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205:. According to historian Michael V. Hazel, "The man most responsible for securing the central Centennial Exposition for Dallas was Robert L. Thornton, head of the Mercantile Bank." In his history of the Dallas Citizens Council, author Darwin Payne noted, "Despite financial losses, the Centennial was the crowning event in the city's history. The public relations value alone was incalculable, and the economic benefits enormous." Payne wrote, "Dallas had become a different city, different in self-awareness as well as in its new national image as a prosperous, sophisticated city. That image was relayed to the nation in glowing articles in such prestigious publications as
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Klan
Business Firms 100 %", under which the Dallas County State Bank was included, noting R.L. Thornton as president. There was no explanation as to what was meant by "business firms 100%". Dealey, however, in his transmittal letter to the Dallas Historical Society wrote that it was an "impossibility" that "the stores enumerated are said to be Ku Klux Klan 100%." The Klan itself noted: "We do not claim that every 100% American is a Klansman." In a letter to Dallas real estate executive Henry S. Miller Jr after the publication of the 1994 edition, Payne acknowledged that Thornton was not listed on the individual member lists.
365:, the City of Dallas (and the Dallas Independent School District) needed to comply with the federal law regarding school and business desegregation and competing State of Texas decrees. Nearing the end of his last mayoral term, Thornton played a leadership role in Dallas' peaceful school and business desegregation and motivated the Dallas Citizens Council to mount a successful, peaceful Dallas desegregation effort. The political climate throughout Texas was significantly anti-integration, and Dallas remained one of the largest school systems in the South with a completely segregated school system.
107:, near Hico. His childhood time was divided between farm work, such as picking cotton, and attending school. He discontinued schooling at the eighth grade because his family needed him to work full-time farming. Formal business education was limited to an eight-week bookkeeping course at the Metropolitan Business College in Dallas. His first visit to Dallas was as an eight-year-old; he traveled by wagon with his father and a brother to visit the State Fair of Texas. The experience made a life-long impression: his involvement with the State Fair, and Dallas, lasted for more than 75 years.
242:," as he never forgot his country boy roots. A banker who was a natural salesman with energy and vision, R. L. Thornton sold Dallas to businesses across the nation and helped build Dallas into a major metropolitan area. "City-building," he said, "is just a privilege of citizenship." Through his leadership at the State Fair of Texas he made Dallas the Southwestern hub of entertainment and helped develop the State Fair of Texas into one of the largest in the world.
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Council of the need to seek peaceful desegregation in schools and businesses for economic self-interest reasons. Acceding to the mayor's request, the
Citizens Council agreed in 1960 to assume as a special project the successful integration of Dallas schools. The Council developed an extensive education campaign to facilitate the desegregation of Dallas schools by creating a climate to convince citizens of the need to accept desegregation peacefully.
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443:. He said that not once in R. L. Thornton's 83 years of life – including his thoroughly documented roles as a businessman, civic leader, and elected official – was there ever a single mention of a KKK membership. Moreover, for 30 years after his death in 1964, there was no public or known private suggestion or evidence that he was ever a member of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
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created equal and will be treated equal – the rich, the poor, the high, the low." Thornton emphasized effective, businesslike, and open government, announcing that all City decisions would be made in public. "He instructed the City
Manager to advise all department heads that utmost courtesy be shown all citizens, with positively no exceptions."
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thirty years after his death. Thornton's involvement in the city's desegregation and civil rights matters in the 1950s and 60s provided an opening for criticism from
African American and other civil rights campaigners; however there are no contemporary, nor later, accusations on record, prior to the one surfacing in 1994.
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Dallas in the 1920s had one of the highest proportions of Klan membership of any U.S. city, just at the time
Thornton was rising to prominence. Up to one in three eligible (white, Protestant) men in Dallas are believed to have joined in the early 1920s. Confirmed Dallas Klansmen included the sheriff,
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Lacking a public mandate, "Mayor
Thornton believed the situation to be so critical that the Dallas Citizens Council must exercise its power to assure success." Citing the loss of reputation and business in other Southern cities that had not successfully desegregated schools, he convinced the Citizens
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that committee members "had to report back to their companies before making financial commitments. We needed people who could say 'yes' or 'no' right away to determine if a project could be done quickly and efficiently". In 1937 this concern drove
Thornton to organize the Dallas Citizens Council (not
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School desegregation progress followed a summer of peaceful business and city desegregation on a large scale without any public announcement. Lunch counters and hotels were successfully desegregated, "White-only" signs came down throughout the city, and at Fair Park open seating was initiated at the
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Since 1889 the State Fair in Dallas had been segregated and limited Black citizens' attendance to one day each year, initially called
Colored People's Day, and later renamed Negro Achievement Day in 1936. Starting in 1953, Ms. Craft organized years of peaceful protests with her NAACP youth group and
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During his career, he received awards and honors, including the Linz Award for outstanding civic contributions (1947), the Sales
Executive Club's Number 1 Salesman of Dallas award (1948), the Greater Dallas Planning Council's Distinguished Citizen Award (1955), the Press Club's Headliner of the Year
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Despite federal court decisions, the 55th Texas legislature passed a law in 1957 that required local communities to vote on school desegregation. Without a majority vote, Dallas ISD could lose $ 2.7 million in state aid, and lose accreditation if they tried to desegregate. The school superintendent
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R. L. Thornton addressed controversial issues during his business, mayoral and civic life: severe water shortages, long-delayed civic projects, need for crime reduction, economic development challenges, and desegregation issues for the city and State Fair. The most difficult challenge was the fight
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A possible source of confusion may be that a younger brother of R.L. Thornton was indeed a member and leader of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. W. L. Thornton, a Dallas attorney and prominent judge, was active in both the Klan and the
Democratic party locally, statewide, and nationally. Since
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Six months later, Thornton saw the Statler Hotel break ground in downtown Dallas. It would be the largest hotel in the Southwest and kicked off Thornton's plan of "Keep the Dirt Flyin’." Major municipal projects completed during his eight years in office included a new downtown library, a new city
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In 1933, while serving as chairman of the Chamber of Commerce, he joined with his close friend Fred Florence of Republic Bank and Nathan Adams of First National Bank to pursue hosting the Texas Centennial and Exposition at Fair Park in 1936. The first world's fair in the Southwest hosted more than
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In 1916, at the age of 36, with loans from family and friends, he organized a private bank in Dallas in an 18-foot (5.5 m) office that had formerly housed the Blue Goose restaurant. It was from this first successful venture that Thornton launched his four-decade banking career as president of
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member in the early 1920s have arisen. Records of any Klan association are scant and have been contested. His family argue that although Thornton was a highly scrutinized public figure, as mayor and prominent business leader, no allegations of Klan affiliation surfaced during his lifetime, nor for
567:, concluded, "His genius in leadership was seen not only in his limitless energy but in his ability to get other people to do things they did not know they could do. He not only built buildings and improved the appearance of a city, but more importantly, he helped men achieve their true stature."
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The document was undated and unsigned, with no external verification. It was divided into three separate sections, two of which named 115 members of the Executive Committee and Steering Committee of the Klan at the time. There was a third section that listed about 270 businesses, labeled "Ku Klux
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By 1923 they had outgrown the name "Dallas County State Bank" and became the "Mercantile Bank and Trust Co.", with a national charter. Two years later, the bank's capital hit the $ 1 million mark. Thornton served as president from 1916 to 1947, when he became chairman of the board until 1964. It
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A child of tenant farmers, Thornton's early years were divided between school and farm labor. After holding several jobs and starting two unsuccessful business ventures, Thornton began a banking operation in Dallas in 1916. The bank progressed to be a Texas-wide institution, and by 1923 it had a
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reported that he had no desire to hold public office, but he had "never turned down a job for my city." He won the election with 69.5% of the vote, and at his first Council meeting, he said, "This city government will govern for everyone alike. Dallas has no second-class citizens. All are
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Thornton married in 1905 and settled in Dallas with his wife, where they raised four children. Thornton died in 1964. Various roads and places in Dallas are named for him. Since the 1990s there have been intermittent calls for these place names to be changed on the basis of Thornton's perceived
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reporters were stationed at Fair Park for a large Dallas regional Klan meeting. They recorded and vetted license plates of the attendees' automobiles. The second was the 1923 Klan Day at the State Fair. This was billed as "One of the Greatest Gatherings in Klan History" with 160,000 attendees.
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Early in 1953, Dallas Mayor J.B. Adoue Jr. announced he would not seek reelection. The city was struggling with rapid economic growth challenges amid a prolonged drought that meant a severe water shortage. City leaders launched an effort to draft the 72-year-old Thornton for mayor. The city's
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Shortly after Dallas County State Bank opened, Thornton joined the Dallas Chamber of Commerce, serving as president of the Chamber from 1933 to 1936. In 1923, he was named to the Dallas Plan Commission and later to the economic development organization, Industrial Dallas, Inc. that toured the
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that was shown throughout the city more than 1,000 times to community groups with introductions by leading citizens; distributed more than 100,000 booklets through churches; and many companies included inserts in employee paychecks. On September 6, 1961 racial desegregation came quietly and
506:. Dallas became their home; they raised a family and lived there for the rest of their lives. Together they had three daughters and a son: Katherine Marie, who married J. Frank Holt; Rosemary, who married Ralph Brinegar. One daughter, Mary Ann, died in 1924, aged 3.
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agency. He volunteered to head the World War II Dallas War Chest to raise money through war bonds, chaired the Big Gifts division for the Dallas County United Fund, and chaired the campaign to approve the Dallas County courthouse complex. His greatest love was Dallas'
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of Cabell's Dairy and the son and grandson of previous mayors of Dallas, Thornton was forced into a runoff since neither candidate received a majority of the votes. Two weeks later, Thornton won by 3,000 votes and began his fourth and last term as Mayor of Dallas. A
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to be confused with the "White Citizens Councils in the South") made up of only the chief executive officers and decision-makers in Dallas. Since that time, the Council has put its collective money and expertise into projects deemed important for the city.
123:. Thornton then worked as a traveling candy salesman, supplying the Oklahoma Indian Territory. By 1912, Thornton returned to Dallas and became involved in two business ventures – a bookstore and a mortgage banking company – both of which were unsuccessful.
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Black Americans served with distinction during World War II and returned home to seek racial change. A National Park Service document cited the NAACP, "emboldened by the record of Black servicemen in the war, a new corps of brilliant young
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others until the Fair was fully desegregated in 1967. Over the years, Thornton, as Mayor and State Fair of Texas president, personally brokered agreements with Craft, other African American leaders, and opponents in the Anglo community.
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the book's 1994 publication, some authors and journalists have perpetuated the accusation that Thornton was a "member of the Klan", by repeating Payne's assertion, without any apparent separate investigation or research of their own.
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in 1942". That document rested in the George B. Dealey archives at the Dallas Historical Society. It had been given to Dealey "by Mr. Albert Brin of ... Dallas" in 1942, some 20 years after the purported date of its creation.
407:, executive director of the national NAACP, asserted, "If this sort of thing had been done throughout the country – people willing to sit down together and talk about the problem – we would have a different picture now."
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reported that "Thornton has won wide respect among Dallas Negroes" and quoted the Rev. E. C. Estell, pastor of Dallas' largest African American church, as saying, "I do not know of any man who can serve our situation
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He served as a member of the board of directors of a range of Dallas organizations. They included nonprofits: Children's Development Center, Greater Dallas Council of Churches, Texas Research Foundation,
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Key steps included organizing a bi-racial Committee of 14 consisting of seven Black and seven white members to serve as a bridge between the two communities. The Black membership included George Allen,
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department store general manager Charles L. Sanger. Thornton's fellow bankers recognized his business talent early in his career when they elected him president of the Texas Bankers Association in 1924–1925.
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report of June 13, 1924 listed receipts, vendors, advertisers and individuals who provided support in exhaustive detail. Neither R. L. Thornton nor Dallas County State Bank were named in either listing.
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Support was documented in the Klan Day souvenir program and in a 25-page detailed financial audit prepared by the Klan auditor, J.F. Collier, and his auditing firm Bell, Collier, & Doyle. The firm's
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district attorney, police chief, commissioner of railways, ministers of the church, with several prominent Dallas businessmen also numbered in the ranks of the Dallas klavern. In 1994, in his book
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Dallas Summer Musicals and all carnival rides were opened to Black citizens. The peaceful Dallas school and business desegregation in 1961 was a stark contrast and nearly four years ahead of Gov.
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award (1955), the Man of Vision Award from the Dallas Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (1959), and an honorary doctor of humanities degree from the University of Dallas (1963).
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and board members could be fined up to $ 1,000 for the same offense. In Dallas, a referendum was held on August 6, 1960 and resulted in an overwhelming 4 to 1 vote against integration.
226:, "The businessmen of the city had worked hard to raise $ 3.5 million for the event, but the experience had shown them how loosely organized their city was." Thornton told the
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involvement with the Klan. Although little firm evidence of such involvement appears to exist, the claim of his membership is repeated from time-to-time in various publications.
2952:, Dallas, Texas: Standard American Publishing House, (Event program; Organization promotion) – via Briscoe Center for American History - University of Texas at Dallas
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Following publication, Thornton's family said the accusation was false. "It was simply untrue," grandson Robert L. Thornton III wrote in a 1995 letter to the editor of the
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According to the book's author, Payne himself, he had a sole source for ascribing KKK membership to Thornton. Payne cites it in a footnote in the revised, 2000 edition of
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2061:(De)Segregation in post-Brown Dallas, Texas: A historical narrative attributing the response and social activism efforts of African American Dallasites, 1950s-1970s
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Stiles, Thornton, and Lund, which eventually would become the third-largest bank in Dallas. A year later, the bank reorganized as the Dallas County State Bank.
238:, Darwin Payne wrote, "Thornton was widely recognized as 'Mr. Dallas' by the 1950s. His folksy, avuncular ways earned him alternately the affectionate title of
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for Dallas. From 1953 to 1961, Thornton served as mayor of Dallas. His vigorous promotion of the city and its development earned him the soubriquet
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national charter. Thornton served as president (1916–1947) and board chairman (1947–1964) of the bank he founded, the Mercantile Bank and Trust Co.
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business leadership was clearly in Thornton's corner, and the draft movement gained momentum throughout the city. His support was broad-based, and
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525:. The R.L. Thornton Jr. Building in Dallas was named in his honor by Dallas College. He was named chairman of Mercantile Bank in 1969.
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the afternoon of election day, April 2, 1957. By 1959, the 78-year-old Thornton would face his most formidable and last election. Opposed by
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beginning with his election to the Fair board in 1929. He became chairman in 1945, serving until 1960, when he was elected board president.
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with a new passenger terminal. To ameliorate the devastating and prolonged droughts in North Texas, Thornton launched the construction of
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Brophy, William (1982). "Active acceptance - active containment: The Dallas story". In Jacoway, Elizabeth; Colburn, David R (eds.).
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praised Dallas' peaceful school integration and acclaimed the city's "responsible, level-headed leadership," which had led the way.
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Their grandson, Robert L. Thornton III (born March 15, 1940), is a third-generation banker, having retired as vice chairman of
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Mayor Thornton died at his home on February 15, 1964, aged 83. At his memorial service, Dr. William Dickinson, pastor of the
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There are two investigations from the 1920s into Klan participation in Dallas on record. The first was published by the
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peacefully in Dallas, as 18 Black children entered first-grade classes in eight historically white elementary schools.
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Many of Dallas' business leaders joined Thornton on the bank's board of directors. They included former Dallas mayor
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1925:(July 1957 – April 1958). Texas State Historical Association: 474–493. Via University of North Texas Libraries,
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2003:
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Father, son, and grandson, were all three honored with the Linz Award, Dallas' most distinguished civic award.
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To host the Centennial, Dallas leaders promised to raise millions of dollars for the effort. According to
344:... initiated major attacks against discrimination and segregation." In Dallas, the leadership included
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The Klan and The Craft: An Analysis of Masonic Dual Membership with The Ku Klux Klan in Dallas, 1920 – 1926
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The Klan and The Craft: An Analysis of Masonic Dual Membership with the Ku Klux Klan in Dallas, 1920 – 1926
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Their son Robert L. Thornton Jr. (January 12, 1911 – September 24, 1992) was the founding chairman of the
552:. He is an officer of the Dallas College (formerly Dallas County Community College District) Foundation.
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Other than picking cotton, Thornton's first job was as an $ 18-a-month store clerk in Heelstring (now
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Darwin Payne wrote: "The president of Dallas County State Bank, Robert L. Thornton, was a member ".
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Thornton became a prominent businessman and community figure, serving as president of the Dallas
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1995:
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2852:, London: The Bookseller Newsdealer and Stationer; J. Clarke, p. 120, (Industry directory)
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2904:. . Dallas, Texas: A. H. Belo & Co. p. 336. Via University of North Texas Libraries,
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in the media. His avuncular and countryfied manner saw him often referred to and addressed as
2687:"The Opportunity of a Century: Unlikely Host Dallas Grabbed the Spotlight for 100-year Blast"
1990:
Editor, Phil (March 1927), "Robert Lee Thornton: Little Chats about Great Bankers in Texas",
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Mayor Thornton ran unopposed in 1955 and won ahead of two other candidates in 1957, despite
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3013:. Dallas, Texas: University of North Texas Libraries. p. 719. (City business directory
2823:"Birth of the Civil Rights Movement, 1941-1954 - Civil Rights (U.S. National Park Service)"
2622:"R.L. Thornton Sr, Ex-Dallas Mayor; City Chief, 1953-61, Is Dead - Helped Build Metropolis"
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33:; August 10, 1880 – February 15, 1964) was an American banker, civic leader, and four-term
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2213:"Says Klan Suppresses; Texan Asserts Delegates Won't Allow Motion on Mrs. Woodrow Wilson"
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1872:. Revised by Brian Cervantez (Online ed.). Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
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On June 1, 1905, Thornton married Mary Metta Stiles (April 13, 1887 – March 25, 1975) of
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2815:
1947 - R.L. Thornton" ... "1965 - R.L. Thornton Jr." ... "1999 - Robert L. Thornton III
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Dallas Dispatch, Staff writer (May 5, 1922). "Klan To Talk Unmasking At Meet Tonight".
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1982:"And So We Moved Quietly": Southern Methodist University and Desegregation, 1950-1970
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noted in 1961 that his time in office had come to be regarded as the "Thornton era".
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Robert Lee Thornton was born to tenant farmer William Travis Thornton and Polly Ann (
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Official Souvenir of Klan Day at the State Fair of Texas Dallas, October 24, 1923
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2636:"Leader Recalls Evolution of Battle: Smith's Civil Rights Fight Had Bleak Start"
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United States Congress (1963). "Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress".
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Hawkins, Edna Davis; Stone, Ruth; Brookshire, Ida M.; Tolleson, Lillie (1972).
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while the white members were predominantly CEOs of Dallas' largest businesses.
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for equal rights under the law for Black citizens during the 1950s and 1960s.
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2189:"R.L. Thornton to Head Bankers: Dallas Man Made President at Austin Meeting"
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State Democratic Executive Committee" ... ... "11 – W.L. Thornton, Dallas.
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Woolley, Bryan (May 15, 2010). "At its peak, Ku Klux Klan gripped Dallas".
2504:"Dallas District Quietly Desegregates As 18 Negro Students Enter 8 Schools"
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Big D: Triumphs and Troubles of an American Supercity in the 20th Century,
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Texas Tech University - Special Collections Library: Southwest Collection
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Big D: Triumphs and troubles of an American supercity in the 20th century
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Big D: Triumphs and troubles of an American supercity in the 20th century
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Big D: Triumphs and Troubles of an American Supercity in the 20th Century
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2601:. p. 1. Section 1 – via Archives by The Dallas Morning News.
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2323:"Thornton Leads Ticket to Sweep of Election: Charter Unit Wins by 2-1"
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hall annex, construction of the Memorial Auditorium, and expansion of
3000:(55th ed.). Chicago: R.L. Polk & Co. (Commercial directory).
2861:, by Bell, Collier, & Doyle – via Dallas Historical Society
2581:"Group of Businessmen Rules Dallas Without a Mandate From the Voters"
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R.L. Thornton, Mayor of Dallas, photo from Dallas Historical Society
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189:. He spent more than three decades involved with the park and the
2968:. United States: Moody's Investors Service. (Bond ratings manual).
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On February 10, Thornton accepted the draft and agreed to run for
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513:(now Dallas College). He served on numerous boards including for
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1915:"The Democratic Primary Presidential Election of 1924 in Texas"
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Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas
1960:
Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas
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1718:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 140.
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2449:"Thornton In By 3,000 Votes: Geary Rolls Up Biggest Majority"
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415:'s order to break up protests in Selma, Alabama which led to
2316:. pp. 1, 5. Part 1 – via archives.dallasnews.com.
2182:. p. 1 – via Archives by The Dallas Morning News.
1893:(Online ed.). Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
1851:(Online ed.). Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
1830:(Online ed.). Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
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The University of Texas Libraries, available by arrangement
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Sessions, George B. (11 June 1955). "The Duke of Dallas".
2289:"Boom Mounts for Thornton: Race for Mayor Urged on Banker"
1750:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 66–80.
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from 1945 to 1960. He played a major part in securing the
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Clegg's International Directory of the World's Book Trade
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Dallas Morning News, Staff reporter (February 16, 1964).
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Baskin, Robert E.; Washington Bureau (7 September 1961).
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2708:"Texas History Minute: R.L. Thornton a story of success"
2432:"Daniel Signs into Law Bills to Keep School Segregation"
1769:(1st ed.). Dallas, Texas: Dallas Citizens Council.
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2857:
Collier, J.F. (June 13, 1924), "Special Examination",
2390:"Devastating Tornado Rips Oak Cliff, Northwest Dallas"
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McKnight, Felix R; Dallas News Staff (April 3, 1957).
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Dallas Morning News, Staff writer (11 February 1953).
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Dallas Morning News, Staff writer (October 25, 1923).
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2064:(Thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
1956:"Juanita Craft: Desegregating the State Fair of Texas"
1788:(Revised ed.). Dallas, Texas: Three Forks Press.
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Worley Co.; John F. Worley Directory Company (1915).
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2693:. p. 19A. Dallas Morning News- 125th anniversary
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New York Times, Staff reporter (February 16, 1964b).
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Star-Telegram Staff (October 26, 1917). "News item".
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587:, records indicate the actual bid was $ 7.7 million
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Statue of R.L. Thornton, Hall of State, Dallas, Texas
2721:"Did World War II Launch the Civil Rights Movement?"
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2364:"R.L.Thornton "Good Humor Marks Starts Of Statler.""
2035:"Racial Politics in Dallas in the Twentieth Century"
1807:(First ed.). Dallas, Texas: Three Forks Press.
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Dallas Citizens Council: An obligation of leadership
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Southwest encouraging businesses to move to Dallas.
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Moody's Manual of Investments: American and Foreign
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2084:Rice, Mark (Spring 2012). Hazel, Michael V. (ed.).
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632:
201:, and was credited with cushioning Dallas from the
75:Beginning in 1994, claims that Thornton had been a
2901:The Texas Almanac and State Industrial Guide, 1927
2634:Reed, Julia Scott; Erwin, Dorothie (May 3, 1973).
2620:
2606:Dallas Morning News, Writer (February 16, 1964c).
2579:
2429:
1513:
1423:
1372:
1360:
1294:
1264:
1252:
1216:
1132:
1108:
1084:
1069:
951:
775:
743:
264:... we must have a man like Thornton to lead us."
2578:New York Times, Staff writer (19 January 1964a).
2156:. Vol. XXXVII, no. 268. p. 8. Via
1600:
1552:
1156:
1057:
975:
876:
852:
719:
695:
656:
620:
348:, Reverend E.C. Estell, Reverend Rhett James and
334:
142:, Catholic-community leader John Vilbig Jr., and
3391:
2748:"Celebrating Juanita Craft's Texas-sized Legacy"
2671:– via Archives by The Dallas Morning News.
2497:. p. 1 – via archives.dallasnews.com.
2357:– via Archives by The Dallas Morning News.
2125:(February 1961). "The Fabulous State of Texas".
2086:"R. L. Thornton: Embodying the Spirit of Dallas"
1300:
939:
707:
2995:
2897:
2618:
2577:
2164:
1642:
1570:
1204:
1039:
1020:
834:
2210:
1985:(PhD). University of Arkansas. pp. 43–44.
1666:
613:"Robert Lee Thornton Sr." My Heritage Ltd. at
359:In 1954, with the Supreme Court's decision in
3078:
2186:
846:
532:-Dallas. Thornton has been a trustee of
2869:(Thesis). The University of Texas at Dallas)
2821:NPS; National Park Service (April 7, 2016).
2028:(Thesis). The University of Texas at Dallas.
1737:(First ed.). Waco, Texas: Texian Press.
548:, and chairman and director emeritus of the
197:six million people including U.S. President
2343:"New Council Inducted in Colorful Ceremony"
2247:"R. L. Thornton Elected Head of State Fair"
2001:
769:
56:from 1933 to 1936, and as president of the
3085:
3071:
2987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2937:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2889:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2796:
2544:Moorehead, Richard M. (7 September 1961).
2501:
1954:Burrow, Rachel Northington (Spring 2004).
1678:
1417:
155:through a merger and was then acquired by
19:For other people with a similar name, see
2875:Dallas Historical Society (May 1, 1953),
2718:
2633:
2543:
2488:
2244:
2223:
1906:
1354:
1198:
933:
921:
909:
3021:– via The Portal to Texas History.
2654:
2564:
2446:
2387:
2378:
2211:New York Times, Reporter (6 July 1924).
1933:
1884:
1492:
1174:
1150:
793:
650:
638:
511:Dallas County Community College District
488:
39:
2856:
2799:"Annual Linz Award honorees, 1924-2020"
2705:
2675:
2655:Thornton, Robert L. III (May 5, 1995).
2361:
2253:. p. 9. Section 2: Local news, p.1
2096:(1). Dallas Historical Society: 16–29.
1978:
1863:
1748:The Ku Klux Klan in the city, 1915-1930
1741:
1594:
1465:
1453:
1393:
1126:
969:
870:
292:reservoirs to supply water for Dallas.
3392:
2922:
2865:(Cited in: Henry, Shaun David (2017).
2745:
2608:"Tributes Paid to Former Dallas Mayor"
2522:
2502:Hildebrand, Frank (7 September 1961).
2340:
2320:
2286:
2121:
2057:
1989:
1953:
1842:
1821:
1716:Southern businessmen and desegregation
1713:
1522:
1429:
1366:
1258:
1234:
1222:
1186:
1114:
1090:
1078:
957:
781:
754:
3066:
2972:
2956:
2847:
2783:
2770:
2684:
2680:– via Cult Education Institute.
2408:
2362:McGrath, Dorothea (October 8, 1953).
2265:
2021:
2002:Fitzgibbons, Ruth Miller (May 1985).
1919:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1912:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1654:
1618:
1606:
1558:
1534:
1507:
1477:
1441:
1405:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1282:
1246:
1162:
1063:
1051:
1008:
996:
984:
882:
858:
725:
713:
565:Highland Park United Methodist Church
93:
3092:
2719:McDermott, Annette (May 22, 2018) .
2701:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2650:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2560:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2539:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2518:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2484:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2467:
2463:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2447:Raffetto, Francis (April 22, 1959).
2425:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2404:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2336:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2303:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2282:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2261:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2240:– via archives.dallasnews.com.
2108:
2083:
2032:
1378:
1306:
1270:
1138:
945:
701:
665:
626:
497:
450:as "an undated document held by the
2820:
2786:"Serving the Southwest From Dallas"
2685:Hazel, Michael V. (June 27, 2010).
2440:Archives by The Dallas Morning News
2372:Archives by The Dallas Morning News
2197:Archives by The Dallas Morning News
1210:
352:, the NAACP Youth Council advisor.
13:
2923:Dealey, G. B. (October 23, 1942),
2841:
2773:""Something Like N.Y." — ca. 1904"
2595:"R. L. 'Mr. Dallas' Thornton Dies"
2565:Callaway, Helen (10 August 1963).
2430:Austin News Bureau (24 May 1957).
2287:Quinn, Allen (February 1, 1953a).
2176:"Klan Activities Feature Fair Day"
249:
110:
14:
3431:
3420:20th-century American politicians
2714:. p. 1. Opinion – Editorial.
2706:Bridges, Dr Ken (April 7, 2016).
2266:Quinn, Allen (January 31, 1953).
2058:Parker, Jasmine (14 April 2015).
1744:"Dallas: Dynamo of the Southwest"
213:. Dallas almost overnight became
163:, who acquired Bank One in 2004.
3378:
2973:Payne, Darwin (March 24, 1995),
1934:Bancroft, Bill (February 1982).
1630:
1546:
1103:Dallas Historical Society (1953)
325:
21:Robert Thornton (disambiguation)
2746:Austin, Taylor (8 March 2020).
2567:"He and Big D Grew Up Together"
2491:"Thornton, Tatum Get New Posts"
2489:DMN Staff (December 18, 1960).
2321:Quinn, Allen (April 8, 1953b).
2224:DMN Staff (December 11, 1929).
577:
166:
2998:Polk's Encyclopedia of Banking
2525:"President Acclaims Operation"
2468:Haag, Martin (7 August 1960).
2409:Quinn, Allen (April 3, 1957).
2310:"R. L. Thornton Bows to Draft"
2245:DMN Staff (January 13, 1945).
2226:"R. L. Thornton on Fair Board"
2187:Austin Bureau (May 23, 1924).
1735:History of Ellis County, Texas
607:
540:advisory board, a director of
388:The Citizens Council produced
335:Integration and the State Fair
87:
1:
3007:"Dallas City Directory, 1915"
2771:Bosse, Paula (30 June 2014).
2341:Quinn, Allen (May 2, 1953c).
2109:Ritz, David (November 2008).
2039:East Texas Historical Journal
1885:Robinson, Willard B (1994) .
678:United States Congress (1963)
594:
542:Southern Methodist University
2975:Letter to Henry S. Miller Jr
2784:Bosse, Paula (7 July 2017).
2614:. pp. 10–12. Section 1.
2470:"Dallas Rejects Integration"
2131:. Vol. 119, no. 2.
1742:Jackson, Kenneth T. (1967).
738:Dallas City Directory (1915)
599:
7:
2906:The Portal to Texas History
2739:
2268:"Adoue Leaves Mayor's Race"
2111:"The Jews Who Built Dallas"
2022:Henry, Shaun David (2017).
1927:The Portal to Texas History
898:Dallas Morning News (1964c)
472:newspaper on May 12, 1922.
426:
362:Brown v. Board of Education
297:a major tornado that ripped
271:in the April election. The
159:. The current successor is
62:Texas Centennial Exposition
10:
3436:
2925:Letter to Herbert Gambrell
2411:"Mayor, 7 Teammates Sweep"
2349:. pp. 1, 14. Part III
2033:Lawe, Theodore M. (2008).
1979:Cashion, Scott A. (2013).
1701:
1691:Dallas Morning News (1964)
1583:Dallas Morning News (1923)
823:Star-Telegram Staff (1917)
811:Dallas Morning News (1953)
536:of Texas, a member of the
521:and was a chairman of the
381:, Rev. Ernest Estell, and
72:by locals and associates.
18:
3376:
3100:
3051:
3042:
3034:
3029:
2877:Mayoral Inauguration Tape
2805:. The Dallas Morning News
2232:. p. 17. Part 2, p.1
1864:Procter, Ben H. (1995) .
1295:Austin News Bureau (1957)
538:University of Texas Press
523:United Negro College Fund
452:Dallas Historical Society
390:Dallas at the Crossroads,
138:, Jewish business leader
2996:The Purple Book (1922).
2898:The Dallas News (1927).
2154:Fort Worth Star-Telegram
1992:The Texas Bankers Record
1707:
1285:, pp. 337, 339–340.
570:
558:
515:Texas Woman's University
182:Texas Turnpike Authority
161:JPMorgan Chase & Co.
151:would eventually become
99:) in a sod-roofed, half-
2946:, Ku Klux Klan (1923),
2712:Runnels County Register
2691:The Dallas Morning News
2678:The Dallas Morning News
2661:The Dallas Morning News
2640:The Dallas Morning News
2612:The Dallas Morning News
2573:. p. 6. Section 1.
2571:The Dallas Morning News
2550:The Dallas Morning News
2529:The Dallas Morning News
2508:The Dallas Morning News
2495:The Dallas Morning News
2474:The Dallas Morning News
2453:The Dallas Morning News
2436:The Dallas Morning News
2415:The Dallas Morning News
2394:The Dallas Morning News
2368:The Dallas Morning News
2347:The Dallas Morning News
2327:The Dallas Morning News
2314:The Dallas Morning News
2293:The Dallas Morning News
2272:The Dallas Morning News
2251:The Dallas Morning News
2230:The Dallas Morning News
2193:The Dallas Morning News
2180:The Dallas Morning News
2145:
1824:"Florence, Fred Farrel"
1784:Payne, Darwin (2000) .
1355:Reed & Erwin (1973)
585:The Dallas Morning News
257:The Dallas Morning News
27:Robert Lee Thornton Sr.
2663:. p. 4. Section J
2546:"City Marks Milestone"
2455:. p. 1. Section 1
1913:Allen, Lee N. (1958).
1907:Journals and magazines
1845:"Thornton, Robert Lee"
1843:Perez, Joan (1978a) .
1822:Perez, Joan (1978b) .
1803:Payne, Darwin (1994).
1765:Payne, Darwin (2008).
1643:The Dallas News (1927)
1571:Dallas Dispatch (1922)
1040:New York Times (1964b)
1021:New York Times (1964a)
835:The Purple Book (1922)
617:updated August 5, 2020
546:Cox School of Business
534:The Nature Conservancy
519:Dallas Baptist College
494:
178:Scottish Rite Hospital
105:Hamilton County, Texas
45:
3011:Dallas Public Library
2381:Saturday Evening Post
2295:. p. 1. Part One
2274:. p. 1. Part One
1667:New York Times (1924)
690:Hawkins et al. (1972)
492:
199:Franklin D. Roosevelt
43:
2758:on 26 September 2021
2657:"No Klan connection"
2138:Congressional Record
847:Austin Bureau (1924)
421:Edmund Pettus Bridge
157:Bank One Corporation
3038:Jean Baptiste Adoue
2962:Moody's Corporation
2797:Linz Award (2021).
2752:State Fair of Texas
2599:Dallas Morning News
2167:The Dallas Dispatch
2128:National Geographic
1333:, pp. 339–340.
479:Special Examination
441:Dallas Morning News
392:a film narrated by
315:National Geographic
273:Dallas Morning News
191:State Fair of Texas
134:, business leaders
121:Ellis County, Texas
58:State Fair of Texas
54:Chamber of Commerce
16:American politician
3030:Political offices
2848:Clegg, J. (1912),
2627:The New York Times
2586:The New York Times
2217:The New York Times
2004:"The Momentum Man"
1994:, p. 25, Via
1866:"Great Depression"
770:Fitzgibbons (1985)
495:
223:The New York Times
46:
3387:
3386:
3061:
3060:
3052:Succeeded by
2790:Flashback: Dallas
2777:Flashback: Dallas
2438:. p. 9. Via
2195:. p. 1. Via
1891:Handbook of Texas
1870:Handbook of Texas
1849:Handbook of Texas
1828:Handbook of Texas
1679:Linz Award (2021)
1633:, pp. 7, 13.
1418:Hildebrand (1961)
1408:, pp. 52–53.
498:Family and legacy
401:President Kennedy
383:William J. Durham
282:Dallas Love Field
136:John W. Carpenter
3427:
3415:American bankers
3410:Mayors of Dallas
3382:
3094:Mayors of Dallas
3087:
3080:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3035:Preceded by
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2928:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2862:
2853:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2754:. Archived from
2735:
2733:
2731:
2715:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2498:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2443:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2384:
2375:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2317:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2220:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2183:
2170:
2161:
2141:
2132:
2118:
2105:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2054:
2029:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1998:
1986:
1975:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1930:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1818:
1799:
1780:
1761:
1738:
1729:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
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1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1199:McDermott (2018)
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
934:DMN Staff (1960)
931:
925:
922:DMN Staff (1945)
919:
913:
910:DMN Staff (1929)
907:
901:
895:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
758:
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741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
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693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
611:
588:
581:
550:Dallas Arboretum
456:George B. Dealey
343:
290:Lake Ray Hubbard
263:
211:Atlantic Monthly
203:Great Depression
98:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3374:
3096:
3091:
3057:
3048:
3045:Mayor of Dallas
3040:
3025:
3016:
3014:
2980:
2979:
2977:, Dallas, Texas
2930:
2929:
2927:, Dallas, Texas
2910:
2908:
2882:
2881:
2879:, Dallas, Texas
2859:Financial audit
2844:
2842:Primary sources
2831:
2829:
2808:
2806:
2761:
2759:
2742:
2729:
2727:
2696:
2694:
2666:
2664:
2645:
2643:
2555:
2553:
2534:
2532:
2513:
2511:
2479:
2477:
2458:
2456:
2420:
2418:
2399:
2397:
2352:
2350:
2331:
2329:
2298:
2296:
2277:
2275:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2233:
2201:
2199:
2148:
2123:Walker, Stanley
2074:
2072:
2012:
2010:
1944:
1942:
1909:
1896:
1894:
1875:
1873:
1854:
1852:
1833:
1831:
1815:
1796:
1777:
1758:
1726:
1710:
1704:
1699:
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1677:
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1613:
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1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1493:Thornton (1995)
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1175:Raffetto (1959)
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1151:McKnight (1957)
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
809:
800:
794:Bancroft (1982)
792:
788:
780:
776:
768:
761:
753:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
657:
651:Sessions (1955)
649:
645:
639:Robinson (1994)
637:
633:
625:
621:
612:
608:
602:
597:
592:
591:
582:
578:
573:
561:
500:
474:Dallas Dispatch
469:Dallas Dispatch
429:
394:Walter Cronkite
341:
337:
328:
269:Mayor of Dallas
261:
252:
250:Mayor of Dallas
169:
113:
111:Business career
97: Weatherby
90:
35:Mayor of Dallas
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3385:
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3377:
3375:
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3372:
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3362:
3357:
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3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
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3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
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3237:
3232:
3227:
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3212:
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3192:
3187:
3182:
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3147:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3002:
2993:
2970:
2954:
2943:
2920:
2895:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2854:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2818:
2794:
2781:
2768:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2716:
2703:
2682:
2673:
2652:
2631:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2575:
2562:
2541:
2520:
2499:
2486:
2465:
2444:
2427:
2406:
2385:
2383:. p. 160.
2376:
2359:
2338:
2318:
2305:
2284:
2263:
2242:
2221:
2208:
2184:
2171:
2162:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2119:
2106:
2081:
2055:
2030:
2019:
1999:
1987:
1976:
1951:
1936:"MAKING MONEY"
1931:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1882:
1861:
1840:
1819:
1813:
1800:
1795:978-1893451049
1794:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1739:
1730:
1725:978-0807108932
1724:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1657:, p. 490.
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1595:Collier (1924)
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1512:
1497:
1482:
1470:
1466:Jackson (1967)
1458:
1454:Woolley (2010)
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1394:Cashion (2013)
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1345:, p. 340.
1335:
1323:
1321:, p. 339.
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1249:, p. 337.
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1189:, p. 180.
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1127:McGrath (1953)
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1068:
1056:
1054:, p. 277.
1044:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
974:
970:Procter (1995)
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
887:
875:
871:Bridges (2016)
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
798:
786:
774:
759:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
655:
643:
631:
619:
605:
604:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
589:
575:
574:
572:
569:
560:
557:
530:JPMorgan Chase
499:
496:
428:
425:
413:George Wallace
346:A. Maceo Smith
336:
333:
327:
324:
320:Stanley Walker
251:
248:
168:
165:
140:Julius Schepps
112:
109:
89:
86:
31:R. L. Thornton
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3432:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3381:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:W. M. Holland
3213:
3211:
3210:F. P. Holland
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:. p. 93.
2628:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:. p. 58.
2587:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1814:9780963762900
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1776:9781893451131
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1757:9780195005912
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1621:, p. 39.
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1549:, p. 13.
1548:
1543:
1537:, p. 76.
1536:
1531:
1524:
1523:Dealey (1942)
1519:
1517:
1510:, p. 87.
1509:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1480:, p. 76.
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 53.
1443:
1438:
1431:
1430:Baskin (1961)
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1381:, p. 35.
1380:
1375:
1368:
1367:Brophy (1982)
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1273:, p. 27.
1272:
1267:
1260:
1259:Austin (2020)
1255:
1248:
1243:
1237:, p. 19.
1236:
1235:Burrow (2004)
1231:
1224:
1223:Parker (2015)
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1187:Walker (1961)
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1141:, p. 25.
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1115:Quinn (1953c)
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1091:Quinn (1953b)
1087:
1080:
1079:Quinn (1953a)
1075:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1011:, p. 13.
1010:
1005:
999:, p. 12.
998:
993:
986:
981:
979:
971:
966:
959:
958:Perez (1978b)
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
911:
906:
899:
894:
892:
884:
879:
872:
867:
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
824:
819:
812:
807:
805:
803:
795:
790:
783:
782:Editor (1927)
778:
771:
766:
764:
756:
755:Perez (1978a)
751:
749:
747:
739:
734:
727:
722:
715:
710:
704:, p. 18.
703:
698:
691:
686:
679:
674:
668:, p. 17.
667:
662:
660:
652:
647:
640:
635:
629:, p. 16.
628:
623:
616:
610:
606:
586:
583:According to
580:
576:
568:
566:
556:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
491:
487:
483:
480:
475:
471:
470:
464:
460:
457:
454:... given by
453:
449:
444:
442:
437:
435:
424:
422:
418:
417:Bloody Sunday
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
379:Juanita Craft
374:
370:
366:
364:
363:
357:
353:
351:
350:Juanita Craft
347:
332:
326:Controversies
323:
321:
317:
316:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
286:Lake Tawakoni
283:
277:
274:
270:
265:
258:
247:
243:
241:
237:
234:In his book,
232:
229:
225:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
194:
192:
188:
183:
179:
173:
164:
162:
158:
154:
148:
145:
144:Sanger–Harris
141:
137:
133:
132:W. M. Holland
128:
124:
122:
118:
108:
106:
102:
96:
85:
81:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
42:
38:
36:
32:
28:
22:
3344:
3055:Earle Cabell
3043:
3015:. Retrieved
3010:
2997:
2974:
2965:
2948:
2924:
2916:
2911:December 21,
2909:. Retrieved
2900:
2876:
2866:
2858:
2849:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:
2814:
2807:. Retrieved
2802:
2789:
2776:
2762:26 September
2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2751:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2711:
2695:. Retrieved
2690:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2660:
2644:. Retrieved
2642:. p. 14
2639:
2626:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2570:
2554:. Retrieved
2549:
2533:. Retrieved
2528:
2512:. Retrieved
2507:
2494:
2478:. Retrieved
2473:
2457:. Retrieved
2452:
2435:
2419:. Retrieved
2414:
2398:. Retrieved
2393:
2380:
2367:
2351:. Retrieved
2346:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:
2313:
2297:. Retrieved
2292:
2276:. Retrieved
2271:
2255:. Retrieved
2250:
2234:. Retrieved
2229:
2219:. p. 5.
2216:
2200:. Retrieved
2192:
2179:
2169:. p. 1.
2166:
2153:
2137:
2126:
2114:
2093:
2089:
2073:. Retrieved
2060:
2045:(2): 27–41.
2042:
2038:
2024:
2013:30 September
2011:. Retrieved
2007:
1991:
1981:
1966:(1): 17–24.
1963:
1959:
1945:28 September
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1922:
1918:
1895:. Retrieved
1890:
1874:. Retrieved
1869:
1853:. Retrieved
1848:
1832:. Retrieved
1827:
1804:
1785:
1766:
1747:
1734:
1715:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1655:Allen (1958)
1650:
1638:
1626:
1619:Henry (2017)
1614:
1607:Henry (2017)
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1559:Payne (1995)
1554:
1542:
1535:Payne (2000)
1530:
1508:Payne (2000)
1478:Payne (1994)
1473:
1461:
1449:
1442:Payne (2008)
1437:
1425:
1413:
1406:Payne (2008)
1401:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1343:Payne (1994)
1338:
1331:Payne (1994)
1326:
1319:Payne (1994)
1314:
1302:
1290:
1283:Payne (2000)
1278:
1266:
1254:
1247:Payne (2000)
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1163:Quinn (1957)
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1064:Quinn (1953)
1059:
1052:Payne (2000)
1047:
1016:
1009:Payne (2008)
1004:
997:Payne (2008)
992:
985:Hazel (2010)
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
883:Bosse (2017)
878:
866:
859:Moody (1922)
854:
842:
830:
818:
789:
777:
733:
726:Clegg (1912)
721:
714:Bosse (2014)
709:
697:
685:
673:
646:
634:
622:
614:
609:
584:
579:
562:
554:
527:
508:
501:
484:
478:
473:
467:
465:
461:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
430:
409:
399:
389:
387:
375:
371:
367:
360:
358:
354:
338:
329:
313:
309:Earle Cabell
294:
278:
272:
266:
256:
253:
244:
239:
235:
233:
227:
221:
219:
214:
210:
206:
195:
174:
170:
167:Civic leader
149:
129:
125:
114:
91:
82:
77:Ku Klux Klan
74:
69:
65:
51:
47:
30:
26:
25:
3405:1964 deaths
3400:1880 births
3315:J. L. Smith
3310:C. P. Smith
3017:December 7,
2958:Moody, John
2827:www.nps.gov
2725:History.com
2552:. p. 1
2531:. p. 1
2510:. p. 1
2476:. p. 1
2417:. p. 1
2396:. p. 1
1379:Lawe (2008)
1307:Haag (1960)
1271:Rice (2012)
1139:Rice (2012)
946:Ritz (2008)
702:Rice (2012)
666:Rice (2012)
627:Rice (2012)
405:Roy Wilkins
318:article by
305:West Dallas
88:Early years
3394:Categories
3370:Wozencraft
3049:1953–1961
2832:23 October
2803:Linz Award
2730:23 October
2646:23 October
2459:23 October
2421:23 October
2400:23 October
2353:12 October
2257:23 October
2236:23 October
2202:23 October
2140:: 775–777.
2115:D Magazine
2075:23 October
2070:2142/78723
2008:D Magazine
1940:D Magazine
1897:6 December
1876:6 December
1855:6 December
1834:6 December
1211:NPS (2016)
595:References
504:Waxahachie
153:MCorp Bank
66:Mr. Dallas
3150:E. Cabell
3145:B. Cabell
2809:1 October
2697:6 October
2667:4 October
2556:5 October
2535:5 October
2514:5 October
2480:5 October
2332:6 October
2299:6 October
2278:6 October
2102:1071-0426
2051:0424-1444
1972:1071-0426
600:Citations
301:Oak Cliff
240:Uncle Bob
187:Fair Park
70:Uncle Bob
37:, Texas.
3350:Thurmund
3345:Thornton
3305:Sherwood
3300:Sergeant
3280:Rawlings
3255:Lindsley
3200:Harrison
3165:Crockett
3130:Bradford
3125:Blaylock
3120:Bartlett
3110:Aldredge
2983:citation
2964:(1922).
2933:citation
2885:citation
2740:Websites
1887:"Dugout"
615:Geni.com
427:The Klan
299:through
3355:Traylor
3325:Strauss
3320:Sprague
3290:Rodgers
3250:Leppert
3245:Lawther
3230:Kerfoot
3225:Jonsson
3220:Johnson
3170:Crowdus
3155:Caraway
1702:Sources
419:on the
340:lawyers
207:Fortune
117:Bristol
29:(often
3360:Turner
3340:Temple
3335:Taylor
3295:Savage
3270:Naylor
3265:Miller
3185:Folsom
3160:Connor
2370:. Via
2100:
2049:
1970:
1811:
1792:
1773:
1754:
1722:
1631:(1923)
1547:(1923)
342:
262:
260:better
101:dugout
3275:Pryor
3195:Guess
3180:Evans
3175:Ervay
3135:Brown
3115:Barry
3105:Adoue
1708:Books
571:Notes
559:Death
448:Big D
228:Times
215:Big D
119:) in
3365:Wise
3330:Tate
3285:Rice
3260:Long
3240:Lane
3235:Kirk
3190:Good
3140:Burt
3019:2020
2989:link
2939:link
2913:2020
2891:link
2834:2021
2811:2021
2764:2021
2732:2021
2699:2021
2669:2021
2648:2021
2558:2021
2537:2021
2516:2021
2482:2021
2461:2021
2423:2021
2402:2021
2355:2021
2334:2021
2301:2021
2280:2021
2259:2021
2238:2021
2204:2021
2146:News
2098:ISSN
2077:2021
2047:ISSN
2015:2021
1968:ISSN
1947:2021
1899:2020
1878:2020
1857:2020
1836:2020
1809:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1720:ISBN
517:and
303:and
288:and
217:."
209:and
3205:Hay
2066:hdl
544:'s
103:in
95:née
3396::
3009:.
2985:}}
2981:{{
2960:;
2935:}}
2931:{{
2915:.
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