Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust

2006: 1843: 3144:, and to prepare documentation about the fate of the Jews for the government in London. Regrettably, the great number of Polish Jews had been killed already even before the Government-in-exile fully realized the totality of the Final Solution. According to David Engel and Dariusz Stola, the government-in-exile concerned itself with the fate of Polish people in general, the re-recreation of the independent Polish state, and with establishing itself as an equal partner amongst the Allied forces. On top of its relative weakness, the government in exile was subject to the scrutiny of the West, in particular, American and British Jews reluctant to criticize their own governments for inaction in regard to saving their fellow Jews. 2882: 1781: 39: 1901:, slang term for money), who blackmailed the hiding Jews and Poles helping them, or who turned the Jews to the Germans for a reward. Outside the cities there were peasants of various ethnic backgrounds looking for Jews hiding in the forests, to demand money from them. There were also Jews turning in other Jews and ethnic Poles in order to alleviate hunger with the awarded prize. The vast majority of these individuals joined the criminal underworld after the German occupation and were responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of people, both Jews and the Poles who were trying to save them. 1925:, who herself survived the war aided by a group of Catholic Poles, noted that Polish rescuers worked within an environment that was hostile to Jews and unfavorable to their protection, in which rescuers feared both the disapproval of their neighbors and reprisals that such disapproval might bring. Tec also noted that Jews, for many complex and practical reasons, were not always prepared to accept assistance that was available to them. Some Jews were pleasantly surprised to have been aided by people whom they thought to have expressed antisemitic attitudes before the invasion of Poland. 1929: 3480:, pp. 184–5: "The occupation authorities threatened with death any person who obstructed Nazi designs to destroy the Jews. This dire punishment was not only written in the law and known to studious attorneys but made public by posters on bulletin boards in all major cities. Any Pole caught hiding a Jew could be shot on the spot. If lucky, he would be dispatched to a concentration camp. The threat facing would-be rescuers, however, also came from the direction of the local population. There were not a few Poles who exerted pressure on rescuers to expel their Jewish wards." 3211:

Prekerowa notes that the death sentences by non-military courts only began to be issued in September 1943, which meant that blackmailers were able to operate for some time already since the first Nazi anti-Jewish measures of 1940. Overall, it took the Polish underground until late 1942 to legislate and organize non-military courts which were authorized to pass death sentences for civilian crimes, such as non-treasonous collaboration, extortion and blackmail. According to Joseph Kermish from Israel, among the thousands of collaborators sentenced to death by the

2575: 3082:(ŻOB), particularly from 1942 onwards. The interim government transmitted messages to the West from the Jewish underground, and gave support to their requests for retaliation on German targets if the atrocities are not stopped – a request that was dismissed by the Allied governments. The Polish government also tried, without much success, to increase the chances of Polish refugees finding a safe haven in neutral countries and to prevent deportations of escaping Jews back to Nazi-occupied Poland. 2064: 3203: 2436: 1470: 1463: 7305:... wszelka bezpośrednia czy pośrednia pomoc okazywana Niemcom w ich zbrodniczej akcji jest najcięższym przestępstwem w stosunku do Polski. Każdy Polak, który współdziała z ich mordercza akcją, czy to szantażując lub denuncjując Żydów czy to wyzyskując ich okropne położenie lub uczestnicząc w grabieży, popełnia ciężką zbrodnię wobec praw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i będzie niezwłocznie ukarany. — W-wa w maju 1943 r. Polskie Organiz. Niepodległościowe 153: 161: 3692:, p. 246: "The over-all balance between the acts of crime and acts of help, as described in the available sources, is disproportionately negative ... To a significant extent, this negative balance is to be accounted for by the hostility towards the Jews on the part of large segments of the Polish underground, and, even more importantly, by the involvement of some armed units of that underground in murders of Jews." 1235: 1962:, wrote that the widespread revulsion among the Polish people at the murders being committed by the Nazis was sometimes accompanied by an alleged feeling of relief at the disappearance of Jews. Israeli historian Joseph Kermish (born 1907) who left Poland in 1950, had claimed at the Yad Vashem conference in 1977, that the Polish researchers overstate the achievements of the Żegota organization (including members of 2667: 1246: 2932: 3052: 1805:. Paulsson notes that during the six years of wartime and occupation, the average Jew sheltered by the Poles had three or four sets of false documents and faced recognition as a Jew multiple times. Datner explains also that hiding a Jew lasted often for several years thus increasing the risk involved for each Christian family exponentially. Polish-Jewish writer and Holocaust survivor 1630: 2707:), played a major role in the effort to rescue and shelter Polish Jews, with the Franciscan Sisters credited with the largest number of Jewish children saved. Two thirds of all nunneries in Poland took part in the rescue, in all likelihood with the support and encouragement of the church hierarchy. These efforts were supported by local Polish bishops and the 2025:, to apply to Jews who attempted to leave the ghettos without proper authorization, and all those who "deliberately offer a hiding place to such Jews". The law was made public by posters distributed in all cities and towns, to instill fear. The death penalty was also imposed for helping Jews in Polish territories that became part of 2806:. When the Nazis commenced the clearing of the ghetto in 1941, Getter took in many orphans and dispersed them among Family of Mary homes. As the Nazis began sending orphans to the gas chambers, Getter issued fake baptismal certificates, providing the children with false identities. The sisters lived in daily fear of the Germans. 1777:

who hid among the non-Jewish populace stayed throughout the war in only one hiding place and as such had only one set of helpers. However, other historians indicate that a much higher number was involved. Paulsson wrote that, according to his research, an average Jew in hiding stayed in seven different places throughout the war.

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The creation of the Rescue Council made the Polish government the second Allied regime – following the United States – to establish an official body dedicated to assisting the remaining Jews ... the Polish government was the first to state unambiguously that the object of its rescue agency's efforts

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of the Polish government in exile, committed suicide in May 1943, in London, in protest against the indifference of the Allied governments toward the destruction of the Jewish people, and the failure of the Polish government to rouse public opinion commensurate with the scale of the tragedy befalling

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For nearly a year now, in addition to the tragedy of the Polish people, which is being slaughtered by the enemy, our country has been the scene of a terrible, planned massacre of the Jews. This mass murder has no parallel in the annals of mankind; compared to it, the most infamous atrocities known to

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that were designed to imprison the local Jewish populations. The food rations allocated by the Germans to the ghettos condemned their inhabitants to starvation. Smuggling of food into the ghettos and smuggling of goods out of the ghettos, organized by Jews and Poles, was the only means of subsistence

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Efforts at rescue were encumbered by several factors. The threat of the death penalty for aiding Jews and the limited ability to provide for the escapees were often responsible for the fact that many Poles were unwilling to provide direct help to a person of Jewish origin. This was exacerbated by the

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at the risk of endangering their own and their families lives, through compassion, to passivity, indifference, blackmail, and denunciation. That response has been the subject of intense historical and political controversy since the 1980s, when the received notion of the Polish people standing united

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itself. The convent leaders never disclosed the exact number of children saved in their institutions, and for security reasons the rescued children were never registered. Jewish institutions have no statistics that could clarify the matter. Systematic recording of testimonies did not begin until the

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Initially, the death penalty was imposed sporadically and only on Jews. Until the summer of 1942, Poles who helped them were fined or imprisoned. The situation changed during the liquidation of the ghettos, when the caught Jews were immediately killed, and the Poles who helped them were killed, sent

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and anti-Jewish propaganda before and during the war both leading to indifference. Steinlauf however notes that despite these uncertainties, Jews were helped by countless thousands of individual Poles throughout the country. He writes that "not the informing or the indifference, but the existence of

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According to one reviewer of Paulsson, with regard to the extortionists, "a single hooligan or blackmailer could wreak severe damage on Jews in hiding, but it took the silent passivity of a whole crowd to maintain their cover." He also notes that "hunters" were outnumbered by "helpers" by a ratio of

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and executed by the Polish resistance fighters who risked death carrying out these verdicts, few were explicitly blackmailers or informers who had persecuted Jews. This, according to Kermish, led to increasing boldness of some of the blackmailers in their criminal activities. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz

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Any direct and indirect complicity in the German criminal actions is the most serious offence against Poland. Any Pole who collaborates in their acts of murder, whether by extortion, informing on Jews, or by exploiting their terrible plight or participating in acts of robbery, is committing a major

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writes that not only the fear of the death penalty was an obstacle limiting Polish aid to Jews, but also antisemitism, which made many individuals uncertain of their neighbors' reaction to their attempts at rescue. Number of authors have noted the negative consequences of the hostility towards Jews

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Siekierka, Michał (2022). "Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom świadczoną przez ludność polską w okresie II wojny światowej na okupowanych terenach województwa tarnopolskiego" [The state of research on aid to Jews provided by the Polish population during World War II in the occupied territories of the

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Grądzka-Rejak, Martyna; Namysło, Aleksandra (2022). "Prawodawstwo niemieckie wobec Polaków i Żydów na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz ziem wcielonych do III Rzeszy. Analiza porównawcza" [German legislation towards Poles and Jews in the General Government and the lands incorporated into

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Poland, with its unique underground state, was the only country in occupied Europe to have an extensive, underground justice system. These clandestine courts operated with attention to due process (although limited by circumstances), so it could take months to get a death sentence passed. However,

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that the Polish population has been passive in regard to, or even supportive of, Jewish suffering. However, modern scholarship has not validated the claim that Polish antisemitism was irredeemable or different from contemporary Western antisemitism; it has also found that such claims are among the

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who claimed that between 160,000 and 360,000 Poles assisted in hiding Jews, amounting to between 1% and 2.5% of the 15 million adult Poles she categorized as "those who could offer help." Her estimation counts only those who were involved in hiding Jews directly. It also assumes that each Jew

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provided many persecuted Jews with food and shelter during the war, even though monasteries gave no immunity to Polish priests and monks against the death penalty. Nearly every Catholic institution in Poland looked after a few Jews, usually children with forged Christian birth certificates and an

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was insignificant. Connelly nonetheless criticized the same population for its indifference to the Jewish plight. This occurred in the context of Nazi terror combined with the inadequacy of food rations, greed and corruption, which wrecked traditional values. Poles helping Jews faced unparalleled

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advocated the abandonment of the long-range considerations of the underground and the launch of an all-out uprising should the Germans undertake a campaign of extermination against ethnic Poles, but that no such plan existed while the extermination of Jewish Polish citizens was under way. On the

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Some officials in the senior Polish priesthood maintained the same theological attitude of hostility toward the Jews which was known from before the invasion of Poland. After the war ended, some convents were unwilling to return Jewish children to postwar institutions that asked for them, and at

1523:. New trends in historical research challenged widely shared assumptions about wartime Polish behaviour and highlighted the contribution of home-grown antisemitism and the local police to the extermination of Polish Jews. Polish rescuers faced threats from unsympathetic neighbours, Polish-German 2481:

Ten percent of Warsaw's Polish population was actively engaged in sheltering their Jewish neighbors. It is estimated that the number of Jews living in hiding on the Aryan side of the capital city in 1944 was at least 15,000 to 30,000 and relied on the network of 50,000–60,000 Poles who provided

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The Polish Underground urged the Poles to support smuggling. The punishment for smuggling was death, carried out on the spot. Among the Jewish smuggler victims were scores of Jewish children aged five or six, whom the German shot at the ghetto exits and near the walls. While communal rescue was

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to Poland. Overall, as Stola notes, Polish government was just as unprepared to deal with the Holocaust as were the other Allied governments, and that the government's hesitancy in appeals to the general population to aid the Jews diminished only after reports of the Holocaust became more wide

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in 1943, Sikorski's appeals to Poles to help Jews accompanied his communiques only on rare occasions. Steinlauf points out that in one speech made in London, he was promising equal rights for Jews after the war, but the promise was omitted from the printed version of the speech for no reason.

3023:. In July 1943, Jan Karski again personally reported to Roosevelt about the plight of Polish Jews, but the president "interrupted and asked the Polish emissary about the situation of... horses" in Poland. He also met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including 2477:

and her mother rescued over 50 Jews in their home between 1941 and 1944. Paulsson, in his research on the Jews of Warsaw, documented that Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did residents in other European cities under Nazi occupation.

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A number of Polish villages in their entirety provided shelter from Nazi apprehension, offering protection for their Jewish neighbors as well as the aid for refugees from other villages and escapees from the ghettos. Postwar research has confirmed that communal protection occurred in

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and reported to the Polish, British and American governments on the terrible situation of the Jews in Poland, in particular the destruction of the ghetto. He met with Polish politicians in exile, including the prime minister, as well as members of political parties such as the

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writes that a number of Polish Jews were executed for denouncing other Jews. He notes that since Nazi informers often denounced members of the underground as well as Jews in hiding, the charge of collaboration was a general one and sentences passed were for cumulative crimes.

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According to the law, the GG had the death penalty. It was also used in the Polish parts of Reichskommisariat Ukraine and Reichskommisariat Ost (Volhynia, Polesie, Nowogródczyzna, eastern Bialystok, Vilnius region), although no such legal act was issued in the indicated

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welcomed Jewish fighters to serve with Poles without problems stemming from their ethnic identity. However, some rightist units of the Armia Krajowa excluded Jews. Similarly, some members of the Delegate's Bureau saw Jews and ethnic Poles as separate entities. Historian

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to camps, punished with imprisonment or a fine, and sometimes released. There was no rule in punishing, and Poles who helped Jews were not sure whether the punishment would be only imprisonment or execution of them and their entire family, they had to assume the worst.

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close by, a minimum of 300 Polish Jews were burned alive in a barn set on fire by a group of Polish men under the German command. Wyrzykowska was honored as Righteous Among the Nations for her heroism, but left her hometown after liberation for fear of retribution.

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Historians have shown that in numerous villages, Jewish families survived the Holocaust by living under assumed identities as Christians with full knowledge of the local inhabitants who did not betray their identities. This has been confirmed in the settlements of

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An average Jew who survived in occupied Poland depended on many acts of assistance and tolerance, wrote Paulsson. "Nearly every Jew that was rescued, was rescued by the cooperative efforts of dozen or more people," as confirmed also by the Polish-Jewish historian

2060:, for hiding Jews, the Germans shot eight members of Józef Borowski's family along with him and four guests who happened to be there. Nazi death squads carried out mass executions of the entire villages that were discovered to be aiding Jews on a communal level. 3077:

nearly 29 million zlotys (over $ 5 million; or, 13.56 times as much, in today's funds) for the relief payments to thousands of extended Jewish families in Poland. The Home Army also provided assistance including arms, explosives and other supplies to

1390:, "The threats faced by would-be rescuers, both from the Germans and blackmailers alike, make us place Polish rescuers of Jews in a special category, for they exemplified a courage, fortitude, and lofty humanitarianism unequalled in other occupied countries." 1312:, Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, Poles were, by nationality, the most numerous persons identified as rescuing Jews during the Holocaust. By January 2022, 7,232 people in Poland have been recognized by the State of Israel as 1771:

estimated that between 1 and 3 percent of the Polish population was actively involved in rescue efforts; Marcin Urynowicz estimates that a minimum of from 500,000 to over a million Poles actively tried to help Jews. The lower number was proposed by

3179:, the loyalty of Polish Jews to Poland and Polish interests was held in doubt by some members of the exiled government, leading to political tensions. For example, the Jewish Agency refused to give support to Polish demand for the return of 1439:. One aspect of German foreign policy in conquered Poland was to prevent its ethnically diverse population from uniting against Germany. The Nazi plan for Polish Jews was one of concentration, isolation, and eventually total annihilation in 4661:

The estimates of Jewish survivors in Poland... do not accurately reflect the extent of the Poles' enormous sacrifices on behalf of the Jews because, at various times during the occupation, there were more Jews in hiding than in the end

2033:, but without issuing any legal act. Similarly, in the territories incorporated directly into the German Reich, the death penalty for helping Jews was not introduced, but it was imposed locally during the liquidation of the ghettos. 2920:

history pale into insignificance. Unable to act against this situation, we, in the name of the entire Polish people, protest the crime being perpetrated against the Jews; all political and public organizations join in this protest.

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recalled in a postwar interview that some farmers used the threat of violence against a fellow villager who intimated the desire to betray her safety. Polish-born Israeli writer and Holocaust survivor Natan Gross, in his 2001 book

1970:), but his assertions are not supported by the listed evidence. Paulsson and Pawlikowski wrote that wartime attitudes among some of the populace were not a major factor impeding the survival of sheltered Jews, or the work of the 6205: 2107: 2732:, the Jewish children were cared for by Catholic convents and by the surrounding communities. In these villages, Christian parents did not remove their children from schools where Jewish children were in attendance. 2334:

Impoverished Polish Jews, unable to offer any money in return, were nonetheless provided with food, clothing, shelter and money by some small communities; historians have confirmed this took place in the villages of

1462: 1447:. Similar policy measures toward the Polish Catholic majority focused on the murder or suppression of political, religious, and intellectual leaders as well as the Germanization of the annexed lands which included a 3784: 5079: 2683: 3047:

film industry, and artists, but without success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him and again supposed that his testimony was much exaggerated or was propaganda from the Polish government in exile.

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In an attempt to discourage Poles from helping the Jews and to destroy any efforts of the resistance, the Germans applied a ruthless retaliation policy. On 15 October 1941, the death penalty was introduced by

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In the Polish lands incorporated into the Reich, no general regulation on the death penalty for helping Jews was introduced. Such announcements were published locally during the liquidation of individual

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The fact that the Polish Jewish community was destroyed during World War II, coupled with stories about Polish collaborators, has contributed, especially among Israelis and American Jews, to a lingering

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Clarification to Engel's commentary is provided by Minutes of the agency's inaugural meeting confirming its mission as mere coordination of rescue efforts taking place in Poland for a long time already.

5959: 5316: 4383: 3874:. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Departament Współpracy z Polonią. pp. 25–26. 3151:, the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, signed a decree calling upon the Polish population to extend aid to the persecuted Jews; including the following stern warning. 2463:. Hundreds of Polish and Jewish smugglers would come in and out the ghettos, usually at night or at dawn, through openings in the walls, tunnels and sewers or through the guardposts by paying bribes. 1386:, for the rescuer and their family, and would-be rescuers moved in an environment hostile to Jews and their protection, exposed to the risk of blackmail and denunciation by neighbours. According to 5445: 3762:

Quote from chapter "The Idealists": "Informing and denunciation flourish throughout the country, thanks largely to the Volksdeutsche. Arrests and round-ups at every step and constant searches..."

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Marcin Urynowicz, "Organized and individual Polish aid for the Jewish population exterminated by the German invader during the Second World War" as cited by Institute of National Remembrance.

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escapees to Poles who could help them. Some Poles sheltered Jews for only one or a few nights; others assumed full responsibility for their survival, fully aware that the Germans punished by

1519: 3756: 6075:. Vol 18, No 1, Spring/Summer 2006, pp. 179-194. "...a genuine memory of a traumatic event is possible only in a de-centered memory space, in which no standpoints are privileged a priori." 8385: 7601: 3520:, p. 58: "Not only did rescuers know that their protection of Jews would meet with Polish disapproval, but many feared that this Polish disapproval would come with actual reprisals." 2599:, the Council to Aid Jews, was the most prominent. It was unique not only in Poland, but in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, as there was no other organization dedicated solely to that goal. 1991:

in support of preconceived notions have led some popular press to draw overly simplistic and often misleading conclusions regarding the role played by Poles at the time of the Holocaust.

4086:. International Weigl Conference (Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and their Drug Resistance – Programme and Abstracts; R. Stoika et al., eds.) 11–14 Sep 2003, pp. 10 – 31. Archived from 3147:

The Polish government and its underground representatives at home issued declarations that people acting against the Jews (blackmailers and others) would be punished by death. General

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that their actions were "an open secret in the village everyone knew they had to keep quiet" and that the other villagers helped, "if only to provide a meal." Another farm couple,

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The number of Poles who rescued Jews from the Nazi German persecution would be hard to determine in black-and-white terms and is still the subject of scholarly debate. According to

7214: 1560:, issued his operational guidelines for the mass anti-Jewish actions carried out with the participation of local gentiles. Massacres of Polish Jews by the Ukrainian and Lithuanian 1757:'s criteria is perhaps 100,000 and there may have been two or three times as many who offered minor help; the majority "were passively protective." In an article published in the 4683: 1863:

has written that the majority of Jews who were sheltered by Poles paid for their own up-keep, but thousands of Polish protectors perished along with the people they were hiding.

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in most cases the money that Poles accepted from Jews they helped to hide, was taken not out of greed, but out of poverty which Poles had to endure during the German occupation.

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Polish Jews were represented, as the only minority, by two members on the National Council, a 20-30 member body that served as a quasi-parliament to the government in exile:

6375:. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on 14 March 2008. 5481:, no. 8–9 (August–September) 1974: p. 55; Jan Żaryn, "Przez pomyłkę: Ziemia łomżyńska w latach 1939–1945." Interview with Rev. Kazimierz Łupiński from the Szumowo Parish, 2590: 1855:

fact that the people who were in hiding did not have official ration cards and hence food for them had to be purchased on the black market at high prices. According to

3612: 3411: 7026:: "Kiedy w lipcu 1943 roku raportował mu w Białym Domu tragedię żydowską, prezydent przerwał i zapytał polskiego emisariusza o sytuację... koni w Generalnej Guberni." 1084: 2121: 2885: 78:

According to this decree, those knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or selling them foodstuffs are also subject to the death penalty

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IPN (30 June 2003), Communique regarding a decision to stop the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941

7571: 3950:. The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154. Archived from 5312: 5010:

In: István Deák, Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt. The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath. Princeton University Press, 2000. P. 84ff

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Note 2: Teresa Prekerowa estimated that approximately 1–2.5 per cent of Poles (between 160,000 and 360,000) were actively engaged in helping Jews to survive.

4156: 188: 6318: 5611:(Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp.66–68, 71. 3940: 3064: 2928:

about the Holocaust, although early reports were often met with disbelief, even by Jewish leaders themselves, and then, for much longer, by Western powers.

6977: 6776: 6024: 5790: 4138: 1597: 8346:(2003). "Introduction: Changing Perceptions in the Historiography of Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War". In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). 4250: 8076:. Originally in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, volume 13 (2000), at pages 78–103; reprinted in: The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. 1652:

Ethnic Poles assisted Jews by organized as well as by individual efforts. Food was offered to Polish Jews or left in places Jews would pass on their way

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Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war - most of us already know that."

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had no guarantee whether—in case of arrest—they would face prison terms, or be executed together with their families, but they had to assume the worst."

2052:– where many families concealed their Jewish neighbors – were executed jointly by the Nazis with the eight Jews they hid. The entire Wołyniec family in 765: 2611:

in some form including financial, legal, medical, child care, and other help in times of trouble. The subject is shrouded in controversy according to

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Michał Kruk and several other people in were executed on September 6, 1943 for the assistance they had rendered to the Jews. For helping Jews, Father

6265: 5960:(Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r.) 3319:, many negative stereotypes about the Home Army among the Jews came from reading postwar literature on the subject, and not from personal experience. 2831: 2315:

took responsibility for the survival of an orphaned nine-year-old Jewish boy. Different families took turns hiding a Jewish girl at various homes in

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from Chicago, referring to work by other historians, speculated that claims of hundreds of thousands of rescuers struck him as inflated. Likewise,

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couriers. The Polish government-in-exile, together with Jewish groups, pleaded for American and British forces to bomb train tracks leading to the

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Mordecai Paldiel "Churches and the Holocaust: unholy teaching, good samaritans, and reconciliation" p.209-210, KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2006,

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Announcement of death penalty for Jews captured outside the ghetto and for Poles helping Jews issued by the Governor of the Warsaw District – Dr

1273: 770: 7598: 6741: 3492:, p. 5: "Besides the obvious German threat, Polish rescuers cited fear of denunciation by their neighbors as the second greatest obstacle." 7279: 7037: 6844: 5446:"The crime in Słonim. The story of Fr. Adam Sztarek and Sisters Ewa (Bogumiła Noiszewska) and Marta (Kazimiera Wołowska) | Polscy Sprawiedliwi" 4198: 1793: 7124: 5863:: Organization of Staszowites in Israel with the Assistance of the Staszowite Organizations in the Diaspora, 1962, p. xviii (English section). 4215: 2386:, some Jews were able to openly participate in the lives of their communities. Olga Lilien, recalling her wartime experience in the 2000 book 6002: 5712: 5339: 2968:

in London, but the British government refused AK reports on atrocities as being gross exaggerations and propaganda of the Polish government.

2096: 7702:"Collaboration in a "Land without a Quisling": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II" 6292: 8380: 4892: 2295:

sheltered Polish Jews. In some well-confirmed cases, Polish Jews who were hidden, were circulated between homes in the village. Farmers in

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David Engel. In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-In-Exile and the Jews, 1939–1942. University of North Carolina Press. 1987.

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for giving aid to Jewish escapees from the ghetto in Povorsk. According to postwar investigations, 568 Poles and Ukrainians from the town

6959: 1653: 1149: 5684:, 10 December 1994; Janice Arnold, "Polish widow made Righteous Gentile," The Canadian Jewish News (Montreal edition), 26 January 1995; 4051: 1834:

has written that under Nazi regime, rescuers were an exception, albeit one that could be found in towns and villages throughout Poland.

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There is a need for a reminder, that in accordance with Paragraph 3 of the decree of 15 October 1941, on the Limitation of Residence in

4223: 2953: 203: 198: 193: 7555: 6630: 5189: 5118: 4981: 2143:, Polish Christians and the Jewish countrymen they protected were herded into a church by the Nazis and burned alive on 4 March 1944. 1722:, was sentenced to death for rescuing Jewish fugitives (but the sentence was commuted to camp imprisonment, and he survived the war). 6966:. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 – via Internet Archive. 3886: 2414:

Nonetheless, there were cases where Poles who saved Jews were met with a different response after the war. Antonina Wyrzykowska from

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managed to successfully shelter seven Jews for twenty-six months from November 1942 until liberation. Sometime earlier, during the

8244: 8116: 7360: 2836: 7801: 6367: 3811: 2172: 1875: 1044: 5023: 4610: 4454: 3602: 5370: 2774:. Sister Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children in different education and care facilities for children in 2080: 2005: 436: 7384: 6474:

Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. PDF direct download, 45.2 KB. Retrieved 2 October 2012.

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Two decades after the end of the war, a Jewish partisan named Gustaw Alef-Bolkowiak identified the following villages in the

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Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943.

2456: 7218: 3001: 2607:(1998) gives several wide-range estimates of a number of survivors including those who might have received assistance from 1842: 1564:

followed. Deadly pogroms were committed in over 30 locations across formerly Soviet-occupied parts of Poland, including in

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The response of the Polish majority to the Jewish Holocaust covered an extremely wide spectrum, often ranging from acts of

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Entire communities that helped to shelter Jews were annihilated, such as the now-extinct village of Huta Werchobuska near

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dangers not only from the German occupiers but also from their own ethnically diverse countrymen including Polish-German

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Polish rescuers were hampered by the German occupation as well as frequent betrayal by the local population. Any kind of

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residing in Great Britain. The government often publicly expressed outrage at German mass murders of Jews. In 1942, the

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provided a hiding place for as many as 30 Jews; years after the war, the couple's son recalled in an interview with the

1585: 480: 455: 7587: 7339: 6902: 5880:, Tel Aviv: Lowitcher Landsmanshaften in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, 1966, pp.xvi–xvii.; Wiktoria Śliwowska, ed., 4808: 3391: 2691: 2223:

near Warsaw, 25 Poles were caught hiding Jews; all were killed and the village was burned to the ground as punishment.

1738: 1637: 1452: 1399: 1313: 1215: 1164: 475: 5561: 5040: 2562:. Ca 10.000 Jews received such passports, of which over 3000 have been saved. The group efforts are documented in the 2241: 8302: 8283: 8260: 8225: 8217: 8193: 8156:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947

8132: 8105: 8000: 7932: 7903: 7868: 7770: 7682: 7674: 7520: 7484: 6910: 6871: 6609: 6526: 5947: 5632: 5593: 5366: 5226: 5130: 4710: 4414: 4400: 4019: 3855: 3799: 3440: 3184: 2704: 2053: 1589: 1408:– ten percent of the general population of some 33 million. Poland was the center of the European Jewish world. 534: 485: 168: 3846: 3109:, by giving them false Polish passports as Christians. He founded an orphanage for Jewish children officially named 3073:, the organization for help to the Polish Jews – run jointly by Jews and non-Jews. Since 1942 Żegota was granted by 2952:. As an agent of the underground intelligence, he began sending numerous reports about the camp and genocide to the 2276: 8375: 8146: 6992: 6050: 3129: 3074: 2604: 1356: 1176: 750: 221: 7510:

In Antony Polonsky, ed. 'My Brother's Keeper?': Recent Polish Debates on the Holocaust. Routledge, 1989. Pp. 75-76

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where a local Nazi collaborator was forced to flee when it became known he reported the location of a hidden Jew.

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for saving Jews during the Jewish Holocaust, making Poland the country with the highest number of such Righteous.

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times refused to disclose the adoptive parents' identities, forcing government agencies and courts to intervene.

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Your Life is Worth Mine: How Polish Nuns Saved Hundreds of Jewish Children in German-occupied Poland, 1939-1945.

5180:"at the end of July an authorization was received from the Warsaw branch confirming the transfer of one million 5053: 5007: 1427:

was split in half between two totalitarian powers. Germany occupied 48.4 percent of western and central Poland.

8355: 8164: 8081: 8037: 7953: 7646: 7347: 7283: 7041: 6806: 6494: 6187: 5989: 5815: 4654: 4487: 4261: 2762:. The children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, or 1259: 971: 134: 7335: 6896: 6268:[Ładoś list: names of 3,262 Jews covered by the so-called "passport action" - the Pilecki Institute]. 1171: 909: 679: 549: 6717: 6514: 4814: 4473: 3012:, the British foreign secretary, and included a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec. 2897: 2767: 1428: 1405: 505: 465: 142: 5748: 2589:

Several organizations dedicated to saving Jews were created and run by Christian Poles with the help of the

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impossible under these circumstances, many Polish Christians concealed their Jewish neighbors. For example,

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and its environs were murdered for attempting to help Jews. For example, Michał Gierula from the village of

1049: 7558: 7014: 6579: 5981: 5905: 5477:, no. 5–7 (May–July) 1974: p. 62; Witold Jemielity, "Martyrologium księży diecezji łomżyńskiej 1939–1945" 4642: 3039:. Karski also presented his report to the news media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal 2268: 1759: 1573: 1336: 1069: 993: 959: 579: 313: 258: 3377: 1921:

such individuals is one of the most remarkable features of Polish-Jewish relations during the Holocaust."

1159: 6665: 6206:"President Andrzej Duda and Survivors will pay tribute to a Polish diplomat who saved more than 800 Jews" 5534: 5008:

A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes Concerning Relations between Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists.

4286: 3995:[Сучасна політика пам'яті на Волині щодо ОУН(б) та нацистських масових вбивств]. Україна модерна. 3137: 2231: 1951: 1768: 1726: 1561: 1416: 1074: 1054: 1018: 1008: 998: 964: 785: 6163: 4848: 2212: 634: 609: 519: 8317: 4571: 3563: 3254: 3195: 3079: 2997: 2976: 2904: 2889: 2717: 2076: 2030: 2026: 1320: 1193: 1124: 1064: 1013: 529: 330: 7411:(in Polish). Vol. Nr 23. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. page 81 in current document. 7398: 6120: 4082:

Waclaw Szybalski, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI (2003).

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by the government-in-exile (see below), for the relief payments to Jewish families in Poland. Besides

2196: 2041: 1889:, many of whom were anti-Semitic and morally disoriented by the war. There were people, the so-called 1477: 889: 569: 554: 7013:

Waldemar Piasecki, Interview with Elim Zborowski, President of International Society for Yad Vashem:

6471: 5568:"Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." ( 4953: 3575: 3228: 3044: 1871: 1581: 1420: 1059: 1023: 1003: 268: 253: 8245:"The Polish government in exile and the Final Solution: What conditioned its actions and inactions?" 8059: 7979: 7825: 7447: 6769: 6147: 5734:, "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka, 4516: 4440: 4195: 3925: 3676: 3636: 2881: 2126: 629: 8252: 8124: 8029: 7762: 7574: 7470: 7436: 7128: 6794: 6727: 5381: 4566: 4227: 3397: 2912: 1988: 1348: 1340: 1109: 699: 539: 450: 7541:"The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) and the Jews: What Survivor Memoirs and Testimonies Reveal" 7466: 5709: 5336: 4084:"The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883–1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder. In Memoriam" 3140:. Its purpose was to organize efforts concerning the Polish Jewish population, to coordinate with 2742:(the Council to Aid Jews) organisation cooperated very closely in saving Jewish children from the 2603:

concentrated its efforts on saving Jewish children toward whom the Germans were especially cruel.

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Tadeusz Kozłowski, "Spotkanie z żydowskim kolegą po 50 latach," Gazeta (Toronto), 12–14 May 1995.

5884:, Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1998, pp.120–23.; Małgorzata Niezabitowska, 4909: 3545:. Zebrali i opracowali Jan Jankowski i Antoni Serafinski. Przedmowa zaopatrzyl Stanislaw Szurlej. 3176: 3148: 2989: 2682: 2619:' estimate about half of those who survived within the changing borders of Poland were helped by 1820: 1810: 1613: 1440: 1323:

informed the world of the extermination of the Jews on June 9, 1942, following a report from the

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producing false Japanese visas. The refugees arriving to Japan were helped by Polish ambassador

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Those who took full responsibility for Jews' survival, perhaps especially, merit recognition as

1094: 559: 67:(page 595 of the GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will incur the 38: 7188: 6820: 5332: 3791: 3241:

other hand, the pre-war Polish government armed and trained Jewish paramilitary groups such as

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convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Conceived Immaculate at

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issued false Polish passports to about 5000 Jews in Hungary. He was killed by Germans in 1944.

2236: 1917: 1609: 1424: 1188: 1181: 689: 654: 599: 544: 8071: 7962:(Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave, 2001), Volume 1, pp. 302–318. 7922: 6875: 6798: 6455: 6393: 6348: 5242: 5162:, pp. 14–17, 30, 32: Kermish falsely asserts that the relief payments amounted to 50,000 5142: 4366: 4007: 3426: 3206:

Clandestine poster warning of death penalty for blackmailing and turning in Jews, Żegota 1943.

2220: 1780: 659: 7992: 6971: 6934: 6756: 6751:: 41–44. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 – via direct download, 45.2 KB. 6748: 6742:"The Convent Children. The Rescue of Jewish Children in Polish Convents During the Holocaust" 5230: 4553: 4046: 3977: 3912: 3663: 3258: 3020: 2993: 2515: 2249: 2227: 1934: 1928: 1792:

hid Jewish friends in the attic for three years. In close proximity, the Germans carried out

1198: 755: 719: 714: 704: 589: 278: 6266:"Lista Ładosia: nazwiska 3262 Żydów objętych tzw. "akcją paszportową" - Instytut Pileckiego" 5390:

Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia, 1939–1945

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The Last Rising in the Eastern Borderlands: The Ejszyszki Epilogue in its Historical Context

4216:"Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany: 20 marca 2006" 2316: 1671: 1569: 859: 7758: 4332:

Gunnar S. Paulsson, "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland," published in

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sheltered two Jewish men by taking turns. Both of them later joined the Polish underground

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in her study of Jews in Polish folk culture argued also for the persistence of traditional

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Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust.

3893: 3133: 2623:. The number of Jews receiving assistance who did not survive the Holocaust is not known. 2398:

reward by the Nazi occupiers for information on Jews in hiding. Chava Grinberg-Brown from

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from the Baltic states and other regions onto farms, ventures and homes formerly owned by

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The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma

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Review of Jan Grabowski, "Ja tego Żyda znam! Szantażowanie Żydów w Warszawie, 1939-1943".

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From Ringelblum’s Diary: "As the Ghetto is Sealed Off, Jews and Poles Remain in Contact."

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Lack of international effort to aid Jews resulted in political uproar on the part of the

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and unwavering against the German occupier was criticised by Israeli historians, such as

524: 178: 4735:"Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris" 4038: 3180: 1789: 894: 849: 8067: 8047: 7967: 7739: 7731: 7543: 7424: 7071: 4772: 4764: 4504: 4428: 3624: 3121: 3032: 2965: 2961: 2022: 1750: 1687: 1565: 1412: 1203: 1033: 644: 64: 8092: 7299:

Appeal signed by The Organizations of Polish Independence (Warsaw, May 1943). Excerpt.

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seems a case of moral indifference, it was, in fact, reasoned strategy. – via

3128:. Also, in 1943 a Jewish affairs section of the Underground State was set up by the 2779: 2375: 2264: 1718:, saving countless lives. Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz, director of the state hospital in 8199: 7895: 7860: 7713: 6930: 6812: 6691: 5939: 5897: 5763:

Krystian Brodacki, "Musimy ich uszanować!" Tygodnik Solidarność, 17 December 2004.

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The Forest of the Just. A page from the history of rescuing Jews in occupied Poland

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The Life for a Life Project: Remembrance of Poles who gave their lives to save Jews

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assumed or vague identity. In particular, convents of Catholic nuns in Poland (see

2651: 2650:, there were smaller organizations such as KZ-LNPŻ, ZSP, SOS and others (along the 2616: 2523: 2511: 1959: 1867: 1785: 1773: 1510: 1506: 1387: 1134: 924: 805: 160: 5093:

When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland.

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When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland.

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When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland

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When Light Pierced the Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland

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Peggy Curran, "Decent people: Polish couple honored for saving Jews from Nazis,"

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Did the Children Cry: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945

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Delegatura. The Polish government-in-exile underground representation in Poland.

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Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945

3067:. There were no Jewish representatives in it. Delegatura financed and sponsored 2643: 2574: 2527: 2204: 2063: 1343:, the Allies did not do so. The rescue efforts were aided by one of the largest 7942:

Paulsson, Gunnar S. (20 April 2001). Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elisabeth (eds.).

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The supreme political body of the underground government within Poland was the

3040: 2941: 2935: 2915:, issued the following declaration based on reports by the Polish underground: 2893: 2807: 2763: 2759: 2671: 2551: 2474: 2399: 2379: 2155: 2101: 2010: 2000: 1831: 1711: 1668: 1448: 1238: 1234: 919: 869: 854: 584: 417: 367: 246: 8235: 7692: 7282:

In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust.

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In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust.

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Last page "Raczyński's Note" - official note of Polish government-in-exile to

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In tiny villages where there was no permanent Nazi military presence, such as

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were ordered to organize them in all eastern territories occupied by Germany.

1376: 8369: 8335: 7913: 7891: 7878: 7856: 7826:"The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Żegota") in Occupied Poland" 7788: 7780: 7727: 7416: 6859: 6561: 5659: 5385: 4760: 4352:. Journal of Genocide Research, Jun99, Vol. 1 Issue 2, p227, 6p; (AN 6025705) 4345: 4087: 3993:"Contemporary politics of OUN (b) memory in Volhynia, and the Nazi massacres" 3280: 3233: 2980: 2945: 2819: 2803: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2675: 2654:), whose action agendas included help to the Jews. Some were associated with 2635: 2631: 2612: 2539: 2495: 2443: 2439: 2395: 2356: 1984: 1881: 1860: 1847: 1802: 1764: 1715: 1645: 1616:. Local participation in the Nazi German "cleansing" operations included the 1553: 1525: 1502: 1364: 1304: 1249: 1245: 1099: 988: 939: 899: 874: 800: 68: 8010: 5803: 5054:"Holocaust survivor Dr. Nechama Tec to address SRU community at remembrance" 4997:

In: Jonathan Frankel, ed. Studies in Contemporary Jewry 13. (1997): 190-224.

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Ringelblum Revisited: Polish-Jewish Relations in Occupied Warsaw, 1940–1945

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Evading the Holocaust: The Unexplored Continent of Holocaust Historiography

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Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943-1945.

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London Nakl. Stowarzyszenia Prawników Polskich w Zjednoczonym Królestwie ,

3446: 3401: 3353:, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 1 January 2022. 3242: 3056: 3028: 3009: 2975:, who had been serving as a courier between the Polish underground and the 2775: 2563: 2383: 2147: 1890: 1695: 1633: 1514: 1372: 1359:, the most notable effort dedicated to helping Jews was spearheaded by the 1290: 976: 914: 345: 241: 7556:

Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.

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Facing a Holocaust: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943–1945

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to the Krakow branch for distribution to welfare support cases and to the

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Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath.

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of the Jewish population in the ghettos. The price difference between the

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Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

8249:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

8121:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

6724:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

6519:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

6319:"The Unknown Story of the Polish Diplomats Who Saved Jews From the Nazis" 5664:

Las sprawiedliwych. Karta z dziejów ratownictwa Żydów w okupowanej Polsce

5559:

Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów.

5178:

in July 1943. The annual report from December 1944 (paragraph 3) states:

5144:

The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust.

5123:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

4598:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

4456:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

3941:"The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study" 3588: 3246: 3245:

and – while in exile – accepted thousands of Polish Jewish fighters into

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Polish Delegate of the Government in Exile residing in Hungary, diplomat

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through the resistance network he organized in Auschwitz. In March 1941,

2948:(AK) resistance, and the only person who volunteered to be imprisoned in 2713: 2547: 2324: 2180: 2176: 2049: 1943: 1922: 1806: 1767:

estimated that there may have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers.

1534: 1530: 1432: 1286: 619: 410: 7924:

The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust

6212:. Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Chicago. Archived from 6047: 4008:"The Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Results" 2823: 2810:

credits Getter and the Family of Mary with rescuing more than 750 Jews.

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by extremists advocating their eventual removal from Poland. Meanwhile,

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Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką

7843: 7833: 7735: 7667:

Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką

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the Third Reich. Comparative analysis]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.).

7162: 6955: 6631:"The Polish priest whose "House of Life" saved a thousand Jewish lives" 6578:. Little Servant Sisters of the Immaculate Conception. pp. 33–34. 6191: 6150: 6116: 5828: 4922: 4768: 4257: 3810: 3350: 3019:. He then traveled to the United States and reported to U.S. President 2972: 2634:, who managed to successfully smuggle 2,500 Jewish children out of the 2535: 2391: 2284: 2136: 2018: 1979: 1955: 1913: 1886: 1754: 1734: 1309: 1308:, at risk to their lives and the lives of their families. According to 350: 8159:. Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland & Company. pp. 112–128. 6850:

Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies.

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Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Current Trend in Antisemitism Series.

5751:–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325. 5202:

by the government-in-exile for the relief payments to Jewish families.

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in Jerusalem (Catalog No. 6159) which prove that the Żegota branch in

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was hanged for offering shelter to three Jews and three partisans. In

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A special role fell to Polish physicians who saved thousands of Jews.

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Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

1469: 7479:]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. pp. 281–284. 5811: 5584:

Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa,"

5057: 4479: 4406: 2949: 2666: 2559: 2415: 2308: 2304: 2056:

was massacred for sheltering three Jewish refugees from a ghetto. In

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has identified 45 Poles who helped to shelter her from the Nazis and

1480: 1352: 1332: 298: 7718: 7701: 6673: 5690: 5542: 5171: 4751: 4734: 3105:, helped rescue over 30,000 refugees including 5,000 Polish Jews in 3069: 2866: 2850: 2739: 2595: 2578: 2352: 2344: 2200: 1963: 1538: 1360: 6695: 5860: 5696: 5250: 4042: 3619:

on 28 December 2010 – via Internet Archive, 28 December 2010.

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This is a categorical warning to the non-Jewish population against:

8350:. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press. 3992: 3271:

List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust

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was granted over 5 million dollars or nearly 29 million

2280: 2244:, provided shelter for Jewish families consisting of 18 people in 2216: 2067:

Public execution of Michał Kruk and several other ethnic Poles in

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on 1 September 1939; and, on 17 September, in accordance with the

7888:

Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944

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placed roughly 2,500 children in cooperating convents of Warsaw.

6635: 6323: 4534:. Nowy Sącz: Oficjalna strona miasta. Komunikaty Biura Prasowego. 3652:"Prawda poświadczona życiem (biography of Sister Marta Wołowska)" 3220: 3219:

The Home Army units under the command of officers from left-wing

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Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland

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per month (page 4), which is contradicted by the Żegota reports

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and others. Getter's convent was located at the entrance to the

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In Poland's cities and larger towns, the Nazi occupiers created

1707: 8213: 7670: 7215:"Righteous Among the Nations: Henryk Sławik and József Antall." 5935: 5585: 5503: 5500:

Sentenced To Life: The Story of a Survivor of the Lahwah Ghetto

3608: 2957: 2451: 2408: 2320: 2292: 2208: 2192: 2151: 2132: 1730: 1657: 372: 7314: 7312: 5624:

Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust

5473:, pp. 385–386 and 390–391. Stanisław Łukomski, "Wspomnienia" 4174:"Museum of National Remembrance at "Under the Eagle Pharmacy"" 3683: 3253:. The policy of support continued throughout the war with the 3114: 2459:

and Jewish sides was large, reaching as much as 100%, but the

6705:

Righteous Among Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews, 1939–1945

5874:

Righteous Among Nations: How Poles Helped the Jews, 1939–1945

5485:, no. 8–9 (September–October 2002): pp. 112–117. Listings by 2827: 2795: 2159: 1939: 1823:

identified 30 Poles who helped him to survive the Holocaust.

1629: 340: 293: 288: 7588:"Jak polacy stworzyli Izrael" (How the Poles created Israel) 7477:

Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki cywilnej, 1939-45

3051: 7817:

Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews during the Second World War

7572:

The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt.

7522:

Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939-1947

7387:

KTAV Publishing House, Inc./Yeshiva University Press, 2003.

7309: 6823:

the number of Jewish orphans in their care surged upward..

6164:"The memory of Sugihara and the "visas for life" in Poland" 5737:

Akcja Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie

5693:: The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945 5588:, Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two, pp.161–62. 5424:"Kruk Michał – Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II" 3980:; Institute of History of Ukraine. 522–524 (4–6/45 in PDF). 3357: 2555: 2543: 2252:, and their neighbors brought food to those being rescued. 2226:

The forms of protection varied from village to village. In

2131:

were murdered on 19 December 1942 in a mass execution near

308: 6291:

Parafianowicz, Zbigniew; Potocki, Michal (9 August 2017).

5282: 4336:, volume 7, nos. 1 & 2 (summer/autumn 1998): pp.19–44. 2394:, where she survived the war despite the posting of a 200 1552:, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the main architect of 5359:

Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future

5192:, and Stalowa Wola camps - in all, for some 22,000 Jews." 4529: 3412:

The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland.

2751: 2569: 2482:

shelter, and about half as many assisting in other ways.

2263:

area where "almost the entire population" assisted Jews:

1592:

where the Jews were murdered along with the Poles in the

7639:

Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews

7365: 6656:

Al Sokol, "Holocaust theme underscores work of artist,"

6556:, Warsaw: Pax, 1979, pp.149–76.; Bertha Ferderber-Salz, 5670:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. p. 99. 5513: 3972:[Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках] 3736: 3734: 3695: 3015:

In 1943 in London, Karski met the well-known journalist

2886:

The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland

1706:, employed and protected Jews in his Weigl Institute in 8386:

Rescue of Jews by Poles in occupied Poland in 1939–1945

7238: 7236: 7202:

Archiwum działalności Prezydenta RP w latach 1997–2005.

7106: 7104: 5833:

Tel Aviv, H. Leivick Publishing House, 1985, pp.166–67.

5294: 5270: 3938: 3560:

Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950).

3471: 3409:

Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (10 December 1942),

2283:. Historians have documented that a dozen villagers of 1850:, being constructed by Nazi German order in August 1940 23:

Death penalty for the rescue of Jews in occupied Poland

8208:

Tarnopol Voivodeship]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.).

6688:

Years at the Edge of Existence: War Memoirs, 1939–1945

6148:"Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War." 6142: 6140: 6138: 5882:

The Last Eyewitnesses: Children of the Holocaust Speak

5479:

Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej

5475:

Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej

4827:"Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II" 3957:

on 16 August 2012 – via direct download 1.63 MB.

3755:

Emanuel Ringelblum, Joseph Kermish, Shmuel Krakowski,

3707: 3523: 2964:

were being forwarded via the Polish resistance to the

1509:, and by Polish intellectuals and historians, such as 1435:" and Polish Jews beneath that category, validating a 103: 96: 89: 8073:

The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw, 1943–1945

7948:. Palgrave Macmillan. Three-Volume Set, p. 257. 7838:. Shoah Resource Center. pp. 1–4, 14–17, 30–32. 7185:"Premiera filmu "Henryk Sławik – Polski Wallenberg."" 5919:

Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the Holocaust

5210: 5208: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 4214:

Ciesielska, Maria; Jackl, Klara, eds. (August 2014).

3731: 3483: 2674:

rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children from the

2390:, was sheltered by a Polish family in a village near 2179:

with everyone engaged, as well as in the villages of

8292: 8117:"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust" 7663: 7248: 7233: 7101: 7089: 6290: 6153:, Jerusalem, 1974, pp. 58-88. Shoah Resource Center. 5256: 4594:"Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust" 4251:"Difficulties in Rescue Attempts in Occupied Poland" 3758:

Polish-Jewish relations during the Second World War.

3600: 2044:(father, mother and six children) of the village of 1596:

at a ratio of 3-to-1. National minorities routinely

6719:

Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust.

6293:"How a Polish envoy to Bern saved hundreds of Jews" 6135: 5247:, page 184. Published by KTAV Publishing House Inc. 5244:

The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews

5018: 5016: 4399:Prekerowa, Teresa (1989) . Polonsky, Antony (ed.). 3970:"The Military Activities of the OUN (B), 1940–1942" 3765: 3261:forming an integral part of the Polish resistance. 2460: 1664:those (as well as their families) who helped Jews. 7634:Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies 6786: 6511:Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust 6505: 6503: 5205: 5115:Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust 5098: 4684:The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. 4634: 3601:Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961). 2924:The Polish government was the first to inform the 1694:, saving an unspecified number of Jews. Professor 1529:, ethnic Ukrainian pro-Nazis, blackmailers called 7989:Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945 7623: 7405:Polacy ratujacy Żydów w latach II wojny światowej 7083: 6843:Yad Vashem, staff writer (archived 5 June 2011), 6537: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6426: 6385: 6383: 6381: 4965: 4612:The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust 4532:"Sądeczanie w telewizji: Sprawiedliwy Artur Król" 4367:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965. 2876: 1994: 1966:themselves, along with venerable historians like 1487:, murdered for rescuing Jewish families from the 8367: 7794:The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust 6976:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6789:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 6188:"The Righteous Among The Nations, Sławik family" 6023:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5842:"Marian Małowist on History and Historians," in 5789:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5771:. Archived from the original on 18 December 2006 5392:, Warsaw: Von Borowiecky, 2000, vol. 1, p. 363. 5013: 4637:Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust 4545: 4543: 4541: 4137:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3984: 3511: 3283:of 1,684 Jews freed from Nazi-controlled Hungary 3276:Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust 1682:from deportation to death camps by simulating a 7814: 7294: 7292: 6819:took many of them into her convent. During the 6707:, London: Earlscourt Publications, 1969, p.361. 6698:: University Press of America, 1996, pp.97, 99. 6598: 6500: 6078: 5708:Magazyn Internetowy Forum (26 September 2007), 5326: 5168:digitized by the Ghetto Fighters House Archives 4673:Ringelblum, "Polish-Jewish Relations", pg. 226. 4213: 4119:. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 3932: 3719: 3689: 3604:Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe 3458: 3456: 8314:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939-1945 7396: 6935:"Protokół wystąpienia na posiedzeniu RdSRLZwP" 6703:Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin, eds., 6467: 6465: 6463: 6440: 6378: 6338: 5872:Władysław Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin, eds., 4370:Indiana University Press. Pages 113, 117, 250. 3850:Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, pp. 125–126. 3414:Note to the Governments of the United Nations. 3156:crime against the laws of the Polish Republic. 8293:Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). 7207: 7177: 6775:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6146:Emmanuel Ringelblum (Warsaw 1943, excerpts), 6048:The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre 6033:, 17 July 2003 (Internet Archive). Retrieved 5888:, New York: Friendly Press, 1986, pp.118–124. 5855:Gabriel Singer, "As Beasts in the Woods," in 5174:alone (just one branch) received one million 4984:. Indiana University Press, 1982. Pages 27ff. 4863: 4849:"Yad Vashem Holocaust documents part 2, #157" 4538: 3961: 3093:helped save Jews with false Polish passports. 2331:many Polish Jews successfully sought refuge. 1267: 8295:Zegota: The Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland 8091:Rejak, Sebastian; Frister, Elżbieta (2012). 8090: 7657:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 7289: 7147: 7064: 6948: 6733: 6564:: Holocaust Library, 1980, 233 pages; p.199. 6101: 6071:The Memory and Counter-Memory of the Crime. 6005:. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 5995: 5866: 5410:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 5041:Jews and Gender: The Challenge to Hierarchy. 5037:The Image of the Jew in Polish Folk Culture. 5035:Joshua D. Zimmerman. Review of Aliana Cala, 4902: 4586: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4117:"Chicago's 'Schindler' who saved 8,000 Jews" 4100:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3999: 3990: 3871:Ponary : the Place of "Human Slaughter" 3453: 1874:have stated that, unlike in Western Europe, 8114: 8094:Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust 7502: 7500: 7465: 7007: 6460: 5902:To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue 5808:The Image of the Jew in Polish Folk Culture 5614: 5492: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4373: 4350:One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews? 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4146: 2388:To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue 1942:and the execution of named individuals who 1411:The Second World War began with the German 8145: 7815:Gutman, Israel; Krakowski, Shmuel (1986). 6954: 6650: 6567: 6451: 6398: 6389: 6344: 6237:"How we let a Holocaust hero be forgotten" 6061: 5609:To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account 5155: 5153: 4869: 4798:Published by JHU Press; pages 81-101, 106. 4667: 4600:, Rutgers University Press, 2003. Page 110 4549: 4447: 4392: 4360: 4358: 4224:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 4207: 3939:Symposium Presentations (September 2005). 3829: 3783:Christopher R. Browning, Jurgen Matthaus, 3462: 3337: 3335: 2442:smuggled 2,500 Jewish children out of the 2165: 1876:Polish collaboration with the Nazi Germans 1468: 1274: 1260: 8342: 8311: 8206: 7787: 7750: 7717: 7699: 7564: 7548: 7513: 7377: 7353: 7327: 7272: 7077: 7047: 7030: 6710: 6628: 6531: 6477: 6420: 5968: 5652: 5519: 5403: 5401: 5300: 5288: 5276: 4841: 4750: 4462: 4398: 3967: 3740: 3713: 3701: 3587:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 3548: 3501: 3489: 3425:Epstein, Catherine A. (27 January 2015). 3363: 1950:Former Director of the Department of the 8066: 8028:. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: 8017: 7986: 7941: 7580: 7497: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7397:Chojnacki, Piotr; Mazek, Dorota (2008). 7390: 7116: 6984: 6365:Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII 5942:: Vallentine Mitchell, 2001, pp.248–49. 5878:Lowicz, A Town in Mazovia: Memorial Book 5876:, ibidem, p.361.; Gedaliah Shaiak, ed., 5348: 5235: 5135: 5085: 4878: 4788: 4786: 4732: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4603: 4468: 4297: 4287:"Righteous Among the Nations by country" 3867: 3861: 3838: 3615:. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived from 3201: 3084: 3050: 2930: 2880: 2756:Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary 2681: 2665: 2573: 2468:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland 2434: 2430: 2062: 2004: 1946:Polish villagers hiding Jews, July 1943. 1927: 1841: 1779: 1628: 1303:Jews were rescued from the Holocaust by 7920: 7823: 7802:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7533: 7400:Poles rescuing Jews during World War II 7265: 7263: 7125:"Henryk Slawik – the Polish Wallenberg" 6887: 6885: 6883: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6672:, Second revised and expanded edition, 6546: 5620: 5159: 5150: 5072: 5029: 5000: 4987: 4974: 4959: 4801: 4792:David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig, 4728: 4726: 4676: 4355: 4152:Andrzej Pityñski, Stalowa Wola Museum, 4108: 3892:. Project Muse: 145–147. Archived from 3812:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 3529: 3477: 3424: 3375: 3332: 2865:triangle, and in several villages near 8368: 7836:1977 Conference Proceedings, Jerusalem 7020:Forum Polacy - Żydzi - Chrześcijanie. 6990: 6929: 6784: 6739: 6358: 6356: 6316: 5952: 5658: 5572:) Last actualization 8 November 2008. 5530: 5528: 5510:: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007, pp.89–96. 5398: 4943: 4941: 4705:. Hippocrene Books. pp. 180–189. 4689: 4154:Short biography of Eugeniusz Łazowski. 4045:43 (2373), 26 October 2002, p. 71-73. 4005: 3649: 3581: 3369: 3111:School for Children of Polish Officers 2661: 2570:Organizations dedicated to saving Jews 2485: 1729:. 6,066 Poles have been recognized by 1710:; his vaccines were smuggled into the 8242: 7885: 7850: 7599:(see Part six: II Korpus palestynski) 7454: 7371: 7254: 7242: 7110: 7095: 6891: 6039: 5911: 5891: 5702: 5578: 4807:Wiktoria Śliwowska, Jakub Gutenbaum, 4783: 4695: 4629: 4618: 4564: 4248: 4166: 4012:The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews 3751: 3749: 3535: 3504:, p. 56: "The Poles involved in 2079:executed 20 villagers from Berecz in 771:Union of Jewish Religious Communities 8110:. PDF file, direct download 1.64 MB. 7260: 7219:Museum of the History of Polish Jews 6995:. Variety. News, Film Reviews, Media 6880: 6830: 6629:Sosnowska, Anna (6 September 2017). 5924: 5725: 5674: 5601: 5483:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej 5375: 4921:Robert Szuchta (22 September 2008), 4915: 4723: 4569:[The man had to be strong]. 4188: 4143:Chicago Sun-Times, 20 December 2006. 3991:Качановський, Іван (30 March 2013). 3878: 3569: 3543:Polska w liczbach. Poland in numbers 2490:Poles living in Lithuania supported 2071:as punishment for helping Jews, 1943 1423:from the east. By October 1939, the 1384:help to Jews was punishable by death 84: 76: 61: 8381:Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust 8273: 8177: 7819:. New York: Holocaust Publications. 7472:Polish Underground State: 1939–1945 6853: 6353: 5849: 5836: 5821: 5797: 5757: 5699:: Price-Patterson, 1999, pp.131–32. 5627:. Warsaw: GKBZpNP–IPN. p. 51. 5551: 5525: 5463: 5407: 5306: 5046: 4938: 4819: 4279: 4242: 4060: 4032: 3777: 3771:Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, 3725: 3594: 3517: 3428:Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths 3379:Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths 2554:passports aimed at saving European 1753:, the number of rescuers that meet 13: 7651:– via Google Books, preview. 7506:Teresa Prekerowa (29 March 1987). 7340:University of North Carolina Press 7015:"Egzamin z pamięci" (Memory Exam). 6903:University of North Carolina Press 6521:, Rutgers University Press, 2003, 6234: 5974:Dorota Glowacka, Joanna Zylinska, 5361:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, 5221:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, 5147:KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 1993. 5125:, Rutgers University Press, 2003, 4851:. .yadvashem.org. 16 February 2010 4795:The world reacts to the Holocaust. 4565:Knade, Tadeusz (12 October 2002). 4530:Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza (2016). 4339: 4334:The Journal of Holocaust Education 3884: 3746: 2626:Perhaps the most famous member of 2550:a system of illegal production of 1739:Polish Righteous among the Nations 1698:, inventor of the first effective 1640:whose vaccines, smuggled into the 1449:program to resettle ethnic Germans 1400:Polish Righteous among the Nations 1165:Anti-Fascist Military Organisation 14: 8397: 8247:. In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). 8218:Institute of National Remembrance 8119:. In Zimmerman, Joshua D. (ed.). 7675:Institute of National Remembrance 7641:. Psychology Press . p. 64. 7324:Syracuse University Press, p. 38. 7161:. 28 January 2004. Archived from 7074:based on the Consumer Price Index 6866:, Oxford University Press, 1996, 5886:Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland 5827:Shiye Goldberg (Szie Czechever), 5769:"Tygodnik Solidarność nr 51/2004" 5710:"Odznaczenia dla Sprawiedliwych." 5323:Institute of National Remembrance 5095:Oxford University Press US, 1987. 5082:Oxford University Press US, 1987. 5043:Oxford University Press US, 2000. 4475:Polish reasons and Jewish reasons 4072:Syracuse University Press, p. 30. 3948:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 3786:The Origins of the Final Solution 3658:. Tygodnik Katolicki 'Niedziela'. 2461:penalty for aiding Jews was death 2343:as well as several villages near 1491:and hiding them in her monastery. 1437:campaign of unrestricted violence 1177:Resistance movements in Auschwitz 761:Jewish Community Centre of Kraków 7987:Paulsson, Gunnar Svante (2002). 7597:, Focus.pl Historia, 5 May 2008 7053:Robert Alexander Clarke Parker, 6622: 6573: 6310: 6284: 6258: 6228: 6198: 6180: 6156: 5257:Grądzka-Rejak & Namysło 2022 4472:(1989). Polonsky, Antony (ed.). 3887:"Civil Wars in the Soviet Union" 3773:Immigration and Asylum, page 204 3589:"POLES: VICTIMS OF THE NAZI ERA" 3309: 3130:Government Delegation for Poland 2712:early 1970s. In the villages of 1461: 1357:Government Delegation for Poland 1289:were the primary victims of the 1244: 1233: 751:Central Committee of Polish Jews 159: 151: 57:the Sheltering of Escaping Jews. 37: 7846:. Direct download, 139 KB. 7700:Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (2005). 7616: 7084:Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004) 6991:Scheib, Ronnie (7 March 2011). 6964:The Righteous Among the Nations 6538:Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004) 6427:Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004) 5486: 5438: 5416: 5026:Rutgers University Press, 2003. 4966:Cesarani & Kavanaugh (2004) 4558: 4523: 4459:Rutgers University Press, 2003. 4075: 3823: 3804: 3643: 3343:"Names of Righteous by Country" 2909:Directorate of Civil Resistance 2700:Roman Catholic Church in Poland 2514:also called the Bernese Group ( 2242:Alfreda and Bolesław Pietraszek 1837: 1690:gave out free medicines in the 1648:, saved countless Jewish lives. 1404:Before World War II, 3,300,000 1327:leadership smuggled out of the 378:Zionist Socialist Workers Party 7886:Lukas, Richard Conrad (2013). 7851:Lukas, Richard Conrad (1994). 7629:"Inside Nazi-dominated Europe" 7284:Johns Hopkins University Press 7042:Johns Hopkins University Press 6435:Studies in Contemporary Jewry. 5844:Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 5816:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 5194:According to Polonsky (2004), 4899:H-Net Review: John Radzilowski 4194:Halina Szymanska Ogrodzinska, 3495: 3418: 3289:biographical drama film about 2877:Jews and the Polish government 2581:members at 3rd anniversary of 2505: 1995:Punishment for aiding the Jews 1678:", saved 8,000 Polish Jews in 1656:. Other Poles directed Jewish 1: 8312:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). 8115:Pawlikowski, John T. (2003). 7800:, Ina Levine Annual Lecture, 7228:"The Sławik family" (ibidem). 6272:(in Polish). 11 December 2019 5471:Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945 4982:The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943 4815:Northwestern University Press 3398:the refusal to bomb Auschwitz 3326: 1938:announcing death sentence by 1744: 1429:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 1406:Jewish people lived in Poland 1393: 92:1) Providing shelter to Jews, 8018:Paulsson, Gunnar S. (2003). 7559:University of Nebraska Press 6317:Aderet, Ofer (26 May 2018). 6113:"No Child's Play" Exhibition 5982:University of Nebraska Press 5906:University of Illinois Press 5557:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 4643:University Press of Kentucky 4615:Macmillan, 2003. pp 102-103. 4014:. Rodopi. pp. 209–210. 2546:activists who elaborated in 1794:mass executions of civilians 1760:Journal of Genocide Research 1537:, and Jewish collaborators, 1337:Auschwitz concentration camp 99:2) Supplying them with Food, 7: 8278:. Oxford University Press. 7627:; Kavanaugh, Sarah (2004). 7361:territorial claims, ibidem. 6668:and Zofia Lewinówna, eds., 6558:And the Sun Kept Shining... 6069:The Jedwabne Village Green? 5408:Dunagan, Curt. "Przemyśl". 5357:, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, 5217:, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, 4923:"Śmierć dla szmalcowników." 4567:"Człowiek musiał być silny" 3834:'Pogroms involving murder.' 3690:Gutman & Krakowski 1986 3376:Epstein, Catherine (2015). 3264: 2944:was a member of the Polish 2738:head of children's section 2692:Righteous among the Nations 1727:Righteous among the Nations 1562:auxiliary police battalions 1421:Soviet Union invaded Poland 1314:Righteous among the Nations 1216:Righteous Among the Nations 1172:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 106:3) Selling them Foodstuffs. 10: 8402: 8318:Cambridge University Press 7921:Paldiel, Mordecai (1993). 7230:Accessed 3 September 2011. 6848:The summary journal entry. 5749:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej 5537:, Zofia Lewinówna (1969), 5039:In: Jonathan Frankel, ed. 4829:. Msz.gov.pl. 14 June 2006 4196:"Her Story". Recollections 4041:, "Płomienie nienawiści", 3564:Polish Academy of Sciences 3255:Jewish Combat Organization 3249:including leaders such as 3080:Jewish Combat Organization 2977:Polish government in exile 2905:Polish government in exile 2890:Polish government-in-exile 2465: 2077:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 1998: 1983:stereotypes that comprise 1397: 1351:and its military arm, the 1321:Polish government-in-exile 1194:Jewish Combat Organization 1125:Operation Harvest Festival 7508:The Just and the Passive. 6722:In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, 6670:Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej 5921:. Ibid., pp.224–27, p.29. 5908:, 2000), pp.204–206, 246. 5621:Walczak, Ryszard (1997). 5539:Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej 5219:Rethinking Poles and Jews 5056:. Sru.edu. Archived from 4954:Syracuse University Press 4890:Unveiling the Secret City 4596:in: Joshua D. Zimmerman, 4386:30 September 2012 at the 3298:that saved over 3000 Jews 3236:has noted that AK leader 3194:, a Jewish member of the 2888:: the 1942 report by the 2591:Polish Jewish underground 2407:, told of a village near 2027:Reichskommisariat Ukraine 1866:Several scholars such as 1548:In 1941, at the onset of 1483:Sister Marta Wołowska of 1160:Białystok Ghetto uprising 45: 36: 27: 22: 8253:Rutgers University Press 8125:Rutgers University Press 8030:Rutgers University Press 7890:(3rd revised ed.). 7824:Kermish, Joseph (1977). 7763:Indiana University Press 7575:Indiana University Press 7223:Warsaw, 7 October 2010. 7144:120 (3717), 24 May 2002. 6795:Indiana University Press 6785:Phayer, Michael (2000). 6728:Rutgers University Press 6676:: Znak, 1969, pp.741–42. 6517:in Joshua D. Zimmerman, 5564:21 February 2012 at the 5121:in Joshua D. Zimmerman, 4874:chpt. German Occupation. 4402:The Just and the Passive 4260:Archives. Archived from 4159:11 November 2007 at the 3968:Patrylyak, I.K. (2004). 3868:Niwiński, Piotr (2011). 3844:Ronald Headland (1992), 3613:Polonia Publishing House 3302: 3227:as well as the centrist 2979:, was smuggled into the 2913:Polish Underground State 2405:Who Are You, Mr. Grymek? 2307:. The entire village of 1349:Polish Underground State 1297:. Throughout the German 635:Old Synagogue (Przemyśl) 610:New Synagogue (Przemyśl) 8376:The Holocaust in Poland 8243:Stola, Dariusz (2003). 8186:Oxford University Press 7751:Grabowski, Jan (2013). 7519:Marek Jan Chodkiewisz, 7286:, 1996. pp 98; 104-105. 7059:Oxford University Press 6554:Byłam tylko lekarzem... 6433:Jonathan Frankel (ed), 6370:20 October 2019 at the 5932:Who Are You, Mr Grymek? 5846:, vol. 13, 2000, p.338. 5743:4 December 2008 at the 5319:5 December 2008 at the 5198:was granted 29 million 4733:Connelly, John (2005). 4364:Michael Phayer (2000), 4006:Bubnys, Arūnas (2004). 2754:, mother provincial of 2166:Jews in Polish villages 1893:("shmalts people" from 1674:, known as the "Polish 1598:participated in pogroms 1455:including Polish Jews. 1417:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1211:Rescue of Jews by Poles 796:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva 7561:, 2006. Pages 153-156. 7467:Salmonowicz, Stanisław 7383:Robert Moses Shapiro. 7318:Michael C. Steinlauf. 7278:Michael C. Steinlauf. 7070:Inflation Calculator: 7036:Michael C. Steinlauf. 6764:Cite journal requires 6740:Bogner, Nahum (2012). 6666:Władysław Bartoszewski 6119:. 2017. Archived from 6091:3 October 2011 at the 6003:"Insight Into Tragedy" 5859:, ed., Sefer Staszow, 5535:Władysław Bartoszewski 5342:9 October 2018 at the 5333:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 4947:Michael C. Steinlauf. 4686:Macmillan, 2003. p146. 4291:Jewish Virtual Library 4066:Michael C. Steinlauf. 3920:Cite journal requires 3792:University of Nebraska 3671:Cite journal requires 3650:Żyńska, Marta (2003). 3225:Polish Socialist Party 3207: 3172:Warsaw Ghetto uprising 3164: 3161:Warsaw, May 1943 3138:Władysław Bartoszewski 3094: 3060: 2986:Polish Socialist Party 2938: 2922: 2900: 2695: 2679: 2586: 2583:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 2447: 2232:Jerzy and Irena Krępeć 2075:In November 1942, the 2072: 2013: 1947: 1918:religious antisemitism 1851: 1821:film of the same title 1797: 1769:Władysław Bartoszewski 1649: 1425:Second Polish Republic 1189:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1182:Auschwitz Combat Group 630:Old Synagogue (Kraków) 605:New Synagogue (Ostrów) 550:Great Synagogue (Łódź) 8274:Tec, Nechama (1986). 8178:Tec, Nechama (1987). 8100:. RYTM, Warsaw 2011. 7993:Yale University Press 7539:Joshua D. Zimmerman, 7530:, 2004. pp. 154; 178. 7359:Engel (1993), p. 35, 7072:The Value of a Dollar 6876:Google Print, p. 1023 6749:Shoah Resource Center 6716:John T. Pawlikowski. 6509:John T. Pawlikowski, 6270:instytutpileckiego.pl 5904:(Urbana and Chicago: 5688:and Tecia Werbowski, 5113:John T. Pawlikowski, 5022:Joshua D. Zimmerman. 4810:The Last Eyewitnesses 4592:John T. Pawlikowski. 4453:Joshua D. Zimmerman. 4054:10 March 2009 at the 3978:Shevchenko University 3433:John Wiley & Sons 3384:John Wiley & Sons 3259:Jewish Military Union 3205: 3153: 3088: 3054: 3021:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2934: 2917: 2884: 2685: 2669: 2577: 2466:Further information: 2438: 2431:Jews in Polish cities 2066: 2031:Reichskommisariat Ost 2008: 1935:Biuletyn Informacyjny 1931: 1845: 1783: 1632: 1199:Jewish Military Union 1036:and mass murder sites 756:Council of Four Lands 112:Częstochowa, 24.9.42 8344:Zimmerman, Joshua D. 8255:. pp. 107–123. 8151:"Assistance to Jews" 8127:. pp. 107–123. 8032:. pp. 173–192. 8020:Zimmerman, Joshua D. 7791:(17 November 2016), 7604:20 July 2009 at the 7593:7 April 2009 at the 7333:David Engel (1993), 7321:Bondage to the Dead. 7131:on 27 September 2007 7055:The Second World War 6960:"Jan Karski, Poland" 6825:Dobraczynski Getter. 6515:Google Print, p. 113 6437:Volume XIII, p. 217. 6073:History & Memory 6067:Sławomir Kapralski. 6053:3 March 2016 at the 5715:19 July 2009 at the 5545:: Wydawnictwo Znak, 5119:Google Print, p. 113 4950:Bondage to the Dead. 4932:18 July 2011 at the 4895:12 June 2007 at the 4069:Bondage to the Dead. 3817:Holocaust by Bullets 3386:. pp. 172–173. 3168:Michael C. Steinlauf 3101:known as the Polish 2971:Similarly, in 1942, 2532:Abraham Silberschein 1987:. The presenting of 1909:Michael C. Steinlauf 1550:Operation Barbarossa 1345:resistance movements 1299:occupation of Poland 776:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim 8297:. Price-Patterson. 8147:Piotrowski, Tadeusz 8068:Paulsson, Gunnar S. 7554:Joanna B. Michlic. 7191:on 2 September 2007 7044:, 1996. pp 98; 105. 6993:"The Karski Report" 6362:Andrzej Sławiński, 6216:on 14 February 2019 6109:"Ghettos and Camps" 5977:Imaginary Neighbors 5498:Kopel Kolpanitzky, 5487:Zajączkowski (1988) 5450:sprawiedliwi.org.pl 5382:Władysław Siemaszko 4249:Krakowski, Shmuel. 4201:4 June 2009 at the 3317:Joshua D. Zimmerman 3132:; it was headed by 3008:. He also spoke to 2662:Jews and the Church 2486:Jews outside Poland 1857:Emmanuel Ringelblum 1828:John T. Pawlikowski 1784:The Król family of 1431:regarded Poles as " 1367:, with branches in 1355:. Supported by the 1295:Holocaust in Poland 950:Concentration camps 169:Historical Timeline 143:History of Jews and 120:Der Stadthauptmann 30:Public announcement 7927:. New York: Ktav. 7544:Yeshiva University 7122:Grzegorz Łubczyk, 6811:. In January 1941 6660:, 7 November 1996. 6489:Hippocrene Books, 6483:Ewa Kurek (1997), 6210:chicago.mfa.gov.pl 5241:Mordecai Paldiel, 5231:Google Print, p.25 5141:Mordecai Paldiel. 4554:chpt. Nazi Terror. 4409:. pp. 72–74. 3899:on 30 October 2020 3885:Rieber, Alfred J. 3366:, p. 144-146. 3213:underground courts 3208: 3149:Władysław Sikorski 3122:Ignacy Schwarzbart 3095: 3061: 3043:), members of the 3033:William J. Donovan 2966:British government 2939: 2901: 2696: 2690:was recognized as 2680: 2605:Tadeusz Piotrowski 2587: 2448: 2317:Wola Przybysławska 2073: 2023:General Government 2021:, governor of the 2014: 1989:selective evidence 1948: 1852: 1826:Meanwhile, Father 1811:Władysław Szpilman 1798: 1751:Gunnar S. Paulsson 1688:Tadeusz Pankiewicz 1672:Eugeniusz Łazowski 1650: 1453:the expelled Poles 1443:also known as the 1413:invasion of Poland 1363:Council, based in 1325:Jewish Labour Bund 1045:Auschwitz-Birkenau 766:Judaica Foundation 580:Kowea Itim le-Tora 65:General Government 8327:978-1-316-31841-6 7374:, p. 90, 93. 6864:Europe: A History 6618:978-0-88125-908-7 6586:on 31 August 2017 6552:Zofia Szymańska, 6456:chpt. Assistance. 6452:Piotrowski (1998) 6394:chpt. Assistance. 6390:Piotrowski (1998) 6349:chpt. Assistance. 6345:Piotrowski (1998) 6098:, 2 October 2006. 5964:Internet Archive. 5686:Irene Tomaszewski 5469:Moroz and Datko, 5371:Google Print, p.5 5190:Mielec, Wieliczka 4993:Antony Polonsky. 4968:, pp. 41ff, 4870:Piotrowski (1998) 4697:Lukas, Richard C. 4631:Lukas, Richard C. 4550:Piotrowski (1998) 4176:. Krakow-info.com 4090:on 15 March 2006. 3830:Piotrowski (1998) 3506:Judenbegünstigung 3467:chpt. Assistance. 3463:Piotrowski (1998) 3134:Witold Bieńkowski 3059:10 December 1942. 3025:Felix Frankfurter 2962:Pilecki's reports 2954:Polish resistance 2892:addressed to the 2688:Marceli Godlewski 2538:) was a group of 2520:Konstanty Rokicki 2372:Dąbrowa Rzeczycka 2365:Kielce Voivodship 2081:Wołyń Voivodeship 2040:For example, the 1905:one to 20 or 30. 1662:summary execution 1558:Reinhard Heydrich 1284: 1283: 1226: 1225: 814: 813: 426: 425: 406:Jewish Autonomism 242:Polish-Ashkenazim 145:Judaism in Poland 128: 127: 8393: 8361: 8339: 8308: 8289: 8270: 8239: 8203: 8200:Internet Archive 8174: 8142: 8111: 8099: 8087: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8051: 8043: 8014: 7983: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7963: 7938: 7917: 7882: 7855:(1st ed.). 7847: 7830: 7820: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7799: 7784: 7747: 7721: 7696: 7660: 7652: 7611: 7610: 7584: 7578: 7568: 7562: 7552: 7546: 7537: 7531: 7517: 7511: 7504: 7495: 7494: 7463: 7452: 7451: 7445: 7440: 7435:has extra text ( 7434: 7430: 7428: 7420: 7410: 7394: 7388: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7331: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7296: 7287: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7213:Maria Zawadzka, 7211: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7187:. 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Cherry 5352: 5346: 5330: 5324: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5291:, p. 55-56. 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5215:Robert D. Cherry 5212: 5203: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5133: 5111: 5096: 5089: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5044: 5033: 5027: 5020: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4972: 4963: 4957: 4945: 4936: 4919: 4913: 4908:Robert Szuchta. 4906: 4900: 4887: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4823: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4754: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4693: 4687: 4682:Martin Gilbert. 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4640: 4627: 4616: 4609:Martin Gilbert. 4607: 4601: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4562: 4556: 4547: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4500: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4396: 4390: 4377: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4295: 4294: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4226:. 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Lukas 1848:ghetto in Warsaw 1846:The wall of the 1790:Nowy Sącz Ghetto 1786:Polish Righteous 1774:Teresa Prekerowa 1638:Polish Righteous 1623:Einsatzkommandos 1507:Shmuel Krakowski 1472: 1465: 1388:Mordecai Paldiel 1339:, although, for 1276: 1269: 1262: 1248: 1243: 1237: 831: 830: 806:Novardok Yeshiva 744: 743: 530:Chabad-Lubavitch 228: 227: 177: 173: 163: 158: 155: 130: 129: 115: 104: 97: 90: 85: 77: 62: 49: 41: 20: 19: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8328: 8305: 8286: 8263: 8228: 8196: 8167: 8135: 8108: 8097: 8084: 8055: 8054: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8003: 7975: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7960:Age of Genocide 7956: 7935: 7906: 7871: 7828: 7806: 7804: 7797: 7773: 7719:10.2307/3649910 7685: 7655: 7649: 7637:. Vol. V: 7625:Cesarani, David 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606:Wayback Machine 7595:Wayback Machine 7586:Jakub Mielnik: 7585: 7581: 7570:Israel Gutman. 7569: 7565: 7553: 7549: 7538: 7534: 7528:Lexington Books 7518: 7514: 7505: 7498: 7487: 7464: 7455: 7443: 7442: 7432: 7431: 7422: 7421: 7408: 7395: 7391: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7332: 7328: 7317: 7310: 7297: 7290: 7277: 7273: 7268: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7234: 7212: 7208: 7194: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7165:on 19 July 2009 7153: 7152: 7148: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7069: 7065: 7052: 7048: 7035: 7031: 7017: 7012: 7008: 6998: 6996: 6989: 6985: 6969: 6968: 6953: 6949: 6937: 6913: 6905:. p. 138. 6890: 6881: 6858: 6854: 6842: 6831: 6821:Ghetto uprising 6809: 6774: 6765: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6715: 6711: 6699: 6686:Frank Morgens, 6682: 6677: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6627: 6623: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6572: 6568: 6551: 6547: 6536: 6532: 6508: 6501: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6461: 6454:, p. 117, 6450: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6406:"Irena Sendler" 6404: 6403: 6399: 6392:, p. 118, 6388: 6379: 6372:Wayback Machine 6361: 6354: 6347:, p. 112, 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6241:israelhayom.com 6235:Kumoch, Jakub. 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6145: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6123:on 27 June 2018 6107: 6106: 6102: 6093:Wayback Machine 6084:Ruth Franklin. 6083: 6079: 6066: 6062: 6055:Wayback Machine 6044: 6040: 6034: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5973: 5969: 5957: 5953: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5871: 5867: 5857:Elhanan Ehrlich 5854: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5826: 5822: 5802: 5798: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5745:Wayback Machine 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717:Wayback Machine 5707: 5703: 5679: 5675: 5657: 5653: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5619: 5615: 5607:Kalmen Wawryk, 5606: 5602: 5596: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5566:Wayback Machine 5556: 5552: 5546: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5497: 5493: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5380: 5376: 5353: 5349: 5344:Wayback Machine 5331: 5327: 5321:Wayback Machine 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5255: 5251: 5240: 5236: 5213: 5206: 5158: 5151: 5140: 5136: 5112: 5099: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5014: 5005: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4980:Israel Gutman. 4979: 4975: 4964: 4960: 4946: 4939: 4934:Wayback Machine 4920: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4897:Wayback Machine 4888: 4879: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4806: 4802: 4791: 4784: 4752:10.2307/3649912 4731: 4724: 4713: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4657: 4628: 4619: 4608: 4604: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4563: 4559: 4548: 4539: 4528: 4524: 4512: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4490: 4482:. p. 143. 4470:Turowicz, Jerzy 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4436: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4397: 4393: 4388:Wayback Machine 4378: 4374: 4363: 4356: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4267:on 6 March 2016 4264: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4230:on 16 July 2016 4220:Historia pomocy 4212: 4208: 4203:Wayback Machine 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4161:Wayback Machine 4151: 4147: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4093: 4092: 4080: 4076: 4065: 4061: 4056:Wayback Machine 4037: 4033: 4022: 4004: 4000: 3989: 3985: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3866: 3862: 3843: 3839: 3832:, p. 209, 3828: 3824: 3809: 3805: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3754: 3747: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3648: 3644: 3632: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3599: 3595: 3591:Washington D.C. 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3555:Piotr Eberhardt 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3465:, p. 119, 3461: 3454: 3443: 3435:. p. 172. 3423: 3419: 3394: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3291:Oskar Schindler 3281:Kastner's Train 3267: 3163: 3160: 3017:Arthur Koestler 2879: 2834: 2832:Olsztyn Village 2664: 2593:. Among those, 2572: 2508: 2492:Chiune Sugihara 2488: 2470: 2433: 2424:Jedwabne pogrom 2313:Bielsk Podlaski 2261:Ostrów Lubelski 2168: 2150:, Zahorze near 2124: 2113: 2099: 2003: 1997: 1968:Prof. Madajczyk 1840: 1747: 1704:epidemic typhus 1654:to forced labor 1618:Jedwabne pogrom 1594:Ponary massacre 1494: 1493: 1492: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1402: 1396: 1347:in Europe, the 1341:debated reasons 1329:occupied Poland 1280: 1241: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1144: 1110:Kielce Cemetery 1079: 1075:Valley of Death 1028: 944: 828: 827: 816: 815: 810: 780: 741: 740: 731: 730: 729: 535:Chachmei Lublin 509: 508: 497: 496: 495: 440: 439: 428: 427: 422: 382: 325: 284:Izhbitza-Radzin 225: 224: 213: 175: 171: 156: 144: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 110:Tschenstochau, 108: 102: 101: 95: 94: 88: 87: 83: 81: 79: 75: 73: 60: 59: 55: 50: 47: 12: 11: 5: 8399: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8363: 8362: 8356: 8340: 8326: 8309: 8303: 8290: 8284: 8271: 8261: 8240: 8226: 8204: 8194: 8175: 8165: 8143: 8133: 8112: 8106: 8088: 8082: 8064: 8038: 8015: 8001: 7984: 7954: 7939: 7933: 7918: 7904: 7883: 7869: 7848: 7821: 7812: 7789:Grabowski, Jan 7785: 7771: 7748: 7712:(4): 711–746. 7697: 7683: 7661: 7659:. 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Gross. 4999: 4986: 4973: 4958: 4937: 4926:Rzeczpospolita 4914: 4912:Zydzi w Polsce 4901: 4877: 4872:, p. 66, 4862: 4840: 4818: 4812:, page 187-188 4800: 4782: 4745:(4): 771–781. 4722: 4711: 4688: 4675: 4666: 4655: 4617: 4602: 4585: 4572:Rzeczpospolita 4557: 4552:, p. 22, 4537: 4522: 4488: 4461: 4446: 4415: 4391: 4372: 4354: 4338: 4296: 4278: 4241: 4206: 4187: 4165: 4145: 4107: 4074: 4059: 4031: 4020: 3998: 3983: 3960: 3931: 3922:|journal= 3877: 3860: 3837: 3822: 3803: 3776: 3764: 3745: 3741:Grabowski 2016 3730: 3718: 3714:Zimmerman 2015 3706: 3704:, p. 711. 3702:Friedrich 2005 3694: 3682: 3673:|journal= 3642: 3593: 3580: 3568: 3547: 3534: 3532:, p. 185. 3522: 3510: 3502:Grabowski 2013 3494: 3490:Zimmerman 2003 3482: 3470: 3452: 3441: 3417: 3393:978-1118294796 3392: 3368: 3364:Zimmerman 2015 3356: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3284: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3251:Menachem Begin 3238:Stefan Rowecki 3158: 3041:Samuel Stritch 2998:People's Party 2990:National Party 2942:Witold Pilecki 2936:Witold Pilecki 2926:Western Allies 2911:, part of the 2898:United Nations 2894:wartime allies 2878: 2875: 2808:Michael Phayer 2764:Roman Catholic 2760:Matylda Getter 2686:Polish priest 2672:Matylda Getter 2663: 2660: 2571: 2568: 2552:Latin American 2542:diplomats and 2507: 2504: 2487: 2484: 2475:Zofia Baniecka 2432: 2429: 2400:Gmina Wiskitki 2380:Wola Rzeczycka 2376:Kępa Rzeczycka 2230:, the farm of 2167: 2164: 2156:Huta Pieniacka 2122:Ewa Noiszewska 2111:Maria Wołowska 2089:Łodzinka Górna 2011:Ludwig Fischer 2001:Called by Name 1996: 1993: 1974:organization. 1839: 1836: 1832:Martin Gilbert 1746: 1743: 1716:Warsaw Ghettos 1686:epidemic. Dr. 1646:Warsaw Ghettos 1476: 1475: 1467: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1239:Judaism portal 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 984:Kraków-Płaszów 981: 980: 979: 969: 968: 967: 956: 953: 952: 946: 945: 943: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 841: 838: 837: 829: 823: 822: 821: 818: 817: 812: 811: 809: 808: 803: 798: 792: 789: 788: 782: 781: 779: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 747: 742: 738: 737: 736: 733: 732: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 555:High Synagogue 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 511: 510: 504: 503: 502: 499: 498: 494: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 441: 435: 434: 433: 430: 429: 424: 423: 421: 420: 418:Reform Judaism 415: 414: 413: 403: 398: 392: 389: 388: 384: 383: 381: 380: 375: 370: 368:Lovers of Zion 365: 360: 359: 358: 348: 343: 337: 334: 333: 327: 326: 324: 323: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 251: 250: 249: 247:Musar movement 238: 235: 234: 226: 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 185: 182: 181: 165: 164: 148: 147: 139: 138: 126: 125: 118: 111: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8398: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8304:0-9695771-6-8 8300: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8285:9780195051940 8281: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8262:0-8135-3158-6 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8227:9788382294194 8223: 8219: 8215: 8212:(in Polish). 8211: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8195:0-19-505194-7 8191: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8134:0-8135-3158-6 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8109: 8107:9788373995147 8103: 8096: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8049: 8042:. No preview. 8041: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8002:9780300095463 7998: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7934:0-88125-376-6 7930: 7926: 7925: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7905:9780781809016 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7870:9780781802420 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7835: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7803: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7772:9780253010742 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7706:Slavic Review 7703: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7684:9788382294194 7680: 7676: 7672: 7669:(in Polish). 7668: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7583: 7576: 7573: 7567: 7560: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7536: 7529: 7525: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7492: 7488: 7486:83-02-05500-X 7482: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7449: 7438: 7433:|volume= 7426: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7386: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7349: 7345: 7342:, pp. 138ff. 7341: 7338: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7313: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7266: 7264: 7257:, p. 86. 7256: 7251: 7245:, p. 88. 7244: 7239: 7237: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7155:"Unsung Hero" 7150: 7143: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7113:, p. 87. 7112: 7107: 7105: 7098:, p. 91. 7097: 7092: 7086:, p. 64. 7085: 7080: 7073: 7067: 7060: 7057:Published by 7056: 7050: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7016: 7010: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6943: 6936: 6932: 6931:Lerski, Jerzy 6927: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6912:9780807820698 6908: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6877: 6873: 6872:0-19-820171-0 6869: 6865: 6861: 6860:Norman Davies 6856: 6849: 6846: 6845:"Delegatura." 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6758: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6610:0-88125-908-X 6607: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6562:New York City 6559: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6527:0-8135-3158-6 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6359: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6313: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6165: 6159: 6152: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6042: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6004: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5984:, 2007, p.7. 5983: 5980: 5978: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5948:0-85303-411-7 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5930:Natan Gross, 5927: 5920: 5917:Nechama Tec, 5914: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5760: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5647: 5636: 5634:9788376290430 5630: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5594:83-7257-103-1 5591: 5587: 5581: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5402: 5391: 5387: 5386:Ewa Siemaszko 5383: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5367:0-7425-4666-7 5364: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5303:, p. 56. 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5279:, p. 55. 5278: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5259:, p. 103 5258: 5253: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5227:0-7425-4666-7 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5131:0-8135-3158-6 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5091:Nechama Tec. 5088: 5081: 5078:Nechama Tec. 5075: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4944: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739:Slavic Review 4736: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4712:0-7818-0242-3 4708: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4416:9781134952106 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4346:Hans G. Furth 4342: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4175: 4169: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4140: 4134: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048:The Findings. 4044: 4040: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4021:90-420-0850-4 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3971: 3964: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3914: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3857: 3856:0-8386-3418-4 3853: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3800:0-8032-5979-4 3797: 3794:Press, 2007. 3793: 3789: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3678: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3442:9781118294789 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3347:yadvashem.org 3344: 3338: 3336: 3331: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3234:Israel Gutman 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3204: 3200: 3199:Polish Jews. 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175:According to 3173: 3170:, before the 3169: 3166:According to 3157: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099:Henryk Sławik 3092: 3091:Henryk Sławik 3087: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2981:Warsaw Ghetto 2978: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946:Armia Krajowa 2943: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:Upper Silesia 2817: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2804:Warsaw Ghetto 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:social worker 2745: 2744:Warsaw Ghetto 2741: 2737: 2736:Irena Sendler 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2676:Warsaw Ghetto 2673: 2668: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:Warsaw Ghetto 2633: 2632:Irena Sendler 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:Szymon Datner 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2500:Henryk Sławik 2497: 2496:Tadeusz Romer 2493: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2445: 2444:Warsaw Ghetto 2441: 2440:Irena Sendler 2437: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418:village near 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396:deutsche mark 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2363:, and across 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2323:, and around 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2123: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1985:anti-Polonism 1981: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885:, and Polish 1884: 1883: 1882:Volksdeutsche 1877: 1873: 1872:John Connelly 1869: 1864: 1862: 1861:Israel Gutman 1858: 1849: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:Szymon Datner 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1765:Hans G. Furth 1762: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692:Kraków Ghetto 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1620:of 1941. The 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:the Holocaust 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1526:Volksdeutsche 1522: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Israel Gutman 1499: 1490: 1489:Słonim Ghetto 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:the Holocaust 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1305:Polish people 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250:Poland portal 1247: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204:Oyneg Shabbos 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1100:Easter Pogrom 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 978: 975: 974: 973: 970: 966: 963: 962: 961: 958: 957: 955: 954: 951: 948: 947: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 840: 839: 836: 833: 832: 826: 825:The Holocaust 820: 819: 807: 804: 802: 801:Lomza Yeshiva 799: 797: 794: 793: 791: 790: 787: 784: 783: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 746: 745: 739:Organizations 735: 734: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 507: 501: 500: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 438: 432: 431: 419: 416: 412: 409: 408: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 391: 390: 386: 385: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 357: 354: 353: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 336: 335: 332: 329: 328: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 252: 248: 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 237: 236: 233: 230: 229: 223: 217: 216: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:Early history 187: 186: 184: 183: 180: 170: 167: 166: 162: 154: 150: 149: 146: 141: 140: 136: 132: 131: 123: 109: 107: 100: 93: 80: 72: 70: 69:death penalty 66: 58: 54: 44: 40: 35: 32: 31: 26: 21: 18: 16: 8347: 8313: 8294: 8275: 8267:Google Books 8265:– via 8248: 8209: 8198:– via 8180: 8171:Google Books 8169:– via 8155: 8139:Google Books 8137:– via 8120: 8093: 8072: 8024: 7988: 7959: 7944: 7923: 7887: 7852: 7832: 7816: 7805:, retrieved 7793: 7753: 7709: 7705: 7666: 7656: 7638: 7633: 7617:Bibliography 7582: 7566: 7550: 7535: 7521: 7515: 7491:Google Books 7489:– via 7476: 7471: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7379: 7367: 7355: 7334: 7329: 7319: 7304: 7301: 7274: 7250: 7224: 7217: 7209: 7201: 7193:. Retrieved 7189:the original 7179: 7167:. Retrieved 7163:the original 7159:Warsaw Voice 7158: 7149: 7141: 7135:23 September 7133:. Retrieved 7129:the original 7118: 7091: 7079: 7066: 7049: 7032: 7021: 7009: 6997:. Retrieved 6986: 6972:cite journal 6963: 6950: 6941: 6925: 6920: 6917:Google Books 6915:– via 6897: 6893:Engel, David 6863: 6855: 6847: 6824: 6788: 6781: 6757:cite journal 6735: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6669: 6662: 6658:Toronto Star 6652: 6640:. Retrieved 6634: 6624: 6600: 6588:. Retrieved 6584:the original 6569: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6533: 6518: 6510: 6484: 6479: 6430: 6422: 6410:. Retrieved 6400: 6363: 6340: 6328:. Retrieved 6322: 6312: 6300:. Retrieved 6296: 6286: 6274:. Retrieved 6269: 6260: 6248:. Retrieved 6245:Israel Hayom 6240: 6230: 6218:. Retrieved 6214:the original 6209: 6200: 6182: 6170:. Retrieved 6158: 6125:. Retrieved 6121:the original 6112: 6103: 6095: 6080: 6072: 6063: 6046: 6041: 6030: 6007:. Retrieved 5997: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5954: 5931: 5926: 5918: 5913: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5829: 5823: 5807: 5799: 5773:. Retrieved 5759: 5736: 5727: 5719:Znak.org.pl 5704: 5689: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5646:Google Books 5644:– via 5638:. Retrieved 5623: 5616: 5608: 5603: 5580: 5569: 5553: 5538: 5515: 5499: 5494: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5453:. Retrieved 5449: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5418: 5409: 5389: 5377: 5358: 5350: 5328: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5218: 5195: 5179: 5176:Polish złoty 5143: 5137: 5122: 5114: 5087: 5074: 5062:. Retrieved 5058:the original 5048: 5036: 5031: 5002: 4989: 4976: 4961: 4956:, pp. 41-42. 4948: 4925: 4917: 4904: 4865: 4853:. Retrieved 4843: 4831:. Retrieved 4821: 4809: 4803: 4793: 4742: 4738: 4717:Google Books 4715:– via 4701: 4691: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4636: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4570: 4560: 4525: 4497: 4494:Google Books 4492:– via 4474: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4421:Google Books 4419:– via 4401: 4394: 4375: 4365: 4349: 4341: 4333: 4290: 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4262:the original 4244: 4232:. Retrieved 4228:the original 4219: 4209: 4190: 4178:. Retrieved 4168: 4148: 4121:. Retrieved 4110: 4088:the original 4077: 4067: 4062: 4047: 4034: 4026:Google Books 4024:– via 4011: 4001: 3986: 3963: 3952:the original 3947: 3934: 3913:cite journal 3901:. Retrieved 3894:the original 3880: 3870: 3863: 3845: 3840: 3825: 3816: 3806: 3785: 3779: 3767: 3757: 3721: 3716:, p. 4. 3709: 3697: 3685: 3664:cite journal 3655: 3645: 3617:the original 3603: 3596: 3583: 3571: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3537: 3530:Paldiel 1993 3525: 3513: 3505: 3497: 3485: 3478:Paldiel 1993 3473: 3447:Google Books 3445:– via 3427: 3420: 3410: 3406: 3402:Google Books 3378: 3371: 3359: 3346: 3315:As noted by 3311: 3218: 3209: 3190: 3165: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3119: 3110: 3096: 3068: 3062: 3057:Anthony Eden 3037:Stephen Wise 3029:Cordell Hull 3014: 3010:Anthony Eden 2970: 2940: 2923: 2918: 2902: 2871: 2812: 2752:Catholic nun 2734: 2697: 2655: 2647: 2639: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2608: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2564:Eiss Archive 2528:Juliusz Kühl 2509: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2449: 2413: 2404: 2387: 2384:Stalowa Wola 2369: 2333: 2254: 2235: 2225: 2169: 2145: 2074: 2039: 2035: 2015: 1976: 1971: 1949: 1933: 1932:Underground 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1891:szmalcownicy 1880: 1865: 1853: 1838:Difficulties 1825: 1814: 1799: 1758: 1748: 1724: 1696:Rudolf Weigl 1666: 1651: 1634:Rudolf Weigl 1621: 1547: 1531:szmalcowniks 1524: 1518: 1515:Jan T. Gross 1513:and in 2000 1495: 1444: 1410: 1403: 1381: 1318: 1302: 1291:Nazi Germany 1285: 1210: 977:Mittelsteine 545:Ezras Israel 346:Brit HaHayal 209:1989–present 204:20th century 199:19th century 194:18th century 179:List of Jews 119: 114: 105: 98: 91: 82: 74: 56: 52: 51: 29: 28: 17: 15: 8056:|work= 7976:|work= 7759:Bloomington 7609:(in Polish) 7444:|work= 7195:2 September 7018:(in Polish) 6797:. pp. 6250:13 February 6220:13 February 5765:(in Polish) 5753:(in Polish) 5721:(in Polish) 5597:(in Polish) 5574:(in Polish) 5455:19 February 5430:18 February 5394:(in Polish) 4513:|work= 4437:|work= 4114:Art Golab, 3633:|work= 3396:. Although 3296:Ładoś Group 3247:Anders Army 3177:David Engel 3006:Poalei Zion 3002:Jewish Bund 2994:Labor Party 2847:Korzeniówka 2843:Częstochowa 2835: [ 2788:Międzylesie 2548:Switzerland 2512:Ładoś Group 2506:Ładoś Group 2349:Korzeniówka 2125: [ 2114: [ 2100: [ 2097:Adam Sztark 2054:Romaszkańce 2042:Ulma family 1944:blackmailed 1923:Nechama Tec 1816:The Pianist 1807:Hanna Krall 1586:Stanisławów 1535:Blue Police 1511:Jan Błoński 1293:-organized 1287:Polish Jews 1095:Częstochowa 1034:Death camps 972:Gross-Rosen 930:Stanisławów 860:Częstochowa 715:Wolf Popper 705:White Stork 620:Nomer Tamid 411:Folkspartei 53:Concerning: 8370:Categories 8357:0813531586 8236:1325606240 8166:0786403713 8083:041527513X 8039:0813531586 7955:0333804864 7896:Hippocrene 7861:Hippocrene 7844:B00400ZEC0 7834:Yad Vashem 7693:1325606240 7648:0415318718 7372:Stola 2003 7348:0807820695 7255:Stola 2003 7243:Stola 2003 7111:Stola 2003 7096:Stola 2003 7061:. Page 276 6956:Yad Vashem 6808:0253214718 6542:nunneries. 6495:0781804094 6192:Yad Vashem 6151:Yad Vashem 6117:Yad Vashem 6009:6 November 5990:0803205996 5804:Alina Cała 5547:pp.533–34. 4970:attitudes. 4656:0813116929 4645:. p. 4489:1134952104 4271:29 October 4258:Yad Vashem 3790:Publisher 3788:, page 262 3578:June 1942. 3351:Yad Vashem 3327:References 3103:Wallenberg 3075:Delegatura 3065:Delegatura 2973:Jan Karski 2536:Chaim Eiss 2446:to safety. 2392:Tarnobrzeg 2277:Tyśmienica 2137:Huta Stara 2019:Hans Frank 1999:See also: 1980:stereotype 1956:Yad Vashem 1914:Alina Cala 1887:Ukrainians 1755:Yad Vashem 1745:Statistics 1735:Yad Vashem 1394:Background 1310:Yad Vashem 1150:Resistance 560:Inowrocław 506:Synagogues 356:Komverband 351:Poale Zion 314:Sochatchov 259:Aleksander 122:Dr. Franke 8336:910935082 8058:ignored ( 8048:cite book 7978:ignored ( 7968:cite book 7914:868380881 7879:878669401 7781:816563430 7744:163786298 7728:0037-6779 7446:ignored ( 7425:cite book 7417:495731157 7225:See also: 7022:Quote in 6999:7 October 6782:See also: 6590:30 August 6127:26 August 6086:Epilogue. 5812:Jerusalem 5747:(Warsaw: 4833:7 October 4777:156014302 4761:0037-6779 4662:survived. 4515:ignored ( 4505:cite book 4480:Routledge 4439:ignored ( 4429:cite book 4407:Routledge 4123:5 October 3760:Page 226. 3635:ignored ( 3625:cite book 3407:See also: 3089:Diplomat 3045:Hollywood 2950:Auschwitz 2855:Łaskarzew 2780:Białołęka 2768:Turkowice 2726:Grodzisko 2615:, but in 2560:Holocaust 2416:Janczewko 2361:Łaskarzew 2309:Mulawicze 2305:Home Army 2297:Zdziebórz 2205:Głupianka 2197:Dąbrowica 1952:Righteous 1676:Schindler 1588:, and in 1574:Białystok 1517:'s book, 1481:Beatified 1433:sub-human 1353:Home Army 1333:Home Army 1135:Szczuczyn 1085:Massacres 1070:Treblinka 994:Poniatowa 960:Auschwitz 925:Sosnowiec 895:Nowy Sącz 850:Białystok 660:Przedbórz 645:Piaskower 525:Bydgoszcz 456:Białystok 299:Peshischa 8149:(1998). 8070:(2004). 8011:48965137 7892:New York 7857:New York 7602:Archived 7591:Archived 7469:(1994). 6958:(2013). 6895:(1993). 6696:Maryland 6431:Also in: 6412:30 April 6368:Archived 6276:17 March 6089:Archived 6051:Archived 6019:cite web 5962:Warsaw. 5861:Tel Aviv 5785:cite web 5741:Archived 5713:Archived 5697:Montreal 5662:(1968). 5640:17 April 5562:Archived 5340:Archived 5317:Archived 5266:ghettos. 5064:30 April 4930:Archived 4893:Archived 4855:30 April 4699:(1994). 4633:(1989). 4384:Archived 4199:Archived 4180:30 April 4163:(Polish) 4157:Archived 4133:cite web 4096:cite web 4052:Archived 4043:Polityka 3976:. 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