59:
688:
434:
840:
999:
1469:
1578:(UNAM) and others. It is chaired by Dr. Walter and Dr. Luis Medrano of UNAM is its secretary. The committee has been advocating removal of the exotic species from the islands, especially the estimated 2000 sheep on Socorro, to allow the islands' ecology to recover, and adoption of a management plan to promote the recovery of the islands' native species, including reintroduction of the Socorro dove.
859:, promoted the scientific exploration of the islands. The most comprehensive biological collections were obtained at this time. The volcano on Isla Socorro was renamed in his honor. In 1957 the Mexican Navy established a naval base on Socorro and has had a permanent presence on the island since then. A tiny outpost also exists on Clarión, as noted above. On 21 March 1972,
1606:
locations, and combat climate change. A study published five years after the establishment of the marine protected area found that fishing activity within the protected zone had decreased by an average of 82% per vessel. The study also found that industrial fishing catches in Mexico's exclusive economic zone had not decreased.
1605:
around the islands, and prohibiting mining, fishing, and tourism development on or near the islands. In total, marine protected areas cover 4.6% of Mexico's exclusive economic zone for fishing. Marine protected areas have been shown to positively contribute to ocean diversity, improve nearby fishing
1165:
Socorro has numerous endemic plant taxa, whereas Clarión has only a few. The San
Benedicto ecosystem was nearly wiped out in the devastating eruption of Bárcena volcano on August 1, 1952. The ecosystem there has since recovered, but the event is known to have caused the extinction of the
931:
created North
America's largest marine protected area around the Revillagigedo Islands. This protected area covers 150,000 square kilometres (57,000 sq mi) around the islands, and bans fishing, mining, and tourism development in the protected area and on the islands.
1492:
But the unique ecology of the islands has since then come under threat from introduced species. The sheep were introduced to
Socorro in 1869. Cats became established after 1953, probably in the early 1970s. Pigs were introduced to Clarión in 1979, and rabbits became
1570:("Scientific Committee for the Conservation and Restoration of the Revillagigedo Islands") was founded in 1996, and is a committee representing several organizations, including the Island Conservation & Ecology Group, Island Endemics Institute, the
1177:
As opposed to the interchange between the islands, the animals and plants that colonized them initially are apparently all from mainland populations generally to the northeastward of the
Revillagigedos. Plants are most often derived from
1158:(Sulfur Bay) on Clarión seems to be a favorite stopover location, as it is one of the few longer stretches of beach in the islands; mostly, the shoreline is steep cliffs. The archipelago is also a part of wintering grounds for
811:. His plan was to build an offshore penitentiary on Isla Socorro; although this never happened, the decree whereby they were attached to Colima has never been repealed. In 1865, the island was explored by ornithologist
1585:"it may be hoped that the Mexican government will guard against the introduction of mammals such as rabbits, cats, goats and others that have invariably brought disaster to the flora and fauna of insular regions."
1488:"The future of the avifauna of the islands appears to be secure at present. There are no human inhabitants, and no mammals of any kind except the moderate and apparently stable population of sheep on Socorro."
2155:
897:. The islands are considered dangerous to visit for purposes beyond diving since it is difficult to make a landing; some have nearly lost their lives attempting to do so on Clarion for example.
1097:) is a seabird that breeds only around Cerro Evermann on Socorro. It formerly bred on Clarión and San Benedicto, but has not bred on Clarión since 1988 nor on San Benedicto since 1952.
893:
can be observed. Visitors usually stay aboard expedition vessels during their visit to the islands, which is desirable from an ecological standpoint to prevent introduction of further
425:
in 1993. Travelling to the islands from their nearest land point takes approximately 26 to 30 hours, as they are typically reached by sea; a small military airstrip exists on
Socorro.
1730:
2428:
908:
XF4. Because of their distance from the mainland, for award credit they are considered to be an "entity" separate from Mexico. Expeditions from organizations engaged in
2043:
Ross M. Wanless, Alfonso
Aguirre-muñoz, Andrea Angel, Jeff K. Jacobsen, Bradford S. Keitt, and John McCann "Birds of Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico,"
1240:
1314:
785:
1170:. Most if not all native plants found on San Benedicto today are shared with Clarión, but not with the closer Socorro to the south, due to the prevailing winds and
2317:
1390:
1302:
1270:
1408:
1308:
1252:
2383:
2094:
860:
2346:
1456:
1450:
1378:
1372:
1336:
1330:
1296:
781:
704:
2263:
1438:
1426:
1319:
1258:
2561:
459:
1402:
1246:
964:
stated in 2020 that, "Its remoteness, protection and peculiar oceanography makes it one of the most biodiverse and exciting marine destinations on earth."
1444:
1432:
1396:
1384:
1360:
967:
The islands are mostly covered with tropical dry forest, with several distinct plant communities that vary with elevation, soils, and exposure. Hopbush (
447:
The total area is 157.81 km (60.93 mi), spread over an east-to-west extent of about 420 km (261 mi). A naval station in the south of
1366:
1354:
1275:
2685:
1342:
1677:"ACUERDO por el que se da a conocer el resumen del Programa de Manejo del Área Natural Protegida con la categoría de Parque Nacional Revillagigedo"
1842:
90:
2310:
282:
2471:
2926:
2951:
1878:
1769:
2591:
2357:
2110:
2140:
58:
2971:
1575:
800:(1839) who made the first botanical collections and Reeve, who witnessed the eruption of Mount Evermann in 1848. On 25 July 1861,
2966:
2936:
2303:
1566:
have coordinated breeding and reintroduction efforts for the
Socorro dove since 1988, through the Island Endemics Institute. The
2326:
17:
2678:
1888:
1555:
2695:
2078:
1571:
2996:
2586:
2455:
1554:
initiatives are dedicated to halting the destruction of the native ecosystems of the islands. Dr. Harmunt Walter of the
2986:
2941:
2991:
2981:
2556:
2184:
696:
2652:
2581:
1755:
2946:
2671:
956:. Socorro is the most diverse in flora, fauna, and topography. The Mexican Government established the islands as a
654:). Clarión is comparatively far to the west, by more than 200 km in comparison with the inner islands, and in
414:
2362:
2271:
1920:
2961:
2632:
1202:. As illustrated by the fact that no endemic landbird taxon occurs on more than one island and the cases of the
2921:
2572:
1651:
1563:
852:
2956:
2566:
2378:
2018:
1813:
662:). The Revillagigedo Islands are one of three Mexican island groups in the Pacific Ocean that are not on the
874:
to visit his state's island territories. A plaque was unveiled to mark the event and cement Colima's claim.
455:
is a small naval garrison with nine men. The islands are otherwise uninhabited. The islands are named after
2931:
757:
giving it its present-day name. In 1608, Martín Yánez de Armida, in charge of another expedition, visited
703:
No evidence of human habitation on any of the islands exists before their discovery by
Spanish explorers.
2549:
1676:
1977:
1853:
1082:
1010:
762:
1194:
area. The ancestors of the islands' terrestrial birds probably came from the general area of southern
738:
2976:
2842:
2433:
1218:, each bird population seems to have arisen independently. The archipelago has been recognised as an
856:
731:
380:
2883:
765:. In 1779 José Camacho was the first to report sighting of the island remaining, that he charted as
2893:
1517:
1090:
260:
1963:
865:
2412:
2290:
2201:
Favoretto, Fabio; López-Sagástegui, Catalina; Sala, Enric; Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio (2023-06-02).
1167:
709:
1136:
are notably absent as breeders though they breed in the region and visit the islands to forage.
2888:
1223:
1124:
1108:
848:
812:
789:
2174:
1826:
1547:. Other plant and animal taxa in the archipelago are also considered threatened or nearly so.
2878:
2408:
2097:, Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2(2), pp.101–110, Retrieved on January 29, 2017
1602:
1118:
949:
371:, known for their unique ecosystem. They lie approximately 458 kilometres (285 mi) from
2127:
1598:
1100:
The islands' four native terrestrial vertebrates are all endemic, and include a whip snake (
928:
2752:
2203:"The largest fully protected marine area in North America does not harm industrial fishing"
1559:
1551:
1264:
1102:
909:
727:
516:
31:
2860:
2107:
8:
1595:
1501:
1348:
1219:
1034:
975:
925:
820:
801:
418:
406:
222:
2444:
2395:
2235:
2202:
1652:"Programa de Conservación y Manejo Reserva de la Biosfera Archipielago de Revillagigedo"
687:
2898:
2450:
2352:
1945:
1285:
986:
981:
871:
639:
508:
384:
193:
2801:
2401:
2240:
2222:
2180:
1884:
1628:
1234:
1174:. The native flora of Clarión is about equally shared with both other large islands.
957:
953:
941:
663:
659:
651:
581:
422:
294:
199:
1601:
acted to protect the biodiversity of the region by creating North
America's largest
1568:
Comité Científico para la
Conservación y Restauración del Archipiélago Revillagigedo
1144:, widespread on northeastern Pacific offshore islands, is the most conspicuous one.
916:
facilities exist; the islands have no reliable sources of fresh water of their own.
2737:
2719:
2389:
2230:
2214:
1937:
1928:
1509:
1050:
969:
894:
843:
Socorro and Bárcena on San Benedicto are indicated on this map of Mexican volcanoes
807:
signed a decree awarding territorial control over the four islands to the state of
793:
667:
352:
340:
2279:
1997:
1581:
Brattstrom and Howell who gave the optimistic outlook in 1956 went on to caution:
804:
2621:
2295:
2114:
1809:
1414:
1199:
1179:
828:
456:
1207:
1018:
714:
and his crew discovered an uninhabited island on 19 December 1533, and named it
2837:
2774:
2762:
2704:
1731:"Mexico creates vast new ocean reserve to protect 'Galapagos of North America'"
1420:
1159:
1148:
1002:
797:
719:
692:
589:
532:
452:
448:
410:
376:
372:
2510:
695:
and the rest of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, and extent of Mexico's western
2915:
2506:
2483:
2341:
2226:
1215:
1195:
1171:
1066:
1058:
901:
438:
368:
105:
92:
78:
1400:
are endemic to San Benedicto. Plants endemic to two or more islands include
780:
The Revillagigedo Islands have been visited by a number of other explorers:
2819:
2757:
2742:
2627:
2244:
2218:
2200:
1776:(in Spanish). Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2017-12-07
1525:
1500:
Several endemic species of Socorro are now threatened with extinction. The
1473:
1211:
1203:
1133:
1074:
1042:
1026:
878:
816:
754:
671:
557:
392:
2663:
2291:
Contemporary report of José Camacho's sighting of Roca Partida and Clarion
2126:
Checklist of Mexican Pacific Islands endemics. Plants of the World online
2095:
Migratory destinations of humpback whales wintering in the Mexican Pacific
2597:
2489:
1141:
631:
The three eastern islands are called the inner islands. They fall in the
2477:
2156:
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1772:[Revillagigedo Island Complex: Strategic since colonial times].
2811:
2576:
2544:
1949:
1698:
1537:
905:
839:
433:
1918:
1140:
are also not normally found here. Among landbirds, the absence of the
998:
912:
of the islands visit the islands for fieldwork on a regular basis. No
272:
2708:
1880:
Collecting Evolution: The Galapagos Expedition that Vindicated Darwin
1151:
1137:
890:
632:
463:
437:
Montículo Cinerítico (front) and Bárcena (behind), volcanic cones on
182:
2048:
1941:
1186:
seem to be rather derived directly from mainland populations of the
944:
plant and animal species, and are sometimes called Mexico's "little
2829:
2712:
2614:
2527:
1756:"Exploring Mexico's Revillagigedo Islands - Dive Training Magazine"
1623:
1468:
882:
361:
1705:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1532:) is now extinct in the wild, but is being bred in captivity. The
2852:
2439:
2064:
1770:"Complejo insular de Revillagigedo, estratégico desde La Colonia"
1544:
1533:
1227:
1191:
1183:
1129:
1113:
913:
824:
2793:
2729:
2562:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
2472:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
1187:
945:
808:
643:
403:
402:
In July 2016, the Revillagigedo Archipelago was inscribed as a
396:
388:
364:
157:
2059:
741:, while exploring new routes across the Pacific, rediscovered
417:. Some of the volcanoes are active, with the last eruption of
2870:
2638:
2520:
2516:
2160:
1494:
886:
730:) which owed its name to having been found on the day of the
655:
647:
635:
577:
504:
2429:
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
1796:
The Pacific Basin. A History of its Geographical Exploration
1508:) numbers less than 400 individuals altogether. The endemic
1132:
taxa breed no further north(east)wards than San Benedicto;
1014:
777:
after the vessel commanded by Henry Gyzelaar at that time.
753:("Cloudy"). Villalobos was the first to report sighting of
383:, and 698 to 1,092 kilometres (434 to 679 mi) west of
1964:"Unknown territories: Exploring the Revillagigedo Islands"
979:
are common dry forest species. Green buttonwood mangrove (
1013:(WWF), 14 of the islands' 16 generally accepted resident
877:
The seas surrounding the larger islands are popular with
2176:
Owls (Strigiformes): annotated and illustrated checklist
1850:
Socorro Island:Fire and Brimstone in the Mexican Pacific
2106:
California/Mexico Island Conservation Database (2007):
2093:
Urban J., Jaramillo A.L., Aguayo A., Baker S.C., 2000,
1798:. New York: American Geographical Society. p. 370.
2347:
El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
1919:
Brattstrom, Bayard H. & Howell, Thomas R. (1956).
1624:"Reserva de la Biosfera Archipiélago de Revillagigedo"
1005:
as seen from space. North is to the upper left corner.
2613:
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of
2384:
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
391:, to which they were granted in 1861 to establish a
305:
Reserva de la Biosfera Archipiélago de Revillagigedo
2261:
2325:
1808:American Geographical Society of New York (1967),
1182:founder populations, whereas the endemic nonavian
682:
460:Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo
409:, and in November 2017 they were declared to be a
1921:"The Birds of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico"
1794:Brand, Donald D. (1967). Friis, Herman R. (ed.).
1657:. Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas
2913:
847:At the beginning of the twentieth century, Dr.
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
387:. Historically linked to the Mexican state of
2679:
2311:
2270:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
46:
1087:Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti (gravirostris)
1057:). Clarión is home to endemic subspecies of
470:
2693:
2151:
2149:
1897:
1463:
1154:and others are often found on the islands.
940:The Revillagigedo Islands are home to many
572:
499:
2686:
2672:
2318:
2304:
1017:of landbirds are endemic, and include the
57:
2413:Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco
2358:Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
2234:
2141:Socorro Dove – BirdLife Species Factsheet
1828:U.S. Geological Survey professional paper
1480:), as of 2019, survives only in captivity
27:Volcanic archipelago in the Pacific Ocean
2715:, sorted by country, from north to south
2161:2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2146:
1970:
1589:
1576:National Autonomous University of Mexico
1467:
997:
838:
686:
432:
2526:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
1883:. Oxford University Press. March 2017.
1831:, issue 492–493, p. 281, ISSN 1044-9620
919:
14:
2914:
2555:Central University City Campus of the
2060:Yellow-crowned Night-Heron (bancrofti)
2013:
2011:
1992:
1990:
133:157.81 km (60.93 sq mi)
2667:
2299:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2100:
1840:
1793:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1556:University of California, Los Angeles
948:". They are recognized as a distinct
722:) and on 28 December they discovered
351:
2120:
2047:121(4), 745-751, (1 December 2009).
834:
443:Bárcena has existed only since 1952.
2587:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
2456:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
2449:Islands and Protected Areas of the
2351:Islands and Protected Areas of the
2133:
2008:
1987:
1484:As late as 1956, it was said that:
881:; a variety of marine life such as
451:has a population of 45 (staff). On
441:, one of the Revillagigedo Islands.
399:federal property and jurisdiction.
24:
2927:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean
2189:
1729:Busby, Mattha (25 November 2017).
1717:
25:
3008:
2952:Neotropical dry broadleaf forests
2543:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
2280:"Islas Revillagigedo dry forests"
2264:"Islas Revillagigedo dry forests"
2262:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
2255:
2049:https://doi.org/10.1676/08-140.1A
2045:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1998:"Islas Revillagigedo dry forests"
1679:. Diario Oficial de la Federación
900:They are occasionally visited by
1572:University of Missouri–St. Louis
2972:Important Bird Areas of Oceania
2523:in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
2167:
2139:BirdLife International (2007):
2087:
2071:
2053:
2037:
1978:Islas Revillagigedo Dry Forests
1956:
1871:
1834:
1819:
1699:"Archipiélago de Revillagigedo"
904:operators, who usually use the
683:Sixteenth to nineteenth century
608:
283:Latin America and the Caribbean
2967:Important Bird Areas of Mexico
2937:Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean
2582:Luis Barragán House and Studio
2363:Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
2327:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
2077:BirdLife International (2024)
2025:. BirdLife International. 2021
1802:
1787:
1762:
1748:
1691:
1669:
1644:
1616:
1564:California Academy of Sciences
853:California Academy of Sciences
30:For the island in Alaska, see
13:
1:
2567:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2445:Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
2379:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1814:American Geographical Society
1609:
1147:Apart from the native birds,
1071:Zenaida macroura clarionensis
233:Archipiélago de Revillagigedo
2633:Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve
1703:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1541:Micrathene whitneyi graysoni
1524:), are also endangered. The
428:
7:
2620:Historic Fortified Town of
2550:Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque
2509:and Archaeological Site of
2488:Historic Monuments Zone of
2394:Historic Monuments Zone of
2268:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
1063:Athene cunicularia rostrata
642:), while the major part of
617:
614:
601:
598:
564:
561:
544:
541:
523:
520:
141:1,130 m (3710 ft)
10:
3013:
2997:Populated places in Mexico
1083:yellow-crowned night heron
1011:World Wide Fund for Nature
935:
749:and charted the latter as
677:
379:, the southern tip of the
223:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
2987:Protected areas of Colima
2942:Natural history of Colima
2869:
2851:
2828:
2810:
2792:
2728:
2702:
2647:
2606:
2592:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley
2536:
2498:
2464:
2434:Revillagigedo Archipelago
2421:
2371:
2333:
2173:Weick, Friedhelm (2006),
2084:. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
2068:. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
1984:. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
1825:Geological Survey (U.S.)
1631:Sites Information Service
1241:Aristolochia socorroensis
1089:, is endemic to Socorro.
1079:Corvus corax clarionensis
995:grow along the seacoast.
857:San Francisco, California
381:Baja California Peninsula
358:Revillagigedo Archipelago
329:
325:
317:
309:
301:
292:
288:
278:
268:
253:
245:
237:
229:
220:
216:
212:
181:
176:
168:
163:
153:
145:
137:
129:
121:
84:
74:
69:
65:
56:
42:
2992:National parks of Mexico
2982:Tropical Eastern Pacific
2143:. Retrieved 2007-NOV-24.
2130:. Accessed 7 April 2024.
2117:. Retrieved 2007-NOV-24.
1464:Threats and conservation
1382:are endemic to Socorro.
761:and changed its name to
395:, the islands are under
353:[reˈβiʝaxiˈxeðo]
2947:Pacific Coast of Mexico
2340:Archaeological Zone of
1388:is endemic to Clarión.
1315:Acianthera unguicallosa
1230:and endemic landbirds.
1168:San Benedicto rock wren
910:biological conservation
827:which were later given
739:Ruy López de Villalobos
415:national park of Mexico
375:south and southwest of
2962:Ramsar sites in Mexico
2884:Juan Fernández Islands
2342:Paquimé, Casas Grandes
2286:. World Wildlife Fund.
2284:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2219:10.1126/sciadv.adg0709
2004:. World Wildlife Fund.
2002:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1587:
1497:at some earlier date.
1490:
1481:
1391:Aristolochia islandica
1303:Triumfetta socorrensis
1271:Perityle socorrosensis
1224:BirdLife International
1162:in the North Pacific.
1109:Hypsiglena unaocularis
1006:
962:Oceanographic Magazine
849:Barton Warren Evermann
844:
813:Andrew Jackson Grayson
790:Alexander von Humboldt
700:
462:, the 53rd viceroy of
444:
344:
177:Additional information
138:Highest elevation
47:
18:Revilla Gigedo Islands
2922:Revillagigedo Islands
2879:Desventuradas Islands
2748:Revillagigedo Islands
2637:Pre-Hispanic Town of
2626:Pre-Hispanic City of
2596:Pre-Hispanic City of
2515:Prehistoric Caves of
2476:Pre-Hispanic City of
2409:San Miguel de Allende
2019:"Islas Revillagigedo"
1603:marine protected area
1594:On 25 November 2017,
1590:Marine protected area
1583:
1518:Townsend's shearwater
1486:
1471:
1409:Bulbostylis nesiotica
1309:Botrychium socorrense
1253:Coreocarpus insularis
1119:Urosaurus auriculatus
1091:Townsend's shearwater
1001:
950:terrestrial ecoregion
924:On 24 November 2017,
842:
815:, who discovered the
724:Isla de los Inocentes
690:
611:Revillagigedo Islands
605:Monte Gallegos (335)
436:
337:Revillagigedo Islands
38:Revillagigedo Islands
2957:Ecoregions of Mexico
2179:, Springer, p. 187,
2081:Puffinus auricularis
1812:, issue 38, p. 370,
1522:Puffinus auricularis
1457:Nicotiana stocktonii
1451:Spermacoce nesiotica
1379:Verbena sphaerocarpa
1373:Citharexylum danirae
1337:Muhlenbergia solisii
1331:Peperomia socorronis
1297:Salvia pseudomisella
1265:Erigeron socorrensis
1103:Masticophis anthonyi
1095:Puffinus auricularis
1031:Troglodytes sissonii
920:Twenty-first century
782:Domingo del Castillo
705:Hernando de Grijalva
360:are a group of four
32:Revillagigedo Island
2932:Volcanoes of Colima
2720:continental islands
2651:Shared by more one
2571:Historic Centre of
2505:Historic Centre of
2482:Historic Centre of
2438:Historic Centre of
2388:Historic Centre of
2079:Species factsheet:
1810:Special publication
1596:President of Mexico
1514:Psittacara brevipes
1502:Socorro mockingbird
1439:Aristida tenuifolia
1427:Teucrium townsendii
1349:Guettarda insularis
1321:Castilleja bryantii
1259:Eremosis littoralis
1220:Important Bird Area
1035:Socorro mockingbird
1023:Troglodytes tanneri
976:Guettarda insularis
926:President of Mexico
821:Socorro mockingbird
755:Roca Partida Island
407:World Heritage Site
345:Islas Revillagigedo
102: /
48:Islas Revillagigedo
39:
2451:Gulf of California
2407:Protected town of
2404:and Adjacent Mines
2353:Gulf of California
2113:2007-12-08 at the
2023:BirdLife Data Zone
1599:Enrique Peña Nieto
1482:
1403:Cryptantha foliosa
1287:Lepechinia hastata
1247:Bidens socorrensis
1106:), a night snake (
1007:
988:Hibiscus tiliaceus
982:Conocarpus erectus
929:Enrique Peña Nieto
872:Governor of Colima
861:Pablo Silva García
851:, director of the
845:
773:was later renamed
737:In November 1542,
701:
625:) Evermann (1130)
552:) Evermann (1130)
509:Mountain Time Zone
445:
318:Reference no.
269:Reference no.
194:Mountain Time Zone
146:Highest point
106:18.833°N 112.833°W
37:
2909:
2908:
2894:Alejandro Selkirk
2861:Galápagos Islands
2802:Clipperton Island
2723:
2661:
2660:
2400:Historic Town of
2128:checklist builder
1890:978-0-19-935462-7
1445:Aristida vaginata
1433:Oenothera resicum
1397:Erigeron crenatus
1385:Portulaca masonii
1361:Cestrum pacificum
1235:Ilex socorroensis
1226:for its breeding
1009:According to the
960:on June 4, 1994.
958:Biosphere Reserve
954:Neotropical realm
870:became the first
835:Twentieth century
666:; the others are
664:continental shelf
660:Pacific Time Zone
652:Central Time Zone
629:
628:
582:Pacific Time Zone
333:
332:
264:
200:Pacific Time Zone
16:(Redirected from
3004:
2977:Seabird colonies
2782:
2770:
2738:Guadalupe Island
2717:
2707:located between
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2552:Hydraulic System
2320:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2275:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2207:Science Advances
2198:
2187:
2171:
2165:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2131:
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2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
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2069:
2057:
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2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1994:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1916:
1895:
1894:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1852:. Archived from
1847:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1816:, ISSN 0065-843X
1806:
1800:
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1662:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1620:
1560:Luis F. Baptista
1530:Zenaida graysoni
1510:Socorro parakeet
1506:Mimodes graysoni
1478:Zenaida graysoni
1367:Physalis mimulus
1355:Meliosma nesites
1277:Zapoteca formosa
1081:). A variety of
1055:Arahuga brevipes
1051:Socorro parakeet
1047:Zenaida graysoni
985:) and the shrub
970:Dodonaea viscosa
895:invasive species
869:
829:scientific names
823:and the Socorro
794:Benjamin Morrell
769:("Saint Rose").
713:
668:Guadalupe Island
542:16.813 by 15.629
494:Highest peak (m)
469:
468:
355:
350:
258:
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:18.833; -112.833
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
61:
50:
40:
36:
21:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
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3002:
3001:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2889:Robinson Crusoe
2865:
2847:
2824:
2806:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2724:
2716:
2705:Oceanic islands
2698:
2696:Pacific islands
2692:
2662:
2657:
2643:
2602:
2532:
2494:
2460:
2417:
2367:
2329:
2324:
2278:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2199:
2190:
2172:
2168:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2115:Wayback Machine
2105:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2058:
2054:
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2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1976:Schipper, Jan.
1975:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1942:10.2307/1364977
1923:
1917:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1876:
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1862:
1860:
1859:on 19 July 2011
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1621:
1617:
1612:
1592:
1558:(UCLA) and Dr.
1466:
1415:Cyperus duripes
1343:Paspalum longum
1210:as well as the
1200:Central America
1180:Baja California
1160:humpback whales
1125:U. clarionensis
938:
922:
863:
837:
707:
685:
680:
483:
442:
431:
348:
313:2 February 2004
297:
225:
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2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2843:Gorgona Island
2840:
2838:Malpelo Island
2834:
2832:
2826:
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2823:
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2814:
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2322:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2276:
2274:on 2010-03-08.
2257:
2256:External links
2254:
2251:
2250:
2188:
2166:
2164:. IUCN, Gland.
2145:
2132:
2119:
2108:Plant accounts
2099:
2086:
2070:
2052:
2036:
2007:
1986:
1969:
1955:
1936:(2): 107–120.
1896:
1889:
1870:
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1801:
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1761:
1747:
1716:
1690:
1668:
1643:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1591:
1588:
1543:appears to be
1465:
1462:
1421:Croton masonii
1172:ocean currents
1039:Mimus graysoni
992:pernambucensis
952:, part of the
937:
934:
921:
918:
836:
833:
831:in his honor.
798:Edward Belcher
732:Holy Innocents
720:Socorro Island
699:in the Pacific
693:Socorro Island
684:
681:
679:
676:
627:
626:
619:
616:
613:
607:
606:
603:
600:
599:8.544 by 3.686
597:
586:
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570:
569:
566:
563:
562:0.246 by 0.073
560:
554:
553:
546:
543:
540:
529:
528:
527:Bárcena (310)
525:
522:
521:4.315 by 2.490
519:
513:
512:
497:
496:
491:
486:
479:
475:alternate name
449:Socorro Island
430:
427:
419:Volcán Bárcena
411:marine reserve
377:Cabo San Lucas
373:Socorro Island
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
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315:
314:
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303:
299:
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295:Ramsar Wetland
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149:Cerro Evermann
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2753:San Benedicto
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2372:North Central
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2185:3-540-35234-1
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1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:mourning dove
1213:
1209:
1208:Clarión wrens
1205:
1201:
1198:and northern
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:storm-petrels
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
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1067:mourning dove
1064:
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1059:burrowing owl
1056:
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902:amateur radio
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805:Benito Juárez
803:
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728:San Benedicto
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640:Mountain Time
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517:San Benedicto
515:
514:
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501:Inner islands
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439:San Benedicto
435:
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421:in 1953, and
420:
416:
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304:
302:Official name
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230:Official name
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180:
175:
171:
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:Total islands
120:
115:
87:
83:
80:
79:Pacific Ocean
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
55:
49:
44:Native name:
41:
33:
19:
2820:Cocos Island
2778:
2766:
2758:Roca Partida
2747:
2743:Rocas Alijos
2628:Chichén Itzá
2283:
2272:the original
2267:
2210:
2206:
2175:
2169:
2159:
2135:
2122:
2102:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2022:
2001:
1981:
1972:
1958:
1933:
1927:
1879:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1849:
1843:"ABC Report"
1836:
1827:
1821:
1804:
1795:
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1735:The Guardian
1734:
1707:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1574:(UMSL), the
1567:
1552:conservation
1550:A number of
1549:
1540:
1529:
1526:Socorro dove
1521:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:Socorro dove
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1214:and Clarión
1212:Socorro dove
1176:
1164:
1156:Bahia Azufre
1155:
1146:
1128:). Numerous
1123:
1117:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1075:common raven
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1043:Socorro dove
1038:
1030:
1027:Socorro wren
1022:
1019:Clarión wren
1008:
991:
987:
980:
974:
968:
966:
961:
939:
923:
899:
879:scuba divers
876:
846:
817:Socorro dove
796:(1825), Sir
786:Miguel Pinto
779:
774:
770:
766:
758:
750:
746:
742:
736:
723:
715:
702:
691:Location of
672:Rocas Alijos
630:
622:
610:
593:
574:Outer island
573:
558:Roca Partida
549:
536:
500:
493:
488:
481:
474:
472:
446:
401:
393:penal colony
357:
336:
334:
164:Demographics
2899:Santa Clara
2718:(excluding
2598:Teotihuacán
2573:Mexico City
2511:Monte Albán
2490:Tlacotalpan
1841:Mike Parr.
1740:26 November
1683:October 31,
1661:October 31,
1536:'s Socorro
1325:socorrensis
1291:socorrensis
1281:socorrensis
1142:house finch
1138:Albatrosses
864: [
747:Santo Tomás
716:Santo Tomás
708: [
109: /
85:Coordinates
2916:Categories
2812:Costa Rica
2779:Santa Rosa
2607:South East
2577:Xochimilco
2545:Xochicalco
2499:South West
2402:Guanajuato
2334:North West
1780:2023-06-26
1610:References
1538:subspecies
1152:shorebirds
1112:) and two
906:ITU prefix
891:manta rays
771:Santa Rosa
767:Santa Rosa
615:420 by 115
594:Santa Rosa
484:width (km)
385:Manzanillo
310:Designated
254:Designated
249:vii, ix, x
169:Population
2767:San Tomás
2709:Polynesia
2396:Querétaro
2390:Zacatecas
2227:2375-2548
1982:One Earth
1222:(IBA) by
883:cetaceans
802:President
743:Inocentes
633:time zone
537:San Tomás
489:Area (km)
482:Length by
464:New Spain
429:Geography
183:Time zone
70:Geography
2830:Colombia
2775:Clarión
2763:Socorro
2713:Americas
2711:and the
2694:Eastern
2622:Campeche
2615:Calakmul
2528:Palenque
2478:El Tajín
2411:and the
2245:37256961
2236:10231865
2158:(2007):
2111:Archived
1863:20 March
1636:25 April
1228:seabirds
1184:reptiles
1114:iguanids
792:(1811),
788:(1772),
784:(1541),
759:Anublada
751:Anublada
473:Island (
362:volcanic
246:Criteria
97:112°50′W
75:Location
2853:Ecuador
2440:Morelia
2065:Avibase
2029:24 June
1950:1364977
1709:19 July
1562:of the
1545:extinct
1534:elf owl
1289:subsp.
1279:subsp.
1204:Socorro
1192:Sinaloa
1149:migrant
1130:seabird
1073:), and
1049:), and
1003:Socorro
990:subsp.
942:endemic
936:Ecology
914:tourism
825:elf owl
775:Clarion
763:Socorro
678:History
621:Mount (
590:Clarión
548:Mount (
533:Socorro
453:Clarión
423:Socorro
397:Mexican
367:in the
365:islands
341:Spanish
261:session
241:Natural
202:(UTC−8)
196:(UTC−7)
94:18°50′N
2794:France
2730:Mexico
2653:region
2507:Oaxaca
2484:Puebla
2243:
2233:
2225:
2213:(22).
2183:
1948:
1929:Condor
1887:
1774:gob.mx
1629:Ramsar
1516:) and
1454:, and
1376:, and
1188:Sonora
973:) and
946:Hawaii
887:sharks
809:Colima
644:Colima
618:157.81
545:132.06
413:and a
404:UNESCO
389:Colima
279:Region
259:(40th
158:Colima
2871:Chile
2639:Uxmal
2521:Mitla
2517:Yagul
1946:JSTOR
1924:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1846:(PDF)
1655:(PDF)
1495:feral
1323:var.
1196:North
868:]
712:]
656:UTC-8
648:UTC-6
636:UTC-7
623:Cerro
602:19.80
578:UTC-8
568:(34)
565:0.014
550:Cerro
505:UTC-7
356:) or
257:2016
154:State
2575:and
2557:UNAM
2519:and
2465:East
2422:West
2241:PMID
2223:ISSN
2181:ISBN
2031:2024
1885:ISBN
1865:2011
1742:2017
1711:2016
1685:2021
1663:2021
1638:2018
1472:The
1394:and
1206:and
1122:and
1015:taxa
889:and
745:and
670:and
524:5.94
349:IPA:
335:The
321:1357
273:1510
238:Type
130:Area
2231:PMC
2215:doi
1938:doi
1065:),
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855:in
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