555:"In the ALRC’s view, s 18C of the Act would benefit from more thorough review in relation to implications for freedom of speech. In particular, there are arguments that s 18C lacks sufficient precision and clarity, and unjustifiably interferes with freedom of speech by extending to speech that is reasonably likely to ‘offend’. In some respects, the provision is broader than is required under international law, broader than similar laws in other jurisdictions, and may be susceptible to constitutional challenge." In 2016, Labor Senator
254:
identification and carrying large guns had marched into the community conducting early-morning raids on 27 November 2004. Residents reported officers kicking down doors, pointing guns at children's heads, and tasering residents. with one resident and his partner awarded $ 235,000 compensation for assault, battery and false imprisonment in a separate case. Subsequently, this led to a record class action settlement of $ 30 million and a formal apology issued by the
Queensland State Government in May 2018.
477:
30:
618:
559:, said she was "very surprised" when Justice Bromberg decided to hear the Bolt case given, “He was an active ALP person, he was active enough that he was in a faction, he ran for preselection... Obviously he would have had some views about , and perhaps he was not the best person to hear case.” Bromberg had run unsuccessfully for Labor preselection in Melbourne in 2001.
149:(AHRC). The president of the commission is responsible for investigating complaints. If a complaint is validated, the commission will attempt to conciliate the matter. If the commission cannot negotiate an agreement which is acceptable to the complainant, the complainant's only redress is through the
529:
In 2013, members of the Abbott government proposed significant changes to section 18C in a draft bill put on public exhibition, which would have substantially limited the scope of the prohibition. The
Attorney-General, George Brandis, defended the proposed changes, stating that people have "a right
550:
called for review of section 18C, stating “In particular, there are arguments that s18C lacks sufficient precision and clarity, and unjustifiably interferes with freedom of speech by extending to speech that is reasonably likely to ‘offend’." The ALRC noted that it had received "widely divergent
507:
Section 18C of the Act has been a topic of debate, especially in recent years. While some conservative politicians have claimed the bar for breaching 18C is too low, courts have consistently shown that this is not the case, and to fall within 18C the speech must have "... profound and serious
170:
Racial discrimination occurs under the Act when someone is treated less fairly than someone else in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. Racial discrimination can also occur when a policy or rule appears to treat everyone in the same way but
518:
In 2011, the
Federal Court ruled that commentator Andrew Bolt had contravened section 18C of the Act as he could not rely on the exemptions under Section 18D. Bolt said that the verdict was "a restriction on the freedom of all Australians to discuss multiculturalism and how people identify
458:
While the AHRC maintains that the Act provides an appropriate balance between freedom of speech and freedom from racial vilification, legal academics
Forrester, Finlay and Zimmermann have suggested that section 18C of the Act, enacted in 1995, may be unconstitutional on the basis that it is
253:
with $ 220,000 in damages awarded in 2016. Police actions were described in the judgement as "unnecessary, disproportionate" with police having "acted in these ways because they were dealing with an
Aboriginal community." Dozens of police officers in riot gear wearing balaclavas with no
268:
Section 18C of the Act makes it is unlawful for a person to do an act in public if it is reasonably likely to "offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate" a person of a certain race, colour or national or ethnic origin, and the act was done because of one or more of those characteristics.
272:
While some conservative politicians have claimed the bar for breaching 18C is too low, courts have consistently shown that this is not the case, and to fall within 18C the speech must have "... profound and serious effects, not to be likened to mere slights."
854:
534:
argued that section 18C stretches out its fingers "into the realm of what Orwell might have called a
Thought Crime". After public consultation and opposition by minority groups, the Government did not proceed with the proposed changes.
184:
Provision of goods and services (section 13) - e.g. when buying something, applying for credit, using banks, seeking assistance from government departments, lawyers, doctors and hospitals, or attending restaurants, pubs, entertainment
409:
An aggrieved person may make a complaint of a contravention of the Act to the
Australian Human Rights Commission. If the complaint cannot be resolved, then an application alleging "unlawful discrimination" may be made to the
436:
1296:
399:
against certain students for comments made on
Facebook after one of them had been evicted from a computer room set aside for indigenous students, on the basis that the claim had no reasonable prospects of
231:
under the Award Wages
Process, established in May 1999, to Indigenous people employed by the government on Aboriginal reserves between 1975 and 1986 (the date their policy of paying below-award rates to
1553:
341:
HREOCA 39 the HREOC found that a person had contravened section 18C when they referred to the treatment of Jews in the 1930s and 1940s as having been "mythologised". Following orders made by the
1415:
188:
Access to places and facilities for use by the public (section 11) - e.g. when trying to use parks, libraries, government offices, hotels, places of worship, entertainment centres, hire cars;
1497:
276:
Exemptions are provided in section 18D, including acts relating to artistic works, genuine academic or scientific purposes, fair reporting, and fair comment on matters of public interest.
367:
HREOCA 2, the HREOC found that
Southern Cross Broadcasting and journalist Howard Sattler had contravened section 18C, and ordered each to pay the five complainants $ 10,000 in damages.
1528:
323:
over comments he had made that Aboriginal people were the most primitive people on earth and that aspects of their culture were abhorrent, on the basis that he had apologised in the
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FCAFC 137 the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia dismissed an appeal from those orders, in which the defendant challenged the constitutional validity of section 18C.
1402:
1446:
1688:
1288:
546:, has asked for the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights to conduct an inquiry on the appropriateness of section in its current form. In March 2016, the
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1048:
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154:
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voiced support for changes to 18C, saying that removing the words "offend" and "insult" and inserting "vilify" would strengthen the laws.
207:, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (precursor to the Australian Human Rights Commission) found in favour of a number of
1168:
460:
877:
515:
argued against the provision, saying that a better response to expressions of racial hatred was "public debate, not legal censure".
1374:
357:
157:. The commission also attempts to raise awareness about the obligations that individuals and organisations have under the Act.
334:
HREOCA 9, the HREOC found that a Councillor who had made comments about "shooting" Aboriginal people contravened section 18C.
301:
HREOCA 34, the HREOC awarded $ 55,000 in damages to an African former refugee who had suffered racial abuse in the workplace.
171:
actually has an unfair effect on more people of a particular race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin than others.
1669:
603:
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or to the Federal Circuit Court. When such allegations are upheld, the court may make orders, including for compensation.
396:
139:
81:
392:
146:
1752:
721:
246:
1722:
1471:
636:
547:
191:
Advertising (section 16) - e.g. advertising for a job stating that people from a certain ethnic group cannot apply;
178:
Employment (section 15) - e.g. when seeking employment, training, promotion, equal pay or conditions of employment;
1737:
1498:"Andrew Bolt: Freedom of Speech in Australia - Speech made by Paul Howes | Institute of Public Affairs Australia"
1717:
771:
599:
631:
1061:
Combined Housing Organisation Ltd, Ipswich Regional Atsic for Legal Services, Thompson and Fisher v Hanson
902:
306:
Combined Housing Organisation Ltd, Ipswich Regional Atsic for Legal Services, Thompson and Fisher v Hanson
1289:"At a glance: Racial vilification under sections 18C and 18D of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth)"
445:
435:. Under that power, the federal parliament implemented international obligations arising under the 1965
1584:
1236:
1148:
933:
813:
804:
591:
411:
377:
342:
241:
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Aboriginal reserve and were underpaid between 31 October 1975 (the Act's start date) and 31 May 1984.
150:
744:
646:
1611:"Gillian Triggs backs changes to section 18C as government announces inquiry into freedom of speech"
1271:
1262:
1245:
1222:
951:"David Leyonhjelm, Malcolm Roberts push for Section 18C of Racial Discrimination Act to be removed"
451:
1275:
1249:
665:
440:
127:
37:
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575:
523:
512:
428:
233:
227:. Following this case, the Queensland Government settled 5,729 claims with a single payment of
208:
1338:"Cory Bernardi leads Coalition backbench senators in push to dilute Racial Discrimination Act"
1204:
1144:
1124:
1064:
1044:
1024:
974:"Cory Bernardi leads Coalition backbench senators in push to dilute Racial Discrimination Act"
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have proposed less significant and narrower changes to section 18C, and the Attorney-General,
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1104:
1084:
929:
925:
809:
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had contravened section 18C for comments made in relation to fair-skinned Aboriginal persons.
135:
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has also been raised as an issue (Justice Bromberg had once stood for Labor pre-selection).
1267:
1241:
1164:
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found that a person had contravened section 18C by calling his neighbour a "black bastard".
287:
HREOCA 23, the predecessor of the AHRC, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (
8:
1311:
641:
539:
490:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
249:, sparked by the death in custody of an Aboriginal man, were found to have breached the
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556:
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was awarded to each applicant, although the evidence suggested that the loss of income
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Land, housing or accommodation (section 12) - e.g. when buying a house or when renting;
131:
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717:
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571:
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confirmed that the external affairs power was a valid source of power for the Act in
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212:
123:
69:
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623:
711:
437:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1689:"Senate blocks government's changes to section 18C of Racial Discrimination Act"
564:
543:
320:
309:
1731:
1648:
920:
372:
1310:
Forrester, Joshua; Finlay, Lorraine & Zimmermann, Augusto (6 May 2016).
878:"Palm Island riots class action payout 'slap in face' to police, union says"
29:
1529:"Tony Abbott dumps controversial changes to 18C racial discrimination laws"
832:"Queensland police breached discrimination act on Palm Island, court finds"
595:
279:
Cases and determinations in relation to section 18C include the following:
165:
1712:
1637:"Gillian Triggs says replacing 'insult' and 'offend' could strengthen 18C"
395:
summarily dismissed a claim brought by an indigenous staff member at the
381:
292:
531:
291:) dismissed a complaint by an English person against use of the words "
48:
57:
An Act relating to the Elimination of Racial and other Discrimination
716:(illustrated ed.). Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 136–137.
427:
The source of the federal parliament's power to pass the Act is the
1000:"What is Section 18C and why do some politicians want it changed?"
855:"Palm Island man compensated for wrongful arrest after 2004 riots"
563:
In November, 2016, the President of the Human Rights Commission
1447:"George Brandis to repeal 'Bolt laws' on racial discrimination"
551:
views" on whether s 18C should be amended but found as follows:
308:
HREOCA 58, the HREOC dismissed a complaint against politician
138:
in certain contexts unlawful in Australia, and also overrides
1201:
Prior v Queensland University of Technology & Ors (No.2)
319:
HREOCA 1, the HREOC dismissed a complaint against Senator
1309:
1295:. Australian Human Rights Commission. 11 December 2013.
389:
Prior v Queensland University of Technology & Others
174:
It is against the law to discriminate in areas such as:
166:
Prohibition of racial discrimination in certain contexts
1398:
1396:
1312:"Indeed, Mr Abbott, Section 18C is 'clearly a bad law'"
772:"The Wages of Sin: Compensation for Indigenous Workers"
522:
The political allegiance of the presiding judge to the
130:, which was enacted on 11 June 1975 and passed by the
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913:
911:
1393:
613:
908:
439:, which Australia ratified in September 1975. The
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1215:
1213:
404:
264:Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975
1729:
1634:
1181:Wanjurri v Southern Cross Broadcasting (Aus) Ltd
365:Wanjurri v Southern Cross Broadcasting (Aus) Ltd
142:legislation to the extent of any inconsistency.
1375:"Bolt breached discrimination act, judge rules"
433:section 51(xxix) of the Australian Constitution
1554:"Parliamentary inquiry into freedom of speech"
1210:
312:over comments about Aboriginal welfare policy.
205:Bligh and Ors v State of Queensland HREOCA 28
1189:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
1129:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
1109:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
1089:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
1069:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
1049:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
1029:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
826:
824:
822:
508:effects, not to be likened to mere slights."
155:Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia
1585:"Laws that interfere with freedom of speech"
679:
677:
675:
1416:"25 March 2014 - Racial Discrimination Act"
1403:Andrew Bolt race-case judge ‘had ALP links’
1223:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
993:
991:
819:
797:
461:implied freedom of political communication
28:
769:
737:
703:
672:
574:voted down changes to 18C with 31 votes;
345:to enforce the commission's decision, in
245:police raids and behaviour following the
997:
988:
944:
942:
852:
1582:
1472:"Brandis defends 'right to be a bigot'"
466:
1730:
1718:Guide to the Racial Discrimination Act
1686:
1608:
1335:
971:
709:
683:
358:Federal Magistrates Court of Australia
1358:
1041:Rugema v Gadsten Pty Ltd & Derkes
1021:Bryant v Queensland Newspaper Pty Ltd
948:
939:
459:inconsistent with the constitutional
299:Rugema v Gadsten Pty Ltd & Derkes
285:Bryant v Queensland Newspaper Pty Ltd
1743:Anti-discrimination law in Australia
1635:Katharine Murphy (7 November 2016).
875:
853:Petrinec, Melanie (7 October 2015).
470:
422:
1748:Acts of the Parliament of Australia
1687:Murphy, Katharine (30 March 2017).
1299:from the original on 19 March 2017.
1207: (4 November 2016), Australia).
998:McNamara, Luke (1 September 2016).
194:Joining a trade union (section 14).
13:
1609:Hunter, Fergus (8 November 2016).
1444:
770:Thornton, Margaret; Luker, Trish.
749:Australian Human Rights Commission
690:Australian Human Rights Commission
658:
511:In 1995, left-wing ABC journalist
393:Federal Circuit Court of Australia
147:Australian Human Rights Commission
99:Australian Human Rights Commission
14:
1769:
1702:
1526:
834:. Brisbane Times. 5 December 2016
684:Hunyor, Jonathon (9 March 2007).
295:" and "Pommy" used in newspapers.
1583:Manager, Web (12 January 2016).
713:Palm Island: Through a Long Lens
686:"Law Seminar 2007: Stolen Wages"
637:List of anti-discrimination acts
616:
548:Australian Law Reform Commission
475:
397:Queensland University Technology
380:held that newspaper commentator
1713:Federal Register of Legislation
1680:
1670:"Senate votes down 18C reforms"
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1336:Norman, Jane (30 August 2016).
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972:Norman, Jane (30 August 2016).
965:
892:
247:2004 Palm Island community riot
145:The Act is administered by the
1723:Guide to the Racial Hatred Act
1709:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
1405:; The Australian, Nov 16, 2016
899:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
869:
846:
763:
666:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
538:More recently, members of the
530:to be bigots". Trade Unionist
405:Complaint process and remedies
257:
116:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
71:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
22:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
1:
876:Lily, Nothling (2 May 2018).
652:
632:Hate speech laws in Australia
211:applicants who had worked on
949:Patel, Uma (7 August 2016).
590:voting against and 28 votes
7:
745:"Inquiry into Stolen Wages"
609:
446:Koowarta v. Bjelke-Petersen
417:
327:and retracted his comments.
10:
1774:
1558:www.attorneygeneral.gov.au
1420:www.attorneygeneral.gov.au
1237:Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen
1169:Federal Magistrates' Court
1149:Federal Court (Full Court)
805:Wotton v Queensland (No 5)
412:Federal Court of Australia
378:Federal Court of Australia
343:Federal Court of Australia
261:
242:Wotton v Queensland (No 5)
160:
151:Federal Court of Australia
1615:The Sydney Morning Herald
1533:The Sydney Morning Herald
1451:The Sydney Morning Herald
647:Human rights in Australia
484:This article needs to be
251:Racial Discrimination Act
103:
95:
87:
77:
65:
43:
36:
27:
20:
1753:Anti-racism in Australia
1263:Mabo v Queensland (No 1)
1205:[2016] FCCA 2853
1167: (13 October 2000),
1145:[2003] FCAFC 137
1125:[2000] HREOCA 39
1087: (21 January 1999),
1067: (16 October 1997),
1065:[1997] HREOCA 58
1045:[1997] HREOCA 34
1025:[1997] HREOCA 23
812: (5 December 2016),
452:Mabo v Queensland (No 1)
198:
82:House of Representatives
1359:Adams, Phillip (1995).
1185:[2001] HREOCA 2
1127: (5 October 2000),
1105:[1999] HREOCA 9
1085:[1999] HREOCA 1
926:[2011] FCA 1103
810:[2016] FCA 1457
710:Watson, Joanne (2010).
570:On March 30, 2017, the
441:High Court of Australia
38:Parliament of Australia
1738:1975 in Australian law
1293:www.humanrights.gov.au
1107: (27 April 1999),
561:
524:Australian Labor Party
429:external affairs power
234:Indigenous Australians
1361:The Role of the Media
1268:[1988] HCA 69
1242:[1982] HCA 27
1165:[2000] FMCA 3
1147: (27 June 2003),
1047: (26 June 1997),
553:
449:(1982), and again in
136:racial discrimination
128:Australian Parliament
1027: (15 May 1997),
467:Law reform proposals
96:Administered by
1564:on 20 December 2016
1426:on 20 December 2016
1381:. 28 September 2011
1187: (7 May 2001),
1081:Mcglade v Lightfoot
642:Racism in Australia
540:Turnbull government
317:Mcglade v Lightfoot
236:officially ended).
140:state and territory
880:. The Courier Mail
857:. The Courier Mail
557:Kimberley Kitching
132:Whitlam government
1508:on 3 October 2011
1445:Wright, Jessica.
572:Australian Senate
505:
504:
423:Constitutionality
213:Great Palm Island
111:
110:
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1697:
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1677:
1676:. 31 March 2017.
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1560:. Archived from
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1504:. Archived from
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1422:. Archived from
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779:UNSW Law Journal
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354:McMahon v Bowman
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134:. The Act makes
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1478:. 24 March 2014
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1316:On Line Opinion
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1101:Jacobs v Fardig
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391:FCCA 2853, the
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153:or through the
78:Enacted by
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1703:External links
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1674:skynews.com.au
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1527:Aston, Heath.
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1502:www.ipa.org.au
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221:A$ 8,573.66
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1538:7 December
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1276:High Court
1250:High Court
903:s 18c
653:References
600:One Nation
532:Paul Howes
209:Aboriginal
49:Long title
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1476:ABC News
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1297:Archived
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588:Xenophon
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400:success.
229:A$ 7,000
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161:The Act
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