3870:
2965:
1465:
3854:
2988:
3883:
1244:
3073:
77:
1102:
3023:
2940:
2953:
939:
3264:
1374:
1111:
1571:
3437:
2398:
1597:
48:
3008:
2194:
3252:
2206:
3719:. Solar power is less resource-intensive, but still requires significant amounts of aluminum. The expansion of electrical grids requires both copper and aluminum. Batteries, which are critical to enable storage of renewable energy, use large quantities of copper, nickel, aluminum and graphite. Demand for lithium is expected to grow 42-fold from 2020 to 2040. Demand for nickel, cobalt and graphite is expected to grow by a factor of about 20β25. For each of the most relevant minerals and metals, its mining is dominated by a single country:
3805:
to 10 times greater than coal or gas to produce equivalent energy amounts. More than 2000 renewable energy facilities are built, and more are under construction, in areas of environmental importance and threaten the habitats of plant and animal species across the globe. The authors' team emphasized that their work should not be interpreted as anti-renewables because renewable energy is crucial for reducing carbon emissions. The key is ensuring that renewable energy facilities are built in places where they do not damage biodiversity.
68:
2114:
16772:
2570:
from abundant, inexpensive materials that are robust, readily repaired, non-toxic, stable in a variety of environmental conditions and perform more efficiently allowing a greater proportion of photon energy to end up in the storage compounds, i.e., carbohydrates (rather than building and sustaining living cells). However, prominent research faces hurdles, Sun
Catalytix a MIT spin-off stopped scaling up their prototype fuel-cell in 2012 because it offers few savings over other ways to make hydrogen from sunlight.
15250:
9954:
959:
2182:
1730:
4034:
1886:
their large impact, including relocation of communities and flooding of wildlife habitats and farming land. High cost and lead times from permission process, including environmental and risk assessments, with lack of environmental and social acceptance are therefore the primary challenges for new developments. It is popular to repower old dams thereby increasing their efficiency and capacity as well as quicker responsiveness on the grid. Where circumstances permit existing dams such as the
2023:
2551:(currently too expensive to be economical), there is enough fuel for breeder reactors to satisfy the world's energy needs for 5 billion years at 1983's total energy consumption rate, thus making nuclear energy effectively a renewable energy. In addition to seawater the average crustal granite rocks contain significant quantities of uranium and thorium with which breeder reactors can supply abundant energy for the remaining lifespan of the sun on the main sequence of stellar evolution.
136:
57:
1710:
1529:. The plant was not profitable and was sold eight years later. However, over the following decades, PV cells became significantly more efficient and cheaper. As a result, PV adoption has grown exponentially since 2010. Global capacity increased from 230 GW at the end of 2015 to 890 GW in 2021. PV grew fastest in China between 2016 and 2021, adding 560 GW, more than all advanced economies combined. Four of the ten biggest solar power stations are in China, including the biggest,
15256:
18047:
16565:
16052:
15120:
14626:
13693:
727:
4048:
741:
15144:
14650:
13703:
1354:
4062:
15262:
18059:
1585:
4076:
15108:
14662:
16064:
15132:
14638:
2327:, which can extract heat from ground temperatures of under 30 Β°C (86 Β°F), allowing them to be used at relatively shallow depths of a few meters. Electricity generation requires large plants and ground temperatures of at least 150 Β°C (302 Β°F). In some countries, electricity produced from geothermal energy accounts for a large portion of the total, such as Kenya (43%) and Indonesia (5%).
3557:
11713:
2148:
3587:, are currently able to exert diplomatic or geopolitical influence as a result of their oil wealth. Most of these countries are expected to be among the geopolitical "losers" of the energy transition, although some, like Norway, are also significant producers and exporters of renewable energy. Fossil fuels and the infrastructure to extract them may, in the long term, become
3227:, as well as the ability to manufacture the relatively labor-intensive systems that harness these. By developing such energy sources developing countries can reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas, creating energy portfolios that are less vulnerable to price rises. In many circumstances, these investments can be less expensive than fossil fuel energy systems.
2666:(IRENA) stated that ~86% (187 GW) of renewable capacity added in 2022 had lower costs than electricity generated from fossil fuels. IRENA also stated that capacity added since 2000 reduced electricity bills in 2022 by at least $ 520 billion, and that in non-OECD countries, the lifetime savings of 2022 capacity additions will reduce costs by up to $ 580 billion.
3935:, dates from more than a million years ago. The use of biomass for fire did not become commonplace until many hundreds of thousands of years later. Probably the second oldest usage of renewable energy is harnessing the wind in order to drive ships over water. This practice can be traced back some 7000 years, to ships in the Persian Gulf and on the Nile. From
3354:'s (IRENA) 2023 report on renewable energy finance highlights steady investment growth since 2018: USD 348 billion in 2020 (a 5.6% increase from 2019), USD 430 billion in 2021 (24% up from 2020), and USD 499 billion in 2022 (16% higher). This trend is driven by increasing recognition of renewable energy's role in mitigating climate change and enhancing
8559:; Rutherford, A. W. (Bill); MacFarlane, Douglas; Moore, Gary F.; Yang, Peidong; Nocera, Daniel G.; Moore, Tom A.; Gregory, Duncan H.; Fukuzumi, Shunichi; Yoon, Kyung Byung; Armstrong, Fraser A.; Wasielewski, Michael R.; Styring, Stenbjorn (2013). "Energy and environment policy case for a global project on artificial photosynthesis".
1687:
in areas of higher wind resources, such as offshore, and likely also industrial use of new types of VAWT turbines in addition to the horizontal axis units currently in use. As offshore wind speeds average ~90% greater than that of land, offshore resources can contribute substantially more energy than land-stationed turbines.
3081:
forecast in its 2021 report, making its largest ever upward revision. Renewables are set to account for over 90% of global electricity capacity expansion over the forecast period. To achieve net zero emissions by 2050, IEA believes that 90% of global electricity generation will need to be produced from renewable sources.
1869:. The water is typically conveyed along the side of the river valley (using channels, pipes and/or tunnels) until it is high above the valley floor, whereupon it can be allowed to fall through a penstock to drive a turbine. A run-of-river plant may still produce a large amount of electricity, such as the
3978:
In conclusion, I would say that however great the scientific importance of this discovery may be, its practical value will be no less obvious when we reflect that the supply of solar energy is both without limit and without cost, and that it will continue to pour down upon us for countless ages after
3908:
is sometimes proposed as a way to increase local support for wind farms. A 2011 UK Government document stated that "projects are generally more likely to succeed if they have broad public support and the consent of local communities. This means giving communities both a say and a stake." In the 2000s
3305:
on climate change motivated many countries to develop or improve renewable energy policies. In 2017, a total of 121 countries adopted some form of renewable energy policy. National targets that year existed in 176 countries. In addition, there is also a wide range of policies at the state/provincial,
1686:
Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome. This would require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly
877:
shrank from 68% to 62%. In 2022, renewables accounted for 30% of global electricity generation and are projected to reach over 42% by 2028. Many countries already have renewables contributing more than 20% of their total energy supply, with some generating over half or even all their electricity from
12594:
2643:
in many countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the global total (180 GWth). Most of these systems are installed on multi-family apartment buildings and meet a portion of the hot water needs of an estimated 50β60 million households in China. Worldwide, total installed solar water
2461:
Earth emits roughly 10 W of infrared thermal radiation that flows toward the cold outer space. Solar energy hits the surface and atmosphere of the earth and produces heat. Using various theorized devices like emissive energy harvester (EEH) or thermoradiative diode, this energy flow can be converted
1547:
Unlike photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight directly into electricity, solar thermal systems convert it into heat. They use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, which in turn heats a water reservoir. The heated water can then be used in homes. The advantage of solar thermal
10580:
Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power. There are also renewable sources, including wood, plants, dung, falling water, geothermal sources, solar, tidal, wind, and wave energy, as well as human and animal muscle-power.
3804:
Installations used to produce wind, solar and hydropower are an increasing threat to key conservation areas, with facilities built in areas set aside for nature conservation and other environmentally sensitive areas. They are often much larger than fossil fuel power plants, needing areas of land up
3165:
UK statistics released in
September 2020 noted that "the proportion of demand met from renewables varies from a low of 3.4 per cent (for transport, mainly from biofuels) to highs of over 20 per cent for 'other final users', which is largely the service and commercial sectors that consume relatively
2584:
Most new renewables are solar, followed by wind then hydro then bioenergy. Investment in renewables, especially solar, tends to be more effective in creating jobs than coal, gas or oil. Worldwide, renewables employ about 12 million people as of 2020, with solar PV being the technology employing the
1690:
Investments in wind technologies reached USD 161 billion in 2020, with onshore wind dominating at 80% of total investments from 2013 to 2022. Offshore wind investments nearly doubled to USD 41 billion between 2019 and 2020, primarily due to policy incentives in China and expansion in Europe. Global
2569:
to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds by splitting water to produce hydrogen and then using carbon dioxide to make methanol. Researchers in this field strived to design molecular mimics of photosynthesis that use a wider region of the solar spectrum, employ catalytic systems made
1682:
Wind-generated electricity met nearly 4% of global electricity demand in 2015, with nearly 63 GW of new wind power capacity installed. Wind energy was the leading source of new capacity in Europe, the US and Canada, and the second largest in China. In
Denmark, wind energy met more than 40% of
3391:
In 2023, the renewable energy sector experienced a significant surge in investments, particularly in solar and wind technologies, totaling approximately USD 200 billionβa 75% increase from the previous year. The increased investments in 2023 contributed between 1% and 4% to the GDP in key regions
2007:
Bioenergy can be environmentally destructive if old-growth forests are cleared to make way for crop production. In particular, demand for palm oil to produce biodiesel has contributed to the deforestation of tropical rainforests in Brazil and
Indonesia. In addition, burning biomass still produces
1885:
Much hydropower is flexible, thus complementing wind and solar. In 2021, the world renewable hydropower capacity was 1,360 GW. Only a third of the world's estimated hydroelectric potential of 14,000 TWh/year has been developed. New hydropower projects face opposition from local communities due to
1134:
requires at a given time. Solar energy can only be captured during the day, and ideally in cloudless conditions. Wind power generation can vary significantly not only day-to-day, but even month-to-month. This poses a challenge when transitioning away from fossil fuels: energy demand will often be
1433:
From 2020 to 2022, solar technology investments almost doubled from USD 162 billion to USD 308 billion, driven by the sector's increasing maturity and cost reductions, particularly in solar photovoltaic (PV), which accounted for 90% of total investments. China and the United States were the main
863:
Renewable energy systems have rapidly become more efficient and cheaper over the past 30 years. A large majority of worldwide newly installed electricity capacity is now renewable. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have seen significant cost reductions over the past decade,
3161:
convened a discussion among a number of major US companies who had declared their intention to increase their use of renewable energy. These discussions identified a number of "principles" which companies seeking greater access to renewable energy considered important market deliverables. These
3080:
A December 2022 report by the IEA forecasts that over 2022-2027, renewables are seen growing by almost 2 400 GW in its main forecast, equal to the entire installed power capacity of China in 2021. This is an 85% acceleration from the previous five years, and almost 30% higher than what the IEA
1396:
Solar power produced around 1.3 terrawatt-hours (TWh) worldwide in 2022, representing 4.6% of the world's electricity. Almost all of this growth has happened since 2010. Solar energy can be harnessed anywhere that receives sunlight; however, the amount of solar energy that can be harnessed for
2378:
to break apart these rocks and release the heat they contain, which is then harvested by pumping water into the ground. The process is sometimes known as "hot dry rock" (HDR). Unlike conventional geothermal energy extraction, EGS may be feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the cost of
3622:
in 2050, accounting for almost 50% of total energy consumption (up from 22% in 2015). Countries with large uninhabited areas such as
Australia, China, and many African and Middle Eastern countries have a potential for huge installations of renewable energy. The production of renewable energy
1674:
Humans have harnessed wind energy since at least 3500 BC. Until the 20th century, it was primarily used to power ships, windmills and water pumps. Today, the vast majority of wind power is used to generate electricity using wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines range from around
3902:("not in my back yard"). Some environmentalists are concerned about fatal collisions of birds and bats with wind turbines. Although protests against new wind farms occasionally occur around the world, regional and national surveys generally find broad support for both solar and wind power.
3054:
In the decade of 2010β2019, worldwide investment in renewable energy capacity excluding large hydropower amounted to US$ 2.7 trillion, of which the top countries China contributed US$ 818 billion, the United States contributed US$ 392.3 billion, Japan contributed US$ 210.9 billion, Germany
2945:
Investment: Companies, governments and households have committed increasing amounts to decarbonization, including renewable energy (solar, wind), electric vehicles and associated charging infrastructure, energy storage, energy-efficient heating systems, carbon capture and storage, and
2097:
accounted for 14% of the oil used to produce biodiesel as of 2015. The biomass used to produce biofuels varies by region. Maize is the major feedstock in the United States, while sugarcane dominates in Brazil. In the
European Union, where biodiesel is more common than bioethanol,
3653:
A study found that transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence because renewable energy systems don't need fuel β they depend on trade only for the acquisition of materials and components during construction.
1675:
600 kW to 9 MW of rated power. The power available from the wind is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases up to the maximum output for the particular turbine. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as
1412:(PV), which converts it into electricity. PV is far more widespread, accounting for around two thirds of the global solar energy capacity as of 2022. It is also growing at a much faster rate, with 170 GW newly installed capacity in 2021, compared to 25 GW of solar thermal.
1503:. PV has several advantages that make it by far the fastest-growing renewable energy technology. It is cheap, low-maintenance and scalable; adding to an existing PV installation as demanded arises is simple. Its main disadvantage is its poor performance in cloudy weather.
1105:
Energy from sunlight or other renewable energy is converted to potential energy for storage in devices such as electric batteries. The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not
2319:
edges, where the Earth's hot mantle is more exposed. As of 2023, the United States has by far the most geothermal capacity (2.7 GW, or less than 0.2% of the country's total energy capacity), followed by
Indonesia and the Philippines. Global capacity in 2022 was 15 GW.
11814:
Heath, Garvin A.; Silverman, Timothy J.; Kempe, Michael; Deceglie, Michael; Ravikumar, Dwarakanath; Remo, Timothy; Cui, Hao; Sinha, Parikhit; Libby, Cara; Shaw, Stephanie; Komoto, Keiichi; Wambach, Karsten; Butler, Evelyn; Barnes, Teresa; Wade, Andreas (July 2020).
5947:
3362:
in China and
Vietnam have significantly increased renewable adoption. Furthermore, from 2013 to 2022, installation costs for solar photovoltaic (PV), onshore wind, and offshore wind fell by 69%, 33%, and 45%, respectively, making renewables more cost-effective.
2373:
Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a new type of geothermal power which does not require natural hot water reservoirs or steam to generate power. Most of the underground heat within drilling reach is trapped in solid rocks, not in water. EGS technologies use
12591:
1180:
Building overcapacity for wind and solar generation can help ensure sufficient electricity production even during poor weather. In optimal weather, it may be necessary to curtail energy generation if it is not possible to use or store excess electricity.
3366:
Between 2013 and 2022, the renewable energy sector underwent a significant realignment of investment priorities. Investment in solar and wind energy technologies markedly increased. In contrast, other renewable technologies such as hydropower (including
3321:. A green bank is a quasi-public financial institution that uses public capital to leverage private investment in clean energy technologies. Green banks use a variety of financial tools to bridge market gaps that hinder the deployment of clean energy.
9655:
2359:. These technologies are not yet widely demonstrated or have limited commercialization. Some may have potential comparable to other renewable energy technologies, but still depend on further breakthroughs from research, development and engineering.
2004:. Municipal wood waste β for instance, construction materials or sawdust β is also often burned for energy. The biggest per-capita producers of wood-based bioenergy are heavily forested countries like Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Austria, and Denmark.
2585:
most at almost 4 million. However, as of
February 2024, the world's supply of workforce for solar energy is lagging greatly behind demand as universities worldwide still produce more workforce for fossil fuels than for renewable energy industries.
9575:
3055:
contributed US$ 183.4 billion, and the United
Kingdom contributed US$ 126.5 billion. This was an increase of over three and possibly four times the equivalent amount invested in the decade of 2000β2009 (no data is available for 2000β2003).
2543:, which extract less than 1% of the energy in the actinide metal (uranium or thorium) mined from the earth. The high fuel-efficiency of breeder reactors could greatly reduce concerns about fuel supply, energy used in mining, and storage of
2481:
Producing liquid fuels from oil-rich (fat-rich) varieties of algae is an ongoing research topic. Various microalgae grown in open or closed systems are being tried including some systems that can be set up in brownfield and desert lands.
1548:
is that the heated water can be stored until it is needed, eliminating the need for a separate energy storage system. Solar thermal power can also be converted to electricity by using the steam generated from the heated water to drive a
3124:
Middle eastern nations are also planning on reducing their reliance fossil fuel. Many planned green projects will contribute in 26% of energy supply for the region by 2050 achieving emission reductions equal to 1.1 Gt CO2/year.
872:
are the cheapest new-build electricity. From 2011 to 2021, renewable energy grew from 20% to 28% of global electricity supply. Power from the sun and wind accounted for most of this increase, growing from a combined 2% to 10%. Use of
3051:(GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.
12953:β a global platform for industry professionals, academics, and policymakers to exchange knowledge and discuss advancements in renewable energy technologies, with a focus on innovation, sustainability, and future energy solutions.
5958:
3777:. This would damage local biodiversity, but proponents point out that biomass on resource-rich seabeds is much scarcer than in the mining regions on land, which are often found in vulnerable habitats like rainforests.
2334:
involve drilling around 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) into the Earth, breaking apart hot rocks and extracting the heat using water. In theory, this type of geothermal energy extraction could be done anywhere on Earth.
4768:
Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael; Andrew, Robbie M.; Hauck, Judith; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Sitch, Stephen; Le QuΓ©rΓ©, Corinne; Bakker, Dorothee C. E. (2019).
3088:
said that countries should invest more in renewables to "ease the pressure on consumers from high fossil fuel prices, make our energy systems more secure, and get the world on track to reach our climate goals."
1033:,generate almost no emissions, while some renewable energy sources can be very carbon-intensive, such as the burning of biomass if it is not offset by planting new plants. Renewable energy is also distinct from
5712:
1859:
of power. They are often used on small rivers or as a low-impact development on larger rivers. China is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world and has more than 45,000 small hydro installations.
3387:
experienced a substantial decrease in financial investment. Notably, from 2017 to 2022, investment in these alternative renewable technologies declined by 45%, falling from USD 35 billion to USD 17 billion.
916:
by incumbent power providers, and local opposition to the use of land for renewable installations. Like all mining, the extraction of minerals required for many renewable energy technologies also results in
9364:
3990:(The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism), published in 1905. Development of solar engines continued until the outbreak of World War I. The importance of solar energy was recognized in a 1911
1898:
is more valuable than VRE countries with large hydroelectric developments such as Canada and Norway are spending billions to expand their grids to trade with neighboring countries having limited hydro.
9556:
2970:
The countries most reliant on fossil fuels for electricity vary widely on how great a portion of that electricity is generated from renewables, leaving wide variation in renewables' growth potential.
1173:
Sector coupling of the power generation sector with other sectors may increase flexibility: for example the transport sector can be coupled by charging electric vehicles and sending electricity from
11563:
7607:
4266:
3290:
and technology transfer. IRENA was formed in 2009, with 75 countries signing the charter of IRENA. As of April 2019, IRENA has 160 member states. The then United Nations Secretary-General
1988:
is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. Most commonly, it refers to plants or plant-derived materials. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via
9534:
5688:
11479:
9339:
12375:
10248:
8140:
6877:
1438:, growth in China, the United States, and a significant increase from Vietnam's feed-in tariff program offset these declines. Globally, the solar sector added 714 gigawatts (GW) of solar PV and
1037:, a more abstract concept that seeks to group energy sources based on their overall permanent impact on future generations of humans. For example, biomass is often associated with unsustainable
11157:
5401:
828:, although this is controversial. Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban and rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further
9962:
11189:
9240:
1199:
Electrical energy storage is a collection of methods used to store electrical energy. Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent sources such as
11595:
11282:
8670:
13197:
9083:
3162:
principles included choice (between suppliers and between products), cost competitiveness, longer term fixed price supplies, access to third-party financing vehicles, and collaboration.
13230:
9400:
4465:
11251:
2958:
Clean energy investment has benefited from post-pandemic economic recovery, a global energy crisis involving high fossil fuel prices, and growing policy support across various nations.
13164:
6914:
4236:
11125:
3886:
Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red).
2106:
are the main feedstocks. China, although it produces comparatively much less biofuel, uses mostly corn and wheat. In many countries, biofuels are either subsidized or mandated to be
11387:
1083:
Renewable energy is more evenly distributed around the world than fossil fuels, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. It also brings health benefits by reducing
12087:
8180:
Gao, Zhen; Bingham, Harry B.; Ingram, David; Kolios, Athanasios; Karmakar, Debabrata; Utsunomiya, Tomoaki; Catipovic, Ivan; Colicchio, Giuseppina; Rodrigues, José (2018),
7342:
3869:
10686:
Mercure, J.-F.; Salas, P.; Vercoulen, P.; Semieniuk, G.; Lam, A.; Pollitt, H.; Holden, P. B.; Vakilifard, N.; Chewpreecha, U.; Edwards, N. R.; Vinuales, J. E. (4 November 2021).
12521:
10281:
12228:
10013:
9512:
6685:
15004:
9928:
9320:
6145:"Arco Sells Last 3 Solar Plants for $ 2 Million : Energy: The sale to New Mexico investors demonstrates the firm's strategy of focusing on its core oil and gas business"
12486:
9774:
6080:
3016:
of producing renewable energy declined significantly, with 62% of total renewable power generation added in 2020 having lower costs than the cheapest new fossil fuel option.
3032:": Trend of costs and deployment over time, with steeper lines showing greater cost reductions as deployment progresses. With increased deployment, renewables benefit from
2323:
Geothermal energy can be either used directly to heat homes, as is common in Iceland, or to generate electricity. At smaller scales, geothermal power can be generated with
11996:
9544:
3209:
forecasts that renewable energy will provide the majority of energy supply growth through 2030 in Africa and Central and South America, and 42% of supply growth in China.
10884:
9688:
10443:
6936:
5152:
Olauson, Jon; Ayob, Mohd Nasir; Bergkvist, Mikael; Carpman, Nicole; Castellucci, Valeria; Goude, Anders; Lingfors, David; Waters, Rafael; WidΓ©n, Joakim (December 2016).
6435:
11221:
8692:
Jaeger, Joel; Walls, Ginette; Clarke, Ella; Altamirano, Juan-Carlos; Harsono, Arya; Mountford, Helen; Burrow, Sharan; Smith, Samantha; Tate, Alison (18 October 2021).
3201:. Renewable energy technology was once seen as unaffordable for developing countries. However, since 2015, investment in non-hydro renewable energy has been higher in
1177:. Similarly the industry sector can be coupled by hydrogen produced by electrolysis, and the buildings sector by thermal energy storage for space heating and cooling.
12118:
11001:
8073:
5701:
12170:
3927:
Prior to the development of coal in the mid 19th century, nearly all energy used was renewable. The oldest known use of renewable energy, in the form of traditional
12889:
12148:
10613:
5237:
2449:
and not used at large scales. Tidal energy is generally considered the most mature, but has not seen wide deployment. The world's largest tidal power station is on
13255:
13239:
9907:
6468:
4118:
3987:
3835:
and create a source for materials that would otherwise need to be mined, but such business is still small and work is ongoing to improve and scale-up the process.
1552:
connected to a generator. However, because generating electricity this way is much more expensive than photovoltaic power plants, there are very few in use today.
9463:
9356:
8841:
4724:
3630:
Countries with already weak governments that rely on fossil fuel revenue may face even higher political instability or popular unrest. Analysts consider Nigeria,
2508:
Office of Science and Technology Policy examined the concept and concluded that with current and near-future technologies it would be economically uncompetitive.
13223:
12408:
9178:
5063:
Scovronick, Noah; Budolfson, Mark; Dennig, Francis; Errickson, Frank; Fleurbaey, Marc; Peng, Wei; Socolow, Robert H.; Spears, Dean; Wagner, Fabian (7 May 2019).
10812:
9385:
3943:
times and for space heating since ancient Roman times. Moving into the time of recorded history, the primary sources of traditional renewable energy were human
10337:
1442:(CSP) capacity between 2013 and 2021, with a notable rise in large-scale solar heating installations in 2021, especially in China, Europe, Turkey, and Mexico.
12813:
12785:
9445:
8985:
Jacobson, Mark Z.; von Krauland, Anna-Katharina; Coughlin, Stephen J.; Dukas, Emily; Nelson, Alexander J. H.; Palmer, Frances C.; Rasmussen, Kylie R. (2022).
8440:
2598:
being the largest renewable employer. The clean energy sectors added about 4.7 million jobs globally between 2019 and 2022, totaling 35 million jobs by 2022.
10368:
10102:
9800:
7226:
4113:
11007:. Center on Global Energy Policy Columbia University SIPA / Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School. 2017. Archived from
18025:
11743:
11555:
11061:
Krane, Jim; Idel, Robert (1 December 2021). "More transitions, less risk: How renewable energy reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence".
9827:"Enhancing Renewable Energy Systems, Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals of United Nation and Building Resilience against Climate Change Impacts"
7597:
6996:
4258:
2964:
1518:. A household's solar panels can either be used for just that household or, if connected to an electrical grid, can be aggregated with millions of others.
8545:
Collings AF and Critchley C (eds). Artificial Photosynthesis – From Basic Biology to Industrial Application (Wiley-VCH Weinheim 2005) p ix.
3913:
structures. In the years since, more installations in Germany have been undertaken by large companies, but community ownership remains strong in Denmark.
3796:. In several African countries, the green energy transition has created a mining boom, causing deforestation, and threatening already endangered species.
3689:. According to Von der Leyen, "The answer has to do with diversifying our suppliers ... and, crucially, with speeding up the transition to clean energy."
3113:
After a transitional period, renewable energy production is expected to make up most of the world's energy production. In 2018, the risk management firm,
13103:
11792:
9526:
5677:
3598:
Conversely, nations abundant in renewable resources, and the minerals required for renewables technology, are expected to gain influence. In particular,
1114:
Estimated power demand over a week in May 2012 and May 2020, Germany, showing the variability in solar and wind power both day-to-day and month-to-month.
11471:
9335:
6844:
4979:
17961:
16601:
13216:
12372:
11882:
DomΓnguez, Adriana; Geyer, Roland (1 April 2019). "Photovoltaic waste assessment of major photovoltaic installations in the United States of America".
10240:
10141:
Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).
8163:
7631:"Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris biomass harvesting by natural flocculant: effects on biomass sedimentation, spent medium recycling and lipid extraction"
6866:
6726:
6252:
3426:
12851:
9487:
8613:
7065:
13014:
12012:"The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U.S."
7463:
Qin, Zhangcai; Zhuang, Qianlai; Cai, Ximing; He, Yujie; Huang, Yao; Jiang, Dong; Lin, Erda; Liu, Yaling; Tang, Ya; Wang, Michael Q. (February 2018).
3812:
of areas that contain renewable energy materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "
11625:
11147:
8895:"Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination"
8408:
Rodgers, Erica; Gertsen, Ellen; Sotudeh, Jordan; Mullins, Carie; Hernandez, Amanda; Le, Hanh Nguyen; Smith, Phil; Joseph, Nikoli (11 January 2024).
5409:
13019:
13009:
12978:
11412:
7207:
5288:
1434:
recipients, collectively making up about half of all solar investments since 2013. Despite reductions in Japan and India due to policy changes and
12459:
11179:
10051:
9748:
9232:
8469:
6370:
4191:
Armaroli, Nicola; Balzani, Vincenzo (2016). "Solar Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition".
3338:. For the European Union to reach their target of climate neutrality, one goal is to decarbonise its energy system by aiming to achieve "net-zero
1418:
refers to a range of construction strategies and technologies that aim to optimize the distribution of solar heat in a building. Examples include
1087:
caused by the burning of fossil fuels. The potential worldwide savings in health care costs have been estimated at trillions of dollars annually.
16442:
11585:
11274:
8864:
8662:
8213:
7288:
5991:
4758:
OWID credits "Source: Ember's Yearly Electricity Data; Ember's European Electricity Review; Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy".
2996:
With increasingly widespread implementation of renewable energy sources, costs have declined, most notably for energy generated by solar panels.
3875:
The same survey a year later shows that renewable energy is considered an investment priority in the European Union, China and the United States
3711:
to renewable energy requires increased extraction of certain metals and minerals. Like all mining, this impacts the environment and can lead to
2516:
Collection of static electricity charges from water droplets on metal surfaces is an experimental technology that would be especially useful in
2144:, which is attractive because algae is a non-food resource, grows around 20 times faster than most food crops, and can be grown almost anywhere.
17986:
10184:
3732:
3324:
Global and national policies related to renewable energy can be divided based on sectors, such as agriculture, transport, buildings, industry:
12911:
9394:
8799:
8409:
4457:
17285:
12491:
11243:
9620:"A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Liabilities as the Value of Renewable Energy for Mitigating Lawsuits for Climate Change Related Damages"
8693:
7978:
3922:
1062:
6903:
4228:
3669:
were doing so "for perhaps ideological reasons or sometimes economic reasons in protecting their vested interests." Some critics blamed the
13179:
11437:
11115:
6508:
4616:"Incumbent lobbying as a barrier to forward-looking regulation: The case of demand-side response in the GB capacity market for electricity"
3259:
use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of renewable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart).
1834:
772:
9344:
Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels
7932:
Hussain, Akhtar; Arif, Syed Muhammad; Aslam, Muhammad (2017). "Emerging renewable and sustainable energy technologies: State of the art".
7877:
5263:
4753:
4007:
was published in 1956. In the 1970s environmentalists promoted the development of renewable energy both as a replacement for the eventual
17898:
13453:
13143:
10317:
Ken Berlin, Reed Hundt, Marko Muro, and Devashree Saha. "State Clean Energy Banks: New Investment Facilities for Clean Energy Deployment"
3571:
impact of the growing use of renewable energy is a subject of ongoing debate and research. Many fossil-fuel producing countries, such as
12069:
9109:
7350:
6493:
6176:
17645:
16831:
16805:
13192:
13123:
13029:
10271:
3450:
3311:
1339:
825:
12513:
8707:
7374:"Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Brazilian Sugar Cane Ethanol Evaluated with the GREET Model Using Data Submitted to RenovaBio"
5491:
1464:
16447:
12209:
3465:
definitions of renewable energy usually exclude many present nuclear energy technologies, with the notable exception of the state of
11034:
9504:
7720:
7503:
6692:
4531:
2128:
There are many other sources of bioenergy that are more niche, or not yet viable at large scales. For instance, bioethanol could be
17095:
11533:
9921:
9312:
7934:
7437:
5451:
3698:
3686:
3190:
3183:
1025:
Although almost all forms of renewable energy cause much fewer carbon emissions than fossil fuels, the term is not synonymous with
8487:
5651:
5592:"A Green Hydrogen Energy System: Optimal control strategies for integrated hydrogen storage and power generation with wind energy"
3294:
has said that renewable energy can lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity, and in September 2011 he launched the UN
14917:
13739:
13074:
13024:
12707:
10136:
10014:"Changes in primary energy demand by fuel and region in the Stated Policies Scenario, 2019-2030 β Charts β Data & Statistics"
9156:
3853:
3670:
2292:
12733:
11988:
10390:
9540:
4818:
18126:
17595:
16594:
15745:
15188:
14359:
13564:
13413:
13400:
13187:
11860:
10876:
9680:
8462:
8014:
7909:
7882:
6561:
Ang, Tze-Zhang; Salem, Mohamed; Kamarol, Mohamad; Das, Himadry Shekhar; Nazari, Mohammad Alhuyi; Prabaharan, Natarajan (2022).
3093:
2307:. Some of the heat is generated near the Earth's surface in the crust, but some also flows from deep within the Earth from the
2176:
1006:
are widely agreed to be the main types of renewable energy. Renewable energy often displaces conventional fuels in four areas:
897:
by 2050, 90% of global electricity generation will need to be produced from renewable sources. Renewables also cause much less
267:
12635:
8039:
Stober, Ingrid; Bucher, Kurt (2021), "Enhanced-Geothermal-Systems (EGS), Hot-Dry-Rock Systems (HDR), Deep-Heat-Mining (DHM)",
7765:, Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 247β325,
6944:
5519:"Study on the optimization of the day-ahead addition space for large-scale energy storage participation in auxiliary services"
4015:
appeared. Solar had long been used for heating and cooling, but solar panels were too costly to build solar farms until 1980.
3909:
and early 2010s, many renewable projects in Germany, Sweden and Denmark were owned by local communities, particularly through
18014:
14403:
14078:
13611:
13549:
13174:
12883:
12845:
12759:
11971:
11944:
10985:
10977:
10848:
10162:
9569:
9422:
8961:
8289:
8157:
8149:
8118:
8058:
7826:
7778:
7128:
6428:
5538:
5445:
4900:
4515:
4022:
better than many other sectors. In 2022, renewables accounted for 30% of global electricity generation, up from 21% in 1985.
3351:
3279:
2663:
1829:
Historically, hydroelectric power came from constructing large hydroelectric dams and reservoirs, which are still popular in
12294:
11211:
6323:
5829:
5212:
5189:
2591:
There are 3,146 gigawatts installed in 135 countries, while 156 countries have laws regulating the renewable energy sector.
1996:
like ethanol. Wood is the most significant biomass energy source as of 2012 and is usually sourced from a trees cleared for
1691:
wind capacity increased by 557 GW between 2013 and 2021, with capacity additions increasing by an average of 19% each year.
18111:
16515:
14700:
13696:
13637:
13632:
13159:
13138:
12971:
12325:"What makes local energy projects acceptable? Probing the connection between ownership structures and community acceptance"
12110:
11008:
10076:
9734:
8833:
8080:
6032:
5138:
3591:. It has been speculated that countries dependent on fossil fuel revenue may one day find it in their interests to quickly
3551:
3501:
3103:
2186:
2062:
are primarily used in transportation, providing 3.5% of the world's transport energy demand in 2022, up from 2.7% in 2010.
1530:
12186:
11721:
10000:
16102:
14545:
13478:
13368:
13113:
12870:
12140:
10536:
4318:
3395:
The energy sector receives investments of approximately USD 3 trillion each year, with USD 1.9 trillion directed towards
1459:
12675:
12614:
11364:
7115:
6460:
5591:
17997:
17875:
17795:
17635:
17610:
16907:
14937:
14922:
13118:
13079:
9452:
4193:
3602:
has become the world's dominant manufacturer of the technology needed to produce or store renewable energy, especially
3318:
3232:
3001:(LCOE) is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generating plant over its lifetime.
2579:
12405:
9182:
8229:"The rebirth and eco-friendly energy production of an artificial lake: A case study on the tidal power in South Korea"
6773:
5899:
ZarΔba, Anna; KrzemiΕska, Alicja; Kozik, Renata; Adynkiewicz-Piragas, Mariusz; KristiΓ‘novΓ‘, Katarina (17 March 2022).
3882:
2987:
90:
17544:
16816:
16587:
15856:
15647:
15517:
13169:
13059:
10515:
9381:
5996:
OWID credits source data to: Nemet (2009); Farmer & Lafond (2016); International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
3493:
1862:
1511:
964:
Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as renewables have begun rapidly increasing.
594:
414:
135:
12585:
Weber suggests that the modern economic world will determine the lifestyle of everyone born into it "until the last
10327:
7148:
3702:
2093:. Most of the crops used to produce bioethanol and biodiesel are grown specifically for this purpose, although used
986:
defines it as "energy derived from natural processes that are replenished at a faster rate than they are consumed".
17923:
17880:
17120:
15652:
15527:
14486:
13290:
12987:
12804:
12776:
9437:
8432:
6054:
4156:
3473:
often omit or explicitly exclude mention of nuclear energy sources, with an exception made for the natural nuclear
3286:
for promoting the adoption of renewable energy worldwide. It aims to provide concrete policy advice and facilitate
972:
765:
202:
10581:
Nuclear reactors that produce their own fuel ('breeders') and eventually fusion reactors are also in this category
10360:
7222:
5855:
4952:
4653:
Susskind, Lawrence; Chun, Jungwoo; Gant, Alexander; Hodgkins, Chelsea; Cohen, Jessica; Lohmar, Sarah (June 2022).
3058:
As of 2022, an estimated 28% of the world's electricity was generated by renewables. This is up from 19% in 1990.
2650:
provide both heating and cooling, and also flatten the electric demand curve and are thus an increasing priority.
17918:
17600:
17529:
17468:
17261:
17153:
16897:
16821:
16794:
16674:
16644:
16037:
15717:
14755:
13642:
13308:
13108:
13039:
12964:
12930:
12922:
12749:
8074:"Australia's Renewable Energy Future inc Cooper Basin & geothermal map of Australia Retrieved 15 August 2015"
6966:
5767:
4019:
3932:
3236:
2418:
1891:
1801:
1216:
1078:
918:
458:
6988:
6504:
traveled over the ocean at approximately 8.6 meters per second and at nearly 4.5 meters per second over land ."
3271:
Policies to support renewable energy have been vital in their expansion. Where Europe dominated in establishing
3072:
1243:
1101:
17840:
17738:
17273:
15587:
15208:
14496:
13596:
13468:
13343:
13313:
13285:
13133:
13098:
13034:
12564:
10971:
10209:
9687:. Frankfurt School-UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance; BloombergNEF. 2020.
9233:"Global power sector saved fuel costs of USD 520 billion last year thanks to renewables, says new IRENA report"
6813:
3283:
3240:
2450:
1379:
1065:, around three-quarters of the world's countries set a goal of tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030. The
11784:
7904:
6344:
5763:
5517:
Zhou, Chen; Liu, Rao; Ba, Yu; Wang, Haixia; Ju, Rongbin; Song, Minggang; Zou, Nan; Li, Weidong (28 May 2021).
4895:. Mechanical and aerospace engineering (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
4288:
2312:
1471:βstating that solar module prices have dropped about 20% for each doubling of installed capacityβdefines the "
982:
Renewable energy is usually understood as energy harnessed from continuously occurring natural phenomena. The
18121:
18084:
18063:
18031:
17908:
17835:
16068:
15861:
15735:
15287:
15014:
13663:
13627:
13463:
13363:
13338:
13064:
11817:"Research and development priorities for silicon photovoltaic module recycling to support a circular economy"
6836:
6006:
3441:
3170:
2117:
1574:
287:
10464:
10416:
6718:
6256:
5983:
4916:
Srouji, Jamal; Fransen, Taryn; Boehm, Sophie; Waskow, David; Carter, Rebecca; Larsen, Gaia (25 April 2024).
3022:
2939:
76:
17820:
17088:
16199:
14865:
14666:
14026:
13678:
13601:
13569:
13488:
13378:
13358:
13348:
13265:
13069:
13054:
13044:
12832:
12646:
9480:
8587:
7055:
5590:
Schrotenboer, Albert H.; Veenstra, Arjen A.T.; uit het Broek, Michiel A.J.; Ursavas, Evrim (October 2022).
5376:
3728:
2107:
1822:
10038:
Energy for Development: The Potential Role of Renewable Energy in Meeting the Millennium Development Goals
7465:"Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment"
3541:
waste products is also required upon the use of other renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy.
18116:
17928:
17860:
17236:
16679:
16545:
16535:
16462:
15622:
15612:
15136:
15046:
15024:
14797:
14585:
13844:
13732:
13559:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13448:
13438:
13428:
13423:
13408:
13383:
13280:
13275:
11961:
11617:
9357:"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $ 1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report"
7716:
5563:
5431:
3762:
from spent batteries could reduce combined primary supply requirements for these minerals by around 10%.
3736:
3614:. Nations rich in solar and wind energy could become major energy exporters. Some may produce and export
3206:
2633:
may also play a greater role in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors like aviation and maritime shipping.
2548:
2531:
could, in principle, depending on the fuel cycle employed, extract almost all of the energy contained in
2368:
2300:
2066:
is expected to be important for short-term reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from long-haul flights.
2054:
1914:
983:
890:
881:
The main motivation to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources is to slow and eventually stop
758:
16254:
6489:"Offshore stations experience mean wind speeds at 80 m that are 90% greater than over land on average."
17630:
17251:
17130:
17037:
16976:
15882:
15592:
15364:
15181:
14870:
14802:
13668:
13647:
13606:
13591:
13554:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13498:
13483:
13443:
13433:
13373:
13323:
13318:
13247:
13049:
13004:
12451:
11934:
8734:"The failure to decarbonize the global energy education system: Carbon lock-in and stranded skill sets"
6362:
6144:
5801:
3724:
3295:
3154:
2446:
2344:
2331:
2136:
may be a promising alternative source of bioethanol, due to its tolerance of a wide range of climates.
1515:
1427:
1382:
628:
31:
17:
12253:
Witkowska-Dabrowska, MirosΕawa; ΕwidyΕska, Natalia; NapiΓ³rkowska-BaryΕa, Agnieszka (1 December 2021).
11305:
9882:
9825:
Gan, Kai Ernn; Taikan, Oki; Gan, Thian Y; Weis, Tim; Yamazaki, D.; SchΓΌttrumpf, Holger (4 July 2023).
8635:
7550:
5007:
3715:. Wind power requires large amounts of copper and zinc, as well as smaller amounts of the rarer metal
2594:
Globally in 2020 there are over 10 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with
1790:
18106:
17830:
17625:
17463:
17115:
17032:
17017:
16750:
16634:
16520:
16228:
15429:
15071:
14820:
14491:
14349:
14011:
13956:
13936:
13931:
13673:
13493:
13473:
13458:
13353:
13333:
13328:
13270:
13260:
10635:
Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019).
9729:
Bond, Kingsmill; Butler-Sloss, Sam; Lovins, Amory; Speelman, Laurens; Topping, Nigel (13 June 2023).
4749:
3662:
3420:
3368:
3158:
2952:
2560:
1127:
1096:
1050:
841:
731:
307:
16398:
13418:
11502:
8274:
2020 IEEE First International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control (STPEC)
8098:
7806:
6505:
4938:
17763:
17640:
17605:
17354:
17344:
17318:
17022:
16966:
16735:
16720:
16694:
16610:
16494:
16467:
15965:
15567:
15487:
15459:
15379:
15091:
14693:
14420:
13764:
13300:
8791:
8005:. Vol. 23, no. 4. Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 13β19.
7852:
6297:
5238:"Climate change: phase out gas power by 2035, say businesses including Nestle, Thames Water, Co-op"
3860:
3526:
3339:
2998:
2701:
2651:
2348:
2213:
2172:
1825:
of about 90%, which is the highest rate in renewable energy. There are many forms of water energy:
1472:
1439:
1324:
886:
844:
sources are those that have a fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. In contrast,
680:
618:
292:
247:
237:
167:
86:
12947:β a wiki platform for collaborative knowledge exchange on renewable energy in developing countries
12481:
12425:
7972:
7174:
7117:
IEA Bioenergy Countries' Report: Implementation of bioenergy in the IEA Bioenergy member countries
6803:
6618:
Moran, Emilio F.; Lopez, Maria Claudia; Moore, Nathan; MΓΌller, Norbert; Hyndman, David W. (2018).
4374:
3263:
3205:
than in developed countries, and comprised 54% of global renewable energy investment in 2019. The
1373:
1166:
is an important way of dealing with intermittency. Using diversified renewable energy sources and
18051:
17825:
17668:
17478:
17450:
17173:
17163:
17081:
16745:
16730:
16715:
16095:
15673:
15632:
15602:
15597:
15454:
15218:
15213:
15150:
14642:
14580:
14565:
13961:
13941:
13706:
13128:
12324:
9975:
9958:
9953:
8305:
7464:
7060:
4841:
4615:
4053:
4018:
New government spending, regulation and policies helped the renewables industry weather the 2009
3898:
often face opposition due to aesthetic concerns and noise. Such opponents are often described as
3746:
Recycling these metals after the devices they are embedded in are spent is essential to create a
3674:
3412:
2497:
2491:
2434:
2324:
1895:
1873:
on the Columbia River in the United States. However many run-of-the-river hydro power plants are
1451:
1328:
1269:
1151:
745:
623:
613:
317:
252:
9749:"Record clean energy spending is set to help global energy investment grow by 8% in 2022 - News"
8186:
Proceedings of the 20th International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC 2018) Volume 2
7248:
6563:"A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications, challenges and suggestions"
3076:
In 2023, electricity generation from wind and solar sources was projected to exceed 30% by 2030.
2610:
across all sectors β power, heat, transport and industry β is feasible and economically viable.
18077:
18070:
17890:
17845:
17800:
17615:
17579:
17569:
17364:
17339:
17323:
17308:
17290:
17012:
16740:
16709:
16699:
16624:
16452:
16032:
15712:
15642:
15617:
15607:
15582:
15577:
15532:
15522:
15497:
15492:
15482:
15477:
15469:
15337:
15292:
15086:
15081:
14845:
14093:
13989:
13916:
13906:
13787:
13725:
8181:
7201:
5465:
4107:
4089:
3720:
3712:
2607:
2343:
There are also other renewable energy technologies that are still under development, including
1887:
1455:
1110:
1026:
1007:
938:
709:
518:
503:
451:
312:
232:
11388:"Deep sea mining: the potential convergence of science, industry and sustainable development?"
10506:
10504:
9412:
8987:"Low-cost solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity for 145 countries"
4725:"Mining is necessary for the green transition. Here's why experts say we need to do it better"
1570:
17968:
17913:
17870:
17753:
17728:
17693:
17369:
16924:
16891:
16760:
16056:
15918:
15887:
15707:
15637:
15572:
15562:
15547:
15537:
15507:
15502:
15174:
14880:
14875:
14840:
14825:
14792:
14735:
14730:
14033:
13824:
12545:"On the electro motive action of illuminated selenium, discovered by Mr. Fritts, of New York"
10906:
Van de Graaf, Thijs; Overland, Indra; Scholten, Daniel; Westphal, Kirsten (1 December 2020).
7317:
6490:
6195:"Capacity Estimation of Solar Farms Using Deep Learning on High-Resolution Satellite Imagery"
6169:
6115:
5402:"Intelligent, flexible Sector Coupling in cities can double the potential for Wind and Solar"
4925:
4101:
3905:
3507:
3485:
3436:
2397:
1565:
1147:
1058:
909:
553:
498:
488:
327:
242:
13208:
12229:"Most Americans support expanding solar and wind energy, but Republican support has dropped"
11647:
Sonter, Laura J.; Dade, Marie C.; Watson, James E. M.; Valenta, Rick K. (1 September 2020).
10482:
9336:"Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $ 1 Trillion for the First Time"
8532:
6193:
Ravishankar, Rashmi; AlMahmoud, Elaf; Habib, Abdulelah; de Weck, Olivier L. (January 2022).
2330:
Technical advances may eventually make geothermal power more widely available. For example,
17933:
17903:
17855:
17850:
17773:
17678:
17574:
17397:
17256:
17241:
17216:
17201:
17158:
17062:
16992:
16982:
16919:
16855:
16669:
16639:
15657:
15627:
15557:
15552:
15542:
15512:
15444:
15279:
14927:
14830:
14740:
14725:
14481:
14454:
14432:
14339:
14272:
14021:
13951:
13896:
12336:
12323:
Hogan, Jessica L.; Warren, Charles R.; Simpson, Michael; McCauley, Darren (December 2022).
12022:
11891:
11828:
11660:
11317:
11070:
10919:
10766:
10699:
10648:
10501:
9631:
8943:
8906:
8745:
8494:
8340:
8240:
7943:
7602:
7562:
7515:
7476:
7385:
6631:
6574:
6206:
5616:
5334:
5076:
5019:
4853:
4782:
4666:
4627:
4570:
4095:
3770:
3678:
3202:
2540:
2426:
2375:
2209:
1542:
1522:
1500:
1405:
687:
582:
426:
332:
192:
11717:
11365:"The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions (presentation and full report)"
10103:"Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex in Morocco, World's Largest Concentrated Solar Power Plant"
8463:"Pyroprocessing Technologies: Recycling Used Nuclear Fuel For A Sustainable Energy Future"
7996:"Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Geothermal Energy Research and Development at Fenton Hill, New Mexico"
7271:
7269:
2588:
In 2021, China accounted for almost half of the global increase in renewable electricity.
2193:
8:
17865:
17748:
17743:
17488:
17407:
17226:
17206:
17196:
17047:
17042:
16997:
16956:
16886:
16550:
16012:
15786:
15702:
15449:
15353:
15347:
15307:
15124:
15076:
15034:
14909:
14835:
14787:
14745:
14686:
14560:
14503:
14425:
14398:
14083:
13946:
13921:
12392:
7712:
6967:"Trade surplus soars on energy exports | Norway's News in English β www.newsinenglish.no"
6328:
3992:
3971:
3666:
3611:
3470:
3335:
3275:
in the early 2000s, most countries around the world now have some form of energy policy.
3007:
2644:
heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million households.
2636:
2626:
2595:
2380:
2050:
1676:
1596:
1507:
1484:
1248:
1232:
1220:
1194:
1011:
945:
889:. In general, renewable energy sources cause much lower emissions than fossil fuels. The
865:
508:
374:
357:
302:
157:
145:
12340:
12026:
11895:
11832:
11664:
11525:
11321:
11074:
10923:
10770:
10703:
10652:
9635:
8910:
8749:
8386:
8344:
8244:
7947:
7758:
7566:
7549:
Ahmad Dar, Rouf; Ahmad Dar, Eajaz; Kaur, Ajit; Gupta Phutela, Urmila (1 February 2018).
7519:
7480:
7414:
7389:
7373:
6635:
6578:
6210:
5620:
5435:
5338:
5154:"Net load variability in Nordic countries with a highly or fully renewable power system"
5080:
5023:
4857:
4786:
4670:
4631:
4574:
4011:, as well as for an escape from dependence on oil, and the first electricity-generating
3298:
initiative to improve energy access, efficiency and the deployment of renewable energy.
3169:
In some locations, individual households can opt to purchase renewable energy through a
1894:
which is useful for peak loads or to support intermittent wind and solar power. Because
1805:
17810:
17805:
17440:
17402:
17359:
17278:
16865:
16847:
16836:
16800:
16755:
16725:
16568:
16369:
16194:
16182:
16088:
15840:
15434:
15342:
14860:
14540:
14518:
14508:
14344:
11915:
11852:
11702:
11689:
11648:
11341:
11094:
10948:
10907:
10735:
9856:
9647:
9014:
8967:
8893:
Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Gulagi, Ashish; Fasihi, Mahdi; Breyer, Christian (1 February 2021).
8605:
8363:
8328:
8110:
7818:
7665:
7652:
7630:
7266:
6662:
6619:
6600:
6539:, p. 9. Note: Excludes pure pumped storage. Compound annual growth rate 2014-2023.
5632:
5606:
5544:
5358:
5322:
5181:
5105:
5064:
4596:
4039:
3817:
3740:
3624:
3400:
3396:
3331:
3096:
includes increasing direct heating by renewables such as geothermal and solar thermal.
3037:
2539:, decreasing fuel requirements by a factor of 100 compared to widely used once-through
2517:
2352:
2275:
2205:
2129:
1830:
1578:
1224:
1054:
1034:
922:
894:
797:
389:
217:
127:
16416:
12704:
10592:
10555:
10470:
10301:
10299:
10128:
9148:
4917:
4343:
4000:
having been exhausted will remain as the only means of existence of the human race".
18019:
18002:
17973:
17768:
17652:
17458:
17211:
17148:
16912:
16789:
16489:
16381:
16002:
15960:
15866:
15766:
15397:
15143:
15112:
14767:
14649:
14442:
14267:
14128:
14088:
14058:
14043:
14016:
13926:
13829:
13769:
13759:
13702:
12879:
12841:
12755:
12729:
12642:
12560:
12276:
12178:
12079:
12050:
11967:
11940:
11919:
11907:
11856:
11844:
11737:
11706:
11694:
11676:
11445:
11345:
11333:
11098:
11086:
11039:
10981:
10953:
10935:
10822:
10794:
10739:
10727:
10605:
10511:
10037:
9860:
9848:
9651:
9593:
9565:
9018:
9006:
8971:
8957:
8924:
8773:
8609:
8368:
8285:
8207:
8153:
8114:
8054:
8006:
7822:
7774:
7670:
7578:
7531:
7419:
7401:
7182:
7124:
6809:
6667:
6649:
6604:
6592:
6234:
6090:
5922:
5806:
5636:
5548:
5534:
5525:. ICAIIS 2021. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1β6.
5441:
5362:
5350:
5296:
5185:
5173:
5110:
5092:
5045:
4896:
4810:
4770:
4600:
4588:
4511:
4441:
4210:
4173:
3793:
3708:
3478:
3380:
3287:
3251:
3220:
3067:
2654:
is also growing rapidly. About 10% of heating and cooling energy is from renewables.
2544:
2308:
2296:
2164:
999:
463:
379:
11963:
The EIB Climate Survey: Government action, personal choices and the green transition
11816:
8281:
7995:
5523:
2021 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems
5321:
Ramsebner, Jasmine; Haas, Reinhard; Ajanovic, Amela; Wietschel, Martin (July 2021).
3647:
3403:(NZE) Scenario by 2035, this investment must increase to USD 5.3 trillion per year.
2405:
Marine energy (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy) is the energy carried by
2113:
17943:
17815:
17790:
17683:
17509:
17483:
17430:
17412:
17349:
17300:
17221:
17191:
17186:
17143:
17007:
16961:
16928:
16876:
16826:
16810:
16664:
16659:
16629:
16421:
16332:
16172:
16007:
15392:
15239:
14956:
14601:
14575:
14570:
14550:
14376:
14366:
14146:
14073:
13809:
12956:
12650:
12556:
12352:
12344:
12266:
12040:
12030:
11899:
11836:
11684:
11668:
11325:
11078:
10943:
10927:
10784:
10774:
10717:
10707:
10666:
10656:
10296:
9838:
9639:
8998:
8949:
8919:
8914:
8894:
8763:
8753:
8595:
8568:
8358:
8348:
8277:
8248:
8189:
8106:
8044:
7951:
7814:
7766:
7660:
7642:
7570:
7523:
7484:
7409:
7393:
6657:
6639:
6582:
6224:
6214:
6081:"Getting the most out of tomorrow's grid requires digitisation and demand response"
5912:
5874:
5624:
5526:
5342:
5264:"Clean energy technologies threaten to overwhelm the grid. Here's how it can adapt"
5165:
5100:
5084:
5035:
5027:
4861:
4800:
4790:
4674:
4635:
4578:
4202:
4165:
4151:
4008:
3928:
3832:
3747:
3658:
3372:
2622:
2614:
2288:
2168:
2016:
1985:
1965:
1870:
1838:
1733:
1714:
1700:
1589:
1468:
1003:
995:
857:
849:
837:
821:
570:
565:
399:
384:
297:
272:
212:
98:
16771:
16265:
11989:"Americans don't hate living near solar and wind farms as much as you might think"
11472:"Radioactive waste standoff could slash high tech's supply of rare earth elements"
10154:
9414:
9413:
Data: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, and Ember Climate (3 November 2021).
8814:
8694:
The Green Jobs Advantage: How Climate-friendly Investments Are Better Job Creators
8193:
7318:"Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Biodiesel (Charts and Graphs Included!)"
3427:
Climate change mitigation Β§ Overviews, strategies and comparisons of measures
2445:
in large power cells. Most marine energy harvesting technologies are still at low
2077:. Bioethanol is usually produced by fermenting the sugar components of crops like
1821:, can yield considerable amounts of energy. Water can generate electricity with a
17778:
17688:
17673:
17539:
17504:
17313:
17027:
17002:
16870:
16860:
16530:
16392:
16342:
15066:
15061:
15019:
14630:
14611:
14525:
14292:
14207:
14063:
14053:
14038:
13996:
13901:
13851:
13802:
12711:
12679:
12631:
12618:
12598:
12412:
12379:
11903:
8556:
7982:
6512:
6497:
6024:
5821:
5031:
4872:
4147:
3828:
3766:
3518:
3461:
should be considered a form of renewable energy is an ongoing subject of debate.
3358:, along with investor interest in alternatives to fossil fuels. Policies such as
3355:
3302:
3033:
2528:
2500:, in which very large satellites with photovoltaic panels would be equipped with
2453:, South Korea, which produces around 550 gigawatt-hours of electricity per year.
2316:
2001:
1174:
1155:
1136:
1131:
1123:
902:
829:
322:
277:
207:
15249:
12348:
12255:"Attitudes of Communities in Rural Areas towards the Development of Wind Energy"
12035:
12011:
10568:
Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development
9963:
Aggregated energy balances showing proportion of renewables in supply and demand
9730:
8049:
7770:
5153:
5065:"The impact of human health co-benefits on evaluations of global climate policy"
4865:
4679:
4654:
4639:
2140:
can be converted into methane. There is also a great deal of research involving
17703:
17620:
17554:
17549:
17268:
17246:
17181:
17104:
16951:
16933:
16704:
16684:
16649:
15740:
15425:
15332:
15041:
15029:
14978:
14606:
14555:
14530:
14334:
14299:
14232:
14222:
14138:
14118:
14113:
14098:
14068:
14048:
14006:
13984:
13966:
13866:
13856:
13792:
12252:
11758:
11672:
11329:
11216:
11152:
11082:
10931:
10779:
10754:
10712:
10687:
9643:
9390:
Global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels, 2015-2023 (chart)
9123:
8758:
8733:
8269:
8253:
8228:
7955:
7574:
7488:
5628:
5129:
5088:
4805:
4697:
4583:
4558:
4428:
4400:
4123:
4067:
3967:
3813:
3619:
3615:
3588:
3359:
3307:
3198:
3107:
3048:
2640:
2566:
2284:
1814:
1496:
1228:
1190:
1163:
1066:
1019:
882:
864:
making them more competitive with traditional fossil fuels. In most countries,
801:
692:
665:
638:
606:
589:
468:
257:
227:
106:
11840:
10661:
10636:
10540:
10077:"Ethiopia's GERD dam: A potential boon for all, experts say β DW β 04/08/2023"
9711:
8953:
8712:/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Benefits/Renewable-Energy-Employment-by-Country
8600:
7647:
7087:
6837:"Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power | Union of Concerned Scientists"
6587:
6562:
6283:
4795:
4436:
4314:
3211:
Most developing countries have abundant renewable energy resources, including
2504:
transmitters to beam power back to terrestrial receivers. A 2024 study by the
2181:
1729:
1683:
its electricity demand while Ireland, Portugal and Spain each met nearly 20%.
1231:
is a more economical means of long-term renewable energy storage, in terms of
18100:
18008:
17733:
17718:
17713:
17698:
17519:
17473:
17231:
16689:
16654:
16540:
16206:
15923:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15420:
15402:
15322:
15297:
15155:
15009:
14850:
14654:
14513:
14473:
14437:
14393:
14319:
14282:
14200:
14123:
13891:
13886:
13839:
13819:
12872:
Renewables Global Futures Report: Great debates towards 100% renewable energy
12611:
12586:
12280:
12182:
12083:
12054:
11911:
11848:
11722:"CC BY 4.0 Deed | Attribution 4.0 International | Creative Commons"
11680:
11449:
11337:
11090:
10939:
10826:
10817:
10798:
10731:
10031:
9852:
9010:
8928:
8777:
8010:
7656:
7582:
7535:
7405:
7186:
7092:
6904:"The current status of hydropower development and dam construction in Norway"
6653:
6596:
6238:
6094:
6085:
5926:
5901:"Passive and Active Solar Systems in Eco-Architecture and Eco-Urban Planning"
5568:
5354:
5300:
5177:
5169:
5096:
5049:
4814:
4510:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton London New York: Taylor & Francis, CRC Press.
4177:
4033:
3944:
3458:
3384:
3272:
2392:
2356:
2133:
2022:
1818:
1722:
1476:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1320:
1084:
1038:
1030:
1015:
898:
874:
704:
670:
577:
560:
441:
431:
282:
102:
12950:
11785:"Solar panels are a pain to recycle. These companies are trying to fix that"
11649:"Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity"
11244:"Europe's energy crisis: Continent 'too reliant on gas,' says von der Leyen"
10849:"China is all in on green tech. The U.S. and Europe fear unfair competition"
9801:"Is REPowerEU the right energy policy recipe to move away from Russian gas?"
8353:
7397:
7035:
6644:
5530:
958:
17981:
17379:
17138:
17052:
16971:
16579:
16482:
16352:
16189:
16147:
16127:
15981:
15944:
15820:
15812:
15750:
15312:
15197:
15051:
14812:
14750:
14410:
14354:
14304:
14287:
14108:
13881:
13814:
11698:
11590:
11278:
11116:"EU countries look to Brussels for help with 'unprecedented' energy crisis"
10957:
10276:
9843:
9826:
9369:
Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.
8372:
7674:
7423:
6781:
6671:
5114:
4980:"European Commission analysing higher 45% renewable energy target for 2030"
4592:
4532:"Rapid rollout of clean technologies makes energy cheaper, not more costly"
4214:
4206:
4081:
4012:
3948:
3607:
3580:
3522:
3514:
3212:
2630:
2462:
into electricity. In theory, this technology can be used during nighttime.
2383:, as the technology is capital-intensive due to the high cost of drilling.
2121:
2099:
2070:
2046:
2027:
1997:
1855:
systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to
1737:
1709:
1650:
1423:
1261:
1140:
1135:
higher or lower than what renewables can provide. Both scenarios can cause
987:
805:
643:
528:
197:
162:
67:
11505:. the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv). Ecowatch
9775:"China's New Plan for Renewable Energy Development Focuses on Consumption"
8518:
Weinberg, A. M., and R. P. Hammond (1970). "Limits to the use of energy,"
7719:. 2020. Data Browser section, Electricity Generation by Source indicator.
7372:
Liu, Xinyu; Kwon, Hoyoung; Wang, Michael; OβConnor, Don (15 August 2023).
5518:
2085:, while biodiesel is mostly made from oils extracted from plants, such as
1069:
aims to generate 40% of its electricity from renewables by the same year.
17564:
17559:
17524:
17387:
16987:
16525:
16477:
16472:
16457:
16243:
16216:
16177:
16162:
16137:
15986:
15807:
15358:
15270:
15255:
14892:
14415:
14381:
14255:
14245:
14188:
14171:
14156:
14103:
14001:
13089:
10877:"In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?"
10789:
10671:
10637:"The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition"
10563:
9415:"Electricity consumption from fossil fuels, nuclear and renewables, 2020"
9313:"Energy Transition Investment Hit $ 500 Billion in 2020 β For First Time"
8768:
6229:
5040:
5008:"Are renewable energy sources more evenly distributed than fossil fuels?"
4655:"Sources of opposition to renewable energy projects in the United States"
4458:"Some Good News: 10 Countries Generate Almost 100% Renewable Electricity"
3997:
3952:
3940:
3910:
3891:
3682:
3603:
3568:
3538:
3530:
3489:
3291:
3256:
3194:
3085:
2613:
One of the efforts to decarbonize transportation is the increased use of
2476:
2438:
2430:
2198:
2094:
2086:
1874:
1852:
1492:
1265:
1208:
1204:
648:
523:
473:
436:
419:
404:
222:
94:
12754:. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). March 2024.
11618:"Mining for renewable energy could be another threat to the environment"
11413:"Deep Sea Mining May Start in 2023, but Environmental Questions Persist"
10722:
10217:
9976:"Developing Countries Lack Means To Acquire More Efficient Technologies"
7551:"Sweet sorghum-a promising alternative feedstock for biofuel production"
6058:
5917:
5900:
5898:
5589:
2315:. Geothermal energy extraction is viable mostly in countries located on
2019:
sources are unsustainable at current rates of exploitation (as of 2017).
17723:
17708:
17534:
17514:
16386:
16322:
16167:
16132:
15928:
15902:
15897:
15892:
15830:
15825:
15439:
15369:
15302:
15056:
14887:
14717:
14709:
14449:
14371:
14309:
14277:
14217:
13911:
12944:
12700:
12357:
12271:
12254:
10908:"The new oil? The geopolitics and international governance of hydrogen"
10052:"Africa Climate Summit - opportunities for harnessing renewable energy"
9084:"India to develop and build first indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vessel"
9002:
8986:
8572:
6219:
6194:
4767:
4169:
3936:
3665:
is "to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels." He said those blaming the
3561:
3534:
3474:
3216:
3118:
2647:
2422:
2406:
2304:
2141:
1989:
1878:
1846:
1718:
1704:
1561:
1488:
1212:
1200:
1167:
991:
949:
869:
813:
809:
658:
483:
478:
446:
409:
394:
177:
12869:
12045:
11503:"Africa's 'Mining Boom' Threatens More Than a Third of Its Great Apes"
10305:
9032:
7527:
6748:
3197:
energy, as these countries scale up their energy supplies and address
2008:
carbon emissions, although much less than fossil fuels (39 grams of CO
1118:
The two most important forms of renewable energy, solar and wind, are
17992:
17938:
17392:
17057:
16780:
16510:
16426:
16327:
16152:
16111:
15835:
15387:
14897:
14779:
14459:
14386:
14260:
14240:
14212:
14151:
12995:
12831:
12803:
12775:
12455:
12074:
11312:. Celebrating a decade of EIST: What's next for transition studies?.
10634:
8820:
7275:
6501:
5492:"What role is large-scale battery storage playing on the grid today?"
5346:
5006:
Overland, Indra; Juraev, Javlon; Vakulchuk, Roman (1 November 2022).
4878:
4614:
Lockwood, Matthew; Mitchell, Catherine; Hoggett, Richard (May 2020).
4432:
3986:
mentioned the end of fossil fuel in the concluding paragraphs of his
3983:
3979:
all the coal deposits of the earth have been exhausted and forgotten.
3895:
3809:
3716:
3677:
for contributing to the energy crisis. European Commission President
3592:
3416:
3121:
will be split equally between fossil and non-fossil sources by 2050.
3099:
2501:
2152:
2078:
2074:
1908:
1866:
1360:
1159:
908:
The deployment of renewable energy still faces obstacles, especially
853:
833:
817:
513:
493:
262:
172:
15261:
13198:
List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources
12544:
12111:"SΓ‘mi mount new challenge to legality of Norway's largest wind farm"
10905:
10813:"The transition to clean energy will mint new commodity superpowers"
10755:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"
9619:
8663:"Trump Is Foolish to Ignore the Flourishing Renewable Energy Sector"
8588:"'Artificial leaf' faces economic hurdle: Nature News & Comment"
8433:"Water vapor in the atmosphere may be prime renewable energy source"
6253:"Renewable Electricity Capacity And Generation Statistics June 2018"
5782:
5289:"AI and other tricks are bringing power lines into the 21st century"
4259:"Renewable Energy Now Accounts for a Third of Global Power Capacity"
4047:
2625:, less than 4% of transport energy is from renewables. Occasionally
1353:
1338:
Electricity, water heating, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (
740:
56:
17785:
16410:
16375:
16300:
16290:
16233:
14963:
14762:
14195:
14176:
14161:
13861:
11936:
The EIB Climate Survey 2021-2022 - Citizens call for green recovery
11529:
11212:"In Global Energy Crisis, Anti-Nuclear Chickens Come Home to Roost"
11184:
11120:
10332:
9564:. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 2023. p. 57.
7548:
7175:"Biofuels are meant to clean up flying's carbon crisis. They won't"
6409:
5611:
4104: β Gradual reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels
4004:
3960:
3956:
3863:
say countries should back renewable energy to fight climate change.
3859:
Most respondents to a climate survey conducted in 2021-2022 by the
3497:
3392:
including the United States, China, the European Union, and India.
3047:
The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as
2442:
2414:
2137:
2103:
2090:
1665:
1654:
1435:
913:
653:
538:
533:
187:
182:
152:
110:
47:
13165:
List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources
9527:"Majority of New Renewables Undercut Cheapest Fossil Fuel on Cost"
7878:"Electricity generation, capacity, and sales in the United States"
5062:
4061:
3504:
does not mention nuclear power in its "energy basics" definition.
1584:
17758:
17073:
16881:
16317:
16311:
16260:
16142:
16119:
14973:
14950:
14945:
14329:
13871:
12406:
German Energy Transition: Arguments for a Renewable Energy Future
9957: This article incorporates text published under the British
9731:"Report / 2023 / X-Change: Electricity / On track for disruption"
9239:. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 29 August 2023.
9204:
9110:"Mission Net-Zero: Charting the Path for E-fuels in the Military"
9057:
8984:
8329:"Harvesting renewable energy from Earth's mid-infrared emissions"
6901:
6461:"Electricity β from other renewable sources - The World Factbook"
6345:"'Eye of Sauron': The Dazzling Solar Tower in the Israeli Desert"
4984:
4075:
3785:
3781:
3755:
3511:
3462:
3376:
3224:
2618:
2536:
2532:
2059:
2040:
1993:
1969:
1865:
plants derive energy from rivers without the creation of a large
1679:
and high-altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.
1549:
1398:
1223:. Batteries are increasingly being deployed for storage and grid
675:
633:
369:
352:
15107:
12730:"2021 Electricity Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) Technologies"
11148:"European Energy Crisis Fuels Carbon Trading Expansion Concerns"
8554:
8306:"Major infrared breakthrough could lead to solar power at night"
7289:"Japan to create bio jet fuel supply chain in clean energy push"
6805:
Energy Technology Perspectives: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050
6192:
3399:
technologies and infrastructure. To meet the targets set in the
2012:
per megajoule of energy, compared to 75 g/MJ for fossil fuels).
17422:
16363:
16295:
16211:
16157:
15166:
14988:
14983:
14968:
14855:
13876:
13797:
13748:
11987:
Chiu, Allyson; Guskin, Emily; Clement, Scott (3 October 2023).
11526:"Climate change: Green energy plant threat to wilderness areas"
10328:"Putin promises gas to a Europe struggling with soaring prices"
9179:"Fast Growth for Copper-Based Geothermal Heating & Cooling"
7735:
6500:"Overall, the researchers calculated winds at 80 meters above
4742:
3789:
3774:
3759:
3751:
3631:
3584:
3576:
3135:
Shuaibah Two (2) Solar Facility in Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia
3114:
2239:
Global electricity power generation capacity annual growth rate
2063:
1763:
Global electricity power generation capacity annual growth rate
1623:
Global electricity power generation capacity annual growth rate
1521:
The first utility-scale solar power plant was built in 1982 in
1293:
Global electricity power generation capacity annual growth rate
793:
364:
11586:"Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity'"
11438:"The world needs more battery metals. Time to mine the seabed"
11275:"Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity'"
11035:"The Uncomfortable Geopolitics of the Clean Energy Transition"
10685:
9728:
9710:
Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (27 October 2022).
6542:
5976:
5320:
4891:
Kutscher, Charles F.; Milford, Jana B.; Kreith, Frank (2019).
3750:
and ensure renewable energy is sustainable. By 2040, recycled
3556:
1146:
In the medium-term, this variability may require keeping some
1130:
are usually able to produce precisely the amount of energy an
16337:
16280:
16270:
16223:
14678:
13238:
12487:
The Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Sustainable Living
12070:"UK's largest solar farm 'will destroy north Kent landscape'"
11712:
10444:"Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions"
8417:. Office of Technology, Policy and Strategy. Washington, DC:
8327:
Byrnes, Steven; Blanchard, Romain; Capasso, Federico (2014).
8043:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 205β225,
7223:"Biomass subsidies 'not fit for purpose', says Chatham House"
3899:
3780:
Due to co-occurrence of rare-earth and radioactive elements (
3643:
3639:
3599:
3572:
3431:
2421:. Technologies to harness the energy of moving water include
2379:
drilling. EGS projects have so far primarily been limited to
2147:
2082:
1890:
built in 1985 may be updated with "pump back" facilities for
1842:
1061:
and replacing them with low-emissions energy sources. At the
599:
16080:
12732:. United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2021.
12295:"Limits to growth: Resistance against wind power in Germany"
10564:"Chapter 7: Energy: Choices for Environment and Development"
9799:
Claeys, Bram; Rosenow, Jan; Anderson, Megan (27 June 2022).
9497:
8407:
7629:
Zhu, Liandong; Li, Zhaohua; Hiltunen, Erkki (28 June 2018).
7088:"FAQs β’ What is woody biomass, and where does it come from?"
5702:"Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022"
5687:. International Energy Agency (IEA). June 2023. p. 19.
5213:"Can U.S. phase out natural gas? Lessons from the Southeast"
3650:, to be at risk of instability due to dwindling oil income.
16305:
16275:
14250:
14183:
14166:
13834:
11813:
10441:
10241:"U.N. Secretary-General: Renewables Can End Energy Poverty"
9961:: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy,
8691:
8418:
5984:"Solar (photovoltaic) panel prices vs. cumulative capacity"
5151:
4506:
Ehrlich, Robert; Geller, Harold A.; Geller, Harold (2018).
3635:
3466:
2505:
2437:(RED) is a technology for generating electricity by mixing
2410:
1526:
1386:
1364:
824:
are also significant in some countries. Some also consider
697:
12322:
9382:"World Energy Investment 2023 / Overview and key findings"
9283:
9281:
8892:
8270:"Overview of Generation of Electricity using Tidal Energy"
7702:, p. 43. Note: Compound annual growth rate 2014-2023.
7032:, p. 30. Note: Compound annual growth rate 2014-2023.
6406:, p. 14. Note: Compound annual growth rate 2014-2023.
5802:"Data Page: Share of electricity generated by solar power"
5746:, p. 21. Note: Compound annual growth rate 2014-2023.
5678:"Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024"
4918:"Next-generation Climate Targets: A 5-Point Plan for NDCs"
3657:
In October 2021, European Commissioner for Climate Action
1404:
There are two mainstream ways of harnessing solar energy:
921:. In addition, although most renewable energy sources are
16285:
15234:
13717:
12612:"Power from Sunshine": A Business History of Solar Energy
11556:"Habitats Under Threat From Renewable Energy Development"
10361:"The EU releases its Green Deal. Here are the key points"
10195:
9421:. Our World in Data consolidated data from BP and Ember.
6808:. Paris: International Energy Agency. 2006. p. 124.
1938:
Global electricity generation capacity annual growth rate
901:
than fossil fuels, improving public health, and are less
12592:
bis der letzte Zentner fossilen Brennstoffs verglΓΌht ist
11180:"The Green Brief: East-West EU split again over climate"
9874:
9438:"Solar power got cheap. So why aren't we using it more?"
9338:. Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). p. Figure 1.
7598:"Turning cow waste into clean power on a national scale"
6902:
L. Lia; T. Jensen; K.E. Stensbyand; G. Holm; A.M. Ruud.
4915:
4652:
4119:
List of renewable energy topics by country and territory
3988:
Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus
3792:), rare-earth mining results in production of low-level
3317:
Many national, state and local governments have created
3243:
is projected to provide power to over a million people.
2266:
Dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power stations
2132:
of crops, rather than only the seed as is common today.
1506:
PV systems range from small, residential and commercial
1122:: they are not available constantly, resulting in lower
17963:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
11646:
10120:
9533:. International Renewable Energy Agency. 22 June 2021.
9278:
5005:
4613:
3618:, although electricity is projected to be the dominant
2629:
are used for heavy transport. Meanwhile, in the future
2401:
Aerial view of Sihwa Tidal Power Station in South Korea
1817:, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea
12210:"Is it possible to build wildlife-friendly windfarms?"
11718:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
10539:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Archived from
10232:
9511:. International Renewable Energy Agency. August 2023.
9327:
9305:
8636:"Renewable Energy Market Update - May 2022 β Analysis"
8326:
8179:
7974:
Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet
6007:"Swanson's Law and Making US Solar Scale Like Germany"
3703:
Rare-earth element Β§ Environmental considerations
3239:
incorporates wind turbines. Once completed, Morocco's
3132:
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in Duba, UAE
3128:
Massive Renewable Energy Projects in the Middle East:
840:
efficiently and is clean at the point of consumption.
10417:"Clean energy is boosting economic growth β Analysis"
10129:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?"
9798:
7705:
7054:
Scheck, Justin; Dugan, Ianthe Jeanne (23 July 2012).
6617:
4890:
4114:
List of countries by renewable electricity production
3510:(WCED) classified fission reactors that produce more
3496:, the organization however is silent on the recycled
3267:
Share of electricity production from renewables, 2022
1992:
to produce heat, or converted to a more energy-dense
1247:
Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by
12986:
12395:, Report of a DTI Global Watch Mission, October 2004
12393:
Co-operative Energy: Lessons from Denmark and Sweden
9965:, published 24 September 2020, accessed 12 July 2021
9908:"Top 5 renewable energy projects in the Middle East"
8268:
Warak, Pankaj; Goswami, Prerna (25 September 2020).
7681:
6175:. Deutsche Bank Markets Research. 27 February 2015.
5711:. International Energy Agency. May 2021. p. 8.
4029:
3939:, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since
3733:
cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
2565:
Artificial photosynthesis uses techniques including
2069:
Aside from wood, the major sources of bioenergy are
1979:
Electricity, heating, cooking, transportation fuels
1044:
952:, are generating an increasing share of electricity.
13104:
List of concentrating solar thermal power companies
12929:
10593:
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/geothermal.html
10483:"Renewable energy: Definitions from Dictionary.com"
10391:"Global landscape of renewable energy finance 2023"
10272:"UN calls for universal access to renewable energy"
9681:"Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2020"
9429:
9319:. (Bloomberg New Energy Finance). 19 January 2021.
9272:
9033:"Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change"
8792:"Renewables β Global Energy Review 2021 β Analysis"
8479:
7851:Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max (2023).
7371:
7011:
6937:"How Norway became Europe's biggest power exporter"
6385:
6343:Kingsley, Patrick; Elkayam, Amit (9 October 2022).
6162:
5948:"Global landscape of renewable energy finance 2023"
5725:
4505:
2456:
2223:Installed capacity and other key design parameters
1922:Installed capacity and other key design parameters
1747:Installed capacity and other key design parameters
1607:Installed capacity and other key design parameters
1277:Installed capacity and other key design parameters
12371:Department of Energy & Climate Change (2011).
12141:"Why do so many people in France hate wind farms?"
11980:
9709:
9406:
9384:. International Energy Agency (IEA). 25 May 2023.
9227:
9225:
8863:IEA, International Energy Agency (November 2023).
8732:Vakulchuk, Roman; Overland, Indra (1 April 2024).
7850:
7622:
7225:. Carbon Brief Ltd Β© 2020 - Company No. 07222041.
6560:
4427:
4306:
3769:. Minerals can be collected from new sources like
804:. The most widely used renewable energy types are
13015:List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom
12921:
12227:Spencer, Brian Kennedy and Alison (8 June 2021).
12010:van Zalk, John; Behrens, Paul (1 December 2018).
12003:
11986:
11310:Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions
10001:Global trends in renewable energy investment 2020
9256:
8731:
4840:Harjanne, Atte; Korhonen, Janne M. (April 2019).
4375:"Share of electricity production from renewables"
3138:NEOM Green Hydrogen Project in NEOM, Saudi Arabia
2601:
1162:from non-intermittent sources. In the long-term,
1154:on standby until there is enough energy storage,
18098:
13020:List of offshore wind farms in the United States
13010:List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom
12630:
11742:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
11500:
11359:
11357:
11355:
10688:"Reframing incentives for climate policy action"
9927:. WWF and World Resources Institute. July 2014.
9824:
9473:
9453:"Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Version 14.0"
8834:"Renewable Energy and Jobs β Annual Review 2020"
7931:
6749:"Net zero: International Hydropower Association"
6527:, p. 9. Note: Excludes pure pumped storage.
5323:"The sector coupling concept: A critical review"
4839:
4154:(2011). "Towards an electricity-powered world".
3166:large quantities of electricity, and industry".
2030:using wood to supply 30,000 households in France
1029:. Some non-renewable sources of energy, such as
885:, which is widely agreed to be caused mostly by
16443:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
13184:List of people associated with renewable energy
12009:
11724:. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017
11306:"MiningβThe dark side of the energy transition"
11304:MarΓn, Anabel; Goya, Daniel (1 December 2021).
11033:Ince, Matt; Sikorsky, Erin (13 December 2023).
10973:World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5Β°C Pathway
10185:"IRENA β International Renewable Energy Agency"
9519:
9222:
6624:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6342:
4559:"Why fossil fuel subsidies are so hard to kill"
4190:
4146:
3692:
1312:Utility-scale photovoltaics: USD 38.343 (2019)
1235:compared to pumped hydroelectric or batteries.
17987:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
12910:
11881:
11110:
11108:
9922:"Corporate Renewable Energy Buyers Principles"
9675:
9673:
9349:
9299:
9287:
9149:"Geothermal Heat Pumps - Department of Energy"
8886:
7462:
6506:Global Wind Map Shows Best Wind Farm Locations
5853:
3469:. Dictionary-sourced definitions of renewable
3141:Gulf of Suez Wind Power Project in Suez, Egypt
2362:
17089:
16595:
16096:
15182:
14694:
13733:
13224:
12972:
11352:
10442:International Energy Agency, IEA (May 2024).
9722:
9617:
9594:"Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?"
9374:
9107:
8493:. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from
8488:"Breeder reactors: A renewable energy source"
8227:Park, Eun Soo; Lee, Tai Sik (November 2021).
8142:Innovation Outlook: Ocean Energy Technologies
7628:
7214:
5955:International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5652:"Hydrogen is key to sustainable green energy"
5516:
5466:"Hydropower Special Market Report β Analysis"
5145:
4722:
4315:Renewables 2020 Analysis and forecast to 2025
3923:History of climate change policy and politics
2606:Some studies say that a global transition to
2573:
1915:Biomass (energy) Β§ Environmental impacts
1408:, which converts solar energy into heat; and
1063:2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference
832:. This has several benefits: electricity can
766:
16609:
13180:List of largest hydroelectric power stations
11032:
10512:"Renewable and Alternative Fuels Basics 101"
10149:
10147:
10126:
9112:. NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence.
8267:
8038:
7993:
7805:Dincer, Ibrahim; Ezzat, Muhammad F. (2018),
7347:crops are grown specifically for use as fuel
7206:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6620:"Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century"
5440:. International Energy Agency. p. 109.
4842:"Abandoning the concept of renewable energy"
4110: β Technologies to store thermal energy
4098: β Methods for higher energy efficiency
4092: β Decentralised electricity generation
3823:
2554:
2231:Global electricity power generation capacity
1755:Global electricity power generation capacity
1615:Global electricity power generation capacity
1285:Global electricity power generation capacity
1184:
1079:Climate change mitigation Β§ Co-benefits
12678:. Solarstartechnologies.com. Archived from
11933:Bank, European Investment (20 April 2022).
11105:
10306:REN21 Renewables Global Futures Report 2017
9670:
9141:
8945:Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals
8935:
8212:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7994:Duchane, Dave; Brown, Don (December 2002).
7804:
7123:. International Energy Agency. p. 10.
7053:
6284:https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022
3334:) by the year 2050 is the main goal of the
1211:) exceeds consumption, and returned to the
18058:
17096:
17082:
16602:
16588:
16103:
16089:
15189:
15175:
14701:
14687:
13740:
13726:
13231:
13217:
13193:List of renewable energy topics by country
13124:List of rooftop photovoltaic installations
13030:Lists of offshore wind farms by water area
12979:
12965:
12912:"Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019"
11501:Hemingway Jaynes, Cristen (4 April 2024).
10561:
9618:Heidari, Negin; Pearce, Joshua M. (2016).
9450:Chodosh's graphic is derived from data in
8821:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2021
8182:"Committee V.4: Offshore Renewable Energy"
7504:"Whatever happened to cellulosic ethanol?"
7276:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2011
7047:
5863:. International Energy Agency. p. 12.
5749:
5669:
4879:REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2010
3484:The most common fuel used in conventional
3451:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
3432:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
2485:
1600:Wind energy generation by region over time
1424:construction materials that can store heat
1238:
773:
759:
134:
17998:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
16448:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
13240:Renewable energy by country and territory
12449:
12415:, Heinrich BΓΆll Foundation, November 2012
12356:
12270:
12044:
12034:
11960:Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023).
11688:
11303:
11060:
10947:
10788:
10778:
10721:
10711:
10670:
10660:
10144:
9875:"DNV GL's Energy Transition Outlook 2018"
9842:
9558:Renewable Energy Generation Costs in 2022
8918:
8767:
8757:
8599:
8362:
8352:
8252:
8048:
7664:
7646:
7413:
6989:"New Transmission Line Reaches Milestone"
6661:
6643:
6586:
6245:
6228:
6218:
5916:
5854:Weiss, Werner; SpΓΆrk-DΓΌr, Monika (2023).
5610:
5104:
5039:
4804:
4794:
4750:"Electricity production by source, World"
4678:
4582:
4556:
2303:, as well as some leftover heat from the
1422:, orienting a building to the sun, using
1215:when production falls below consumption.
1170:can also help flatten supply and demand.
27:Energy collected from renewable resources
18026:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
16695:Environmentally healthy community design
12728:
11777:
11392:Springer Nature Sustainability Community
10846:
10752:
10562:Brundtland, Gro Harlem (20 March 1987).
10049:
9624:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
9333:
8708:"Renewable Energy Employment by Country"
8455:
7987:
7935:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
7741:
7555:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
7469:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
7220:
7113:
7041:
6548:
6415:
6282:IEA (2022), Renewables 2022, IEA, Paris
6278:
6276:
6274:
5788:
5599:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
5561:
4893:Principles of sustainable energy systems
4723:Isaacs-Thomas, Bella (1 December 2023).
3881:
3699:Environmental footprint of electric cars
3555:
3435:
3262:
3250:
3235:is one of the largest in the world. The
3191:Renewable energy in developing countries
3184:Renewable energy in developing countries
3071:
2396:
2338:
2295:, of which the most significant is slow
2204:
2192:
2180:
2146:
2112:
2021:
1728:
1708:
1595:
1583:
1569:
1463:
1397:electricity generation is influenced by
1242:
1109:
1100:
1022:, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
13075:List of wind farms in the United States
13025:Lists of offshore wind farms by country
12542:
12226:
11523:
10871:
10869:
10100:
9902:
9900:
9481:"Lazard LCOE Levelized Cost Of Energy+"
9435:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9252:
9250:
9197:
9050:
8661:Gunter, Linda Pentz (5 February 2017).
8548:
8226:
7967:
7965:
7853:"Data Page: Geothermal energy capacity"
7846:
7844:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7756:
7752:
7750:
7349:. BIOMASS Energy Centre. Archived from
7056:"Wood-Fired Plants Generate Violations"
6796:
6766:
6716:
5994:from the original on 29 September 2023.
5826:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
5261:
4455:
4126: β Application of renewable energy
3671:European Union Emissions Trading System
3193:is an increasingly used alternative to
3176:
2924:
2496:There have been numerous proposals for
2291:. It originates from several different
1401:, geographic location and time of day.
14:
18099:
17596:Corporate environmental responsibility
15746:Financial incentives for photovoltaics
14360:Integrated gasification combined cycle
13188:List of renewable energy organizations
12694:
12318:
12316:
12171:"America needs a new environmentalism"
12108:
11716:Text and images are available under a
11272:
10251:from the original on 28 September 2013
9205:"Renewables 2021 Global Status Report"
9108:Trakimavicius, Lukas (December 2023).
9058:"Renewables 2022 Global Status Report"
8660:
8475:from the original on 19 February 2013.
8096:
7910:U.S. Energy Information Administration
7883:U.S. Energy Information Administration
7595:
7501:
7378:Environmental Science & Technology
7315:
7311:
7309:
7221:Timperly, Jocelyn (23 February 2017).
7146:
7142:
7140:
6429:"Analysis of Wind Energy in the EU-25"
5649:
5210:
4977:
4953:"COP28: New deals and evasive tactics"
4752:. Our World in Data, crediting Ember.
4557:Timperley, Jocelyn (20 October 2021).
4350:(renewable energies): 44. 14 June 2019
3838:
3237:Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam project
2247:Share of global electricity generation
2177:Geothermal energy in the United States
1946:Share of global electricity generation
1930:Global electricity generation capacity
1771:Share of global electricity generation
1631:Share of global electricity generation
1514:installations, to large utility-scale
1301:Share of global electricity generation
826:nuclear power a renewable power source
268:List of low-energy building techniques
85:Examples of renewable energy options:
17077:
16583:
16084:
15170:
14682:
14404:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
14079:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
13721:
13212:
13175:Lists of hydroelectric power stations
12960:
12748:
12636:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels"
12443:
12207:
11002:"The Geopolitics Of Renewable Energy"
10978:International Renewable Energy Agency
10847:Shepherd, Christian (29 March 2024).
10606:"The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy"
10358:
10238:
10139:from the original on 15 January 2024.
10050:Kabintie, Winnie (5 September 2023).
9885:from the original on 23 November 2021
9469:from the original on 28 January 2021.
9448:from the original on 29 January 2021.
9425:from the original on 3 November 2021.
9334:Catsaros, Oktavia (26 January 2023).
9323:from the original on 19 January 2021.
8941:
8802:from the original on 23 November 2021
8387:"In bloom: growing algae for biofuel"
8150:International Renewable Energy Agency
7699:
7687:
7029:
7017:
6536:
6524:
6403:
6391:
6321:
6295:
6271:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5849:
5847:
5832:from the original on 18 November 2021
5743:
5731:
5211:Swartz, Kristi E. (8 December 2021).
4692:
4690:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4468:from the original on 17 November 2021
4456:Sensiba, Jennifer (28 October 2021).
4423:
4421:
3996:article: "in the far distant future,
3970:, commenting on the discovery of the
3816:". The authors assessed that careful
3799:
3681:said that Europe is "too reliant" on
3352:International Renewable Energy Agency
3280:International Renewable Energy Agency
3144:Al-Ajban Solar Park in Abu Dhabi, UAE
3117:, forecasts that the world's primary
3061:
2664:International Renewable Energy Agency
2520:with relative air humidity over 60%.
944:Renewable energy sources, especially
17969:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
16516:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
16063:
15131:
14637:
13160:List of books about renewable energy
13139:List of solar thermal power stations
12923:"Renewable Capacity Statistics 2020"
12834:Renewables 2021 Global Status Report
12806:Renewables 2011 Global Status Report
12778:Renewables 2010 Global Status Report
12494:from the original on 26 January 2013
12462:from the original on 12 January 2013
11999:from the original on 3 October 2023.
11959:
11932:
11795:from the original on 8 November 2021
11254:from the original on 24 October 2021
11224:from the original on 22 October 2021
11192:from the original on 20 October 2021
11160:from the original on 22 October 2021
11128:from the original on 21 October 2021
11063:Energy Research & Social Science
10912:Energy Research & Social Science
10887:from the original on 1 December 2020
10866:
10759:Energy Research & Social Science
10371:from the original on 23 October 2021
10359:Simon, FrΓ©dΓ©ric (12 December 2019).
10340:from the original on 23 October 2021
10269:
10127:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2021).
9897:
9581:from the original on 30 August 2023.
9515:from the original on 29 August 2023.
9493:from the original on 28 August 2024.
9261:
9247:
9243:from the original on 29 August 2023.
9159:from the original on 16 January 2016
9025:
8844:from the original on 6 December 2020
8738:Energy Research & Social Science
8673:from the original on 6 February 2017
8616:from the original on 1 December 2012
8585:
7971:International Energy Agency (2007).
7962:
7841:
7793:
7759:"Earth's Heat and Temperature Field"
7747:
7610:from the original on 29 January 2020
7229:from the original on 6 November 2020
6999:from the original on 3 February 2017
6778:International Hydropower Association
6717:Afework, Bethel (3 September 2018).
6471:from the original on 27 October 2021
6434:. European Wind Energy Association.
6421:
5718:from the original on 25 March 2023.
5454:from the original on 22 August 2021.
5139:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
4756:from the original on 2 October 2023.
4369:
4367:
4365:
4338:
4336:
4239:from the original on 29 January 2019
3890:Solar power plants may compete with
3552:Russia in the European energy sector
3502:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
3492:is "non-renewable" according to the
3106:, is expected to call for much more
3084:In June 2022 IEA Executive Director
2187:Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station
2158:
1849:(1984) built by Brazil and Paraguay.
14661:
14546:World energy supply and consumption
13114:List of photovoltaic power stations
12313:
11863:from the original on 21 August 2021
11628:from the original on 3 October 2020
11598:from the original on 6 October 2020
11469:
11385:
11285:from the original on 6 October 2020
10595:Geothermal Energy Production Waste.
9999:Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF.
9367:from the original on 28 June 2024.
8862:
7925:
7306:
7137:
6719:"Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity"
6554:
6322:Coren, Michael (13 February 2024).
6298:"Top 10: Largest Solar Power Parks"
6182:from the original on 30 March 2015.
6142:
5694:from the original on 11 July 2023.
5675:Source for data beginning in 2017:
5430:
5262:Roberts, David (30 November 2018).
5192:from the original on 4 October 2021
5127:
4312:
3661:suggested "the best answer" to the
2921:= 2018. All other values for 2019.
2639:makes an important contribution to
2617:(EVs). Despite that and the use of
1642:Land-based wind: USD 30.165 (2019)
1460:List of photovoltaic power stations
1053:, most countries have committed to
24:
17611:Environmental full-cost accounting
17103:
16832:waste-water treatment technologies
13144:People associated with solar power
13119:List of pioneering solar buildings
13080:List of wind turbine manufacturers
12931:"Renewable Energy Statistics 2020"
12878:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2017.
12840:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2021.
12812:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2011.
12784:. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. 2010.
12751:Renewable Capacity Statistics 2024
12524:from the original on 25 March 2017
11566:from the original on 27 March 2020
9737:from the original on 13 July 2023.
9685:Capacity4dev / European Commission
9537:from the original on 22 June 2021.
9388:from the original on 31 May 2023.
9363:. Bloomberg NEF. 30 January 2024.
9342:from the original on 22 May 2023.
9081:
8991:Energy & Environmental Science
8561:Energy & Environmental Science
8533:"There's Atomic Energy in Granite"
8111:10.1016/b978-0-08-102886-5.00020-7
8003:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
7819:10.1016/b978-0-12-809597-3.00313-8
7807:"3.6 Geothermal Energy Production"
7147:Loyola, Mario (23 November 2019).
6867:"Hydropower Special Market Report"
6729:from the original on 27 April 2019
6686:"DocHdl2OnPN-PRINTRDY-01tmpTarget"
6441:from the original on 12 March 2007
6373:from the original on 10 March 2020
6363:"Wind energy generation by region"
6035:from the original on 14 April 2011
5933:
5875:"Solar - Fuels & Technologies"
5844:
5408:. 16 December 2021. Archived from
4687:
4480:
4418:
4321:from the original on 26 April 2021
3646:, all countries with a history of
3233:Olkaria V Geothermal Power Station
2657:
2580:Renewable energy commercialization
2130:produced from the cellulosic parts
1219:accounts for more than 85% of all
25:
18138:
17545:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
16817:agricultural wastewater treatment
15857:Building-integrated photovoltaics
13170:List of geothermal power stations
13060:List of wind farms in New Zealand
12938:
12895:from the original on 12 June 2021
12857:from the original on 15 June 2021
12819:from the original on 10 July 2021
12791:from the original on 10 July 2021
12736:from the original on 18 July 2021
12549:Journal of the Franklin Institute
12373:UK Renewable Energy Roadmap (PDF)
12151:from the original on 25 July 2021
12121:from the original on 28 July 2020
12090:from the original on 20 June 2020
12067:
11482:from the original on 1 April 2020
11273:Thomas, Tobi (1 September 2020).
10616:from the original on 28 July 2020
10516:Energy Information Administration
10284:from the original on 8 April 2016
10165:from the original on 8 April 2019
9959:Open Government Licence
9934:from the original on 11 July 2021
9658:from the original on 28 July 2020
9486:. Lazard. June 2024. p. 16.
9124:"IEA SHC || Solar Heat Worldwide"
8485:
8020:from the original on 17 June 2010
7596:Howard, Brian (28 January 2020).
7068:from the original on 25 July 2021
6847:from the original on 15 July 2021
4362:
4333:
4269:from the original on 2 April 2019
3843:
3494:Energy Information Administration
2523:
1863:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
1495:, converts light into electrical
1139:to become overloaded, leading to
1072:
1055:net zero greenhouse gas emissions
1045:Role in addressing climate change
18057:
18046:
18045:
18015:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
16770:
16564:
16563:
16062:
16051:
16050:
15260:
15254:
15248:
15196:
15142:
15130:
15119:
15118:
15106:
14660:
14648:
14636:
14625:
14624:
13701:
13692:
13691:
13256:Democratic Republic of the Congo
12988:Lists of renewable energy topics
12668:
12624:
12605:
12579:
12536:
12506:
12474:
12418:
12398:
12385:
12365:
12287:
12246:
12220:
12201:
12163:
12133:
12102:
12061:
11953:
11926:
11875:
11807:
11751:
11711:
11640:
11610:
11578:
11548:
11536:from the original on 30 May 2020
11517:
11494:
11463:
11430:
11405:
11379:
11297:
11266:
11236:
11204:
11172:
11140:
11054:
11026:
10994:
10964:
10899:
10840:
10805:
10753:Overland, Indra (1 March 2019).
10746:
10679:
10628:
10598:
10586:
10529:
10475:
10471:Utah House Bill 430, Session 198
10435:
10409:
10383:
10352:
10320:
10311:
10263:
10202:
10177:
10101:Wanjala, Peter (22 April 2022).
10094:
10069:
10043:
10006:
9993:
9968:
9952:
9946:
9914:
9867:
9818:
9792:
9767:
9741:
9703:
9691:from the original on 11 May 2021
9611:
9586:
9549:
9444:. Infographics by Sara Chodosh.
9436:Chrobak, Ula (28 January 2021).
9293:
9171:
9116:
9101:
9075:
8978:
8856:
8826:
8784:
8725:
8700:
8685:
8654:
8628:
8579:
8539:
8525:
8512:
8443:from the original on 9 June 2020
8425:
8401:
8379:
8320:
8298:
8261:
8220:
8173:
8133:
8090:
8066:
8032:
7897:
7870:
7723:from the original on 7 June 2021
7693:
7589:
7542:
7495:
7456:
7430:
7365:
7335:
7281:
7241:
7166:
6917:from the original on 25 May 2017
6883:from the original on 7 July 2021
6143:Lee, Patrick (12 January 1990).
6055:"Solar Integrated in New Jersey"
5764:"Global Electricity Review 2024"
5699:β Source for data through 2016:
5650:LiptΓ‘k, BΓ©la (24 January 2022).
5564:"These batteries work from home"
5562:Heilweil, Rebecca (5 May 2022).
5377:"4 questions on sector coupling"
5131:Long-term wind power variability
4508:Renewable energy: a first course
4435:; Rosado, Pablo (January 2024).
4289:"2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+"
4229:"Global renewable energy trends"
4157:Energy and Environmental Science
4074:
4060:
4046:
4032:
3868:
3852:
3687:dependent on natural gas imports
3537:. The monitoring and storage of
3449:This section is an excerpt from
3182:This section is an excerpt from
3104:dependence on fossil Russian gas
3021:
3006:
2986:
2963:
2951:
2938:
2457:Earth infrared thermal radiation
2386:
2255:Levelized cost per megawatt hour
1954:Levelized cost per megawatt hour
1779:Levelized cost per megawatt hour
1639:Levelized cost per megawatt hour
1536:
1445:
1372:
1352:
1309:Levelized cost per megawatt hour
1090:
1049:As part of the global effort to
973:Lists of renewable energy topics
957:
937:
739:
726:
725:
203:Energy efficiency implementation
75:
66:
55:
46:
17601:Corporate social responsibility
17530:Ocean thermal energy conversion
17469:Community-supported agriculture
17154:Human impact on the environment
16898:List of energy storage projects
16822:industrial wastewater treatment
16675:Environmental impact assessment
16645:Environmental impact assessment
13109:List of photovoltaics companies
13040:List of wind farms in Australia
12567:from the original on 6 May 2021
12208:Hogan, Brianne (3 March 2020).
12109:McGwin, Kevin (20 April 2018).
11524:McGrath, Matt (25 March 2020).
10239:Leone, Steve (25 August 2011).
10194:. 2 August 2023. Archived from
9505:"Renewable Power Costs in 2022"
8468:. Argonne National Laboratory.
8282:10.1109/STPEC49749.2020.9297690
7316:Martin, Jeremy (22 June 2016).
7114:Pelkmans, Luc (November 2021).
7107:
7080:
7023:
6981:
6959:
6943:. 19 April 2021. Archived from
6929:
6895:
6859:
6829:
6741:
6710:
6678:
6611:
6530:
6518:
6491:Evaluation of global wind power
6483:
6453:
6397:
6355:
6336:
6315:
6289:
6186:
6136:
6108:
6073:
6047:
6017:
5999:
5957:. February 2023. Archived from
5892:
5867:
5814:
5794:
5737:
5643:
5583:
5555:
5510:
5484:
5458:
5424:
5394:
5369:
5314:
5281:
5255:
5230:
5204:
5121:
5056:
4999:
4971:
4945:
4909:
4884:
4833:
4821:from the original on 6 May 2021
4761:
4716:
4646:
4607:
4550:
4524:
4449:
3808:In 2020 scientists published a
1813:Since water is about 800 times
1255:
1217:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
459:Ocean thermal energy conversion
17841:Socially responsible marketing
14708:
13134:List of solar powered products
13099:Index of solar energy articles
13035:Lists of wind farms by country
10489:. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC
10270:Tran, Mark (2 November 2011).
8920:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273
8865:"World Energy Employment 2023"
8105:, Elsevier, pp. 431β445,
7813:, Elsevier, pp. 252β303,
7172:
6780:. 11 June 2021. Archived from
6057:. Jcwinnie.biz. Archived from
4978:Abnett, Kate (20 April 2022).
4393:
4281:
4251:
4221:
4194:Chemistry β A European Journal
4184:
4140:
3595:their remaining fossil fuels.
3545:
3486:nuclear fission power stations
3284:intergovernmental organization
3241:Ouarzazate Solar Power Station
2602:Usage by sector or application
2511:
2470:
13:
1:
18127:Bright green environmentalism
18032:Sustainable Development Goals
17836:Socially responsible business
16110:
15862:Passive solar building design
15288:Passive solar building design
15015:Blade element momentum theory
13065:List of wind farms in Romania
12543:Siemens, Werner (June 1885).
11470:Law, Yao-Hua (1 April 2019).
8194:10.3233/978-1-61499-864-8-193
7502:Kramer, David (1 July 2022).
6296:Ahmad, Mariam (30 May 2023).
4698:"Net Zero by 2050 β Analysis"
4133:
3442:Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant
3255:Deaths caused as a result of
3171:consumer green energy program
2419:ocean temperature differences
2299:of minerals contained in the
1694:
1555:
977:
846:controllable renewable energy
288:Passive solar building design
15005:2020s in wind power research
13070:List of wind farms in Sweden
13055:List of wind farms in Kosovo
13045:List of wind farms in Canada
12647:American Petroleum Institute
12561:10.1016/0016-0032(85)90176-0
11966:. European Investment Bank.
11939:. European Investment Bank.
11904:10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.063
9733:. Rocky Mountain Institute.
9396:World Energy Investment 2023
9037:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
7811:Comprehensive Energy Systems
6515:. Retrieved 30 January 2006.
6324:"Meet the other solar panel"
5327:WIREs Energy and Environment
5032:10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.046
4401:"Renewables - Energy System"
3765:A controversial approach is
3693:Metal and mineral extraction
1902:
1664:Electricity, pumping water (
1426:, and designing spaces that
7:
18112:Renewable energy technology
17861:Sustainability organization
17646:Standards and certification
17237:Social return on investment
16680:Environmental impact design
16546:Issues relating to biofuels
16536:Energy return on investment
15025:Energy return on investment
12951:Renewable Energy Conference
12589:of fossil fuel is burned" (
12349:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113257
12036:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023
11386:Ali, Saleem (2 June 2020).
9462:. Lazard. 19 October 2020.
8050:10.1007/978-3-030-71685-1_9
7771:10.1007/978-3-031-17867-2_6
7757:Clauser, Christoph (2024),
7717:International Energy Agency
7253:International Energy Agency
7044:, Other Technologies (EIA).
5128:Wan, Y. H. (January 2012).
4866:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.029
4771:"Global Carbon Budget 2019"
4680:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112922
4640:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111426
4536:International Energy Agency
4025:
3974:in the solid state, wrote:
3906:Community-owned wind energy
3312:residential energy upgrades
3207:International Energy Agency
2549:seawater uranium extraction
2447:technology readiness levels
2369:Enhanced geothermal systems
2363:Enhanced geothermal systems
2345:enhanced geothermal systems
2332:enhanced geothermal systems
2055:Issues relating to biofuels
1592:in Minnesota, United States
1158:, grid improvement, and/or
1120:intermittent energy sources
984:International Energy Agency
928:
891:International Energy Agency
798:renewable natural resources
746:Renewable energy portal
464:Renewable energy transition
10:
18143:
17286:Systemic change resistance
17038:High-performance buildings
15365:Photovoltaic power station
13747:
13050:List of wind farms in Iran
13005:List of onshore wind farms
12721:
11673:10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5
11330:10.1016/j.eist.2021.09.011
11083:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102311
10932:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101667
10780:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
10713:10.1038/s41560-021-00934-2
9644:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.025
9543:(with numerical data) and
8759:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103446
8567:(3). RSC Publishing: 695.
8254:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.006
8188:, IOS Press, p. 253,
7956:10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.033
7905:"Use of geothermal energy"
7763:Introduction to Geophysics
7635:Biotechnology for Biofuels
7575:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.066
7489:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.073
7149:"Stop the Ethanol Madness"
6774:"Hydropower Status Report"
5629:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112744
5089:10.1038/s41467-019-09499-x
4584:10.1038/d41586-021-02847-2
3955:, wind, in grain crushing
3920:
3916:
3696:
3549:
3448:
3424:
3410:
3406:
3345:
3296:Sustainable Energy for All
3181:
3065:
2577:
2574:Market and industry trends
2558:
2489:
2474:
2390:
2366:
2287:(heat) extracted from the
2162:
2044:
2038:
2034:
1912:
1906:
1698:
1559:
1540:
1516:photovoltaic power station
1449:
1383:photovoltaic power station
1259:
1227:and for domestic storage.
1188:
1094:
1076:
1057:. In practice, this means
970:
893:estimates that to achieve
800:that are replenished on a
29:
18041:
17952:
17889:
17661:
17588:
17497:
17464:Climate-smart agriculture
17449:
17421:
17378:
17332:
17299:
17172:
17129:
17111:
17033:Heat recovery ventilation
17018:Environmental remediation
16943:
16846:
16779:
16768:
16635:Climate smart agriculture
16617:
16559:
16521:Energy content of biofuel
16503:
16435:
16351:
16242:
16118:
16046:
16025:
15995:
15974:
15953:
15937:
15911:
15875:
15849:
15806:
15799:
15759:
15728:
15695:
15686:
15666:
15468:
15430:artificial photosynthesis
15411:
15378:
15321:
15278:
15269:
15246:
15227:
15204:
15100:
15072:Variable renewable energy
14997:
14936:
14908:
14811:
14778:
14716:
14620:
14594:
14470:
14350:Fossil fuel power station
14318:
14231:
14137:
14012:Electric potential energy
13977:
13957:Thermodynamic temperature
13937:Thermodynamic free energy
13932:Thermodynamic equilibrium
13778:
13755:
13687:
13656:
13620:
13584:
13507:
13399:
13392:
13299:
13246:
13152:
13088:
12994:
12147:. France. 7 August 2018.
11841:10.1038/s41560-020-0645-2
11277:. Nature Communications.
10662:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406
10537:"Renewable Energy Basics"
9393:β From pages 8 and 12 of
9275:PROD(GWh)/(CAP(GW)*8760h)
8954:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2
8942:Teske, Sven, ed. (2019).
8601:10.1038/nature.2012.10703
8097:Archer, Rosalind (2020),
7648:10.1186/s13068-018-1183-z
7173:UK, Maria Mellor, WIRED.
6588:10.1016/j.esr.2022.100939
6123:U.S. Department of Energy
5437:World Energy Outlook 2020
4796:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
4775:Earth System Science Data
3963:, a traditional biomass.
3829:Solar panels are recycled
3824:Recycling of solar panels
3675:closure of nuclear plants
3663:2021 global energy crisis
3421:Intermittent power source
3369:pumped storage hydropower
3246:
3159:World Resources Institute
3148:
2561:Artificial photosynthesis
2555:Artificial photosynthesis
2465:
2108:included in fuel mixtures
1185:Electrical energy storage
1097:Variable renewable energy
842:Variable renewable energy
308:Sustainable refurbishment
17606:Environmental accounting
17355:Sustainable architecture
17345:Environmental technology
17023:Glass in green buildings
16967:sustainable architecture
16611:Environmental technology
16495:Thermal depolymerization
16468:Industrial biotechnology
15966:Solar water disinfection
15460:Thermoelectric generator
15092:Wind resource assessment
14421:Concentrated solar power
12705:Clean Energy Trends 2009
12404:Morris C & Pehnt M,
9273:IRENA RE Statistics 2020
8642:. 11 May 2022. p. 5
8152:. 2020. pp. 51β52.
7093:Placer County Government
5170:10.1038/nenergy.2016.175
3861:European Investment Bank
3627:with new supply chains.
3527:renewable energy sources
3340:greenhouse gas emissions
3102:, the EU plan to escape
2999:Levelized cost of energy
2652:Renewable thermal energy
2349:concentrated solar power
2214:geothermal power station
2173:Renewable thermal energy
1440:concentrated solar power
1325:concentrated solar power
1128:fossil fuel power plants
1059:phasing out fossil fuels
887:greenhouse gas emissions
293:Sustainable architecture
248:Glass in green buildings
238:Environmental technology
168:Compact fluorescent lamp
91:molten salt heat storage
87:concentrated solar power
17479:Sustainable agriculture
16463:FischerβTropsch process
16453:Biomass heating systems
15674:Solar Shade Control Act
15455:Space-based solar power
13962:Volume (thermodynamics)
13942:Thermodynamic potential
13845:Massβenergy equivalence
13129:List of solar car teams
12617:10 October 2012 at the
12452:"The Discovery of Fire"
12378:10 October 2017 at the
11759:"Solar Panel Recycling"
10641:Energy Strategy Reviews
8411:Space-Based Solar Power
8354:10.1073/pnas.1402036111
7981:12 October 2009 at the
7398:10.1021/acs.est.2c08488
7061:The Wall Street Journal
6645:10.1073/pnas.1809426115
6567:Energy Strategy Reviews
6025:"Energy Sources: Solar"
5720:IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0
5531:10.1145/3469213.3471362
4054:Renewable energy portal
4020:global financial crisis
3413:Renewable energy debate
3306:and local levels. Some
2498:space-based solar power
2492:space-based solar power
2486:Space-based solar power
2435:Reverse electrodialysis
1452:Growth of photovoltaics
1428:naturally circulate air
1329:solar thermal collector
1270:Outline of solar energy
1239:Mainstream technologies
1152:dispatchable generation
848:sources include dammed
614:Human-powered transport
318:Tropical green building
253:Green building and wood
18022:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
17891:Sustainable management
17876:Urban drainage systems
17616:Environmental planning
17580:Water recycling shower
17570:Tidal stream generator
17365:Sustainable industries
17324:Sustainable population
17309:Demographic transition
17291:Tragedy of the commons
17013:Environmental movement
16710:Sustainability science
16700:Public interest design
16625:Appropriate technology
16038:Solar power by country
15713:Thermal energy storage
15338:Nanocrystal solar cell
15293:Solar air conditioning
15087:Wind profile power law
15082:Wind power forecasting
13917:Quantum thermodynamics
13907:Laws of thermodynamics
13788:Conservation of energy
12597:25 August 2018 at the
11560:technologynetworks.com
11417:The Maritime Executive
10487:Dictionary.com website
10245:Renewable Energy World
9844:10.1002/ente.202300275
9257:IRENA RE Capacity 2020
6116:"The History of Solar"
4933:Cite journal requires
4317:(Report). p. 12.
4207:10.1002/chem.201503580
4108:Thermal energy storage
4090:Distributed generation
3981:
3887:
3713:environmental conflict
3623:technologies requires
3564:
3445:
3268:
3260:
3094:five year plan to 2025
3077:
2932:Investment and sources
2402:
2305:formation of the Earth
2217:
2202:
2190:
2185:Steam rising from the
2155:
2125:
2031:
1741:
1726:
1601:
1593:
1581:
1480:
1456:Solar power by country
1252:
1148:gas-fired power plants
1115:
1107:
1008:electricity generation
710:Personal rapid transit
452:Tidal stream generator
313:Thermal energy storage
233:Environmental planning
17914:Humanistic capitalism
17729:Environmental finance
17370:Sustainable packaging
16892:hydrogen technologies
16806:Solid waste treatment
15919:Salt evaporation pond
15888:Hybrid solar lighting
15708:Phase-change material
15113:Wind power portal
14034:Interatomic potential
13825:Energy transformation
12710:18 March 2009 at the
12676:"History of PV Solar"
12518:faculty.fairfield.edu
11789:MIT Technology Review
11653:Nature Communications
8840:. 29 September 2020.
5069:Nature Communications
4102:Fossil fuel phase-out
3976:
3885:
3612:lithium-ion batteries
3559:
3525:) among conventional
3508:Brundtland Commission
3439:
3425:Further information:
3310:help plan or install
3266:
3254:
3075:
2608:100% renewable energy
2400:
2339:Emerging technologies
2325:geothermal heat pumps
2283:Geothermal energy is
2208:
2196:
2184:
2150:
2116:
2025:
1913:Further information:
1823:conversion efficiency
1732:
1712:
1599:
1587:
1573:
1566:Wind power by country
1467:
1246:
1113:
1104:
910:fossil fuel subsidies
554:Sustainable transport
499:Floating wind turbine
328:Zero heating building
243:Fossil fuel phase-out
97:in South Africa; the
30:For the journal, see
18122:Technological change
17881:Urban infrastructure
17575:Water heat recycling
17398:Conservation biology
17242:Steady-state economy
17217:Micro-sustainability
17202:Ecological footprint
17159:Planetary boundaries
17063:Water heat recycling
16993:Efficient energy use
16983:Conservation biology
16920:Sustainable lighting
16856:Efficient energy use
16670:Environmental Design
16640:Environmental design
15445:Solar thermal rocket
14918:Consulting companies
14726:Airborne wind energy
14482:Efficient energy use
14455:Airborne wind energy
14433:Solar thermal energy
14340:Electricity delivery
13952:Thermodynamic system
13897:Irreversible process
12426:"Energy Communities"
12411:3 April 2013 at the
11594:. 1 September 2020.
10980:. 2021. p. 24.
10883:. 30 November 2020.
10198:on 26 December 2010.
9779:www.fitchratings.com
8586:jobs (23 May 2012).
6286:, License: CC BY 4.0
6170:"Crossing the Chasm"
6029:Department of Energy
5857:Solar heat worldwide
4348:Global Status Report
4096:Efficient energy use
3771:polymetallic nodules
3737:lithium in Australia
3729:rare earths in China
3679:Ursula von der Leyen
3521:, and if developed,
3203:developing countries
3177:Developing countries
2925:Growth of renewables
2541:light water reactors
2518:low-income countries
2427:marine current power
2381:demonstration plants
2376:hydraulic fracturing
2263:Primary technologies
2197:Geothermal plant at
2118:Sugarcane plantation
1962:Primary technologies
1831:developing countries
1543:Solar thermal energy
1523:Hesperia, California
1501:photoelectric effect
1317:Primary technologies
1233:capital expenditures
1051:limit climate change
919:environmental damage
688:Personal transporter
583:Wind-powered vehicle
427:Marine current power
333:Zero-energy building
193:Efficient energy use
17982:Earth Summit (1992)
17636:Metrics and indices
17489:Sustainable fishery
17408:Holocene extinction
17227:Product stewardship
17197:Earth Overshoot Day
17048:Nature conservation
17043:Land rehabilitation
16998:Energy conservation
16887:carbon-neutral fuel
16795:dispersion modeling
16551:Sustainable biofuel
16013:Solar water heating
15787:Solar water heating
15703:Grid energy storage
15450:Solar updraft tower
15359:Photovoltaic module
15354:Photovoltaic effect
15308:Solar water heating
15147:Additional portals:
15077:Virtual power plant
14910:Wind power industry
14788:Lists of wind farms
14504:Energy conservation
14426:Photovoltaic system
14399:Nuclear power plant
14084:Quantum fluctuation
13947:Thermodynamic state
13922:Thermal equilibrium
12514:"Geothermal Energy"
12341:2022EnPol.17113257H
12233:Pew Research Center
12027:2018EnPol.123...83V
11993:The Washington Post
11896:2019REne..133.1188D
11833:2020NatEn...5..502H
11665:2020NatCo..11.4174S
11322:2021EIST...41...86M
11250:. 20 October 2021.
11188:. 20 October 2021.
11075:2021ERSS...8202311K
10924:2020ERSS...7001667V
10853:The Washington Post
10771:2019ERSS...49...36O
10704:2021NatEn...6.1133M
10653:2019EneSR..2600406O
10336:. 13 October 2021.
9636:2016RSERv..55..899H
9300:IRENA RE Costs 2020
9288:IRENA RE Costs 2020
8911:2021ApEn..28316273B
8750:2024ERSS..11003446V
8555:Faunce, Thomas A.;
8345:2014PNAS..111.3927B
8276:. IEEE. p. 3.
8245:2021EnRep...7.4681P
8099:"Geothermal Energy"
7977:(PDF), OECD, p. 3.
7948:2017RSERv..71...12H
7567:2018RSERv..82.4070A
7520:2022PhT....75g..22K
7481:2018RSERv..82.2387Q
7390:2023EnST...5711814L
7384:(32): 11814β11822.
6636:2018PNAS..11511891M
6630:(47): 11891β11898.
6579:2022EneSR..4300939A
6511:24 May 2005 at the
6496:25 May 2008 at the
6329:The Washington Post
6259:on 28 November 2018
6211:2022RemS...15..210R
6013:. 24 November 2014.
5918:10.3390/app12063095
5828:. 27 October 2021.
5791:, Utility-Scale PV.
5621:2022RSERv.16812744S
5496:Energy Storage News
5339:2021WIREE..10E.396R
5081:2019NatCo..10.2095S
5024:2022REne..200..379O
4858:2019EnPol.127..330H
4806:20.500.11850/385668
4787:2019ESSD...11.1783F
4671:2022EnPol.16512922S
4632:2020EnPol.14011426L
4575:2021Natur.598..403T
3993:Scientific American
3972:photovoltaic effect
3839:Society and culture
3725:nickel in Indonesia
3667:European Green Deal
3625:rare-earth elements
3517:than they consume (
3471:energy technologies
3336:European Green Deal
2637:Solar water heating
2627:hydrogen fuel cells
2596:solar photovoltaics
2051:Sustainable biofuel
1957:USD 118.908 (2019)
1512:building integrated
1485:photovoltaic system
1477:solar photovoltaics
1195:Grid energy storage
878:renewable sources.
375:Carbon-neutral fuel
303:Sustainable habitat
158:Building insulation
146:Energy conservation
122:Part of a series on
18117:Low-carbon economy
17441:Sustainable energy
17403:Endangered species
17360:Sustainable design
17274:Consumer behaviour
16866:Energy development
16848:Sustainable energy
16837:water purification
16801:Industrial ecology
15841:Solar-powered pump
15435:Solar-pumped laser
15348:Photovoltaic array
15343:Organic solar cell
15326:and related topics
14541:Sustainable energy
14519:Energy development
14509:Energy consumption
14345:Energy engineering
12682:on 6 December 2013
12430:Nordic Cooperation
12272:10.3390/en14238052
11220:. 8 October 2021.
11156:. 6 October 2021.
11124:. 6 October 2021.
11014:on 4 February 2020
10543:on 11 January 2008
10397:. 22 February 2023
10210:"IRENA Membership"
10107:Constructionreview
9419:OurWorldInData.org
9088:The Economic Times
9003:10.1039/D2EE00722C
8573:10.1039/C3EE00063J
8535:. 8 February 2013.
8500:on 14 January 2013
8486:Cohen, Bernard L.
7913:. 22 November 2023
6876:. pp. 34β36.
6753:www.hydropower.org
6698:on 9 November 2018
6418:, Land-Based Wind.
6349:The New York Times
6220:10.3390/rs15010210
5988:OurWorldInData.org
5822:"Renewable Energy"
4959:. 19 December 2023
4437:"Renewable Energy"
4170:10.1039/c1ee01249e
4040:Environment portal
3888:
3818:strategic planning
3800:Conservation areas
3739:. China dominates
3565:
3446:
3401:Net Zero Emissions
3332:net zero emissions
3328:Climate neutrality
3269:
3261:
3078:
3062:Future projections
3038:economies of scale
2708:Av. auction prices
2403:
2353:cellulosic ethanol
2258:USD 58.257 (2019)
2218:
2203:
2191:
2156:
2126:
2032:
1896:dispatchable power
1787:Primary technology
1782:USD 65.581 (2019)
1758:1,267.9 GW (2023)
1742:
1727:
1647:Primary technology
1602:
1594:
1582:
1481:
1399:weather conditions
1253:
1249:solar photovoltaic
1225:ancillary services
1221:grid power storage
1116:
1108:
1035:sustainable energy
946:solar photovoltaic
895:net zero emissions
866:photovoltaic solar
390:Geothermal heating
218:Energy saving lamp
128:Sustainable energy
18094:
18093:
18020:Earth Summit 2002
18003:Lisbon Principles
17975:Our Common Future
17653:Sustainable yield
17459:Civic agriculture
17212:Green consumption
17149:Global governance
17071:
17070:
16908:commercialization
16577:
16576:
16490:Sabatier reaction
16078:
16077:
16021:
16020:
16003:Solar combisystem
15961:Soil solarization
15867:Urban heat island
15795:
15794:
15767:Electric aircraft
15682:
15681:
15398:Solar power tower
15164:
15163:
14756:on public display
14676:
14675:
14443:Solar power tower
14089:Quantum potential
13927:Thermal reservoir
13830:Energy transition
13715:
13714:
13580:
13579:
13206:
13205:
12885:978-3-9818107-4-5
12847:978-3-948393-03-8
12761:978-92-9260-587-2
12643:Shell Oil Company
12299:Clean Energy Wire
12068:Leake, Jonathan.
11973:978-92-861-5535-2
11946:978-92-861-5223-8
11562:. 27 March 2020.
11367:. IEA. 5 May 2021
10987:978-92-9260-334-2
10698:(12): 1133β1143.
10365:Climate Home News
10133:Our World in Data
9831:Energy Technology
9716:Our World in Data
9598:Our World in Data
9571:978-92-9260-544-5
8963:978-3-030-05842-5
8339:(11): 3927β3932.
8291:978-1-7281-8873-7
8169:on 20 March 2024.
8159:978-92-9260-287-1
8120:978-0-08-102886-5
8086:on 27 March 2015.
8060:978-3-030-71684-4
8041:Geothermal Energy
7857:Our World in Data
7828:978-0-12-814925-6
7780:978-3-031-17866-5
7528:10.1063/PT.3.5036
7278:, pp. 13β14.
7130:978-1-910154-93-9
6969:. 17 January 2022
6367:Our World in Data
6302:energydigital.com
6149:Los Angeles Times
5807:Our World in Data
5540:978-1-4503-9020-0
5447:978-92-64-44923-7
4902:978-1-4987-8892-2
4569:(7881): 403β405.
4517:978-1-138-29738-8
4442:Our World in Data
4379:Our World in Data
4344:"Renewables 2022"
4233:Deloitte Insights
4152:Balzani, Vincenzo
3894:, while on-shore
3794:radioactive waste
3743:of all of these.
3288:capacity building
3221:geothermal energy
3068:Energy transition
2919:
2918:
2615:electric vehicles
2545:radioactive waste
2297:radioactive decay
2281:
2280:
2271:Main applications
2242:3.4% (2014-2023)
2165:Geothermal energy
2159:Geothermal energy
2028:CHP power station
1983:
1982:
1976:Main applications
1941:5.8% (2014-2023)
1811:
1810:
1797:Main applications
1766:1.9% (2014-2023)
1672:
1671:
1661:Main applications
1618:1017.2 GW (2023)
1531:Golmud Solar Park
1359:A small, rooftop
1346:
1345:
1335:Main applications
1288:1419.0 GW (2023)
1137:electricity grids
1027:low-carbon energy
783:
782:
380:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
18134:
18107:Renewable energy
18061:
18060:
18049:
18048:
17993:Agenda 21 (1992)
17964:
17929:Natural resource
17816:Organic movement
17791:Impact investing
17510:Hydroelectricity
17484:Sustainable diet
17436:Renewable energy
17431:Carbon footprint
17413:Invasive species
17350:Natural building
17301:World population
17262:Marketing myopia
17222:Over-consumption
17192:Circular economy
17187:Anti-consumerism
17144:Environmentalism
17098:
17091:
17084:
17075:
17074:
17008:Energy recycling
16929:electric vehicle
16903:Renewable energy
16877:alternative fuel
16827:sewage treatment
16811:Waste management
16774:
16665:Energy recycling
16660:Electric vehicle
16630:Clean technology
16604:
16597:
16590:
16581:
16580:
16567:
16566:
16411:Pongamia pinnata
16105:
16098:
16091:
16082:
16081:
16066:
16065:
16054:
16053:
16008:Solar controller
15804:
15803:
15693:
15692:
15393:Parabolic trough
15276:
15275:
15264:
15258:
15252:
15240:Solar irradiance
15191:
15184:
15177:
15168:
15167:
15151:Renewable energy
15146:
15134:
15133:
15122:
15121:
15111:
15110:
14957:GE Offshore Wind
14703:
14696:
14689:
14680:
14679:
14664:
14663:
14652:
14640:
14639:
14628:
14627:
14602:Carbon footprint
14536:Renewable energy
14377:Hydroelectricity
14367:Geothermal power
13810:Energy condition
13742:
13735:
13728:
13719:
13718:
13705:
13695:
13694:
13638:French Polynesia
13397:
13396:
13233:
13226:
13219:
13210:
13209:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12958:
12957:
12934:
12926:
12918:
12916:
12904:
12902:
12900:
12894:
12877:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12856:
12839:
12828:
12826:
12824:
12818:
12811:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12790:
12783:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12745:
12743:
12741:
12715:
12698:
12692:
12691:
12689:
12687:
12672:
12666:
12665:
12663:
12661:
12655:
12649:. Archived from
12640:
12632:Hubbert, M. King
12628:
12622:
12609:
12603:
12583:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12572:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12529:
12510:
12504:
12503:
12501:
12499:
12478:
12472:
12471:
12469:
12467:
12447:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12436:
12422:
12416:
12402:
12396:
12389:
12383:
12369:
12363:
12362:
12360:
12320:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12306:
12291:
12285:
12284:
12274:
12250:
12244:
12243:
12241:
12239:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12205:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12189:on 29 April 2024
12185:. Archived from
12167:
12161:
12160:
12158:
12156:
12137:
12131:
12130:
12128:
12126:
12106:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12095:
12065:
12059:
12058:
12048:
12038:
12007:
12001:
12000:
11984:
11978:
11977:
11957:
11951:
11950:
11930:
11924:
11923:
11884:Renewable Energy
11879:
11873:
11872:
11870:
11868:
11811:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11800:
11781:
11775:
11774:
11772:
11770:
11765:. 23 August 2021
11755:
11749:
11747:
11741:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11715:
11710:
11692:
11644:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11614:
11608:
11607:
11605:
11603:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11571:
11552:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11521:
11515:
11514:
11512:
11510:
11498:
11492:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11434:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11409:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11361:
11350:
11349:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11292:
11290:
11270:
11264:
11263:
11261:
11259:
11240:
11234:
11233:
11231:
11229:
11208:
11202:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11176:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11112:
11103:
11102:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11047:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11019:
11013:
11006:
10998:
10992:
10991:
10968:
10962:
10961:
10951:
10903:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10892:
10873:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10844:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10833:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10792:
10782:
10750:
10744:
10743:
10725:
10715:
10683:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10664:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10602:
10596:
10590:
10584:
10583:
10577:
10575:
10559:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10548:
10533:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10508:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10479:
10473:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10448:
10439:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10404:
10402:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10324:
10318:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10294:
10293:
10291:
10289:
10267:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10236:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10225:
10216:. Archived from
10214:/irenamembership
10206:
10200:
10199:
10189:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10151:
10142:
10140:
10124:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10098:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10062:
10047:
10041:
10035:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10024:
10010:
10004:
9997:
9991:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9972:
9966:
9956:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9933:
9926:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9904:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9871:
9865:
9864:
9846:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9811:
9805:www.euractiv.com
9796:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9771:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9707:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9677:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9615:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9590:
9584:
9582:
9580:
9563:
9553:
9547:
9538:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9492:
9485:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9457:
9449:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9410:
9404:
9392:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9285:
9276:
9270:
9259:
9254:
9245:
9244:
9229:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9185:on 26 April 2019
9181:. Archived from
9175:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9164:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9029:
9023:
9022:
8997:(8): 3343β3359.
8982:
8976:
8975:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8922:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8869:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8830:
8824:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8771:
8761:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8603:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8557:Lubitz, Wolfgang
8552:
8546:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8529:
8523:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8499:
8492:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8467:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8416:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8389:. 9 October 2008
8383:
8377:
8376:
8366:
8356:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8211:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8162:. Archived from
8147:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8079:. Archived from
8078:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8052:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8019:
8000:
7991:
7985:
7969:
7960:
7959:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7848:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7802:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7754:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7668:
7650:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7417:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7353:on 10 March 2013
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7205:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7122:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6941:Power Technology
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6908:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6882:
6871:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6723:Energy Education
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6697:
6691:. Archived from
6690:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6647:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6590:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6293:
6287:
6280:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6255:. Archived from
6249:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6222:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6174:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6120:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5964:on 21 March 2024
5963:
5952:
5944:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5905:Applied Sciences
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5760:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5706:
5698:
5693:
5682:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5614:
5596:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5347:10.1002/wene.396
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5043:
5012:Renewable Energy
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4808:
4798:
4781:(4): 1783β1838.
4765:
4759:
4757:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4503:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4371:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4265:. 2 April 2019.
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4164:(9): 3193β3222.
4148:Armaroli, Nicola
4144:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4009:depletion of oil
3872:
3856:
3833:electronic waste
3748:circular economy
3659:Frans Timmermans
3519:breeder reactors
3479:within the Earth
3308:public utilities
3025:
3010:
2990:
2967:
2955:
2942:
2713:Cost development
2669:
2668:
2529:Breeder reactors
2301:Earth's interior
2220:
2219:
2201:, California, US
2169:Geothermal power
2151:A bus fueled by
1933:150.3 GW (2023)
1919:
1918:
1871:Chief Joseph Dam
1858:
1839:Three Gorges Dam
1837:of them are the
1806:mechanical power
1744:
1743:
1734:Three Gorges Dam
1715:Three Gorges Dam
1701:Hydroelectricity
1626:13% (2014-2023)
1604:
1603:
1590:Fenton Wind Farm
1487:, consisting of
1376:
1356:
1296:25% (2014-2023)
1274:
1273:
1132:electricity grid
1124:capacity factors
996:hydroelectricity
961:
941:
925:, some are not.
858:geothermal power
850:hydroelectricity
822:geothermal power
786:Renewable energy
775:
768:
761:
748:
744:
743:
734:
729:
728:
566:Electric vehicle
415:Run-of-the-river
400:Hydroelectricity
385:Geothermal power
346:Renewable energy
298:Sustainable city
273:Low-energy house
213:Energy recycling
138:
119:
118:
99:Three Gorges Dam
79:
70:
59:
50:
33:Renewable Energy
21:
18142:
18141:
18137:
18136:
18135:
18133:
18132:
18131:
18097:
18096:
18095:
18090:
18037:
17962:
17954:
17953:Agreements and
17948:
17885:
17689:Climate finance
17657:
17584:
17540:Reclaimed water
17493:
17445:
17417:
17374:
17328:
17314:Family planning
17295:
17168:
17125:
17107:
17102:
17072:
17067:
17028:Green computing
17003:Energy recovery
16939:
16871:Energy recovery
16861:Electrification
16842:
16788:Air pollution (
16775:
16766:
16613:
16608:
16578:
16573:
16555:
16531:Energy forestry
16499:
16431:
16393:Jatropha curcas
16354:
16347:
16255:Camelina sativa
16245:
16238:
16114:
16109:
16079:
16074:
16042:
16017:
15991:
15970:
15949:
15933:
15907:
15871:
15845:
15810:
15791:
15755:
15724:
15688:
15678:
15662:
15464:
15413:
15407:
15374:
15325:
15317:
15265:
15259:
15253:
15244:
15223:
15200:
15195:
15165:
15160:
15105:
15096:
15067:Tip-speed ratio
15062:Net energy gain
15020:Capacity factor
14993:
14932:
14904:
14807:
14793:Community-owned
14774:
14712:
14707:
14677:
14672:
14616:
14612:Waste-to-energy
14590:
14526:Energy security
14472:
14466:
14322:
14314:
14293:Natural uranium
14227:
14208:Mechanical wave
14139:Energy carriers
14133:
13973:
13902:Isolated system
13780:
13774:
13751:
13746:
13716:
13711:
13683:
13652:
13616:
13576:
13503:
13388:
13295:
13242:
13237:
13207:
13202:
13148:
13084:
12990:
12985:
12941:
12914:
12907:
12898:
12896:
12892:
12886:
12875:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12848:
12837:
12822:
12820:
12816:
12809:
12794:
12792:
12788:
12781:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12739:
12737:
12724:
12719:
12718:
12712:Wayback Machine
12699:
12695:
12685:
12683:
12674:
12673:
12669:
12659:
12657:
12653:
12638:
12629:
12625:
12619:Wayback Machine
12610:
12606:
12599:Wayback Machine
12584:
12580:
12570:
12568:
12541:
12537:
12527:
12525:
12512:
12511:
12507:
12497:
12495:
12480:
12479:
12475:
12465:
12463:
12450:K. Kris Hirst.
12448:
12444:
12434:
12432:
12424:
12423:
12419:
12413:Wayback Machine
12403:
12399:
12390:
12386:
12380:Wayback Machine
12370:
12366:
12321:
12314:
12304:
12302:
12293:
12292:
12288:
12251:
12247:
12237:
12235:
12225:
12221:
12206:
12202:
12192:
12190:
12169:
12168:
12164:
12154:
12152:
12139:
12138:
12134:
12124:
12122:
12107:
12103:
12093:
12091:
12066:
12062:
12008:
12004:
11985:
11981:
11974:
11958:
11954:
11947:
11931:
11927:
11880:
11876:
11866:
11864:
11812:
11808:
11798:
11796:
11783:
11782:
11778:
11768:
11766:
11757:
11756:
11752:
11735:
11734:
11727:
11725:
11720:
11645:
11641:
11631:
11629:
11616:
11615:
11611:
11601:
11599:
11584:
11583:
11579:
11569:
11567:
11554:
11553:
11549:
11539:
11537:
11522:
11518:
11508:
11506:
11499:
11495:
11485:
11483:
11468:
11464:
11454:
11452:
11436:
11435:
11431:
11421:
11419:
11411:
11410:
11406:
11396:
11394:
11384:
11380:
11370:
11368:
11363:
11362:
11353:
11302:
11298:
11288:
11286:
11271:
11267:
11257:
11255:
11242:
11241:
11237:
11227:
11225:
11210:
11209:
11205:
11195:
11193:
11178:
11177:
11173:
11163:
11161:
11146:
11145:
11141:
11131:
11129:
11114:
11113:
11106:
11059:
11055:
11045:
11043:
11031:
11027:
11017:
11015:
11011:
11004:
11000:
10999:
10995:
10988:
10970:
10969:
10965:
10904:
10900:
10890:
10888:
10875:
10874:
10867:
10857:
10855:
10845:
10841:
10831:
10829:
10811:
10810:
10806:
10751:
10747:
10684:
10680:
10633:
10629:
10619:
10617:
10604:
10603:
10599:
10591:
10587:
10573:
10571:
10560:
10556:
10546:
10544:
10535:
10534:
10530:
10520:
10518:
10510:
10509:
10502:
10492:
10490:
10481:
10480:
10476:
10469:
10465:
10455:
10453:
10446:
10440:
10436:
10426:
10424:
10423:. 18 April 2024
10415:
10414:
10410:
10400:
10398:
10389:
10388:
10384:
10374:
10372:
10357:
10353:
10343:
10341:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10316:
10312:
10304:
10297:
10287:
10285:
10268:
10264:
10254:
10252:
10237:
10233:
10223:
10221:
10220:on 6 April 2019
10208:
10207:
10203:
10187:
10183:
10182:
10178:
10168:
10166:
10153:
10152:
10145:
10125:
10121:
10111:
10109:
10099:
10095:
10085:
10083:
10075:
10074:
10070:
10060:
10058:
10056:The Kenya Forum
10048:
10044:
10036:
10032:
10022:
10020:
10012:
10011:
10007:
9998:
9994:
9984:
9982:
9974:
9973:
9969:
9951:
9947:
9937:
9935:
9931:
9924:
9920:
9919:
9915:
9906:
9905:
9898:
9888:
9886:
9873:
9872:
9868:
9823:
9819:
9809:
9807:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9781:
9773:
9772:
9768:
9758:
9756:
9747:
9746:
9742:
9727:
9723:
9708:
9704:
9694:
9692:
9679:
9678:
9671:
9661:
9659:
9616:
9612:
9602:
9600:
9592:
9591:
9587:
9578:
9572:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9550:
9545:archive thereof
9525:
9524:
9520:
9503:
9502:
9498:
9490:
9483:
9479:
9478:
9474:
9466:
9455:
9451:
9442:Popular Science
9434:
9430:
9411:
9407:
9380:
9379:
9375:
9355:
9354:
9350:
9332:
9328:
9311:
9310:
9306:
9298:
9294:
9286:
9279:
9271:
9262:
9255:
9248:
9231:
9230:
9223:
9213:
9211:
9203:
9202:
9198:
9188:
9186:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9162:
9160:
9147:
9146:
9142:
9132:
9130:
9128:www.iea-shc.org
9122:
9121:
9117:
9106:
9102:
9092:
9090:
9082:Mishra, Twesh.
9080:
9076:
9066:
9064:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9041:
9039:
9031:
9030:
9026:
8983:
8979:
8964:
8940:
8936:
8891:
8887:
8877:
8875:
8867:
8861:
8857:
8847:
8845:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8803:
8790:
8789:
8785:
8730:
8726:
8716:
8714:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8690:
8686:
8676:
8674:
8659:
8655:
8645:
8643:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8619:
8617:
8584:
8580:
8553:
8549:
8544:
8540:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8517:
8513:
8503:
8501:
8497:
8490:
8484:
8480:
8472:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8414:
8406:
8402:
8392:
8390:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8325:
8321:
8311:
8309:
8304:
8303:
8299:
8292:
8266:
8262:
8225:
8221:
8205:
8204:
8198:
8196:
8178:
8174:
8166:
8160:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8095:
8091:
8083:
8076:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8037:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8017:
7998:
7992:
7988:
7983:Wayback Machine
7970:
7963:
7930:
7926:
7916:
7914:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7861:
7859:
7849:
7842:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7803:
7794:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7755:
7748:
7740:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7711:
7710:
7706:
7698:
7694:
7686:
7682:
7627:
7623:
7613:
7611:
7594:
7590:
7547:
7543:
7500:
7496:
7461:
7457:
7447:
7445:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7326:
7324:
7314:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7274:
7267:
7257:
7255:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7232:
7230:
7219:
7215:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7189:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7145:
7138:
7131:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7098:
7096:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7071:
7069:
7052:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7002:
7000:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6950:
6948:
6947:on 27 June 2022
6935:
6934:
6930:
6920:
6918:
6906:
6900:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6787:
6785:
6784:on 3 April 2023
6772:
6771:
6767:
6757:
6755:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6616:
6612:
6559:
6555:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6523:
6519:
6513:Wayback Machine
6498:Wayback Machine
6488:
6484:
6474:
6472:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6376:
6374:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6341:
6337:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6294:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6191:
6187:
6179:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6151:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6125:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6061:on 19 July 2013
6053:
6052:
6048:
6038:
6036:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6011:Greentech Media
6005:
6004:
6000:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5934:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5845:
5835:
5833:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5715:
5704:
5700:
5696:IEA. CC BY 4.0.
5691:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5648:
5644:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5560:
5556:
5541:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5448:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5221:
5219:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5150:
5146:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5061:
5057:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4889:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4766:
4762:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4651:
4647:
4612:
4608:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4504:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4454:
4450:
4429:Ritchie, Hannah
4426:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4189:
4185:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4028:
3925:
3919:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3846:
3841:
3826:
3814:Protected Areas
3802:
3767:deep sea mining
3721:copper in Chile
3705:
3695:
3589:stranded assets
3560:A concept of a
3554:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3454:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3411:Main articles:
3409:
3360:feed-in tariffs
3356:energy security
3348:
3303:Paris Agreement
3249:
3229:
3228:
3187:
3179:
3151:
3070:
3064:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3034:learning curves
3030:Learning curves
3026:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2994:Levelized cost:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2660:
2658:Cost comparison
2604:
2582:
2576:
2563:
2557:
2526:
2514:
2494:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2459:
2395:
2389:
2371:
2365:
2341:
2234:14.9 GW (2023)
2226:Value and year
2179:
2163:Main articles:
2161:
2057:
2043:
2037:
2011:
2002:fire prevention
1925:Value and year
1917:
1911:
1905:
1856:
1815:denser than air
1750:Value and year
1707:
1699:Main articles:
1697:
1610:Value and year
1588:Sunrise at the
1568:
1560:Main articles:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1491:assembled into
1462:
1450:Main articles:
1448:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1357:
1280:Value and year
1272:
1260:Main articles:
1258:
1241:
1197:
1189:Main articles:
1187:
1175:vehicle to grid
1156:demand response
1126:. In contrast,
1099:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1047:
980:
975:
969:
968:
967:
966:
965:
962:
954:
953:
942:
931:
830:electrification
802:human timescale
779:
738:
737:
724:
717:
716:
556:
546:
545:
348:
338:
337:
323:Waste-to-energy
278:Microgeneration
208:Energy recovery
148:
117:
116:
115:
114:
82:
81:
80:
72:
71:
62:
61:
60:
52:
51:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18140:
18130:
18129:
18124:
18119:
18114:
18109:
18092:
18091:
18089:
18088:
18081:
18074:
18067:
18055:
18042:
18039:
18038:
18036:
18035:
18029:
18028:(Rio+20, 2012)
18023:
18017:
18012:
18006:
18000:
17995:
17990:
17984:
17979:
17971:
17966:
17958:
17956:
17950:
17949:
17947:
17946:
17941:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17921:
17916:
17911:
17906:
17901:
17895:
17893:
17887:
17886:
17884:
17883:
17878:
17873:
17868:
17863:
17858:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17798:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17782:
17781:
17776:
17774:Infrastructure
17771:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17711:
17706:
17704:Eco-capitalism
17701:
17696:
17691:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17671:
17665:
17663:
17659:
17658:
17656:
17655:
17650:
17649:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17628:
17621:Sustainability
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17598:
17592:
17590:
17589:Accountability
17586:
17585:
17583:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17542:
17537:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17517:
17512:
17507:
17501:
17499:
17495:
17494:
17492:
17491:
17486:
17481:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17455:
17453:
17447:
17446:
17444:
17443:
17438:
17433:
17427:
17425:
17419:
17418:
17416:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17384:
17382:
17376:
17375:
17373:
17372:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17336:
17334:
17330:
17329:
17327:
17326:
17321:
17316:
17311:
17305:
17303:
17297:
17296:
17294:
17293:
17288:
17283:
17282:
17281:
17276:
17266:
17265:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17247:Sustainability
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17199:
17194:
17189:
17184:
17182:Anthropization
17178:
17176:
17170:
17169:
17167:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17135:
17133:
17127:
17126:
17124:
17123:
17118:
17112:
17109:
17108:
17105:Sustainability
17101:
17100:
17093:
17086:
17078:
17069:
17068:
17066:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16947:
16945:
16941:
16940:
16938:
16937:
16934:hybrid vehicle
16931:
16925:Transportation
16922:
16917:
16916:
16915:
16910:
16900:
16895:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16852:
16850:
16844:
16843:
16841:
16840:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16792:
16785:
16783:
16777:
16776:
16769:
16767:
16765:
16764:
16758:
16753:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16712:
16707:
16705:Sustainability
16702:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16685:Green building
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16650:Eco-innovation
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16621:
16619:
16615:
16614:
16607:
16606:
16599:
16592:
16584:
16575:
16574:
16572:
16571:
16560:
16557:
16556:
16554:
16553:
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16518:
16513:
16507:
16505:
16501:
16500:
16498:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16486:
16485:
16480:
16470:
16465:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16439:
16437:
16433:
16432:
16430:
16429:
16424:
16419:
16414:
16407:
16396:
16389:
16384:
16382:Chinese tallow
16379:
16372:
16367:
16359:
16357:
16349:
16348:
16346:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16308:
16303:
16298:
16293:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16250:
16248:
16240:
16239:
16237:
16236:
16231:
16229:Water hyacinth
16226:
16221:
16220:
16219:
16209:
16204:
16203:
16202:
16197:
16187:
16186:
16185:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16130:
16124:
16122:
16116:
16115:
16108:
16107:
16100:
16093:
16085:
16076:
16075:
16073:
16072:
16060:
16047:
16044:
16043:
16041:
16040:
16035:
16029:
16027:
16023:
16022:
16019:
16018:
16016:
16015:
16010:
16005:
15999:
15997:
15993:
15992:
15990:
15989:
15984:
15978:
15976:
15972:
15971:
15969:
15968:
15963:
15957:
15955:
15951:
15950:
15948:
15947:
15941:
15939:
15935:
15934:
15932:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15915:
15913:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15905:
15900:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15879:
15877:
15873:
15872:
15870:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15853:
15851:
15847:
15846:
15844:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15817:
15815:
15801:
15797:
15796:
15793:
15792:
15790:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15763:
15761:
15757:
15756:
15754:
15753:
15748:
15743:
15741:Feed-in tariff
15738:
15736:Cost by source
15732:
15730:
15726:
15725:
15723:
15722:
15721:
15720:
15710:
15705:
15699:
15697:
15690:
15684:
15683:
15680:
15679:
15677:
15676:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15648:United Kingdom
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15518:Czech Republic
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15474:
15472:
15466:
15465:
15463:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15432:
15426:Solar chemical
15423:
15417:
15415:
15409:
15408:
15406:
15405:
15400:
15395:
15390:
15384:
15382:
15376:
15375:
15373:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15356:
15351:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15333:Floating solar
15329:
15327:
15319:
15318:
15316:
15315:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15295:
15290:
15284:
15282:
15273:
15267:
15266:
15247:
15245:
15243:
15242:
15237:
15231:
15229:
15225:
15224:
15222:
15221:
15216:
15211:
15205:
15202:
15201:
15194:
15193:
15186:
15179:
15171:
15162:
15161:
15159:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15140:
15128:
15116:
15101:
15098:
15097:
15095:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15042:Energy subsidy
15039:
15038:
15037:
15030:Energy storage
15027:
15022:
15017:
15012:
15007:
15001:
14999:
14995:
14994:
14992:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14979:Siemens Gamesa
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14960:
14959:
14948:
14942:
14940:
14934:
14933:
14931:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14914:
14912:
14906:
14905:
14903:
14902:
14901:
14900:
14895:
14885:
14884:
14883:
14878:
14868:
14866:Unconventional
14863:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14833:
14831:Crosswind kite
14828:
14823:
14817:
14815:
14809:
14808:
14806:
14805:
14800:
14798:Offshore farms
14795:
14790:
14784:
14782:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14772:
14771:
14770:
14760:
14759:
14758:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14722:
14720:
14714:
14713:
14706:
14705:
14698:
14691:
14683:
14674:
14673:
14671:
14670:
14658:
14646:
14634:
14621:
14618:
14617:
14615:
14614:
14609:
14607:Jevons paradox
14604:
14598:
14596:
14592:
14591:
14589:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14531:Energy storage
14528:
14523:
14522:
14521:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14500:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14478:
14476:
14468:
14467:
14465:
14464:
14463:
14462:
14457:
14447:
14446:
14445:
14440:
14430:
14429:
14428:
14423:
14413:
14408:
14407:
14406:
14401:
14391:
14390:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14369:
14364:
14363:
14362:
14357:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14335:Electric power
14332:
14326:
14324:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14296:
14295:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14264:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14243:
14237:
14235:
14233:Primary energy
14229:
14228:
14226:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14204:
14203:
14193:
14192:
14191:
14181:
14180:
14179:
14174:
14164:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14143:
14141:
14135:
14134:
14132:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14030:
14029:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13993:
13992:
13981:
13979:
13975:
13974:
13972:
13971:
13970:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13867:Entropic force
13864:
13857:Thermodynamics
13854:
13849:
13848:
13847:
13842:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13806:
13805:
13795:
13790:
13784:
13782:
13776:
13775:
13773:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13756:
13753:
13752:
13745:
13744:
13737:
13730:
13722:
13713:
13712:
13710:
13709:
13699:
13688:
13685:
13684:
13682:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13660:
13658:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13624:
13622:
13618:
13617:
13615:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13588:
13586:
13582:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13575:
13574:
13573:
13572:
13565:United Kingdom
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13527:
13522:
13517:
13511:
13509:
13505:
13504:
13502:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13414:Czech Republic
13411:
13405:
13403:
13401:European Union
13394:
13390:
13389:
13387:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13305:
13303:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13252:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13236:
13235:
13228:
13221:
13213:
13204:
13203:
13201:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13156:
13154:
13150:
13149:
13147:
13146:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13095:
13093:
13086:
13085:
13083:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13001:
12999:
12992:
12991:
12984:
12983:
12976:
12969:
12961:
12955:
12954:
12948:
12940:
12939:External links
12937:
12936:
12935:
12933:. IRENA. 2020.
12927:
12925:. IRENA. 2020.
12919:
12917:. IRENA. 2020.
12906:
12905:
12884:
12867:
12846:
12829:
12801:
12773:
12760:
12746:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12717:
12716:
12693:
12667:
12656:on 27 May 2008
12623:
12604:
12578:
12555:(6): 453βIN6.
12535:
12505:
12473:
12442:
12417:
12397:
12384:
12364:
12312:
12301:. 12 June 2017
12286:
12245:
12219:
12200:
12162:
12132:
12101:
12060:
12002:
11979:
11972:
11952:
11945:
11925:
11874:
11827:(7): 502β510.
11806:
11776:
11750:
11639:
11609:
11577:
11547:
11516:
11493:
11476:Science | AAAS
11462:
11429:
11404:
11378:
11351:
11296:
11265:
11235:
11217:Foreign Policy
11203:
11171:
11139:
11104:
11053:
11025:
10993:
10986:
10963:
10898:
10865:
10839:
10804:
10745:
10678:
10627:
10597:
10585:
10554:
10528:
10500:
10474:
10463:
10434:
10408:
10382:
10351:
10319:
10310:
10295:
10262:
10231:
10201:
10176:
10143:
10119:
10093:
10068:
10042:
10030:
10005:
9992:
9967:
9945:
9913:
9896:
9866:
9817:
9791:
9766:
9755:. 22 June 2022
9740:
9721:
9702:
9669:
9610:
9585:
9570:
9548:
9518:
9496:
9472:
9428:
9405:
9373:
9348:
9326:
9304:
9292:
9277:
9260:
9246:
9221:
9196:
9170:
9140:
9115:
9100:
9074:
9049:
9024:
8977:
8962:
8934:
8899:Applied Energy
8885:
8855:
8825:
8813:
8783:
8724:
8699:
8684:
8653:
8627:
8594:. Nature.com.
8578:
8547:
8538:
8524:
8511:
8478:
8454:
8437:techxplore.com
8424:
8400:
8378:
8319:
8297:
8290:
8260:
8233:Energy Reports
8219:
8172:
8158:
8132:
8119:
8089:
8065:
8059:
8031:
7986:
7961:
7924:
7896:
7869:
7840:
7827:
7792:
7779:
7746:
7734:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7621:
7588:
7541:
7494:
7455:
7429:
7364:
7343:"Energy crops"
7334:
7305:
7280:
7265:
7240:
7213:
7165:
7136:
7129:
7106:
7079:
7046:
7034:
7022:
7010:
6980:
6958:
6928:
6894:
6858:
6841:www.ucsusa.org
6828:
6814:
6795:
6765:
6740:
6709:
6677:
6610:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6482:
6452:
6420:
6408:
6396:
6384:
6354:
6335:
6314:
6288:
6270:
6244:
6199:Remote Sensing
6185:
6161:
6135:
6107:
6072:
6046:
6016:
5998:
5975:
5932:
5891:
5866:
5843:
5813:
5793:
5781:
5748:
5736:
5724:
5668:
5642:
5582:
5554:
5539:
5509:
5483:
5472:. 30 June 2021
5457:
5446:
5423:
5412:on 27 May 2022
5393:
5368:
5313:
5280:
5254:
5229:
5203:
5144:
5120:
5055:
4998:
4970:
4944:
4935:|journal=
4908:
4901:
4883:
4871:
4832:
4760:
4741:
4715:
4686:
4645:
4606:
4549:
4523:
4516:
4479:
4448:
4417:
4392:
4361:
4332:
4305:
4293:www.lazard.com
4280:
4250:
4220:
4183:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:Renewable heat
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4085:
4071:
4068:Society portal
4057:
4043:
4027:
4024:
4003:The theory of
3968:Werner Siemens
3918:
3915:
3874:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:Public support
3842:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3822:
3801:
3798:
3758:, cobalt, and
3694:
3691:
3648:military coups
3620:energy carrier
3616:green hydrogen
3547:
3544:
3455:
3447:
3444:in Switzerland
3433:
3430:
3408:
3405:
3347:
3344:
3282:(IRENA) is an
3248:
3245:
3231:In Kenya, the
3199:energy poverty
3188:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3153:In July 2014,
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3108:green hydrogen
3063:
3060:
3049:greenhouse gas
3027:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:Levelized cost
2699:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2659:
2656:
2641:renewable heat
2603:
2600:
2578:Main article:
2575:
2572:
2567:nanotechnology
2559:Main article:
2556:
2553:
2525:
2524:Nuclear energy
2522:
2513:
2510:
2490:Main article:
2487:
2484:
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2391:Main article:
2388:
2385:
2367:Main article:
2364:
2361:
2340:
2337:
2317:tectonic plate
2285:thermal energy
2279:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2250:<1% (2018)
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2160:
2157:
2039:Main article:
2036:
2033:
2009:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1907:Main article:
1904:
1901:
1892:pumped-storage
1883:
1882:
1860:
1850:
1809:
1808:
1802:pumped storage
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1696:
1693:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1557:
1554:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1497:direct current
1447:
1444:
1420:solar chimneys
1378:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1257:
1254:
1240:
1237:
1229:Green hydrogen
1191:Energy storage
1186:
1183:
1164:energy storage
1160:baseload power
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1077:Main article:
1074:
1073:Other benefits
1071:
1067:European Union
1046:
1043:
1020:transportation
979:
976:
963:
956:
955:
943:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
930:
927:
883:climate change
781:
780:
778:
777:
770:
763:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:
735:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
702:
701:
700:
693:Rail transport
690:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
666:Roller skating
663:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
639:Cycle rickshaw
636:
626:
621:
611:
610:
609:
604:
603:
602:
595:Human-electric
590:Hybrid vehicle
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
574:
573:
557:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
481:
476:
471:
469:Renewable heat
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
434:
429:
424:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
361:
360:
349:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
258:Green building
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
228:Energy storage
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
144:
143:
140:
139:
131:
130:
124:
123:
107:biomass energy
84:
83:
74:
73:
65:
64:
63:
54:
53:
45:
44:
43:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18139:
18128:
18125:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18104:
18102:
18087:
18086:
18082:
18080:
18079:
18075:
18073:
18072:
18068:
18066:
18065:
18056:
18054:
18053:
18044:
18043:
18040:
18033:
18030:
18027:
18024:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18010:
18009:Earth Charter
18007:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17988:
17985:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17976:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17960:
17959:
17957:
17951:
17945:
17942:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17899:Environmental
17897:
17896:
17894:
17892:
17888:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17874:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17831:Refurbishment
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17821:Organizations
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17766:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17750:
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17734:Green economy
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17719:Eco-socialism
17717:
17715:
17714:Eco-investing
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17699:Disinvestment
17697:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17666:
17664:
17660:
17654:
17651:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17623:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17593:
17591:
17587:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17520:Marine energy
17518:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17502:
17500:
17496:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17474:Cultured meat
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17456:
17454:
17452:
17448:
17442:
17439:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17428:
17426:
17424:
17420:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17385:
17383:
17381:
17377:
17371:
17368:
17366:
17363:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17337:
17335:
17331:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17306:
17304:
17302:
17298:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17271:
17270:
17267:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17249:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17232:Simple living
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17179:
17177:
17175:
17171:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17136:
17134:
17132:
17128:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17113:
17110:
17106:
17099:
17094:
17092:
17087:
17085:
17080:
17079:
17076:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16978:
16977:New Classical
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16949:
16948:
16946:
16942:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16905:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16878:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16851:
16849:
16845:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16787:
16786:
16784:
16782:
16778:
16773:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16751:refurbishment
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:Sustainable (
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16690:Green vehicle
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16655:Ecotechnology
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16622:
16620:
16616:
16612:
16605:
16600:
16598:
16593:
16591:
16586:
16585:
16582:
16570:
16562:
16561:
16558:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16541:Food vs. fuel
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16509:
16508:
16506:
16502:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16484:
16481:
16479:
16476:
16475:
16474:
16471:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16412:
16408:
16406:
16405:
16401:
16397:
16395:
16394:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16377:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16365:
16361:
16360:
16358:
16356:
16350:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16313:
16309:
16307:
16304:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16256:
16252:
16251:
16249:
16247:
16241:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16218:
16215:
16214:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16192:
16191:
16188:
16184:
16183:vegetable oil
16181:
16180:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16125:
16123:
16121:
16117:
16113:
16106:
16101:
16099:
16094:
16092:
16087:
16086:
16083:
16071:
16070:
16061:
16059:
16058:
16049:
16048:
16045:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16033:Photovoltaics
16031:
16030:
16028:
16024:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
16000:
15998:
15996:Water heating
15994:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15979:
15977:
15973:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15952:
15946:
15943:
15942:
15940:
15936:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15924:Solar furnace
15922:
15920:
15917:
15916:
15914:
15910:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15880:
15878:
15874:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15854:
15852:
15848:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15818:
15816:
15814:
15809:
15805:
15802:
15798:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15782:Solar vehicle
15780:
15778:
15777:Solar balloon
15775:
15773:
15772:Electric boat
15770:
15768:
15765:
15764:
15762:
15758:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15733:
15731:
15727:
15719:
15716:
15715:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15700:
15698:
15694:
15691:
15685:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15665:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15653:United States
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15473:
15471:
15467:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15421:Magnetic sail
15419:
15418:
15416:
15410:
15404:
15403:Solar tracker
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15385:
15383:
15381:
15377:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:(solar panel)
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:(and systems)
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15324:
15323:Photovoltaics
15320:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15298:Solar chimney
15296:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15285:
15283:
15281:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15268:
15263:
15257:
15251:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15232:
15230:
15226:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15206:
15203:
15199:
15192:
15187:
15185:
15180:
15178:
15173:
15172:
15169:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15139:
15138:
15129:
15127:
15126:
15117:
15115:
15114:
15109:
15103:
15102:
15099:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15036:
15033:
15032:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15002:
15000:
14996:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14958:
14954:
14953:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14943:
14941:
14939:
14938:Manufacturers
14935:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14923:Manufacturers
14921:
14919:
14916:
14915:
14913:
14911:
14907:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14890:
14889:
14886:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14873:
14872:
14871:Vertical-axis
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14851:Pitch bearing
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14818:
14816:
14814:
14813:Wind turbines
14810:
14804:
14803:Onshore farms
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14785:
14783:
14781:
14777:
14769:
14766:
14765:
14764:
14761:
14757:
14754:
14753:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14741:Land vehicles
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14723:
14721:
14719:
14715:
14711:
14704:
14699:
14697:
14692:
14690:
14685:
14684:
14681:
14669:
14668:
14659:
14657:
14656:
14651:
14647:
14645:
14644:
14635:
14633:
14632:
14623:
14622:
14619:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14599:
14597:
14593:
14587:
14586:United States
14584:
14582:
14581:South America
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14520:
14517:
14516:
14515:
14514:Energy policy
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14484:
14483:
14480:
14479:
14477:
14475:
14469:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14452:
14451:
14448:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14438:Solar furnace
14436:
14435:
14434:
14431:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14418:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14395:
14394:Nuclear power
14392:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14374:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14352:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14327:
14325:
14321:
14320:Energy system
14317:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14294:
14291:
14290:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14273:Gravitational
14271:
14269:
14266:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14248:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14238:
14236:
14234:
14230:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14202:
14201:Hydrogen fuel
14199:
14198:
14197:
14194:
14190:
14187:
14186:
14185:
14182:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14169:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14144:
14142:
14140:
14136:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14028:
14025:
14024:
14023:
14022:Gravitational
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13991:
13988:
13987:
13986:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13976:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13892:Heat transfer
13890:
13888:
13887:Heat capacity
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13859:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13840:Negative mass
13838:
13837:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13820:Energy system
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13804:
13801:
13800:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13785:
13783:
13777:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13757:
13754:
13750:
13743:
13738:
13736:
13731:
13729:
13724:
13723:
13720:
13708:
13704:
13700:
13698:
13690:
13689:
13686:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13657:South America
13655:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13625:
13623:
13619:
13613:
13612:United States
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13585:North America
13583:
13571:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13528:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13512:
13510:
13506:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13406:
13404:
13402:
13398:
13395:
13391:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13306:
13304:
13302:
13298:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13249:
13245:
13241:
13234:
13229:
13227:
13222:
13220:
13215:
13214:
13211:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13157:
13155:
13151:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13087:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12993:
12989:
12982:
12977:
12975:
12970:
12968:
12963:
12962:
12959:
12952:
12949:
12946:
12943:
12942:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12920:
12913:
12909:
12908:
12891:
12887:
12881:
12874:
12873:
12868:
12853:
12849:
12843:
12836:
12835:
12830:
12815:
12808:
12807:
12802:
12787:
12780:
12779:
12774:
12763:
12757:
12753:
12752:
12747:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12726:
12713:
12709:
12706:
12702:
12697:
12681:
12677:
12671:
12652:
12648:
12644:
12637:
12634:(June 1956).
12633:
12627:
12620:
12616:
12613:
12608:
12601:
12600:
12596:
12593:
12588:
12587:hundredweight
12582:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12539:
12523:
12519:
12515:
12509:
12493:
12489:
12488:
12483:
12482:"wind energy"
12477:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12446:
12431:
12427:
12421:
12414:
12410:
12407:
12401:
12394:
12388:
12381:
12377:
12374:
12368:
12359:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12329:Energy Policy
12326:
12319:
12317:
12300:
12296:
12290:
12282:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12249:
12234:
12230:
12223:
12215:
12211:
12204:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12175:The Economist
12172:
12166:
12150:
12146:
12142:
12136:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12105:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12064:
12056:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12016:
12015:Energy Policy
12013:
12006:
11998:
11994:
11990:
11983:
11975:
11969:
11965:
11964:
11956:
11948:
11942:
11938:
11937:
11929:
11921:
11917:
11913:
11909:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11893:
11890:: 1188β1200.
11889:
11885:
11878:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11850:
11846:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11830:
11826:
11822:
11821:Nature Energy
11818:
11810:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11780:
11764:
11760:
11754:
11745:
11739:
11723:
11719:
11714:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11643:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11613:
11597:
11593:
11592:
11587:
11581:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11551:
11535:
11531:
11527:
11520:
11504:
11497:
11481:
11477:
11473:
11466:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11442:The Economist
11439:
11433:
11418:
11414:
11408:
11393:
11389:
11382:
11366:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11300:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11269:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11239:
11223:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11207:
11191:
11187:
11186:
11181:
11175:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11149:
11143:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11117:
11111:
11109:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11057:
11042:
11041:
11036:
11029:
11010:
11003:
10997:
10989:
10983:
10979:
10976:. Abu Dhabi:
10975:
10974:
10967:
10959:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10902:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10872:
10870:
10854:
10850:
10843:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10819:
10818:The Economist
10814:
10808:
10800:
10796:
10791:
10790:11250/2579292
10786:
10781:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10749:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10692:Nature Energy
10689:
10682:
10673:
10672:11250/2634876
10668:
10663:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10631:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10601:
10594:
10589:
10582:
10569:
10565:
10558:
10542:
10538:
10532:
10517:
10513:
10507:
10505:
10488:
10484:
10478:
10472:
10467:
10452:
10445:
10438:
10422:
10418:
10412:
10396:
10395:www.irena.org
10392:
10386:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10355:
10339:
10335:
10334:
10329:
10323:
10314:
10307:
10302:
10300:
10283:
10279:
10278:
10273:
10266:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10235:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10197:
10193:
10192:www.irena.org
10186:
10180:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10150:
10148:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10123:
10108:
10104:
10097:
10082:
10078:
10072:
10057:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10034:
10019:
10015:
10009:
10002:
9996:
9981:
9977:
9971:
9964:
9960:
9955:
9949:
9930:
9923:
9917:
9909:
9903:
9901:
9884:
9880:
9879:eto.dnvgl.com
9876:
9870:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9821:
9806:
9802:
9795:
9780:
9776:
9770:
9754:
9750:
9744:
9736:
9732:
9725:
9717:
9713:
9706:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9676:
9674:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9614:
9599:
9595:
9589:
9577:
9573:
9567:
9560:
9559:
9552:
9546:
9542:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9522:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9500:
9489:
9482:
9476:
9465:
9461:
9454:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9432:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9352:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9330:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9308:
9301:
9296:
9289:
9284:
9282:
9274:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9258:
9253:
9251:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9228:
9226:
9210:
9209:www.ren21.net
9206:
9200:
9184:
9180:
9174:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9144:
9129:
9125:
9119:
9111:
9104:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9063:
9062:www.ren21.net
9059:
9053:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8981:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8938:
8930:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8889:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8822:
8817:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8779:
8775:
8770:
8769:11250/3128127
8765:
8760:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8728:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8695:
8688:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8657:
8641:
8637:
8631:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8582:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8542:
8534:
8528:
8521:
8515:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8471:
8464:
8458:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8428:
8420:
8413:
8412:
8404:
8388:
8382:
8374:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8308:. 17 May 2022
8307:
8301:
8293:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8264:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8239:: 4681β4696.
8238:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8215:
8209:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8165:
8161:
8155:
8151:
8144:
8143:
8136:
8122:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8103:Future Energy
8100:
8093:
8082:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7968:
7966:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7928:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7900:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7873:
7858:
7854:
7847:
7845:
7830:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7782:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7753:
7751:
7744:, Geothermal.
7743:
7742:NREL ATB 2021
7738:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7713:"Electricity"
7708:
7701:
7696:
7690:, p. 43.
7689:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7592:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7561:: 4070β4090.
7560:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7508:Physics Today
7505:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7475:: 2387β2400.
7474:
7470:
7466:
7459:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7425:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7323:
7319:
7312:
7310:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7277:
7272:
7270:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7209:
7203:
7202:cite magazine
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7141:
7132:
7126:
7119:
7118:
7110:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7083:
7067:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7042:NREL ATB 2021
7038:
7031:
7026:
7020:, p. 30.
7019:
7014:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6968:
6962:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6862:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6817:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6799:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6694:
6687:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6551:, Hydropower.
6550:
6549:NREL ATB 2021
6545:
6538:
6533:
6526:
6521:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6486:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6437:
6430:
6424:
6417:
6416:NREL ATB 2021
6412:
6405:
6400:
6394:, p. 14.
6393:
6388:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6230:1721.1/146994
6226:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6178:
6171:
6165:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6124:
6117:
6111:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6086:The Economist
6082:
6076:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5859:
5858:
5850:
5848:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5790:
5789:NREL ATB 2021
5785:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5740:
5734:, p. 21.
5733:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5697:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:The Economist
5290:
5284:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5164:(12): 16175.
5163:
5159:
5158:Nature Energy
5155:
5148:
5140:
5133:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5041:11250/3033797
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4958:
4957:The economist
4954:
4948:
4940:
4927:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4846:Energy Policy
4843:
4836:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4704:. 18 May 2021
4703:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4659:Energy Policy
4656:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:Energy Policy
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4538:. 30 May 2024
4537:
4533:
4527:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4467:
4463:
4462:CleanTechnica
4459:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4013:wind turbines
4010:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3998:natural fuels
3995:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3884:
3871:
3862:
3855:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3773:lying on the
3772:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3673:(EU ETS) and
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:wind turbines
3605:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:In 1987, the
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3459:nuclear power
3452:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:marine energy
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3273:energy policy
3265:
3258:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2966:
2954:
2941:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:Wind Offshore
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:per installed
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2394:
2393:Marine energy
2387:Marine energy
2384:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2357:marine energy
2354:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:Earth's crust
2286:
2277:
2274:Electricity,
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:Sweet sorghum
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:silvicultural
1995:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1800:Electricity,
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:14.3% (2023)
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1723:Yangtze River
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1537:Solar thermal
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1473:learning rate
1470:
1469:Swanson's law
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:Photovoltaics
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:Passive solar
1413:
1411:
1410:photovoltaics
1407:
1406:solar thermal
1402:
1400:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Photovoltaics
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:power outages
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1098:
1091:Intermittency
1088:
1086:
1085:air pollution
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1039:deforestation
1036:
1032:
1031:nuclear power
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:space heating
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
974:
960:
951:
947:
940:
926:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
899:air pollution
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
876:
875:fossil energy
871:
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
757:
756:
754:
753:
747:
742:
736:
733:
723:
722:
721:
720:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:Rapid transit
703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:Skateboarding
669:
667:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
578:Solar vehicle
576:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:Green vehicle
559:
558:
555:
550:
549:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Tidal barrage
440:
439:
438:
435:
433:
432:Marine energy
430:
428:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
342:
341:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:Passive house
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
147:
142:
141:
137:
133:
132:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
112:
108:
104:
103:Yangtze River
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
69:
58:
49:
40:
36:
34:
19:
18083:
18076:
18069:
18062:
18050:
17974:
17739:Construction
17662:Applications
17435:
17380:Biodiversity
17139:Anthropocene
17053:Permaculture
16972:New Urbanism
16944:Conservation
16902:
16736:food systems
16721:architecture
16409:
16403:
16399:
16391:
16374:
16370:Big bluestem
16362:
16355:energy crops
16310:
16253:
16067:
16055:
15982:Desalination
15975:Desalination
15954:Disinfection
15945:Solar cooker
15912:Process heat
15813:horticulture
15800:Applications
15760:Applications
15751:Net metering
15687:Distribution
15623:South Africa
15613:Saudi Arabia
15414:and proposed
15412:Experimental
15380:Concentrated
15313:Thermal mass
15198:Solar energy
15135:
15123:
15104:
15052:Hybrid power
14821:Aerodynamics
14665:
14653:
14641:
14629:
14535:
14411:Oil refinery
14355:Cogeneration
14288:Nuclear fuel
14094:Quintessence
13882:Free entropy
13815:Energy level
13779:Fundamental
13633:Cook Islands
13291:South Africa
12897:. Retrieved
12871:
12859:. Retrieved
12833:
12821:. Retrieved
12805:
12793:. Retrieved
12777:
12765:. Retrieved
12750:
12738:. Retrieved
12696:
12684:. Retrieved
12680:the original
12670:
12658:. Retrieved
12651:the original
12626:
12607:
12590:
12581:
12569:. Retrieved
12552:
12548:
12538:
12526:. Retrieved
12517:
12508:
12496:. Retrieved
12485:
12476:
12464:. Retrieved
12445:
12433:. Retrieved
12429:
12420:
12400:
12387:
12367:
12332:
12328:
12303:. Retrieved
12298:
12289:
12265:(23): 8052.
12262:
12258:
12248:
12236:. Retrieved
12232:
12222:
12213:
12203:
12191:. Retrieved
12187:the original
12174:
12165:
12153:. Retrieved
12144:
12135:
12123:. Retrieved
12114:
12104:
12092:. Retrieved
12073:
12063:
12018:
12014:
12005:
11992:
11982:
11962:
11955:
11935:
11928:
11887:
11883:
11877:
11865:. Retrieved
11824:
11820:
11809:
11797:. Retrieved
11788:
11779:
11767:. Retrieved
11762:
11753:
11726:. Retrieved
11656:
11652:
11642:
11630:. Retrieved
11621:
11612:
11600:. Retrieved
11591:The Guardian
11589:
11580:
11568:. Retrieved
11559:
11550:
11538:. Retrieved
11519:
11507:. Retrieved
11496:
11484:. Retrieved
11475:
11465:
11453:. Retrieved
11441:
11432:
11420:. Retrieved
11416:
11407:
11395:. Retrieved
11391:
11381:
11369:. Retrieved
11313:
11309:
11299:
11287:. Retrieved
11279:The Guardian
11268:
11256:. Retrieved
11247:
11238:
11226:. Retrieved
11215:
11206:
11194:. Retrieved
11183:
11174:
11162:. Retrieved
11151:
11142:
11130:. Retrieved
11119:
11066:
11062:
11056:
11044:. Retrieved
11038:
11028:
11016:. Retrieved
11009:the original
10996:
10972:
10966:
10915:
10911:
10901:
10889:. Retrieved
10881:Carbon Brief
10880:
10856:. Retrieved
10852:
10842:
10830:. Retrieved
10816:
10807:
10762:
10758:
10748:
10723:10871/127743
10695:
10691:
10681:
10644:
10640:
10630:
10618:. Retrieved
10610:ResearchGate
10609:
10600:
10588:
10579:
10572:. Retrieved
10567:
10557:
10545:. Retrieved
10541:the original
10531:
10519:. Retrieved
10491:. Retrieved
10486:
10477:
10466:
10454:. Retrieved
10450:
10437:
10425:. Retrieved
10420:
10411:
10399:. Retrieved
10394:
10385:
10373:. Retrieved
10364:
10354:
10342:. Retrieved
10331:
10322:
10313:
10286:. Retrieved
10277:The Guardian
10275:
10265:
10253:. Retrieved
10244:
10234:
10222:. Retrieved
10218:the original
10213:
10204:
10196:the original
10191:
10179:
10167:. Retrieved
10158:
10132:
10122:
10110:. Retrieved
10106:
10096:
10084:. Retrieved
10080:
10071:
10059:. Retrieved
10055:
10045:
10033:
10021:. Retrieved
10017:
10008:
9995:
9983:. Retrieved
9980:ScienceDaily
9979:
9970:
9948:
9936:. Retrieved
9916:
9887:. Retrieved
9878:
9869:
9834:
9830:
9820:
9808:. Retrieved
9804:
9794:
9782:. Retrieved
9778:
9769:
9757:. Retrieved
9752:
9743:
9724:
9715:
9705:
9693:. Retrieved
9684:
9660:. Retrieved
9627:
9623:
9613:
9601:. Retrieved
9597:
9588:
9557:
9551:
9530:
9521:
9508:
9499:
9475:
9459:
9441:
9431:
9418:
9408:
9395:
9389:
9376:
9368:
9360:
9351:
9343:
9329:
9317:BloombergNEF
9316:
9307:
9302:, p. 14
9295:
9290:, p. 13
9236:
9212:. Retrieved
9208:
9199:
9187:. Retrieved
9183:the original
9173:
9161:. Retrieved
9152:
9143:
9131:. Retrieved
9127:
9118:
9103:
9091:. Retrieved
9087:
9077:
9065:. Retrieved
9061:
9052:
9040:. Retrieved
9036:
9027:
8994:
8990:
8980:
8944:
8937:
8902:
8898:
8888:
8876:. Retrieved
8871:
8858:
8846:. Retrieved
8837:
8828:
8816:
8804:. Retrieved
8795:
8786:
8741:
8737:
8727:
8715:. Retrieved
8711:
8702:
8687:
8675:. Retrieved
8666:
8656:
8644:. Retrieved
8639:
8630:
8618:. Retrieved
8591:
8581:
8564:
8560:
8550:
8541:
8527:
8519:
8514:
8502:. Retrieved
8495:the original
8481:
8457:
8445:. Retrieved
8436:
8427:
8410:
8403:
8391:. Retrieved
8381:
8336:
8332:
8322:
8310:. Retrieved
8300:
8273:
8263:
8236:
8232:
8222:
8197:, retrieved
8185:
8175:
8164:the original
8148:. Abu Dabi:
8141:
8135:
8124:, retrieved
8102:
8092:
8081:the original
8068:
8040:
8034:
8022:. Retrieved
8002:
7989:
7973:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7915:. Retrieved
7908:
7899:
7887:. Retrieved
7881:
7872:
7860:. Retrieved
7856:
7832:, retrieved
7810:
7784:, retrieved
7762:
7737:
7725:. Retrieved
7707:
7695:
7683:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7612:. Retrieved
7601:
7591:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7514:(7): 22β24.
7511:
7507:
7497:
7472:
7468:
7458:
7446:. Retrieved
7442:OECD Library
7441:
7432:
7381:
7377:
7367:
7355:. Retrieved
7351:the original
7346:
7337:
7325:. Retrieved
7322:The Equation
7321:
7296:. Retrieved
7292:
7283:
7256:. Retrieved
7252:
7243:
7231:. Retrieved
7216:
7190:. Retrieved
7178:
7168:
7156:. Retrieved
7153:The Atlantic
7152:
7116:
7109:
7097:. Retrieved
7091:
7082:
7070:. Retrieved
7059:
7049:
7037:
7025:
7013:
7001:. Retrieved
6992:
6983:
6971:. Retrieved
6961:
6949:. Retrieved
6945:the original
6940:
6931:
6919:. Retrieved
6910:
6897:
6885:. Retrieved
6873:
6861:
6849:. Retrieved
6840:
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6804:
6798:
6786:. Retrieved
6782:the original
6777:
6768:
6756:. Retrieved
6752:
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6722:
6712:
6700:. Retrieved
6693:the original
6680:
6627:
6623:
6613:
6570:
6566:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6485:
6473:. Retrieved
6464:
6455:
6443:. Retrieved
6423:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6375:. Retrieved
6366:
6357:
6348:
6338:
6327:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6301:
6291:
6261:. Retrieved
6257:the original
6247:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6164:
6152:. Retrieved
6148:
6138:
6126:. Retrieved
6122:
6110:
6098:. Retrieved
6084:
6075:
6063:. Retrieved
6059:the original
6049:
6037:. Retrieved
6028:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5987:
5978:
5966:. Retrieved
5959:the original
5954:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5882:. Retrieved
5878:
5869:
5856:
5834:. Retrieved
5825:
5816:
5805:
5796:
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5770:. 8 May 2024
5739:
5727:
5719:
5708:
5695:
5684:
5671:
5659:. Retrieved
5655:
5645:
5602:
5598:
5585:
5573:. Retrieved
5567:
5557:
5522:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5498:. 5 May 2022
5495:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5469:
5460:
5436:
5426:
5414:. Retrieved
5410:the original
5405:
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5381:Wartsila.com
5380:
5371:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5304:. Retrieved
5292:
5283:
5271:. Retrieved
5267:
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5241:
5232:
5220:. Retrieved
5217:E&E News
5216:
5206:
5194:. Retrieved
5161:
5157:
5147:
5130:
5123:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4983:
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4956:
4947:
4926:cite journal
4911:
4892:
4886:
4874:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4823:. Retrieved
4778:
4774:
4763:
4744:
4732:. Retrieved
4729:PBS NewsHour
4728:
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4701:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4535:
4526:
4507:
4470:. Retrieved
4461:
4451:
4440:
4408:. Retrieved
4404:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4378:
4352:. Retrieved
4347:
4323:. Retrieved
4313:IEA (2020).
4308:
4296:. Retrieved
4292:
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4262:
4253:
4241:. Retrieved
4232:
4223:
4201:(1): 32β57.
4198:
4192:
4186:
4161:
4155:
4142:
4129:
4082:Water portal
4017:
4002:
3991:
3982:
3977:
3965:
3949:animal power
3926:
3904:
3889:
3827:
3807:
3803:
3779:
3764:
3745:
3706:
3656:
3652:
3629:
3604:solar panels
3597:
3581:Saudi Arabia
3569:geopolitical
3566:
3523:fusion power
3515:nuclear fuel
3483:
3456:
3397:clean energy
3394:
3390:
3365:
3349:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3316:
3300:
3277:
3270:
3230:
3213:solar energy
3189:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3127:
3123:
3112:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3029:
3013:
2993:
2920:
2807:Wind Onshore
2661:
2646:
2635:
2631:electrofuels
2612:
2605:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2564:
2527:
2515:
2495:
2480:
2460:
2404:
2372:
2342:
2329:
2322:
2282:
2127:
2100:rapeseed oil
2068:
2058:
2047:Ethanol fuel
2014:
2006:
1984:
1949:2.4% (2022)
1884:
1812:
1738:Gezhouba Dam
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1651:Wind turbine
1634:7.8% (2023)
1546:
1520:
1505:
1482:
1432:
1414:
1403:
1395:
1380:Komekurayama
1304:5.5% (2023)
1262:Solar energy
1256:Solar energy
1198:
1179:
1172:
1145:
1119:
1117:
1082:
1048:
1024:
1002:energy, and
981:
907:
880:
870:onshore wind
862:
845:
806:solar energy
790:green energy
789:
785:
784:
644:Kick scooter
629:Land vehicle
345:
198:Energy audit
163:Cogeneration
39:
32:
17955:conferences
17826:Procurement
17769:Development
17669:Advertising
17631:Measurement
17565:Tidal power
17560:Small hydro
17525:Micro hydro
17388:Biosecurity
17340:Appropriate
17269:Sustainable
17252:Advertising
17174:Consumption
17164:Development
16988:Ecoforestry
16746:procurement
16731:development
16716:agriculture
16526:Energy crop
16473:Pellet fuel
16458:Biorefinery
16422:Switchgrass
16266:Coconut oil
16244:Energy from
16178:Cooking oil
16163:Biogasoline
16138:Babassu oil
15987:Solar still
15883:Daylighting
15821:Agrivoltaic
15808:Agriculture
15593:New Zealand
15588:Netherlands
15271:Solar power
14667:WikiProject
14487:Agriculture
14416:Solar power
14382:Tidal power
14256:Natural gas
14246:Fossil fuel
14189:Latent heat
14157:Electricity
13643:New Zealand
13550:Switzerland
13479:Netherlands
13369:Philippines
13309:Afghanistan
13153:Other lists
13090:Solar power
12945:Energypedia
12660:10 November
12621:25 May 2012
12571:26 February
12358:10023/26074
12115:ArcticToday
11763:www.epa.gov
11659:(1): 4174.
11371:14 November
10891:10 November
10547:17 December
10521:17 December
10451:www.iea.org
10288:13 December
10159:www.iea.org
10112:5 September
10086:5 September
10061:5 September
10023:29 November
9985:29 November
9695:16 February
9662:26 February
9630:: 899β908.
9541:Infographic
8874:. p. 5
8872:www.iea.org
8806:22 November
8592:Nature News
8504:25 December
8393:31 December
7293:Nikkei Asia
6465:www.cia.gov
6263:27 November
5911:(6): 3095.
5836:22 November
5661:12 February
5406:Energy Post
5075:(1): 2095.
5018:: 379β386.
4852:: 330β340.
4825:15 February
4472:22 November
4354:5 September
3953:water power
3941:Paleolithic
3937:hot springs
3911:cooperative
3892:arable land
3820:is needed.
3683:natural gas
3546:Geopolitics
3539:radioactive
3531:solar power
3490:uranium-235
3319:green banks
3292:Ban Ki-moon
3257:fossil fuel
3195:fossil fuel
3086:Fatih Birol
2512:Water vapor
2477:Algae fuels
2471:Algae fuels
2439:fresh water
2431:tidal power
2407:ocean waves
2199:The Geysers
2120:to produce
2095:cooking oil
2087:soybean oil
2000:reasons or
1888:Russell Dam
1875:micro hydro
1853:Small hydro
1489:solar cells
1266:Solar power
1209:solar power
1205:tidal power
1168:smart grids
988:Solar power
923:sustainable
649:Quadracycle
504:Forecasting
437:Tidal power
420:Small hydro
405:Micro hydro
358:Sustainable
223:Energy Star
95:wind energy
18101:Categories
17846:Sanitation
17801:Livelihood
17724:Ecovillage
17709:Eco-cities
17626:Accounting
17535:Pico hydro
17515:Hydropower
17333:Technology
17131:Principles
16957:insulation
16950:Building (
16913:transition
16756:technology
16741:industries
16436:Technology
16417:Salicornia
16400:Miscanthus
16323:Sugar beet
16195:cellulosic
16168:Bioliquids
16148:Biobutanol
15929:Solar pond
15903:Solar Tuki
15898:Solar lamp
15893:Light tube
15831:Polytunnel
15826:Greenhouse
15470:By country
15440:Solar sail
15370:Solar cell
15303:Solar pond
15057:Laddermill
15010:Betz's law
14955:including
14888:Yaw system
14780:Wind farms
14731:By country
14718:Wind power
14710:Wind power
14450:Wind power
14372:Hydropower
14323:components
14278:Hydropower
14268:Geothermal
14218:Sound wave
14129:Zero-point
14059:Mechanical
14044:Ionization
14017:Electrical
13912:Negentropy
13793:Energetics
13597:Costa Rica
13469:Luxembourg
13344:Kazakhstan
13314:Bangladesh
13286:Seychelles
12701:Clean Edge
12686:1 November
12528:17 January
12498:15 January
12466:15 January
12335:: 113257.
12046:1887/64883
11799:8 November
11728:21 October
11397:20 January
11289:18 October
11258:23 October
11228:23 October
11196:23 October
11164:23 October
11132:23 October
11069:: 102311.
11018:26 January
10918:: 101667.
10647:: 100406.
10375:23 October
10344:23 October
10280:. London.
10155:"Policies"
9889:16 October
9460:Lazard.com
9163:14 January
9153:energy.gov
8905:: 116273.
8848:2 December
8744:: 103446.
8677:6 February
8620:7 November
7700:IRENA 2024
7688:IRENA 2024
7641:(1): 183.
7614:30 January
7438:"Biofuels"
7249:"Biofuels"
7233:31 October
7030:IRENA 2024
7018:IRENA 2024
7003:3 February
6815:926410982X
6573:: 100939.
6537:IRENA 2024
6525:IRENA 2024
6475:27 October
6404:IRENA 2024
6392:IRENA 2024
6205:(1): 210.
5744:IRENA 2024
5732:IRENA 2024
5612:2108.00530
5605:: 112744.
5476:31 January
4665:: 112922.
4626:: 111426.
4433:Roser, Max
4273:2 December
4243:28 January
4134:References
3933:fuel fires
3921:See also:
3896:wind farms
3831:to reduce
3741:processing
3709:transition
3697:See also:
3562:super grid
3550:See also:
3535:hydropower
3529:, such as
3477:generated
3475:decay heat
3381:geothermal
3342:by 2050."
3217:wind power
3119:energy mix
3066:See also:
3014:Past costs
2892:Geothermal
2715:2010β2019
2684:Production
2648:Heat pumps
2621:, such as
2451:Sihwa Lake
2441:and salty
2423:wave power
2216:in Iceland
2189:in Iceland
2142:algal fuel
2071:bioethanol
2045:See also:
1990:combustion
1879:pico hydro
1847:Itaipu Dam
1841:(2003) in
1719:hydropower
1705:Hydropower
1695:Hydropower
1579:NW-England
1562:Wind power
1556:Wind power
1533:in China.
1201:wind power
1106:available.
1000:geothermal
992:wind power
978:Definition
971:See also:
814:hydropower
810:wind power
681:Watercraft
659:Velomobile
619:Helicopter
447:Tidal farm
410:Pico hydro
395:Hydropower
178:Eco-cities
105:in China;
93:in Spain;
18:Renewables
17939:Recycling
17934:Planetary
17924:Materials
17919:Landscape
17904:Fisheries
17871:Transport
17796:Landscape
17779:Marketing
17754:Gardening
17694:Community
17641:Reporting
17505:Footprint
17393:Biosphere
17058:Recycling
16781:Pollution
16761:transport
16511:Agflation
16404:giganteus
16333:Sunflower
16328:Sugarcane
16246:foodstock
16153:Biodiesel
16112:Bioenergy
15836:Row cover
15568:Lithuania
15488:Australia
15388:Heliostat
14561:Australia
14497:Transport
14492:Computing
14460:Wind farm
14387:Wave farm
14261:Petroleum
14241:Bioenergy
14213:Radiation
14152:Capacitor
14074:Potential
13664:Argentina
13628:Australia
13464:Lithuania
13364:Palestine
13339:Indonesia
12996:Wind farm
12456:About.com
12281:1996-1073
12183:0013-0613
12145:The Local
12084:0140-0460
12075:The Times
12055:0301-4215
12021:: 83β91.
11920:117685414
11912:0960-1481
11857:220505135
11849:2058-7546
11707:221467922
11681:2041-1723
11632:8 October
11602:8 October
11450:0013-0613
11346:239975201
11338:2210-4224
11316:: 86β88.
11153:Bloomberg
11099:244187364
11091:2214-6296
10940:2214-6296
10827:0013-0613
10799:2214-6296
10765:: 36β40.
10740:243792305
10732:2058-7546
10493:25 August
10255:27 August
9861:259654837
9853:2194-4288
9652:111165822
9583:Fig. 1.11
9531:IRENA.org
9509:IRENA.org
9237:IRENA.org
9019:250126767
9011:1754-5692
8972:198078901
8929:0306-2619
8838:irena.org
8778:2214-6296
8696:(Report).
8610:211729746
8011:0276-1084
7942:: 12β28.
7657:1754-6834
7583:1364-0321
7536:0031-9228
7406:0013-936X
7187:1059-1028
6654:0027-8424
6605:251889236
6597:2211-467X
6502:sea level
6377:15 August
6239:2072-4292
6095:0013-0613
6065:20 August
5927:2076-3417
5637:250941369
5549:237206056
5363:234026069
5355:2041-8396
5301:0013-0613
5196:4 October
5186:113848337
5178:2058-7546
5097:2041-1723
5050:0960-1481
4815:1866-3508
4601:239052649
4385:15 August
4263:irena.org
4178:1754-5692
3984:Max Weber
3966:In 1885,
3957:windmills
3810:world map
3717:neodymium
3463:Statutory
3417:Green job
3301:The 2015
3100:REPowerEU
2946:hydrogen.
2864:Bioenergy
2749:Solar CSP
2688:capacity
2674:Installed
2502:microwave
2443:sea water
2153:biodiesel
2124:in Brazil
2079:sugarcane
2075:biodiesel
1909:Bioenergy
1903:Bioenergy
1867:reservoir
1367:, Germany
1361:PV system
1150:or other
1012:hot water
854:bioenergy
834:move heat
818:Bioenergy
624:Hydrofoil
489:Community
263:Heat pump
173:Eco hotel
109:plant in
35:(journal)
18052:Category
17851:Sourcing
17786:Greening
17679:Business
17555:Security
17550:Scarcity
16569:Category
16504:Concepts
16387:Duckweed
16376:Camelina
16353:Non-food
16301:Rapeseed
16291:Palm oil
16234:Wood gas
16207:Methanol
16200:mixtures
16120:Biofuels
16057:Category
16026:See also
15876:Lighting
15850:Building
15729:Adoption
15718:seasonal
15689:and uses
15633:Thailand
15603:Portugal
15598:Pakistan
15228:Concepts
15219:Timeline
15125:Category
14998:Concepts
14964:Goldwind
14928:Software
14881:Darrieus
14876:Savonius
14841:Floating
14826:Airborne
14768:panemone
14763:Windmill
14751:Turbines
14746:Offshore
14631:Category
14196:Hydrogen
14162:Enthalpy
14064:Negative
14054:Magnetic
14039:Internal
13997:Chemical
13862:Enthalpy
13781:concepts
13697:Category
13679:Colombia
13602:Honduras
13570:Scotland
13489:Portugal
13379:Thailand
13359:Pakistan
13349:Malaysia
13266:Ethiopia
12890:Archived
12852:Archived
12814:Archived
12786:Archived
12767:28 March
12734:Archived
12714:pp. 1β4.
12708:Archived
12703:(2009).
12615:Archived
12595:Archived
12565:Archived
12522:Archived
12492:Archived
12460:Archived
12409:Archived
12376:Archived
12259:Energies
12149:Archived
12119:Archived
12088:Archived
11997:Archived
11861:Archived
11793:Archived
11738:cite web
11699:32873789
11626:Archived
11622:phys.org
11596:Archived
11570:27 March
11564:Archived
11540:27 March
11534:Archived
11530:BBC News
11509:10 April
11486:23 April
11480:Archived
11283:Archived
11252:Archived
11248:Euronews
11222:Archived
11190:Archived
11185:Euractiv
11158:Archived
11126:Archived
11121:Politico
11046:10 April
10958:32835007
10885:Archived
10858:10 April
10614:Archived
10574:27 March
10427:30 April
10401:21 March
10369:Archived
10338:Archived
10333:Politico
10282:Archived
10249:Archived
10163:Archived
10137:Archived
10040:pp. 7-9.
10003:, p. 42.
9929:Archived
9883:Archived
9735:Archived
9712:"Energy"
9689:Archived
9656:Archived
9576:Archived
9535:Archived
9513:Archived
9488:Archived
9464:Archived
9446:Archived
9423:Archived
9386:Archived
9365:Archived
9361:BNEF.com
9340:Archived
9321:Archived
9241:Archived
9214:25 April
9189:26 April
9157:Archived
8878:23 April
8842:Archived
8800:Archived
8717:29 April
8671:Archived
8667:Truthout
8614:Archived
8522:58, 412.
8520:Am. Sci.
8470:Archived
8441:Archived
8373:24591604
8208:citation
8015:Archived
7979:Archived
7721:Archived
7675:29988300
7608:Archived
7603:The Hill
7424:37527415
7415:10433513
7298:26 April
7227:Archived
7066:Archived
6997:Archived
6921:26 March
6915:Archived
6878:Archived
6845:Archived
6733:27 April
6727:Archived
6702:26 March
6672:30397145
6509:Archived
6494:Archived
6469:Archived
6445:11 March
6436:Archived
6371:Archived
6177:Archived
6039:19 April
6033:Archived
5992:Archived
5990:. 2023.
5968:21 March
5830:Archived
5713:Archived
5689:Archived
5452:Archived
5434:(2020).
5273:20 April
5242:Sky News
5190:Archived
5115:31064982
4991:29 April
4819:Archived
4754:Archived
4708:19 March
4593:34671143
4466:Archived
4325:27 April
4319:Archived
4267:Archived
4237:Archived
4215:26584653
4026:See also
4005:peak oil
3961:firewood
3685:and too
3593:sell off
3498:MOX fuel
3457:Whether
3377:biofuels
3157:and the
3092:China's
2720:Solar PV
2710:USΒ’/kWh
2705:USΒ’/kWh
2619:biofuels
2415:salinity
2138:Cow dung
2104:palm oil
2091:corn oil
2060:Biofuels
1845:and the
1725:in China
1677:offshore
1666:windpump
1655:windmill
1499:via the
1436:COVID-19
929:Overview
914:lobbying
838:vehicles
732:Category
654:Tricycle
539:Windpump
534:Windbelt
509:Industry
188:Ecolabel
183:Ecohouse
153:Arcology
111:Scotland
18085:Degrees
18078:Studies
18071:Science
17866:Tourism
17759:Geopark
17749:Finance
17744:Fashion
17319:Control
17207:Ethical
17116:Outline
16962:natural
16882:biofuel
16815:Water (
16790:control
16618:General
16318:Soybean
16312:Sorghum
16261:Cassava
16190:Ethanol
16173:Biomass
16143:Bagasse
16128:Alcohol
16069:Commons
15938:Cooking
15696:Storage
15643:Ukraine
15618:Somalia
15608:Romania
15583:Myanmar
15578:Morocco
15533:Germany
15528:Georgia
15523:Denmark
15498:Belgium
15493:Austria
15483:Armenia
15478:Albania
15280:Thermal
15235:The Sun
15214:Outline
15137:Commons
14974:Senvion
14951:GE Wind
14946:Enercon
14893:bearing
14846:Nacelle
14736:History
14643:Commons
14471:Use and
14330:Biomass
14300:Radiant
14147:Battery
14119:Thermal
14114:Surface
14099:Radiant
14069:Phantom
14049:Kinetic
14027:Binding
14007:Elastic
13990:Nuclear
13985:Binding
13872:Entropy
13770:Outline
13760:History
13621:Oceania
13560:Ukraine
13530:Iceland
13525:Belarus
13520:Armenia
13515:Albania
13454:Ireland
13449:Hungary
13439:Germany
13429:Finland
13424:Denmark
13409:Austria
13384:Vietnam
13281:Nigeria
13276:Morocco
12899:25 July
12861:25 July
12823:18 July
12795:18 July
12740:18 July
12722:Sources
12337:Bibcode
12155:25 July
12125:21 June
12094:21 June
12023:Bibcode
11892:Bibcode
11867:26 June
11829:Bibcode
11690:7463236
11661:Bibcode
11318:Bibcode
11071:Bibcode
11040:Lawfare
10949:7326412
10920:Bibcode
10767:Bibcode
10700:Bibcode
10649:Bibcode
10620:26 June
10224:8 April
10169:8 April
9938:12 July
9810:27 June
9784:27 June
9759:27 June
9632:Bibcode
9401:archive
9133:24 June
9067:20 June
9042:6 April
8907:Bibcode
8746:Bibcode
8646:27 June
8364:3964088
8341:Bibcode
8241:Bibcode
7944:Bibcode
7727:17 July
7666:6022341
7563:Bibcode
7516:Bibcode
7477:Bibcode
7386:Bibcode
7357:6 April
7072:18 July
6993:Vpr.net
6973:27 June
6951:27 June
6911:Ntnu.no
6758:24 June
6663:6255148
6632:Bibcode
6575:Bibcode
6307:7 April
6207:Bibcode
6154:7 April
6128:7 April
6100:24 June
5884:27 June
5810:. 2023.
5709:IEA.org
5685:IEA.org
5656:Control
5617:Bibcode
5335:Bibcode
5106:6504956
5077:Bibcode
5020:Bibcode
4985:Reuters
4963:4 April
4854:Bibcode
4783:Bibcode
4667:Bibcode
4628:Bibcode
4571:Bibcode
4298:10 June
3929:biomass
3917:History
3786:uranium
3782:thorium
3756:lithium
3512:fissile
3407:Debates
3373:biomass
3346:Finance
3225:biomass
2898:0.00007
2698:TWh/yr
2693:TWh/yr
2547:. With
2537:thorium
2533:uranium
2293:sources
2276:heating
2122:ethanol
2041:Biofuel
2035:Biofuel
2017:biomass
1994:biofuel
1986:Biomass
1970:biofuel
1966:Biomass
1881:plants.
1835:largest
1740:, China
1721:on the
1550:turbine
1508:rooftop
1389:, Japan
1004:biomass
676:Walking
634:Bicycle
607:Plug-in
571:Bicycle
529:Turbine
519:Outline
370:Biomass
353:Biofuel
101:on the
18034:(2015)
18011:(2000)
18005:(1997)
17989:(1992)
17977:(1987)
17909:Forest
17811:Market
17806:Living
17423:Energy
17279:Market
16875:Fuel (
16726:design
16364:Arundo
16296:Potato
16212:Stover
16158:Biogas
15638:Turkey
15573:Mexico
15563:Kosovo
15548:Israel
15538:Greece
15508:Canada
15503:Brazil
15156:Energy
14989:Vestas
14984:Suzlon
14969:Nordex
14856:QBlade
14836:Design
14655:Portal
14576:Mexico
14571:Europe
14566:Canada
14551:Africa
14474:supply
14283:Marine
14172:Fossil
14124:Vacuum
13877:Exergy
13798:Energy
13749:Energy
13707:Portal
13669:Brazil
13648:Tuvalu
13607:Mexico
13592:Canada
13555:Turkey
13545:Russia
13540:Norway
13535:Kosovo
13499:Sweden
13484:Poland
13444:Greece
13434:France
13419:Cyprus
13393:Europe
13374:Taiwan
13324:Brunei
13319:Bhutan
13248:Africa
12882:
12844:
12758:
12435:31 May
12382:p. 35.
12305:31 May
12279:
12238:31 May
12193:31 May
12181:
12082:
12053:
11970:
11943:
11918:
11910:
11855:
11847:
11705:
11697:
11687:
11679:
11455:31 May
11448:
11422:23 May
11344:
11336:
11097:
11089:
10984:
10956:
10946:
10938:
10825:
10797:
10738:
10730:
10570:. Oslo
10456:30 May
10081:dw.com
9859:
9851:
9837:(11).
9650:
9603:4 June
9568:
9017:
9009:
8970:
8960:
8927:
8776:
8608:
8447:9 June
8371:
8361:
8312:21 May
8288:
8156:
8117:
8057:
8009:
7825:
7777:
7673:
7663:
7655:
7581:
7534:
7444:. 2022
7422:
7412:
7404:
7185:
7127:
6887:9 July
6851:9 July
6821:30 May
6812:
6788:30 May
6670:
6660:
6652:
6603:
6595:
6237:
6093:
5925:
5635:
5547:
5537:
5444:
5416:15 May
5386:15 May
5361:
5353:
5306:12 May
5299:
5184:
5176:
5113:
5103:
5095:
5048:
4899:
4813:
4734:31 May
4599:
4591:
4563:Nature
4542:31 May
4514:
4410:23 May
4381:. 2023
4213:
4176:
3959:, and
3900:NIMBYs
3790:radium
3775:seabed
3760:nickel
3752:copper
3735:, and
3642:, and
3632:Angola
3610:, and
3585:Norway
3577:Russia
3500:. The
3419:, and
3383:, and
3247:Policy
3223:, and
3149:Demand
3115:DNV GL
2784:0.0045
2755:0.0006
2696:Growth
2691:Energy
2681:TW/yr
2679:Growth
2623:biojet
2466:Others
2429:, and
2417:, and
2355:, and
2309:mantle
2210:Krafla
2175:, and
2064:Biojet
2053:, and
1833:. The
1493:panels
1458:, and
1268:, and
1251:power.
812:, and
794:energy
730:
524:Rights
365:Biogas
18064:Lists
17944:Waste
17856:Space
17764:Green
17498:Water
17257:Brand
17121:Index
16952:green
16483:stove
16338:Wheat
16281:Maize
16271:Grape
16224:Straw
16133:Algae
15667:Legal
15658:Yemen
15628:Spain
15558:Japan
15553:Italy
15543:India
15513:China
15209:Index
14898:drive
14861:Small
14595:Misc.
14305:Solar
14109:Sound
13978:Types
13852:Power
13803:Units
13765:Index
13674:Chile
13508:Other
13494:Spain
13474:Malta
13459:Italy
13354:Nepal
13334:India
13329:China
13271:Kenya
13261:Egypt
13092:lists
12998:lists
12915:(PDF)
12893:(PDF)
12876:(PDF)
12855:(PDF)
12838:(PDF)
12817:(PDF)
12810:(PDF)
12789:(PDF)
12782:(PDF)
12654:(PDF)
12639:(PDF)
12391:DTI,
11916:S2CID
11853:S2CID
11769:2 May
11703:S2CID
11342:S2CID
11095:S2CID
11012:(PDF)
11005:(PDF)
10832:2 May
10736:S2CID
10447:(PDF)
10188:(PDF)
9932:(PDF)
9925:(PDF)
9857:S2CID
9648:S2CID
9579:(PDF)
9562:(PDF)
9491:(PDF)
9484:(PDF)
9467:(PDF)
9456:(PDF)
9093:9 May
9015:S2CID
8968:S2CID
8868:(PDF)
8606:S2CID
8498:(PDF)
8491:(PDF)
8473:(PDF)
8466:(PDF)
8415:(PDF)
8199:9 May
8167:(PDF)
8146:(PDF)
8126:9 May
8084:(PDF)
8077:(PDF)
8024:5 May
8018:(PDF)
7999:(PDF)
7917:7 May
7889:7 May
7862:7 May
7834:7 May
7786:6 May
7653:eISSN
7448:5 May
7327:5 May
7258:5 May
7192:5 May
7179:Wired
7158:5 May
7121:(PDF)
7099:5 May
6907:(PDF)
6881:(PDF)
6870:(PDF)
6696:(PDF)
6689:(PDF)
6601:S2CID
6439:(PDF)
6432:(PDF)
6180:(PDF)
6173:(PDF)
6119:(PDF)
5962:(PDF)
5951:(PDF)
5861:(PDF)
5774:8 May
5768:Ember
5716:(PDF)
5705:(PDF)
5692:(PDF)
5681:(PDF)
5633:S2CID
5607:arXiv
5595:(PDF)
5575:9 May
5545:S2CID
5502:9 May
5359:S2CID
5333:(4).
5247:2 May
5222:2 May
5182:S2CID
5135:(PDF)
4597:S2CID
3945:labor
3644:Sudan
3640:Gabon
3600:China
3573:Qatar
2980:Costs
2915:+49%
2895:0.014
2887:β13%
2870:0.006
2859:+27%
2842:0.013
2839:1.310
2836:Hydro
2831:β38%
2810:0.594
2802:β30%
2781:0.028
2773:β47%
2752:0.006
2744:β82%
2726:0.098
2723:0.580
2411:tides
2083:maize
2015:Some
1857:50 MW
1843:China
1819:swell
1575:Burbo
1475:" of
903:noisy
856:, or
796:from
792:) is
600:Twike
474:Solar
89:with
17684:City
17451:Food
16478:mill
16427:Wood
16306:Rice
16276:Hemp
16217:corn
15811:and
15428:and
15047:HVDC
15035:grid
14556:Asia
14310:Wind
14251:Coal
14223:Work
14184:Heat
14167:Fuel
14104:Rest
14002:Dark
13967:Work
13835:Mass
13301:Asia
12901:2021
12880:ISBN
12863:2021
12842:ISBN
12825:2021
12797:2021
12769:2023
12756:ISBN
12742:2021
12688:2012
12662:2014
12573:2021
12530:2017
12500:2013
12468:2013
12437:2024
12307:2024
12277:ISSN
12240:2024
12195:2024
12179:ISSN
12157:2021
12127:2020
12096:2020
12080:ISSN
12051:ISSN
11968:ISBN
11941:ISBN
11908:ISSN
11869:2021
11845:ISSN
11801:2021
11771:2022
11744:link
11730:2020
11695:PMID
11677:ISSN
11634:2020
11604:2020
11572:2020
11542:2020
11511:2024
11488:2020
11457:2024
11446:ISSN
11424:2022
11399:2021
11373:2022
11334:ISSN
11291:2020
11260:2021
11230:2021
11198:2021
11166:2021
11134:2021
11087:ISSN
11048:2024
11020:2020
10982:ISBN
10954:PMID
10936:ISSN
10893:2021
10860:2024
10834:2022
10823:ISSN
10795:ISSN
10728:ISSN
10622:2019
10576:2013
10549:2007
10523:2007
10495:2007
10458:2024
10429:2024
10403:2024
10377:2021
10346:2021
10290:2016
10257:2011
10226:2019
10171:2019
10114:2023
10088:2023
10063:2023
10025:2020
9987:2020
9940:2021
9891:2018
9849:ISSN
9812:2022
9786:2022
9761:2022
9697:2021
9664:2016
9605:2022
9566:ISBN
9216:2022
9191:2019
9165:2016
9135:2022
9095:2022
9069:2022
9044:2022
9007:ISSN
8958:ISBN
8925:ISSN
8880:2023
8850:2020
8808:2021
8774:ISSN
8719:2022
8679:2017
8648:2022
8622:2012
8506:2012
8449:2020
8419:NASA
8395:2021
8369:PMID
8333:PNAS
8314:2022
8286:ISBN
8214:link
8201:2024
8154:ISBN
8128:2024
8115:ISBN
8055:ISBN
8026:2009
8007:ISSN
7919:2024
7891:2024
7864:2024
7836:2024
7823:ISBN
7788:2024
7775:ISBN
7729:2021
7671:PMID
7616:2020
7579:ISSN
7532:ISSN
7450:2024
7420:PMID
7402:ISSN
7359:2013
7329:2024
7300:2022
7260:2024
7235:2020
7208:link
7194:2024
7183:ISSN
7160:2024
7125:ISBN
7101:2024
7074:2021
7005:2017
6975:2022
6953:2022
6923:2019
6889:2021
6853:2021
6823:2022
6810:ISBN
6790:2022
6760:2022
6735:2019
6704:2019
6668:PMID
6650:ISSN
6593:ISSN
6477:2021
6447:2007
6379:2023
6309:2024
6265:2018
6235:ISSN
6156:2024
6130:2024
6102:2022
6091:ISSN
6067:2013
6041:2011
5970:2024
5923:ISSN
5886:2022
5838:2021
5776:2024
5663:2023
5577:2022
5535:ISBN
5504:2022
5478:2022
5442:ISBN
5418:2022
5388:2022
5351:ISSN
5308:2024
5297:ISSN
5275:2024
5249:2022
5224:2022
5198:2021
5174:ISSN
5111:PMID
5093:ISSN
5046:ISSN
4993:2022
4965:2024
4939:help
4897:ISBN
4827:2021
4811:ISSN
4736:2024
4710:2023
4589:PMID
4544:2024
4512:ISBN
4474:2021
4412:2024
4387:2023
4356:2022
4327:2021
4300:2024
4275:2020
4245:2019
4211:PMID
4174:ISSN
3788:and
3707:The
3701:and
3636:Chad
3583:and
3567:The
3533:and
3467:Utah
3440:The
3350:The
3278:The
3036:and
2904:13.9
2867:0.12
2848:4267
2819:1194
2813:0.05
2796:11.5
2793:11.5
2767:18.2
2676:TWp
2662:The
2506:NASA
2313:core
2311:and
2212:, a
2102:and
2089:and
2081:and
2073:and
1736:and
1717:for
1713:The
1703:and
1564:and
1527:ARCO
1387:Kofu
1365:Bonn
1340:HVAC
1213:grid
1193:and
950:wind
948:and
836:and
820:and
788:(or
698:Tram
514:Lens
494:Farm
484:Wind
479:Wave
17674:Art
16343:Yam
16286:Oat
14177:Oil
12557:doi
12553:119
12353:hdl
12345:doi
12333:171
12267:doi
12214:BBC
12041:hdl
12031:doi
12019:123
11900:doi
11888:133
11837:doi
11685:PMC
11669:doi
11326:doi
11079:doi
10944:PMC
10928:doi
10785:hdl
10775:doi
10718:hdl
10708:doi
10667:hdl
10657:doi
10421:IEA
10018:IEA
9839:doi
9753:IEA
9640:doi
9628:55C
8999:doi
8950:doi
8915:doi
8903:283
8796:IEA
8764:hdl
8754:doi
8742:110
8640:IEA
8596:doi
8569:doi
8359:PMC
8349:doi
8337:111
8278:doi
8249:doi
8190:doi
8107:doi
8045:doi
7952:doi
7815:doi
7767:doi
7661:PMC
7643:doi
7571:doi
7524:doi
7485:doi
7410:PMC
7394:doi
6874:IEA
6658:PMC
6640:doi
6628:115
6583:doi
6225:hdl
6215:doi
5913:doi
5879:IEA
5625:doi
5603:168
5569:Vox
5527:doi
5470:IEA
5432:IEA
5343:doi
5268:Vox
5166:doi
5101:PMC
5085:doi
5036:hdl
5028:doi
5016:200
4862:doi
4850:127
4801:hdl
4791:doi
4702:IEA
4675:doi
4663:165
4636:doi
4624:140
4579:doi
4567:598
4405:IEA
4203:doi
4166:doi
3931:to
3371:),
3155:WWF
2910:7.3
2907:0.7
2901:74%
2882:6.6
2876:522
2873:51%
2854:4.7
2845:38%
2828:4.3
2825:5.3
2822:118
2816:25%
2799:8.2
2787:33%
2770:7.5
2764:0.5
2761:6.3
2758:13%
2741:3.9
2738:6.8
2735:123
2732:549
2729:13%
2535:or
1877:or
1791:Dam
1525:by
1510:or
1385:in
1363:in
868:or
18103::
16402:Γ
12888:.
12850:.
12641:.
12602:).
12563:.
12551:.
12547:.
12520:.
12516:.
12490:.
12484:.
12458:.
12454:.
12428:.
12351:.
12343:.
12331:.
12327:.
12315:^
12297:.
12275:.
12263:14
12261:.
12257:.
12231:.
12212:.
12177:.
12173:.
12143:.
12117:.
12113:.
12086:.
12078:.
12072:.
12049:.
12039:.
12029:.
12017:.
11995:.
11991:.
11914:.
11906:.
11898:.
11886:.
11859:.
11851:.
11843:.
11835:.
11823:.
11819:.
11791:.
11787:.
11761:.
11740:}}
11736:{{
11701:.
11693:.
11683:.
11675:.
11667:.
11657:11
11655:.
11651:.
11624:.
11620:.
11588:.
11558:.
11532:.
11528:.
11478:.
11474:.
11444:.
11440:.
11415:.
11390:.
11354:^
11340:.
11332:.
11324:.
11314:41
11308:.
11281:.
11246:.
11214:.
11182:.
11150:.
11118:.
11107:^
11093:.
11085:.
11077:.
11067:82
11065:.
11037:.
10952:.
10942:.
10934:.
10926:.
10916:70
10914:.
10910:.
10879:.
10868:^
10851:.
10821:.
10815:.
10793:.
10783:.
10773:.
10763:49
10761:.
10757:.
10734:.
10726:.
10716:.
10706:.
10694:.
10690:.
10665:.
10655:.
10645:26
10643:.
10639:.
10612:.
10608:.
10578:.
10566:.
10514:.
10503:^
10485:.
10449:.
10419:.
10393:.
10367:.
10363:.
10330:.
10298:^
10274:.
10247:.
10243:.
10212:.
10190:.
10161:.
10157:.
10146:^
10135:.
10131:.
10105:.
10079:.
10054:.
10016:.
9978:.
9899:^
9881:.
9877:.
9855:.
9847:.
9835:11
9833:.
9829:.
9803:.
9777:.
9751:.
9714:.
9683:.
9672:^
9654:.
9646:.
9638:.
9626:.
9622:.
9596:.
9574:.
9539:β
9529:.
9507:.
9458:.
9440:.
9417:.
9403:).
9359:.
9315:.
9280:^
9263:^
9249:^
9235:.
9224:^
9207:.
9155:.
9151:.
9126:.
9086:.
9060:.
9035:.
9013:.
9005:.
8995:15
8993:.
8989:.
8966:.
8956:.
8948:.
8923:.
8913:.
8901:.
8897:.
8870:.
8836:.
8798:.
8794:.
8772:.
8762:.
8752:.
8740:.
8736:.
8710:.
8669:.
8665:.
8638:.
8612:.
8604:.
8590:.
8563:.
8439:.
8435:.
8367:.
8357:.
8347:.
8335:.
8331:.
8284:.
8272:.
8247:.
8235:.
8231:.
8210:}}
8206:{{
8184:,
8113:,
8101:,
8053:,
8013:.
8001:.
7964:^
7950:.
7940:71
7938:.
7907:.
7880:.
7855:.
7843:^
7821:,
7809:,
7795:^
7773:,
7761:,
7749:^
7715:.
7669:.
7659:.
7651:.
7639:11
7637:.
7633:.
7606:.
7600:.
7577:.
7569:.
7559:82
7557:.
7553:.
7530:.
7522:.
7512:75
7510:.
7506:.
7483:.
7473:82
7471:.
7467:.
7440:.
7418:.
7408:.
7400:.
7392:.
7382:57
7380:.
7376:.
7345:.
7320:.
7308:^
7291:.
7268:^
7251:.
7204:}}
7200:{{
7181:.
7177:.
7151:.
7139:^
7090:.
7064:.
7058:.
6995:.
6991:.
6939:.
6913:.
6909:.
6872:.
6843:.
6839:.
6776:.
6751:.
6725:.
6721:.
6666:.
6656:.
6648:.
6638:.
6626:.
6622:.
6599:.
6591:.
6581:.
6571:43
6569:.
6565:.
6467:.
6463:.
6369:.
6365:.
6347:.
6326:.
6300:.
6273:^
6233:.
6223:.
6213:.
6203:15
6201:.
6197:.
6147:.
6121:.
6089:.
6083:.
6031:.
6027:.
6009:.
5986:.
5953:.
5935:^
5921:.
5909:12
5907:.
5903:.
5877:.
5846:^
5824:.
5804:.
5766:.
5751:^
5707:.
5683:.
5654:.
5631:.
5623:.
5615:.
5601:.
5597:.
5566:.
5543:.
5533:.
5521:.
5494:.
5468:.
5450:.
5404:.
5379:.
5357:.
5349:.
5341:.
5331:10
5329:.
5325:.
5295:.
5291:.
5266:.
5240:.
5215:.
5188:.
5180:.
5172:.
5160:.
5156:.
5137:.
5109:.
5099:.
5091:.
5083:.
5073:10
5071:.
5067:.
5044:.
5034:.
5026:.
5014:.
5010:.
4982:.
4955:.
4930::
4928:}}
4924:{{
4860:.
4848:.
4844:.
4817:.
4809:.
4799:.
4789:.
4779:11
4777:.
4773:.
4727:.
4700:.
4689:^
4673:.
4661:.
4657:.
4634:.
4622:.
4618:.
4595:.
4587:.
4577:.
4565:.
4561:.
4534:.
4482:^
4464:.
4460:.
4439:.
4431:;
4420:^
4403:.
4377:.
4364:^
4346:.
4335:^
4291:.
4261:.
4235:.
4231:.
4209:.
4199:22
4197:.
4172:.
4160:.
4150:;
3951:,
3947:,
3784:,
3754:,
3731:,
3727:,
3723:,
3638:,
3634:,
3606:,
3579:,
3575:,
3488:,
3481:.
3415:,
3379:,
3375:,
3314:.
3219:,
3215:,
3173:.
3110:.
2879:27
2851:90
2790:68
2433:.
2425:,
2413:,
2409:,
2351:,
2347:,
2171:,
2167:,
2110:.
2049:,
2026:A
1968:,
1804:,
1668:)
1653:,
1577:,
1483:A
1454:,
1430:.
1342:)
1327:,
1323:,
1264:,
1207:,
1203:,
1143:.
1041:.
1018:,
1010:,
998:,
994:,
990:,
912:,
905:.
860:.
852:,
816:.
808:,
17097:e
17090:t
17083:v
16979:)
16936:)
16927:(
16894:)
16839:)
16797:)
16763:)
16603:e
16596:t
16589:v
16104:e
16097:t
16090:v
15190:e
15183:t
15176:v
14702:e
14695:t
14688:v
13741:e
13734:t
13727:v
13232:e
13225:t
13218:v
12980:e
12973:t
12966:v
12903:.
12865:.
12827:.
12799:.
12771:.
12744:.
12690:.
12664:.
12645:/
12575:.
12559::
12532:.
12502:.
12470:.
12439:.
12361:.
12355::
12347::
12339::
12309:.
12283:.
12269::
12242:.
12216:.
12197:.
12159:.
12129:.
12098:.
12057:.
12043::
12033::
12025::
11976:.
11949:.
11922:.
11902::
11894::
11871:.
11839::
11831::
11825:5
11803:.
11773:.
11748:.
11746:)
11732:.
11709:.
11671::
11663::
11636:.
11606:.
11574:.
11544:.
11513:.
11490:.
11459:.
11426:.
11401:.
11375:.
11348:.
11328::
11320::
11293:.
11262:.
11232:.
11200:.
11168:.
11136:.
11101:.
11081::
11073::
11050:.
11022:.
10990:.
10960:.
10930::
10922::
10895:.
10862:.
10836:.
10801:.
10787::
10777::
10769::
10742:.
10720::
10710::
10702::
10696:6
10675:.
10669::
10659::
10651::
10624:.
10551:.
10525:.
10497:.
10460:.
10431:.
10405:.
10379:.
10348:.
10308:.
10292:.
10259:.
10228:.
10173:.
10116:.
10090:.
10065:.
10027:.
9989:.
9942:.
9910:.
9893:.
9863:.
9841::
9814:.
9788:.
9763:.
9718:.
9699:.
9666:.
9642::
9634::
9607:.
9399:(
9218:.
9193:.
9167:.
9137:.
9097:.
9071:.
9046:.
9021:.
9001::
8974:.
8952::
8931:.
8917::
8909::
8882:.
8852:.
8823:.
8810:.
8780:.
8766::
8756::
8748::
8721:.
8681:.
8650:.
8624:.
8598::
8575:.
8571::
8565:6
8508:.
8451:.
8421:.
8397:.
8375:.
8351::
8343::
8316:.
8294:.
8280::
8257:.
8251::
8243::
8237:7
8216:)
8192::
8109::
8047::
8028:.
7958:.
7954::
7946::
7921:.
7893:.
7866:.
7817::
7769::
7731:.
7677:.
7645::
7618:.
7585:.
7573::
7565::
7538:.
7526::
7518::
7491:.
7487::
7479::
7452:.
7426:.
7396::
7388::
7361:.
7331:.
7302:.
7262:.
7237:.
7210:)
7196:.
7162:.
7133:.
7103:.
7076:.
7007:.
6977:.
6955:.
6925:.
6891:.
6855:.
6825:.
6792:.
6762:.
6737:.
6706:.
6674:.
6642::
6634::
6607:.
6585::
6577::
6479:.
6449:.
6381:.
6351:.
6332:.
6311:.
6267:.
6241:.
6227::
6217::
6209::
6158:.
6132:.
6104:.
6069:.
6043:.
5972:.
5929:.
5915::
5888:.
5840:.
5778:.
5665:.
5639:.
5627::
5619::
5609::
5579:.
5551:.
5529::
5506:.
5480:.
5420:.
5390:.
5365:.
5345::
5337::
5310:.
5277:.
5251:.
5226:.
5200:.
5168::
5162:1
5141:.
5117:.
5087::
5079::
5052:.
5038::
5030::
5022::
4995:.
4967:.
4941:)
4937:(
4920:.
4905:.
4881:.
4868:.
4864::
4856::
4829:.
4803::
4793::
4785::
4738:.
4712:.
4683:.
4677::
4669::
4642:.
4638::
4630::
4603:.
4581::
4573::
4546:.
4520:.
4476:.
4445:.
4414:.
4389:.
4358:.
4329:.
4302:.
4277:.
4247:.
4217:.
4205::
4180:.
4168::
4162:4
3453:.
3330:(
3186:.
3040:.
3028:"
2010:2
1479:.
1014:/
774:e
767:t
760:v
113:.
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
