: 8970: 8968: 8953: 8949: 8935: 8933: 8916: 8912: 8889: 8885: 8872: 8870: 8869:. Gamer Network 8859: 8855: 8842: 8840: 8825: 8821: 8807: 8805: 8790: 8786: 8773: 8771: 8756: 8752: 8738: 8736: 8725: 8721: 8708: 8706: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8665: 8661: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8607: 8605: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8571: 8561: 8559: 8557:Electronic Arts 8549: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8511: 8507: 8497: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8337: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8276: 8272: 8262: 8260: 8249: 8245: 8227: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8186: 8182: 8170: 8161: 8151: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8071: 8067: 8057: 8055: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8001: 7997: 7987: 7985: 7973: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7920: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7903:. Gamer Network 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7801:, p. 317, 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7751: 7747: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7716: 7715:on 23 July 2011 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7654:on 29 June 2011 7640: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7600: 7596: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7474:. GameZone Next 7464: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7302: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7242: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7225:on 2 March 2011 7209: 7205: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7179: 7168: 7164: 7150: 7148: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7121:on 27 July 2010 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7090:on 1 March 2010 7078: 7077: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 7003:. 16 March 2006 6995: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6920: 6919: 6912: 6910: 6899: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6845: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6825:on 16 June 2004 6811: 6798: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6732: 6728: 6682:Petersen, Sandy 6679: 6675: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6631: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6568: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6493: 6486: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6415:on 7 April 2011 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6370: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6298: 6285: 6269: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6208: 6199: 6191: 6184: 6169: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6147:on 20 July 2012 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6116:on 29 June 2011 6102: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6068: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6037: 6018: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5985: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5953: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5843:on 21 July 2012 5831: 5830: 5821: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5772: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5733:on 18 July 2005 5721:Kasavin, Greg. 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5533: 5532: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5502: 5498: 5481:"Bokosuka Wars" 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5424:"Bokosuka Wars" 5422: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5260: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5230: 5217: 5202:10.7557/23.6006 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5126: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4974: 4970: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4827: 4823: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4768:10.1.1.125.9742 4750: 4746: 4739: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4514:adventure games 4511: 4507: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4455:Lords of Xulima 4440:The Banner Saga 4385:The Banner Saga 4366: 4346:Katsura Hashino 4228: 4198:Final Fantasy X 4155:Final Fantasy X 3946:Gamer's Edition 3831: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3785: 3682:adventure games 3661: 3655: 3578: 3508:Jagged Alliance 3482:Virtual Console 3439:titles such as 3361: 3355: 3177: 3144:Mystery Dungeon 3093: 3077:permanent death 3060: 3046: 3040: 2993: 2975: 2925:Toontown Online 2907:Ragnarok Online 2792: 2782: 2776: 2728:Might and Magic 2700: 2512:game controller 2466: 2464: 2458: 2453: 2445:Catholic Church 2421: 2411:as well as the 2340:Motomu Toriyama 2265:Daniel Erickson 2189:and especially 2132: 2027:(who worked on 1992: 1979: 1925:adventure games 1788: 1698:turn-based RPGs 1654: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1528: 1514: 1412:Might and Magic 1400:The Bard's Tale 1324:Tunnels of Doom 1230: 1220: 1198:dungeon crawler 1164: 1055:dating back to 1053:epic literature 1027:adventure games 997: 983: 956:Sintel The Game 929: 881:Infinity Engine 833:In a classical 796: 790: 752:training system 725:training system 667: 597: 585: 568:Might and Magic 483: 437:science fiction 412: 350: 348:Characteristics 281: 206:Threefold model 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13179: 13169: 13168: 13163: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13112: 13110: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13090:Side-scrolling 13087: 13086: 13085: 13080: 13070: 13065: 13058: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13011: 12998: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12935:Climate change 12932: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12893: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12854: 12848: 12846: 12839: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12794: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12777: 12772: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12752:Grand strategy 12744: 12743: 12742: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12711: 12710: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12657: 12655: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12609: 12607: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12580: 12574: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12546: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12508: 12506: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12470: 12468:Monster-taming 12465: 12460: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12446:Looter shooter 12437: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12413: 12407: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12377: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12334: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12308: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12272: 12271: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12242:Hack and slash 12233: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12212: 12210: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12147: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12128:Endless runner 12124: 12122: 12113: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12103: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12086: 12085: 12078: 12071: 12063: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12010: 12008: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11969: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11856: 11854: 11848: 11847: 11839: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11782: 11771: 11770:External links 11768: 11767: 11766: 11760: 11745: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11703: 11678: 11673: 11658: 11645: 11630: 11617: 11602: 11581: 11560: 11539: 11533: 11518: 11512: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11459: 11432: 11405: 11379: 11353: 11323: 11292: 11266: 11233: 11202: 11171: 11142: 11111: 11081: 11051: 11024: 10994: 10963: 10933: 10903: 10873: 10862:on 6 July 2011 10841: 10815: 10789: 10763: 10732: 10700: 10668: 10642: 10616: 10590: 10564: 10534: 10507: 10489: 10471: 10441: 10426: 10396: 10365: 10338: 10324: 10313:on 2 June 2009 10293: 10262: 10235: 10209: 10183: 10157: 10127: 10102: 10076: 10045: 10023: 9993: 9971: 9940: 9920: 9888: 9847: 9817: 9787: 9762: 9737: 9711: 9685: 9652: 9641:. 7 March 2018 9626: 9614: 9588: 9557: 9530: 9496: 9461: 9426: 9396: 9361: 9332: 9294: 9264: 9237: 9220:GamersHell.com 9207: 9180: 9149: 9123: 9084: 9051: 9017: 8982: 8967:on 9 July 2012 8947: 8910: 8883: 8853: 8819: 8804:on 4 June 2011 8784: 8750: 8735:. Newbay Media 8719: 8686: 8659: 8641: 8630: 8618: 8584: 8569: 8538: 8505: 8479: 8445: 8439:978-0692501863 8438: 8420: 8389: 8362: 8328: 8301: 8270: 8243: 8225: 8207: 8180: 8159: 8149: 8128: 8118: 8091: 8065: 8034: 8022: 7995: 7967: 7940: 7914: 7887: 7861: 7846: 7840: 7834:, p. 43, 7813: 7807: 7783: 7769: 7745: 7726: 7703:Kalata, Kurt. 7695: 7684:on 11 May 2001 7665: 7625: 7602:Kalata, Kurt. 7594: 7591:. 9 July 1998. 7576: 7545: 7538: 7516: 7485: 7458: 7427: 7401: 7389: 7358: 7329: 7293: 7267: 7236: 7203: 7162: 7132: 7101: 7068: 7041: 7014: 6988: 6960: 6934: 6893: 6866: 6836: 6796: 6783: 6759: 6726: 6712:Secret of Mana 6673: 6652: 6622: 6591: 6557: 6526: 6514: 6484: 6465: 6438: 6426: 6395: 6355: 6319: 6283: 6272:Sandy Petersen 6260: 6229: 6197: 6182: 6158: 6127: 6093: 6057: 6016: 6003: 5974: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5881: 5869: 5854: 5819: 5793: 5770: 5744: 5713: 5682: 5651: 5620: 5589: 5556: 5545:on 6 June 2007 5523: 5496: 5472: 5441: 5415: 5385: 5369: 5355: 5344: 5307: 5281: 5251: 5215: 5195:(2): 209–218, 5179: 5168:on 9 July 2021 5148: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5051: 5026: 4999: 4968: 4928: 4916: 4889: 4877: 4846: 4839: 4821: 4802: 4790: 4744: 4737: 4719: 4707: 4641: 4608: 4606:, p. 347. 4592: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4568:For instance, 4561: 4552: 4540: 4527: 4518: 4505: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4365: 4362: 4341:Monster Hunter 4335:Cyberpunk 2077 4326:, creators of 4292:, creators of 4227: 4224: 4196:, followed by 4158:, followed by 4132:Chrono Trigger 4078:Chrono Trigger 4043:Chrono Trigger 3833: 3832: 3813: 3811: 3804: 3784: 3781: 3654: 3651: 3646:Steel Panthers 3614:S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 3577: 3574: 3527:Wizard's Crown 3524:series; SSI's 3424:simulation RPG 3391:isometric grid 3373:strategy games 3357:Main article: 3354: 3351: 3262:System Shock 2 3176: 3173: 3151:, inspired by 3042:Main article: 3039: 3036: 2956: 2863:graphical MUDs 2801:Secret of Mana 2778:Main article: 2775: 2772: 2751:Dungeon Master 2737:Etrian Odyssey 2712:Dungeon Master 2706:Screenshot of 2699: 2696: 2500:hack and slash 2460:Main article: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2420: 2417: 2409:Chrono Trigger 2307:Romancing SaGa 2197:combat systems 2186:Secret of Mana 2181:Sandy Petersen 2131: 2128: 2107:Romancing SaGa 2069:Chrono Trigger 2058:Chrono Trigger 2048:The Last Story 2034:Kingdom Hearts 2025:Tetsuya Nomura 1882:systems (e.g. 1806:The Black Onyx 1787: 1784: 1656: 1655: 1636: 1634: 1627: 1595:Dragon Warrior 1513: 1510: 1491:Menzoberranzan 1428:Blizzard North 1394:Dungeon Master 1242:Peter Trefonas 1219: 1216: 1163: 1160: 1127:Secret of Mana 1051:, and ancient 1045:strategy games 1043:, traditional 982: 979: 928: 925: 868:battle systems 814:area of effect 807:roguelike-like 789: 786: 785: 784: 767: 763:Dungeon Master 748: 673:An example of 666: 663: 650:magical powers 605:roguelike-like 596: 593: 584: 581: 482: 479: 458:Pen-and-paper 411: 408: 358:game mechanics 349: 346: 326:game mechanics 283: 282: 280: 279: 272: 265: 257: 254: 253: 252: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 218: 217: 211: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 140: 139: 135: 134: 133: 132: 127: 122: 121: 120: 110: 108:Monster-taming 105: 100: 99: 98: 85: 84: 78: 77: 69: 68: 62: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13178: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13107: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13063: 13059: 13057: 13056: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13029: 13027: 13023: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13008: 13004: 13003: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12987: 12981: 12980:Single-player 12978: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12836: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12761: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12725:Tower defense 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12667: 12666:Immersive sim 12664: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12652: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12555:City-building 12553: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12458:Dungeon crawl 12456: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12423:Tile-matching 12421: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12412: 12411:Hidden object 12409: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12391: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12381:Deck-building 12379: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12296: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12216:Battle royale 12214: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12108: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12084: 12079: 12077: 12072: 12070: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11837: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11763: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11736: 11718:on 2 May 2003 11717: 11713: 11709: 11704: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11679: 11676: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11659: 11648: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11631: 11620: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11603: 11591: 11587: 11582: 11570: 11566: 11561: 11549: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11526: 11525: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11505: 11504: 11498: 11497: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11463: 11447: 11443: 11436: 11420: 11416: 11409: 11394: 11390: 11383: 11368: 11364: 11357: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11296: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11240: 11238: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11188: 11187: 11182: 11175: 11160: 11156: 11149: 11147: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11115: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11055: 11039: 11035: 11028: 11012: 11008: 11001: 10999: 10982: 10978: 10977:Game Informer 10974: 10967: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10736: 10717: 10710: 10704: 10685: 10678: 10672: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10503: 10499: 10493: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10437: 10430: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10369: 10353: 10349: 10342: 10334: 10328: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10266: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10145: 10141: 10134: 10132: 10116: 10115:The Magic Box 10112: 10106: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10034:. Square Enix 10033: 10027: 10011: 10007: 10006:247wallst.com 10003: 9997: 9981: 9975: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9924: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9892: 9884: 9878: 9862: 9858: 9851: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9656: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9623: 9618: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9515: 9511: 9510:Game Informer 9507: 9500: 9493: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9411: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9369:Boske, John. 9365: 9358: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9299: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9268: 9252: 9248: 9241: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9195: 9191: 9184: 9168: 9164: 9163:neXus Central 9160: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9130: 9128: 9120: 9118: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9072: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9030:"Night Watch" 9024: 9022: 9014: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8986: 8979: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8734: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8651: 8650:"VC ボコスカウォーズ" 8645: 8639: 8634: 8627: 8622: 8615: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8592:Bailey, Kat. 8588: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8509: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8468:on 9 May 2015 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8450: 8441: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8333: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8274: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7971: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7875: 7874:San Francisco 7871: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7820: 7818: 7810: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7787: 7772: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7199: 7193: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7109:Grenz, Brad. 7105: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6841: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6763: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6677: 6670: 6665: 6664: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6627: 6611:on 8 May 2012 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6469: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6436:, p. 223 6435: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6333:Extra Credits 6329: 6323: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6098: 6086:September 10, 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5817: 5816:0-7615-3299-4 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5768: 5767:0-7615-3299-4 5764: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5671:on 2 May 2003 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5091:, pp. 364–367 5090: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4942: 4935: 4933: 4926:, pp. 358–361 4925: 4920: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4497:Final Fantasy 4494: 4491:The original 4488: 4484: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4318:for founding 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4280:Brenda Romero 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268:Final Fantasy 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171:Megami Tensei 4167: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4141:Game Informer 4137: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066:Mass Effect 2 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032:Mass Effect 2 4029: 4025: 4024: 4023:Mass Effect 2 4019: 4015: 4014: 4010:According to 4005: 4002:booth at the 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3879:Final Fantasy 3876: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3868:Final Fantasy 3864: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3841:worldwide is 3840: 3829: 3826:December 2015 3817: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3759:According to 3757: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3731:Warcraft III, 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3576:Hybrid genres 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3419:Bokosuka Wars 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3360: 3353:Tactical RPGs 3350: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337:Monolith Soft 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327:Piranha Bytes 3324: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3194:Dragon Slayer 3189: 3188: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3014:ninja looting 3011: 3010:spawn camping 3007: 3006:kill stealing 3003: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2884:Ultima Online 2880: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2685:Borderlands 2 2681: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:shooter games 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635:series. Like 2634: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2610:Dungeon Siege 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2489:Dragon Slayer 2485: 2463: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2441:Abrahamic God 2438: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2404:Phantasy Star 2400: 2399:Final Fantasy 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2382:Lands of Lore 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:Edge Magazine 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:Shinji Mikami 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2218:Phantasy Star 2214: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2206:Final Fantasy 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2117:Lands of Lore 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2095:states that " 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043:Final Fantasy 2041:, creator of 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2029:Final Fantasy 2026: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1901:Final Fantasy 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1843:Final Fantasy 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:optical disks 1748: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1719:Final Fantasy 1715: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1666:Master System 1663: 1662:Phantasy Star 1652: 1640: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1613:Also in 1986 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554:in 1984, the 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1543:Bokosuka Wars 1539: 1535: 1534: 1533:Dragonstomper 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1505:Baldur's Gate 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1433:Baldur's Gate 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240:, written by 1239: 1235: 1234:microcomputer 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 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